READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1
Caral: an ancient South American city
Huge earth and rock mounds rise out of the desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru in South
America. These immense mounds appear simply to be part of the geographical landscape in this arid region
squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains. But looks deceive. These are actually
human-made pyramids. Strong evidence indicates they are the remains of a city known as Caral that
flourished nearly 5,000 years ago. It is true, it would be the oldest known urban center in America and among
the most ancient in the world.
Research undertaken by Peruvian archaeologist Ruth Shady suggests that the 150-acre plex of pyramids,
plazas and residential buildings was a thriving metropolis when (1) Egypt's great pyramids were still being
built, Though discovered in 1905, for years Caral attracted little attention, largely because archaeologists
believed the structures were rainy recent. But the monumental scale of the pyramids had long interested
Shady, who began excavations at the site in 1996, about 22 kilometers from the coast and 190 kilometers
north of Peru's capital city of Lima.
(2)Shady and her crew searched for broken remains of the pots and containers that most such sites contain.
Not finding any only made her more excited: it meant Caral could be what archaeologists term pre-ceramic,
that is, existing before the advent in the area of pot-firing techniques. Shady's team undertook the task of
excavating Piramide Mayor, the largest of the pyramids. After carefully clearing away many hundreds of
years' worth of rubble and sand, they identified staircases, walls covered with remnants of colored plaster,
and brickwork. In the foundations, they found the remains of grass-like reeds woven into bags. The original
workers, she surmised, must have filled these bags with stones from a nearby quarry and laid them atop one
another inside retaining walls, gradually giving rise to the pyramid's immense structure. Shady had samples
of the reeds subjected to radiocarbon dating and found that the reeds were 4,600 years old. This evidence
indicated that Caral was, in fact, more than 1,000 years older than what had previously been thought to be
the oldest urban center in the Americas.
What amazed archaeologists was not just the age, but the complexity and scope of Caral. Piramide Mayor
alone covers an area nearly the size of four football fields and is 18 meters tall. A nine-meter-wide staircase
rises from a circular plaza at the foot of the pyramid. passing over three terraced levels until it reaches the
top. (4)Thousands of manual laborers would have been needed to build such a project, not counting the
many architects. craftsmen, and managers. Shady's team found the remains of a large amphitheater,
containing almost 70 musical instruments made of bird and deer bones. Clearly music played an important
role in Caral's society. Around the perimeter of Caral are a series of smaller mounds and various buildings.
(6)These indicate a hierarchy of living arrangements: large, well-kept rooms atop pyramids for the elite,
ground-level quarters for shabbier outlying dwellings for workers
But why had Caral been built in the first place? Her excavations convinced Shady that Caral once served as
a trade center for the region, which extends from the rainforests of the Amazon to the high forests of the
Andes. Shady found evidence of a rich trading environment, including seeds of the cocoa bush and
necklaces of shells, neither of which was native to the immediate Caral area. This environment gave rise to
people who did not take part in the production of food, allowing them to become priests and planners,
builders and designers. Thus occupational specialization, elemental to an urban society, emerged.
But what sustained such a trading center and drew travelers to it? Was it food? Shady and her team found
the bones of small edible fish, which must have come from the Pacific coast to the west, in the excavations.
But they also found evidence of squash, sweet potatoes and beans having been grown locally. Shady
theorized that Caral's early farmers diverted the area's rivers into canals, which still cross the Supe Valley
today, to irrigate their fields. But because she found no traces of maize, which can be traded or stored and
used in times of crop failure, she concluded that Caral's trade leverage was not based on stockpiling food
supplies.
It was evidence of another crop in the excavations that gave Shady the best clue to Caral's success. In nearly
every excavated building, her team discovered evidence of cotton - seeds, fibers and textiles. Her theory fell
into place when a large fishing net made of those fibers, unearthed in an unrelated dig on Peru's coast.
turned out to be as old as Caral. 'The farmers of Caral grew the cotton that the fishermen needed to make
their nets, Shady speculates. And the fishermen gave them shellfish and dried fish in exchange for these
nets'. In essence, the people of Caral enabled fishermen to work with larger and more effective nets, which
made the resources of the sea more readily available, and the fishermen probably used dried squash grown
by the Caral people as flotation devices for their nets.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Caral was built at the same time as the construction of the Egyptian pyramids
2 The absence of pottery at the archaeological dig gave Shady a significant clue to the age of the site.
3 The stones used to build Piramide Mayor came from a location far away
4 The huge and complicated structures of Piramide Mayor suggest that its construction required an organized
team of builders.
5 Archaeological evidence shows that the residents of Caral were highly skilled musicians.
6 The remains of housing areas at Caral suggest that there were no class distinctions in residential areas

