What is Power System?

• A system that deals with the business of:

– Generation
– Transmission
– Distribution of Electrical Energy

Power Power Transmission Power Distribution

Generation
What is Power System?

• Largest and most complex man made

system.

• Power System provides a vital service to

the society.
What is Power System?

• Electrical power is somewhat like the air

we breathe: We think about it only when
it is missing.
• It should be operated with the goal
achieving:
– Highest reliability standards
– Lowest operation cost
– Minimum environmental impacts
Power System Structure

Source Energy Transmission

of Fuel Conversion & Distribution

Energy
Conversion
(Utilization)

Consumption devices are part of the PS and need to be

modeled PS analysis. Although they are not owned or
controlled by the power utility
Power Generation
• Takes place in power plants which may be
geographically dispersed.

• A Power plant may house more than one generating

units.

• Type of Generating units:

 Hydrocarbon (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)
 Water
 Nuclear
 Solar
 Chemical
 Wind
 Tidal
Coal Powerplant
(Schematic Diagram)
Coal Powerplant
Hydroelectric Powerplant
(Schematic Diagram)
Hydroelectric Powerplant
Nuclear Powerplant
(Schematic Diagram)
Nuclear Powerplant
Solar Powerplant
Wind Powerplant
(Schematic Diagram)
Wind Powerplant
Tidal Powerplant
(Schematic Diagram)
Tidal Powerplant
Total installed power capacity in the Philippines
in 2022, by type of power plant(in megawatts)

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1266402/philippines-
installed-power-capacity-by-source/
 The Power
System
An Overview

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 INTRODUCTION

Electric energy is the most popular form of

energy, because it can be transported easily at
high efficiency and reasonable cost

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The first electric
network in the
United States was
established in
1882 at the Pearl
Street Station in
New York City by
Thomas Edison

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The station supplied
DC power for lighting
the lower Manhattan
area. The power was
generated by dc
generator and
distributed by
underground cables.

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In the same year the
first water wheel
driven generator was
installed in Appleton,
Wisconsin.

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 Water Wheel Power Generator
Basic Concept

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 Within a few
years many companies
were established
producing energy for
lighting – all operated
under Edison’s patents.
Because of the
excessive power loss,
I2R at low voltage,
Edison’s companies
could deliver energy
only in short distance
from their stations.
With the invention of the transformer (William Stanley, 1885) to raise
the level of ac voltage transmission and distribution and the invention
of the induction motor (Nikola Tesla, 1888) to replace the dc motors,
the advantages of the ac system became apparent, and made the ac
system prevalent. Another advantage of the ac system is that due to
lack of commutators in the ac generators, more power can be
produced conveniently at higher voltages.

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 DC Motor

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 Single Phase AC Induction Motor

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 Three Phase AC Induction Motor

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The first single-phase ac
system was at Oregon City
where power was generated
by two 300hp waterwheel
turbines and transmitted at
4kV to Portland

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Southern California Edison
Company installed the first
three phase system at 2.3kV in
1893.

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 Many electric companies were operating at different
frequencies anywhere from 25Hz to 133Hz. But, as the need for
interconnection and parallel operation became evident, a standard
frequency of 60Hz was adopted throughout U.S. and Canada. Most
European countries selected the 50Hz system.

Transmission voltages have since risen steadily, and the

extra high voltage (EHV) in commercial use is 765kV, first put into
operation in the United States in 1969.

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 For transmitting power over very long distances it may be
more economical to convert the EHV AC to EHV DC, transmit the
power over two lines, and invert it back to AC at other end.

Studies show that it is advantageous to consider dc lines

when the transmission distance is 500km or more. DC lines have no
reactance and are capable of transferring more power for the same
conductor size than ac lines.

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 DC transmission is especially advantageous when two
remotely located large systems are to be connected. The dc
transmission is especially advantageous when two remotely located
large system are to be connected.
The DC transmission tie line acts as an asynchronous link
between two rigid systems eliminating the instability problem inherent
in the AC links.
The main disadvantage of the DC link is the production of
harmonics which requires filtering, and a large amount of reactive
power compensation required at both ends of the line.

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 Harmonics

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 The first 400kV Dc line in the United States was the Pacific
Intertie, 850 miles long between Oregon and California built in 1970.

The entire continental United States is interconnected in an

overall network called power grid. A small part of network is federally
and municipally owned. But the bulk is privately owned.

The system is divided into several geographical regions

called power pools. In an interconnected system, fewer generators
are required as a reserve for peak load and transmission more
economical and reliable.

