Prof.

Sunny Shah
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Revision Notes
CHAPTER – 13
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

In this chapter, we will study the effects of electric current : Moving charges or electric
current generates a magnetic field.

1. Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851)

Oersted showed that electricity and magnetism are related to each other.His research later
used in radio, television etc.
The unit of magnetic field strength is named Oersted in his honour.

2. Oersted Experiment

On passing the current through the copper wire XY in the circuit, the compass needle which
is placed near the conductor gets deflected. If we reverse the direction of current, the
compass needle deflect in reverse direction. If we stop the flow of current, the needle comes
at rest.
Hence, it can be concluded that electricity and magnetism are linked to each other. It shows
that whenever the current will flow through the conductor,then a magnetic field will
develop.

3. Magnetic Field : It is the region surrounding a magnet, in which force of magnet can be
detected. It is a vector quantity, having both direction& magnitude.

4. Compass Needle : It is a small bar magnet, whose north end is pointing towards north
pole and south end is pointing towards south pole of earth.

5. Magnetic Field Lines : The tangent to the magnetic field line at a point gives the direction

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of magnetic field at that point.

Hence, magnetic field line is a path along which a hypothetical free north pole tend to move
towards south pole.

6. Characteristics of Magnetic field lines :

(a) The direction of magnetic field lines outside the magnet is always from north pole to
south pole of bar magnet and are indicated by an arrow.Inside the magnet, the direction of
field lines is from its south pole to north pole. Thus magnetic field lines are closed curves.
(b) The strength of magnetic field is expressed by the closeness of magnetic field lines. Closer
the lines, more will be the strength and farther the lines, less will be the magnetic field
strength.
(c) No two field lines will intersect each other.If they intersects, then at point of intersection
the compass needle will show two directions of magnetic field which is not possible.

7. Magnetic field due to Current Carrying Conductor

The above electric circuit in which a copper wire is placed parallel to a compass needle,
shows the deflection in needle gets reversed, when the direction of current reversed. Hence
electricity and magnetism are related to each other.

8. Right Hand Thumb Rule

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It is a convenient way of finding the direction of magnetic field associated with current
carrying conductor. Hold the straight wire carrying current in your right hand such that
thumb points towards the direction of current, then your folded fingers around the
conductor will show the direction of magnetic field.

This rule also called Maxwell’s corkscrew rule.

9. Magnetic Field due to Current through a Straight Conductor

Let a current carrying conductor be suspended vertically and the electric current is flowing
from south to north. In this case, the direction of magnetic field will be anticlockwise. If the
current is flowing from north to south, the direction of magnetic field will be clockwise.

A current carrying straight conductor has magnetic field in the form of concentric circles;
around it. Magnetic field of current carrying straight conductor can be shown by magnetic
field lines.

10. Magnetic Field due to Current through a circular Loop

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Every point on the wire carrying current give rise to the magnetic field,appearing as a
straight line at the centre of loop. By applying Right hand Thumb rule, we can find the
direction of magnetic field at every section of the wire.

11. Solenoid :A Coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the
shape of a cylinder is called solenoid.

12. Magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid :

Using R.H. Thumb Rule, we can draw the pattern of magnetic field lines around a
current carrying ‘Solenoid’.
One end of the solenoid behaves as a magnetic north pole,while the other end behave
as the South Pole.
The filed lines inside the solenoid are in form of parallel straight lines, that implies
that magnetic field inside the solenoid is same at all points i.e. Field is uniform.

The strength of the magnetic field produced depends upon

(a) the number of turns
(b) Strength of current in the solenoid used in making solenoid.

13. Electromagnet : Strong magnetic field inside the solenoid can be used to magnetise a
magnetic material for example soft iron, when it is placed inside the coil. The magnet so
formed is called electromagnet.It is a temporary magnet.

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Properties of Magnetic Field:

The magnitude; of magnetic field increases with increase in electric current and
decreases with decrease in electric current.
The magnitude of magnetic field; produced by electric current; decreases with
increase in distance and vice-versa. The size of concentric circles of magnetic field
lines increases with distance from the conductor, which shows that magnetic field
decreases with distance.
Magnetic field lines are always parallel to each other.
No two field lines cross each other.

14. Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

Andre Marie Ampere (1775–1836) suggested that the magnet also exert an equal and opposite
force on the current carrying conductor.

We will observe that the rod will displace i.e. the rod will experience a force, when it is
placed in magnetic field, in a perpendicular direction to its length.

The direction of the exerted force will be reversed if the direction of current through
the conductor is reversed.
If we change the direction of field by inter changing the two poles of the magnet,
again the direction of exert force will change.
Therefore the direction of exerted force depends on

(a) direction of current

(b) direction of magnetic field lines.

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15. Left Hand fleming Rule

OR

According to this rule, stretch thumb, forefinger, and middle finge rof your left
hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.

If fore finger represent direction of magnetic field & middle finger represent direction of
current,then thumb will point in the direction of motion or force acting on the conductor.

– ELECTRIC MOTOR :

Electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy by using an electric motor. Electric
motor works on the basis of rule suggested by Marie Ampere and Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.

In an electric motor, a rectangular coil is suspended between the two poles of a magnetic
field. The electric supply to the coil is connected with a commutator. Commutator is a device
which reverses the direction of flow of electric current through a circuit.

When electric current is supplied to the coil of electric motor, it gets deflected because of
magnetic field. As it reaches the half way, the split ring which acts as commutator reverses
the direction of flow of electric current. Reversal of direction of current reverses the

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direction of forces acting on the coil. The change in direction of force pushes the coil; and it
moves another half turn. Thus, the coil completes one rotation around the axle. Continuation
of this process keeps the motor in rotation.

In commercial motor, electromagnet; instead of permanent magnet; and armature is used.

Armature is a soft iron core with large number of conducting wire turns over it. Large
number of turns of conducting wire enhances the magnetic field produced by armature.

16. Michael Faraday : Gave the law of Electro magnetic Induction : When a conductor is
set to move inside a magnetic field or a magnetic field is set to be changing around a
conductor, electric current is induced in the conductor.

17. Galvanometer : It is an instrument that can detect the presence of a current in a circuit.
If pointer is at zero (the centre of scale) then there will be no flow of current.
If the pointer deflect on either side right or left, this will show the direction of current.
Represented by

ELECTRIC GENERATOR :

The structure of electric generator is similar to that of an electric motor. In case of an electric
generator a rectangular armature is placed within the magnetic field of a permanent
magnet. The armature is attached to wire and is positioned in way that it can move around
an axle. When the armature moves within the magnetic field an electric current is induced.
The direction of induced current changes, when the armature crosses the halfway mark of its

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rotation. Thus, the direction of current changes once in every rotation. Due to this, the
electric generator usually produces alternate current, i.e. AC. To convert an AC generator
into a DC generator, a split ring commutator is used. This helps in producing direct current.

18. Electro Magnetic Induction: Can be explained by two experiments

(a) First Experiment “Self Induction”

In this experiment, when the north pole of bar magnet is brought closer to the coil or away
from the coil, we see momentary deflection in the needle of galvanometer on either side of
null point. First right and then left.

Similarly, if we keep the magnet stationary and coil is made to move towards or away from
the north pole of magnet. Again we will observe deflection in the needle of galvanometer.

If both bar magnet and coil are kept stationary, there will be no deflection in galvanometer.
This experiment can also be done with the south pole of magnet, we will observe the
deflection in galvanometer, but it would be in opposite direction to the previous case.

It concludes that motion of magnet with respect to coil or vice-versa, changes the
magnetic field. Due to this change in magnetic field lines, potential difference is induced in
the same coil, which set up an induced current in the circuit.

(b) Second Experiment : Mutual Induction

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In this experiment plug in the key that connects coil with battery and observe the deflection
in galvanometer. Now plug out the key that disconnect the coil-1 from battery and observe
the deflection in galvanometer, which will be in reverse direction.

Hence, we conclude that potential difference is induced in secondary coil (coil-2), whenever
there is a change in current, in primary coil(coil-1) (by on and off of key).

This is because, whenever there is change in current in primary coil

Magnetic field associated with it also changes

Now, magnetic field lines around the secondary coil (coil-2) will change and induces the
electric current in it (observed by the deflection of needle of Galvanometer in secondary
circuit)

This process, by which changing of strength of current in primary coil, induces a current in
secondary coil is called Electromagnetic Induction”

The induced current is found to be highest when the direction of motion of coil is at right
angles to the magnetic field.

19. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

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OR

Rule can be defined as :

Stretch, thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of right hand, so that they are perpendicular to
each other. The forefinger indicates direction of magnetic field, thumb shows the direction of
motion of conductor, then the middle finger will shows the direction of induced current.

Electrical generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It convert

mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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Science +91 98 25 233553

21. Advantages of Alternate Current (AC) over Direct Current (DC)

Electric power can be transmitted to longer distances without much loss of energy. Therefore
cost of transmission is low.

In India the frequency of AC is 50Hz. It means after every 1/100 second it changes its
direction.

22. Domestic Electric Circuits :

In our homes, the electric power supplied is of potential difference V = 220V and frequency
50Hz.

It consist of three wires :–

(1) Wire with red insulation cover – LIVE WIRE (POSITIVE) Live wire is at high potential of
220V
(2) Wire with black insulation cover – NEUTRAL WIRE(NEGATIVE) Neutral wire is at zero
potential Therefore, the potential difference between the two is 220V.
(3) Wire with Green insulation cover – EARTH WIRE
It is connected to a copper plate deep in the earth near house.
The metallic body of the appliances is connected with the earth wire as a safety measure.

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Earth wire provide a low resistance to the current hence any leakage of current to the
metallic body of the appliances, keep its potential equal to that of earth. That means zero
potential and the user is saved from severe electric shock.

Point to be noted in Domestic Circuit

(a) Each appliance has a separate switch of ON/OFF
(b) In order to provide equal potential difference to each appliance, they should be
connected parallel to each other. So that they can be operated at any time.

24. Short Circuiting : Due to fault in the appliances or damage in the insulation of two wires,
the circuit will offer zero or negligible resistance to the flow of current. Due to low
resistance, large amount of current will flow.
According to Joule’s law of heating effect , heat is produced in live wire and produces spark,
damaging the device and wiring.

25. Overloading : Overloading can be caused by (1) Connecting too many appliances to a
single socket or (2) accidental rise in supply voltage if the total current drawn by the
appliances at a particular time exceeds the bearing capacity of that wire, it will get heated
up. This is known as overloading. Fuse a safety device can prevent the circuit from
overloading and short circuiting.

What you have learnt

A compass needle is a small magnet. Its one end, which points towards north, is called
a north pole, and the other end, which points towards south, is called a south pole.
A magnetic field exists in the region surrounding a magnet, in which the force of the
magnet can be detected.
Field lines are used to represent a magnetic field. A field line is the path along which a
hypothetical free north pole would tend to move. The direction of the magnetic field
at a point is given by the direction that a north pole placed at that point would take.

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Field lines are shown closer together where the magnetic field is greater.
A metallic wire carrying an electric current has associated with it a magnetic field.The
field lines about the wire consist of a series of concentric circles whose direction is
given by the right-hand rule.
The pattern of the magnetic field around a conductor due to an electric current
flowing through it depends on the shape of the conductor. The magnetic field of a
solenoid carrying a current is similar to that of a bar magnet.
An electromagnet consists of a core of soft iron wrapped around with a coil of
insulated copper wire.
A current-carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field experiences a force.If
the direction of the field and that of the current are mutually perpendicular to each
other, then the force acting on the conductor will be perpendicular to both and will be
given by Fleming’s left-hand rule. This is the basis of an electric motor.An electric
motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is the production of induced current
in a coil placed in a region where the magnetic field changes with time. The magnetic
field may change due to a relative motion between the coil and a magnet placed near
to the coil. If the coil is placed near to a current-carrying conductor, the magnetic field
may change either due to a change in the current through the conductor or due to the
relative motion between the coil and conductor. The direction of the induced current
is given by the Fleming’s right-hand rule.
A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works on the basis
of electromagnetic induction.
In our houses we receive AC electric power of 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. One of
the wires in this supply is with red insulation, called live wire. The other one is of
black insulation, which is a neutral wire. The potential difference between the two is
220 V.

The third is the earth wire that has green insulation and this is connected to a metallic body
deep inside earth. It is used as a safety measure to ensure that any leakage of current to a
metallic body does not give any severe shock to a user.

