Grade 11 Chapter 20 Physics

CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETISM (II)
When electricity combine with magnets, it produces force in the process.

IN CHAPTER 19-15, we learned that the flow of current results in a magnetic field around the solenoid.
If you uncoil a solenoid, you will have a magnetic field around it. Winding the wire into a coil is a way of
concentrating the magnetic field.
When you uncoil a solenoid, you essentially have a straight wire. A current flowing through this wire
generated a magnetic field around it, but this field is relatively weak and spread out.
Winding the wire into a coil, or solenoid, concentrates the magnetic field. This happens because the
magnetic field from each loop of the coil add together and more uniform magnetic field inside the coil.
This is why solenoid are used in applications where a strong magnetic field is needed, such as in electro-
magnetic and inductors.
The magnetic effect of current

Right hand grip helps to determined the direction of magnetic field
around the current carrying any wire.
1. Right- hand rule for magnetic filed around a current-carrying wire

 Point your thumb in the direction of the current
 Curl your fingers around the wire
 Your fingers in the direction of the magnetic filed lines around the wire
2. Right hand rule for force on moving object

 Your thumb in the direction of the velocity of the positive charge
 Point you index finger in the direction of the magnetic field
 Your middle finger, perpendicular to both, point In the direction of the fore experienced by
the charge.
3. Right hand rule for magnetic field in a solenoid

 Curl your fingers in the direction of the current flowing through the coils of the solenoid
 Your thumb point in the direction of the magnetic field inside the solenoid
4. Right hand rule for magnetic field in a solenoid

 Point your thumb in the direction of the motion of the conductor
 Point your index in the direction of the magnetic field
 Your middle finger points in the direction of the induced current
Experiment to investigate the field around a straight wire

The magnetic effect of current
Characteristics of the magnetic field produced by the current in the wire.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY THE SOLENOID
 The field lines are close together at the
poles of the electromagnet.
 Inside the coil the field lines run parallel to
each other showing that the field is uniform.
 The polarity is reversed when the current I
reversed.
Application of an electromagnet-relay
 When the switch A is closed, a small current flows around
the circuit through the coil of the electromagnet.
 the electromagnet attracts the iron armature. As the ar-
mature tips, it pushed the two contacts at B together,
completing the second circuit.
 Notice that there is no electrical connection between the
two circuit.
 A relay is used to make a small current switch a larger
current on and off.
Force on a current carrying conductor
We know that there is a magnetic field around an electric current.
When the coil is straightened out, it essentially becomes a straight wire. In this case, the magnetic field
produced by the current flowing through the wire will be weaker compared to then the wire is coiled.
The magnetic field can be

attracted or repelled by an-
other magnetic field to pro-
duce movement. This is
called the motor effect.

Definition of motor effect
The motor effect is a phenomenon where a current-carrying con-
ductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. This force is
due to the interaction between the magnetic field created by the
electric current in the conductor and the external magnetic field.
Some of the applications of motor effect
How does an electric motor work?
An electric motor has a coil with a current flowing around it

in a magnetic field
The motor then turns around because the two magnetic

field interact with each other
Example of application;
Loudspeaker
Experiment 1: catapult field

Experiment 2:
Fleming left hand rule
A rule that gives the relationship be-

tween the direction of force, field and
current when a current flows across a
magnetic field.
Note----->
Never use the right hand as you
would get another result.
Questions:
Electric motor
The movement created in the motor experiment( catapult
filed) is not very useful. The conductor moves out of the field
and the effect is over.
A motor is designed to use the motor effect to create a turn-

ing effect.
Most explained and most simplest way on how the electric motor work ?
The turning effect in an electric motor, known as torque, occurs due to the interaction between a cur-
rent-carrying coil and a magnetic field. When electric field, it experiences forces that act in opposite di-
rections on either side of the coil. This force creates a rotational motion, causing the coil to turn. Spe-
cially, when the coil is aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field, it experiences maximum force; how-
ever, when it is vertical and parallel to the field, the force is zero, leading to a temporary stop unless ad-
ditional mechanisms, like a commutator, are used to maintain rotation.
3 WAYS TO IMPROVE THE TURNING EFFECT
 Increasing the current in an electric motor strengthens the magnetic field generated by the coil.
This result in greater force and torque on the coil, enhancing the motor’s turning effect. Essentially,
more current means a stronger interaction with the magnetic field, leading to more powerful rota-
tion.
 Increasing the strength of the magnetic field in an electric motor enhances the force and torque
on the coil. A stronger magnetic field interacts more effectively with the current-carrying coil, re-
sulting in a more powerful turning effect and improved motor performance.
 Increasing the number of turns in the wire coil enhances the magnetic field, resulting in a stronger
field and greater magnetic field, improving the motor’s performance and increasing the turning ef-
fect.
BEAMS OF CHARGED PARTICLES AND MAGNETIC FIELD:
A magnetic field can also be used to deflect a beam of
electrons, or any electrically charged particles.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
In this chapter you will an understanding on the concept of electromagnetic induction and how this phe-
nomenon is useful in the generation and transmission of electricity.
We have learned that a motor transfers energy by an electric current into mechanical energy( move-
ment.
An electric generator reverses the process by converting mechanical energy( eg.water flow into electric
energy.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENERATOR
How does a power generator work?
All these generators have three things in common;

 a magnetic field
 A coil of wire
 Movement
Definition of electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating
electricity from motion.
Illustration of electromagnetic induction
a. When we insert and remove the magnet from the
coil, current is induced as shown by the ammeter.
b. The faster the movement of the magnet, the larger the induce current
c. The greater the number of turns in the coils the larger the induced cur-
rent
d. Reverse the magnet to use the opposite pole and the current flows in the
opposite direction.
e. Hold the magnet stationary to the wire or coil and no current flows.
HOW CAN YOU INCREASE THE ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION.
Understanding electromagnetic induction
As the wire is moved down between the poles of the magnet, it cuts the field lines of the magnet. Cut-
ting the field lines induces the current.
Alter-
nating
current
genera-
tor
HOW IS ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATED?
As the coil rotates, each side of the coil passes first the mag-
netic north pole and then the south pole. This means that the
induced current flows first one way, and then the other. Four
ways to increase the voltage generated by An A.C. generator:
 Turn the coil more rapidly
 Use a coil with more turns of wire
 Use a coil with a bigger area
 Use stronger magnet
LENZ LAW
A basic law of electromagnetism that states that an induced
current in a conductor will always flow in such a direction as to
oppose the change in the magnetic field that produced it.

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CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETISM (II)

When electricity combine with magnets, it produces force in the process.

The magnetic effect of current

1. Right- hand rule for magnetic filed around a current-carrying wire

2. Right hand rule for force on moving object

3. Right hand rule for magnetic field in a solenoid

4. Right hand rule for magnetic field in a solenoid

Experiment to investigate the field around a straight wire

Characteristics of the magnetic field produced by the current in the wire.

The magnetic field can be

called the motor effect.

An electric motor has a coil with a current flowing around it

The motor then turns around because the two magnetic

Experiment 1: catapult field

Fleming left hand rule

A rule that gives the relationship be-

A motor is designed to use the motor effect to create a turn-

3 WAYS TO IMPROVE THE TURNING EFFECT

How does a power generator work?

All these generators have three things in common;

HOW CAN YOU INCREASE THE ELECTROMAGNETIC

Understanding electromagnetic induction

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