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 Since power can readily be transferred from one area to
others. At times, it may cheaper for a company to buy bulk of power
from neighboring utilities than to produce in one of its older plants.

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 AC Power
Analysis

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 AC Circuits
A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating
current (ac) circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources
are called AC Circuits.

Sinusoid – a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine

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 Considering this sinusoidal voltage:

v(t) = Vm sin(ωt)

Where:
Vm – Amplitude of the sinusoid
ω - Angular Frequency in radian/sec
ω(t) - the argument of sinusoid

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 v(t) Sinusoidal
Vm Representation for
Vm sin(ωt) as a
function of ω(t)
ω(t)
0 π 2π
Where:
Vm – Amplitude of the
sinusoid
Vm
ω(t) – the argument of
sinusoid

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 v(t) Sinusoidal
Formula: Representation for
Vm
ω = 2πf Vm sin(ωt) as a
T = 2π/ω function of t
t Where:
0 T/2 T
t T – is the period of
the sinusoid:
Vm
• Time of one
complete cycle
• Number of
Note: seconds per cycle
The sinusoid repeats itself ever T (period) seconds

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 Frequency – reciprocal of period (T), is it the number of
cycle per second.

Formula:
f = 1/T (cycle per second or Hz)t
t
T = 2π/ω
ω = 2πf (rad/s)

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Considering a more general expression for the sinusoid,

v(t) = Vm sin(ωt+ Φ)

Where:
v(t) – Instantaneous Voltage
Vm – Amplitude of the sinusoid
(ωt + Φ )- Argument of the sinusoid
Φ – Phase angle
Φ – Phi symbol

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Given two sinusoids:
v (t) = Vm sinωt
1

v (t) = Vm sin(ωt+ Φ)
2

v (t) = Vm sin(ωt+ Φ)
2 v1(t) = Vm sin(ωt)

Therefore:
• v (t) leads v (t) by Φ
2 1

• v (t) lags v (t)

1 2

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 A sinusoid can be expressed in either sine or cosine form. When
comparing two sinusoids, it is expedient to express both as either sine or cosine
with positive amplitude. This is achieved by using the following trigonometric
identities:
sin(A±B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos(A±B) = cos A cos B ± sin A sin B
Using these Identities:

sin(ωt +180°) = - sin ωt

sin(ωt -180°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt +180°) = - cos ωt
cos(ωt -180°) = - cos ωt
sin(ωt + 90°) = + cos ωt
sin(ωt - 90°) = + cos ωt
cos(ωt + 90°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt + 90°) = + sin ωt

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 Using Graphical Approach
- sin ωt
sin(ωt +180°) = - sin ωt
sin(ωt -180°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt +180°) = - cos ωt
cos(ωt -180°) = - cos ωt
sin(ωt + 90°) = + cos ωt
sin(ωt - 90°) = + cos ωt
cos(ωt + 90°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt + 90°) = + sin ωt

-cos ωt + cos ωt

+ sin ωt

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 - sin ωt

-cos ωt + cos ωt

+ sin ωt

1st Sign Convention

If we move a angle in clockwise direction = (-) angle

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 - sin ωt

-cos ωt + cos ωt

+ sin ωt

2nd Sign Convention

If we move a angle in counter clockwise direction
= (+) angle

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 - sin ωt

-cos ωt + cos ωt

Note: the goal is to

transform all sinusoid
to either +cosωt or
+sinωt

+ sin ωt

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Find the equivalent of the following:

1. +cos(ωt - 90°) = sin ωt (ans.)

- sin ωt
sin(ωt +180°) = - sin ωt
sin(ωt -180°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt +180°) = - cos ωt
cos(ωt -180°) = - cos ωt
sin(ωt + 90°) = + cos ωt
sin(ωt - 90°) = + cos ωt
cos(ωt + 90°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt - 90°) = + sin ωt

-cos ωt + cos ωt
- 90° +cos(ωt - 90°)

+ sin ωt
Find the equivalent of the following:

2. +sin(ωt + 180°) = -sin ωt (ans.)