Fuse is the most important safety device, used for protecting the circuits due to short-
circuiting or overloading of the circuits.

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 Class - 10
Exercises
Question 1:
Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight
wire?
(a) The field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire.
(b) The field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire.
(c) The field consists of radial lines originating from the wire.
(d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.
Answer 1:
(d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.
On applying right-hand thumb rule, we find the direction of magnetic field. The
field is in the form of concentric circles centred on the wire carrying current.

Hence, the option (d) is correct.

Question 2:
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is
(a) the process of charging a body.
(b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a
coil.
(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet
and the coil.
(d) the process of rotating a coil of an electric motor.
Answer 2:
(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet
and the coil.
In electromagnetic induction phenomenon an induced current begins to flow in a
coil whenever there is change in magnetic field in and around a coil.

Hence, the option (c) is correct.

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Question 3:
The device used for producing electric current is called a
(a) generator.
(b) galvanometer.
(c) ammeter.
(d) motor
Answer 3:
(a) generator.
An A.C. generator is the device used for producing an electric current.
Hence, the option (a) is correct.

Question 4:
The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that
(a) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has permanent
magnet.
(b) DC generator will generate a higher voltage.
(c) AC generator will generate a higher voltage.
(d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator
(This question is out of syllabus now)
Answer 4:
(d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator

Question 5:
At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit
(a) reduces substantially.
(b) does not change.
(c) increases heavily.
(d) vary continuously.
Answer 5:
(c) increases heavily.
At the time of short circuiting the live wire and the neutral wire come into direct
contact. As a result, the current in the circuit abruptly increases.

Hence, the option (c) is correct.

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Question 6:
State whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
(b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
(c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel
straight lines.
(d) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply.
Answer 6:
(a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. (False)
(b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
(True)
(c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel
straight lines. (True)
(d) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply.
(False)

Question 7:
List three sources of magnetic fields.
Answer 7:
Three methods of producing magnetic field are as follows:
 Magnetic field can be produced by placing a permanent bar magnet or a
horse-shoe magnet at the place, where magnetic field is required.
 Magnetic field is produced around a current-carrying straight conductor or
a current carrying circular coil.
 A very good method to produce magnetic field is due to flow of current in
a solenoid.

Question 8:
How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine the north and
south poles of a current–carrying solenoid with the help of a bar magnet? Explain.

3
 Answer 8:
When current is passed through a solenoid coil, magnetic field produced due to
each turn of solenoid coil is in the same direction. As a resu1t, the resultant
magnetic field become very strong and uniform. The field lines inside the
solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines along the axis of solenoid. Thus,
the solenoid behaves like a bar magnet. One end of solenoid behaves as a
magnetic North pole while the other end behaves as the South Pole.

We can determine the magnetic poles formed in a solenoid. The end of the
current-carrying solenoid, which attracts North Pole but repels South Pole of a
bar magnet, is behaving as south magnetic pole. The other end, which attracts
South Pole of a bar magnet but repels the North Pole, is behaving as north
magnetic pole. It is because like poles repel but unlike poles attract each other.

Question 9:
When is the force experienced by a current–carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field largest?
Answer 9:
The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
is largest when the current-carrying conductor is placed in a direction
perpendicular to that of magnetic field.

Question 10:
Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron
beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by
a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of magnetic field?

4
 Answer 10:
An electron beam moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wail is
equivalent to a current flowing in the opposite direction (i.e., from front wall
towards the back wall). The deflection of electron beam as seen by observer is to
his right side and is shown in Figure. On applying Fleming's left-hand rule we
find that the magnetic field is acting in vertically downward direction.