Questions 7-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet
Caral as a trading center
Items discovered at Caral but not naturally occurring in the area
 the 7………......... of a certain plant
 8…………........used to make jewelry
 the remains of certain food such as 9…………......
Clues to farming around Caral
 10……………........still in existence today indicate water diverted from rivers
 no evidence that 11……………........as grown
Evidence of relationship with fishing communities
 the excavation findings and fishing nets found on the coast suggest Caral farmers traded
12………….......
 dried squash may have been used to aid 13………….......of fishing nets
READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below
Write the correct number, i-ix. in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet

List of Headings
I Robots on Earth - a re-evaluation
II The barriers to cooperation in space exploration
III Some limitations of robots in space
IV Reduced expectations for space exploration
V A general reconsideration of human/robot responsibilities in space
VI Problems in using humans for space exploration
VII The danger to humans of intelligent machines
VIIl Space settlement and the development of greater self-awareness
IX Possible examples of cooperation in space

14 Paragraph A ……………..
15 Paragraph B …………….
16 Paragraph C …………….
17 Paragraph D …………….
18 Paragraph E …………….
19 Paragraph F …………….

Should space be explored by robots or by humans?

A The advisability of humans participating directly in space travel continues to cause many debates.
There is no doubt that the presence of people on board a space vehicle makes its design much more
complex and challenging, and produces a large increase in costs, since safety requirements are greatly
increased, and the technology providing necessities for human passengers such as oxygen, food and water
must be guaranteed. Moreover, the systems required are bulky and costly, and their complexity increases for
long-duration missions. Meanwhile, advances in electronics and computer science allow increasingly
complex tasks to be entrusted to robots, and unmanned space probes are becoming lighter, smaller and
more convenient.
B However, experience has shown that the idea of humans in space is popular with the public. Humans
can also be useful; there are many cases when only direct intervention by an astronaut or cosmonaut can
correct the malfunction of an automatic device. Astronauts and cosmonauts have proved that they can adapt
to conditions of weightlessness and work in space without encountering too many problems, as was seen in
the operations to repair and to upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope. One human characteristic which is
particularly precious in space missions, and which so far is lacking in robots, is the ability to perform a great
variety of tasks. In addition, robots are not good at reacting to situations they have not been specifically
prepared for. This is especially important in the case of deep space missions. While, in the case of the Moon,
it is possible for someone on Earth to 'tele-operate' a robotic device such as a probe, as the two-way link time
is only a couple of seconds, on Mars the two-way link time is several minutes, so sending instructions from
Earth is more difficult.

C Many of the promises of artificial intelligence are still far from being fulfilled. The construction of
machines simulating human logical reasoning moves towards ever more distant dates. The more the
performance of computers improves, the more we realize how difficult it is to build machines which display
logical abilities. In the past it was confidently predicted that we would soon have fully automated factories in
which all operations were performed without any human intervention, and forecasts of the complete
substitution of workers by robots in many production areas were made. Today, these perspectives are being
revised. It seems that all machines, even the smartest ones, must cooperate with humans. Rather than
replacing humans, the present need appears to be for a machine capable of helping a human operator
without replacing him or her. The word 'cobot', from 'collaborative robot', has been invented to designate this
type.