- sin ωt
sin(ωt +180°) = - sin ωt
sin(ωt -180°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt +180°) = - cos ωt
cos(ωt -180°) = - cos ωt
sin(ωt + 90°) = + cos ωt
sin(ωt - 90°) = + cos ωt
cos(ωt + 90°) = - sin ωt
cos(ωt - 90°) = + sin ωt
+180°
-cos ωt + cos ωt

+sin(ωt + 180°)

+ sin ωt
Find the equivalent of the following:

3. V1 = -10sin (ωt + 60°)

- sin ωt
The goal is to convert the given sinusoid to cos ωt
Remember:
• If we use counter clockwise we will use
addition (+). Ex. (Φ + (±Φ angle to move to
met the cos ωt)
• If we use clockwise we will use addition (-)
Ex. (Φ - (±Φ angle to move to met the cos ωt)

-cos ωt + cos ωt

+ sin ωt
Find the equivalent of the following:

3. V1 = -10 sin(ωt + 60°)

-10 sin(ωt + 60°)
The goal is to convert the given sinusoid to cos ωt - sin ωt
Remember:
• If we use counter clockwise we will use
addition (+). Ex. (Φ + (±Φ angle to move to
met the cos ωt)
• If we use clockwise we will use addition (-)
Ex. (Φ - (±Φ angle to move to met the cos ωt)

+90°
-cos ωt + cos ωt
10 cos(ωt -30°)
Solution: -180°
• Using counter clockwise rotation:
V1 = -10 sin(ωt + 60°)
V1 = 10 sin(ωt + 60°+ (90°+ (-180°))
V1 = 10 cos(ωt -30°) ans.

+ sin ωt
Find the equivalent of the following:

3. V1 = -10 sin(ωt + 60°)

-10 sin(ωt + 60°)
The goal is to convert the given sinusoid to cos ωt - sin ωt
Remember:
• If we use counter clockwise we will use
addition (+). Ex. (Φ + (±Φ angle to move to
met the cos ωt)
• If we use clockwise we will use addition (-)
Ex. (Φ - (±Φ angle to move to met the cos ωt)

+90°
-cos ωt + cos ωt
10 cos(ωt -30°)
Solution:
• Using clockwise rotation:
V1 = -10 sin(ωt + 60°)
V1 = 10 sin(ωt + 60°- (+90°)
V1 = 10 cos(ωt -30°) ans.

+ sin ωt
Find the equivalent of the following:

4 . V2 = -5 cos (ωt + 100°)

The goal is to convert the given sinusoid to cos ωt - sin ωt

Remember:
• If we use counter clockwise we will use
addition (+). Ex. (Φ + (±Φ angle to move to
met the cos ωt)
• If we use clockwise we will use addition (-)
Ex. (Φ - (±Φ angle to move to met the cos ωt)

-5 cos(ωt + 100°) +180° 5 cos(ωt -80°)

-cos ωt + cos ωt
Solution:
• Using clockwise rotation:
V1 = -5 cos(ωt + 100°)
V1 = 5 cos(ωt + 100°- (+180°)
V1 = 5 cos(ωt - 80°) ans.

+ sin ωt
Find the equivalent of the following:

4. V2 = -5 cos (ωt + 100°)

The goal is to convert the given sinusoid to cos ωt - sin ωt

Remember:
• If we use counter clockwise we will use
addition (+). Ex. (Φ + (±Φ angle to move to
met the cos ωt)
• If we use clockwise we will use addition (-)
Ex. (Φ - (±Φ angle to move to met the cos ωt)

-5 cos (ωt + 100°)

-cos ωt + cos ωt
5 cos(ωt -80°)
Solution: -180°
• Using counter clockwise rotation:
V1 = -5 cos(ωt + 100°)
V1 = 5 cos(ωt + 100°+ (-180°)
V1 = 5 cos(ωt - 80°)

+ sin ωt
Addition of sinusoids can be done graphically

1. A cosωt + B sinωt

- sin ωt

-cos ωt + cos ωt

+ sin ωt
Addition of sinusoids can be done graphically

1. A cosωt + B sinωt

- sin ωt

Step 1. Plot the 2 sinusoids as vector

-cos ωt A cos ωt + cos ωt

B cos ωt

+ sin ωt
Addition of sinusoids can be done graphically

1. A cosωt + B sinωt

Step 1. Add the two sinusoid, Step 2. When you add the two vector it
using vector addition also create a resultant and it will form a
- sin ωt right triangle.
A cos ωt A cos ωt
Φ

B cos ωt
B cos ωt
-cos ωt A cos ωt + cos ωt
Step 3. Since, we form a right triangle Step 4. The sum of the two sinusoid will be in the

B cos ωt
use the Pythagorean theorem to get the form of Vm cos(ωt+ Φ).
value of C.
Vm = C (resultant)
C = √A2+B2 Φ = tan-1 B/A (phase angle)
Φ = tan-1 B/A
Final Answer: v(t) = √A2+B2 cos (ωt + tan-1 B/A)

+ sin ωt
Note: Using vector addition
Addition of sinusoids can be done graphically

