MATRICES 09.

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
MULTIPLICATON
10. PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF
THE MATRICES

01. MATRIX 02. ORDER OF A MATRIX (I) Associative Law for Multiplication: If A, B & C are three matrices of order
m × n, n × p & p × q respectively, then ( AB ) C = A ( BC )
For any matrices A & B of suitable orders, we have:
(i) (AT)T=A
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m×n or
(ii) (kA)T =k (A)T (where k is constant)
functions. The numbers or functions are called the
simply m×n matrix. (ii) Distributive Law : For three matrices A, B & C(a) A ( B + C ) = AB + AC
(iii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
elements of the matrix or A=[aij ]m×n , 1≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, i, j N (b) ( A + B ) C = AC + BC whenever both sides of equality are defined.
(iv) (AB)T = BT AT
aij is an element lying in the ith row & jth column. The number of elements (iii) Matrix Multiplication is not commutative in general, i.e.AB ≠ BA (in general).
in m×n matrix will be mn. (v) (A1 A2 A3 … An – 1 An)T = AnT An - 1T … A3T A2T A1T
(iv) Existence of Multiplicative Identity: For every square matrix, there exists an (vi) IT = I.
identity matrix I of same order such thatIA = AI = A

03. TYPE OF MATRIX

(i) Column Matrix: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column, i.e., A=[aij]m×1 is a column matrix of order m×1. 11. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL 12. SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETIC MATRICES

(ii) Row Matrix: Row matrix has only one row, i.e., B=[bij]1×n is a row matrix of order 1×n. Symmetric Matrix
Let f(x) = a0 xm + a1 xm – 1 + a2 xm – 2 + … an – 1 x + an be a A square matrix A =  a ij  is called a symmetric matrix, if a ij = a ji for all i, j or A T = A
polynomial and let A be a square matrix of order n,  
(iii) Square Matrix: Square matrix has equal number of rows and columns, i.e., A=[aij]m×m is a square matrix of order m.
then f(A) = a0 Am + a1 Am – 1 + a2 Am – 2 + … + an – 1 A + Skew Symmetric Matrix
(iv) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if all of its non-diagonal elements are zero, i.e., B=[bij]m×n is said to be a an In is called a matrix polynomial. A square matrix A = a ij  is called a skew-symmetric matrix, if a ij = −a ji for all i, j or A T = − A
diagonal matrix if bij=0, where i ≠ j.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrices
(v) Scalar Matrix: It is a diagonal matrix with all its diagonal elements are equal, i.e., B=[bij ]m×n is a scalar matrix if bij = 0, where i≠j, bij=k, when
I = j & k= constant. ( )
(i) For any square matrix A with real number entries A + A T is a skew symmetric matrix

(vi) Identity Matrix: : It is a diagonal matrix having all its diagonal elements equal to 1, i.e., A=[aij ]m×n is an identity matrix if
13. INVERTIBLE MATRIX AND ( A − A ) symmetric matrix.
T

a ij = {
1, if i = j
0, if i ≠ j
INVERSE MATRIX (ii) Any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric
1  1 
we denote identity matrix by In when order is n. Properties of Invertible Matrices matrix as A = 
2
( )
A + AT  +  A − AT 
 2 
( )
(i) Uniqueness of Inverse : Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is
(vii) Zero Matrix: A matrix is said to be zero or null matrix if all its elements are zero. It is denoted by O. unique.

(i) (A–1)–1 = A (ii) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (iii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 (iv) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k

14. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX

04. EQUALITY OF MATRICES 05. TRACE OF A MATRIX
15.
A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT = I = AT A, i.e., if A–1 = AT.

Two matrices A=[aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if

The sum of diagonal element of a square matrix A is IDEMPOTENT MATRIX Example: A = 
 cos α − sin α 
= AT. In fact every unit matrix is orthogonal
called the trace of matrix A, which is denoted by tr A
 − sin α cos α 
(i) they are of the same order n
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix if A² = A.
(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, i.e., aij = bij for all i & j tr A= ∑a
i =1
ii
= a11 + a22 + … ann
1 / 2 1 / 2 
Example:   is an idempotent matrix, because

16.
Properties of Trace of a Matrix 1 / 2 1 / 2 
INVOLUTORY MATRIX
Let A = [aij]n × n and B = [bij] and λ be a scalar. 1 1 1 1
06.
1 1
ADDITION OF MATRICES 4 + 4 +
(i) tr (λA) = λtr(A) (ii) tr(A – B)= tr(A) – tr(B) 4 4 2 2
A² =   =   =A A square matrix A is called an involutory matrix if A² = I or A–1 = A
1 + 1 1 1
+ 1 1
(iii) tr(AB) = tr(BA) (iv) tr(In)= n 1 0
 4 4 4 4   2 2  Example: A =  is an involutory matrix because
0 1 
(vi) tr(AB) ≠ tr A. tr B (v) tr(O) = 0
1 0 0 0  are idempotent matrices because
Also, A =  and, B =  1 0
0 0  0 1  A² = A and B² = B. A² =  = I In fact every unit matrix is involutory
0 1 
Properties of matrix Addition

(i) Commulative Law: A + B = B + A (ii) Associative Law: (A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C ) 07. MULTIPLICATION OF A

(iii) Existence of Additive Identity: Let A=[aij ]m×n & O = zero matrix of order m × n,
then A + O = O + A = A. Here O is the additive identity for matrix addition.
MATRIX BY A SCALAR
Let A=[aij]m×n be a matrix & k, t be a number.
17. PERIODIC MATRIX 18. NILPOTENT MATRIX

(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse: Let A= [aij]m×n be any matrix then we have another Then, kA = Ak = [kaij]m×n A matrix A will be called a periodic matrix if Ak + 1 = A where k A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists p ∈ N such that Ap = 0.
matrix as Let -A= [-aij ]m×n such that A + (-A) = (- A) + A = O. Here -A is the additive Properties is a positive integer. If, however k is the least positive integer 0 0 0 0
(I) k (A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + t) A = kA + tA. Example: A =  is a nilpotent matrix because A² = = 0 (Here p = 2)
inverse of A or negative of A. for which Ak + 1 = A, then k is said to be the period of A. 1 0  0 0 

08. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES 19. DIFFERENTIATION OF A MATRIX

If A & B are any two matrices, then their product will be defined only when the number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B  f ( x ) g ( x ) dA  f ′ ( x ) g′ ( x ) 
If A =   , then = is a differentiation of matrix A.
h ( x ) l ( x )  dx  h ′ ( x ) l′ ( x ) 
If A = a ij  and B =  bij  then their product AB = C =  cij  is a matrix of order, m x p where
m× n n×p

th
(ij) element of AB = Cij = ∑ rn=1a ir b rj