D A similar trend is also apparent in the field of space exploration. Tasks which were in the past
entrusted only to machines are now performed by human beings, sometimes with the aim of using simpler
and less costly devices sometimes to obtain better performance. In many cases, to involve a person in the
control loop is a welcome simplification which may lower the cost of a mission without compromising safety.
Many operations originally designed to be performed under completely automatic control can be performed
more efficiently by astronauts, perhaps helped by their 'cobots'. The human-machine relationship must evolve
towards a closer collaboration

E One way this could happen is by adopting the Mars Outposts approach, proposed by the Planetary
Society. This would involve sending a number of robotic research stations to Mars, equipped with permanent
communications and navigational systems. They would perform research, and establish the infrastructure32
needed to prepare future landing sites for the exploration of Mars by humans . It has also been suggested
that in the most difficult environments as on Venus or Jupiter, robots could be controlled by human beings
located in spaceships which remain in orbit around the planet. In this case the link time for communication
between humans and robots would be far less than it would be from Earth.

F But if space is to be more than a place to build automatic laboratories or set up industrial enterprises
in the vicinity of our planet, the presence of humans is essential. They must learn how to voyage through
space towards destinations which will be not only scientific bases but also places to live. If space is a frontier,
that frontier must see the presence of people. So the aim for humankind in the future will be not just the
exploration of space, but its colonization. The result of exploring and living in space may be a deep change in
the views which humankind has of itself. And this process is already under way. The images of Earth taken
from the Moon in the Apollo programme have given humankind a new consciousness of its fragility, its
smallness, and its unity. These impressions have triggered a realization of the need to protect and preserve
it, for it is the place in the solar system most suitable for us and above all it is the only place we have, at least
for now.

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
According to the writer, which TWO predictions about artificial intelligence have not yet
been fulfilled?
A Robots will work independently of humans.
B Robots will begin to oppose human interests.
C Robots will be used to help humans perform tasks more efficiently.
D Robots will think in the same way as humans
E Robots will become too costly to use on space missions

Questions 22-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

Humans in space - the Mars Outposts approach and its implications

One way of exploring space would be through collaboration between humans and robots. For example, when
exploring the planet Mars, robots could be used to set up 22………......... and do initial research before
humans arrive. In other cases, humans could stay in orbiting 23……........ and give orders to robots working
on the surface of the planet. This would increase the speed of 24……………......... with the robots.
In such ways, robots might be used to work in space in commercial enterprises or 25…………........ However,
the final aim of humankind may be the 26………............ of space and this could in turn change people's
attitudes towards Earth
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3
The dark side of the technological boom
What are the effects on the individual of working in modern technological workplaces?

Changes in the way we work and how our offices are structured come at us faster and faster. Waves of state-
of-the-art information technology and instant telecommunications let us reach anyone, anywhere, and speed
is the key. Most of us are too busy struggling to keep pace with ongoing innovations to question the
implications of our new electronic authority figures. According to a number of psychologists, however, the
need to stay on top of the information flow and the vent degree to which we remain in touch with our offices
exact a profound toll on us as individuals.

Mass exposure to technological innovations in the workplace has come too recently for psychologists to
reach a consensus on its societal implications. Many agree, however, that one of the first signs of the
struggle to adapt to the electronic office is often 'technostress', a cognitive shift that results from an over-
identification with information systems. Psychologist Craig Brod says people become accustomed to the
patterns set by electronic tools - accelerated time and yes/no logic - and internalize these patterns. When
they leave the office or go home, Brod says, they need complete isolation to recover from the effects of the
technology.

Brod warns that over-reliance on electronic tools could also have serious repercussions on our ability to think
creatively and develop new ideas. Because we don't create in a vacuum, he points out, we need to avoid the
temptation to replace informal gatherings for bouncing ideas off colleagues with electronic networking . It's
also more difficult to spot errors or even evaluate the shape of a project displayed in a flat, two-dimensional
way on a screen.