2. 3 cosωt + 4 sinωt

Step 1. Add the two sinusoid, Step 2. When you add the two vector it
using vector addition also create a resultant and it will form a
- sin ωt right triangle.
3 cos ωt 3 cos ωt
Φ

4 cos ωt
4 cos ωt
-cos ωt A cos ωt + cos ωt
Step 3. Since, we form a right triangle Step 4. The sum of the two sinusoid will be in

B cos ωt
use the Pythagorean theorem to get the the form of Vm cos(ωt+ Φ).
value of C.
Vm = C (resultant)
C = √A2+B2 = √32+42 Φ = tan-1 B/A (phase angle)
C=5
Φ = tan-1 B/A = tan-1 4/3 Final Answer: v(t) = 5 cos (ωt + 53.13)
Φ = 53.13°

+ sin ωt
Note: Using vector addition
Problem Set No. 1
1. Find the amplitude, phase angle, period, and frequency of the sinusoid:
v(t) = 12cos (50t + 10°)

2. Calculate the phase angle between V1 = -10cos (ωt + 50°) and

V2 = 12sin (ωt - 10°). State which sinusoid is leading.
Problem Set No. 1
1. Find the amplitude, phase angle, period, and frequency of the sinusoid:
v(t) = 12cos (50t + 10°)
Note: the sinusoid should be in the form of Vm cos (ωt+ Φ)

Solution:

v(t) = 12 cos (50t + 10°) (the given sinusoid was in the form of Vm cos
(ωt+ Φ), no need to convert).

Therefore:
Vm (amplitude) = 12
Φ (phase angle) = 10° Final Answer:
ω = 50 Vm (amplitude) = 12
Φ (phase angle) = 10°
Solve the period and frequency T (period) = 2π/ω = 2π/50 = 0.125 sec/cycle
f (frequency) = 1/T = 1/0.13 = 7.692 cycle/sec or Hz
Formula:
f = 1/T (cycle per second or Hz)
T = 2π/ω
ω = 2πf (rad/s)
Problem Set No. 1
2. Calculate the phase angle between V1 = -10cos (ωt + 50°) and
V2 = 12sin (ωt - 10°). State which sinusoid is leading.

Note: the sinusoid should be in the form of Vm cos (ωt+ Φ)

Solution:

Convert V1 and V2 to Vm cos (ωt+ Φ)

V1 = -10cos (ωt + 50°) V2 = 12 sin (ωt - 10°)

- sin ωt - sin ωt
- sin ωtConvert either counter clockwise
or clockwise: Convert either counter clockwise
• Using clockwise (-): or clockwise:
v(t) = -10 cos(ωt + 50°) • Using clockwise (-):
v(t) = 10 cos(ωt + 50°- (+180°)) v(t) = 12 sin(ωt -10°)
+180° v(t) = 10 cos(ωt – 130°) +180° v(t) = 12 cos(ωt -10°- (-90°+180°))
-10cos (ωt + 50°) v(t) = 12 cos(ωt – 100°)
-cos ωt + cos ωt -cos ωt + cos ωt
-cos ωt + cos
-10cos (ωt ωt
– 130°) -90°
-180° Convert either counter clockwise -90°
or clockwise: Convert either counter clockwise
• Using counter clockwise (+): or clockwise:
v(t) = -10 cos(ωt + 50°) • Using counter clockwise (+):
v(t) = 10 cos(ωt + 50°+(-180°)) v(t) = 12 sin(ωt -10°)
v(t) = 10 cos(ωt – 130°) v(t) = 12 cos(ωt -10°+ (-90°))
+ sin ωt v(t) = 12 cos(ωt – 100°)
+ sin ωt
+ sin ωt
12 sin (ωt + 50°)
Problem Set No. 1
Continuation of No. 2:
V1= 10 cos(ωt – 130°)
V2 = 12 cos(ωt – 100°)

Solve the phase angle between the V1 and V2

Φ = Φ1 - Φ2 • Other Solution to determine the leading and

lagging.
Φ1 = -130° V1= 10 cos(ωt – 130°)
Φ2 = -100° V2 = 12 cos(ωt – 100°)
Φ = -130° - 100°
Φ = -30° Rewrite the V2 = 12 cos(ωt – 100°) to 12 cos(ωt – 130°+ 30°)

Therefore: Therefore:
V2 leads V1 by 30° V2 leads V1 by 30°
V1 lags V2 by 30°
V1 lags V2 by 30°
V2 = 12 cos (ωt – 100°) V1 = 10 cos(ωt – 130°)

Φ = 30°