Electronically networked offices can also make it increasingly difficult to convince ourselves that we're doing
an adequate job and accumulating enough information to make informed decisions. Philosopher Daniel
Dennett points out that modern technology eliminates the possibility of unavoidable ignorance. As the
opportunity to amass information grows larger, the obligation to make accurate predictions - the right
decisions - becomes more onerous. Instead of consoling ourselves that we're doing as good a job as we can,
we are tormented by the knowledge that the world of information is limitless.

For executives near the top of the office pyramid, the benefits of the electronic revolution -like telecommuting
and flexible scheduling - may outweigh the disadvantages of being continuously on call But in Workplace
2000, authors Joseph Boyett and Henry Conn describe a future in which millions of people now charged with
analyzing information and making routine decisions will be replaced by less skilled workers using 'intelligent'
software to make decisions for them. They predict that a cult of performance excellence will engulf most
businesses.

The millions of people on the bottom levels of electronic hierarchies are increasingly likely to spend their days
in an isolated no-man's land, subservient to intelligent information systems that report their progress to
unseen supervisors far away. Because computers measure quantity quality, such systems tend to reward
employees who work faster than those who work better.

Service people on the telephone or at a cash register curtly terminate attempts at idle conversation because
their performance is being electronically monitored. Once judged on their ability to troubleshoot unexpected
situations, they're now evaluated by the number of transactions they complete in a shift or the number of
keystrokes required to draft a sweatshops', the computers are running the people, not the other way around.

'I think people are going to feel an increased fragmentation of self. They won't be able to hold the pieces
together', human resources consultant Philip Nicholson says. 'How do you keep a coherent space if you're
going in and out of spaces that don't exist?' He likens the psychic numbing of electronic information overload
to symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome (a mental disorder following a horrific event). In office 'wars',
people become overwhelmed by the sheer amount of information available, internalize the diversity of the
world outside, and fear losing their own lives.

If we are to survive the challenges of information-driven, hardwired offices, says Nicholson, we need to
provide psychological support systems. As no one has yet measured the social cost of the workplace
revolution, some psychologists are mobilizing efforts to pool information as it is derived. Nicholson started the
Technostress International Information Network in Massachusetts to foster an exchange of data and ideas on
the effects of computerization and information technology Meanwhile, Brod wants to examine the parallels
between electronic work environments and sealed- cabin ecologies like space capsules or submarines, both
totally automated artificial worlds in which people live in highly confined circumstances surrounded by
technology that dictates the tenor of their days as well as their survival. He is petitioning other psychologists
to convince the American Psychological Association to form a specialized study group In addition, Brod
suggests that we re-examine our value systems and that we make greater allowances for privacy in order to
circumvent potential revolts against technology. We need to coevolve with technology,' he says. "These are
wonderful tools but if we exploit them without imposing appropriate values on their use, they become
alienating and dangerous.

Questions 27-29
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27 The speed of technological changes
28 A dependency on technology and computers
29 A deterioration in personal service

A requires more detailed study by psychologists.

B means people have no time to challenge the significance of the new technology.
C may reduce inventiveness and innovation
D suggests computers will take over the workplace
E results from increased electronic supervision.

Questions 30-35
Look at the following statements (Questions 30-35) and the list of people below
Match each statement with the correct person or people, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 30-35 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
30 Technology has placed greater expectations on workers not to make mistakes.
31 People will need time away from technology to reduce the frustrations caused by it.
32 Interacting with others at work contributes to creative thinking
33 The psychological effect of working with technology is similar to the anxiety felt after surviving a major
ordeal.
34 Technology will ultimately increase unemployment for more highly qualified personnel.
35 More counseling is required to help people cope with the demands of the modern workplace

List of People
A Craig Brod
B Daniel Dennett
C Joseph Boyett and Henry Conn
D Philip Nicholson

Questions 36 -40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE If the statement agrees with the information
FALSE the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN there is no information on this
36 Our knowledge of the effects of technology on workers is still limited
37 An early indicator of technological anxiety is a tendency to adopt machine-like thinking.
38 We have now started to doubt our ability to perform well at work.
39 Top level managers may be more negatively affected by changes electronic workplace than junior workers
40 Employees who learn to use new technology quickly will get promoted