Question 11:
Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working.
What is the function of a split ring in an electric motor?
Answer 11:

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Principle
A current-carrying conductor, when placed in a magnetic field, experiences a
force. If the direction of the field and that of the current are mutually
perpendicular then force acting on the conductor will be perpendicular to both
and will be given by Fleming's left-hand rule. Due to this force the conductor
begins to move.
Working
Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through conducting
brush X and flows back to the battery through brush Y. The current in arm AB of
the coil flows from A to B. In arm CD it flows from C to D, that is, opposite to
the direction of current through arm AB. We find that the force acting on arm AB
pushes it downwards while the force acting on arm CD pushes it upwards. Thus
the coil and the axle O, mounted free to turn about an axis, rotate anti-clockwise.
At half rotation, Q makes contact with the brush X and P with brush Y. Therefore
the current in the coil gets reversed and flows along the path DCBA. The reversal
of current also reverses the direction of force acting on the two arms AB and CD.
Thus the arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed down is now pushed up and
the arm CD previously pushed up is now pushed down. Therefore the coil and the
axle rotate half a turn more in the same direction. The reversing of the current is
repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil and
to the axle. (Working is out of syllabus now)

Question 12:
Name some devices in which electric motors are used.
Answer 12:
Electric motors are used in all such devices where we want to convert electrical
energy into mechanical energy so as to drive that machine. In our houses, electric
motors are being fitted in electric fans, coolers, air conditioners, mixer grinders,
washing machines, refrigerators, juicers, computers etc. In factories, motors are
used in almost all machines.

6
Question 13:
A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen
if a bar magnet is (i) pushed into the coil, (ii) withdrawn from inside the coil, (iii)
held stationary inside the coil?
Answer 13:
A current induces in a solenoid if a bar magnet is moved relative to it. This is the
principle of electromagnetic induction.
(i) When a bar magnet is pushed into a coil of insulated copper wire, a current is
induced momentarily in the coil. As a result, the needle of the galvanometer
deflects momentarily in a particular direction.
(ii) When the bar magnet is withdrawn from inside the coil of the insulated copper
wire, a current is again induced momentarily in the coil in the opposite direction.
As a result, the needle of the galvanometer deflects momentarily in the opposite
direction.
(iii) When a bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, no current will be
induced in the coil. Hence, galvanometer will show no deflection.

Question 14:
Two circular coils A and B are placed closed to each other. If the current in the
coil A is changed, will some current be induced in the coil B? Give reason.
Answer 14:
Yes, a current is induced in the coil B.
When the current in the coil A is changed, the magnetic field associated with it
also changes. As coil B is placed close to A, hence magnetic field lines around
this coil also change. Due to change in magnetic field lines associated with coil
B, an induced current is also induced in it.

Question 15:
State the rule to determine the direction of a (i) magnetic field produced around
a straight conductor-carrying current, (ii) force experienced by a current-carrying
straight conductor placed in a magnetic field which is perpendicular to it, and (iii)
current induced in a coil due to its rotation in a magnetic field.

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 Answer 15:
(i) Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule
(ii) Fleming’s left hand rule
(iii) Fleming’s right hand rule

Question 16:
Explain the underlying principle and working of an electric generator by drawing
a labelled diagram. What is the function of brushes?
Answer 16:
Principle
An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
phenomenon. According to it, whenever a coil is rotated between the poles of a
magnet, an induced current is set up in the coil, whose direction is given by
Fleming's right-hand rule.

Working
When the axle attached to the two rings is rotated such that the arm AB moves up
(and the arm CD moves down) in the magnetic field produced by the permanent
magnet. The coil ABCD is rotated clockwise in the arrangement. By applying
Fleming’s right-hand rule, the induced currents are set up in these arms along the
directions AB and CD. Thus an induced current flows in the direction ABCD. If
there are larger numbers of turns in the coil, the current generated in each turn
adds up to give a large current through the coil. This means that the current in the

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external circuit flows from B2 to B1. After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving
up and AB moving down. As a result, the directions of the induced currents in
both the arms change, giving rise to the net induced current in the direction
DCBA. The current in the external circuit now flows from B 1 to B2. Thus after
every half rotation the polarity of the current in the respective arms changes. Such
a current, which changes direction after equal intervals of time, is called an
alternating current (abbreviated as AC). This device is called an AC generator.
(Working of AC generator is out of syllabus)

Question 17:
When does an electric short circuit occur?
Answer 17:
If either the insulation of wires used in an electrical circuit is damaged or there is
a fault in the appliance, live wire and neutral wire may come in direct contact. As
a result, the current in the circuit abruptly rises and short-circuiting occurs.

Question 18:
What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic
appliances?
Answer 18:
The metallic body of electric appliances is connected to the earth by means of
earth wire so that any leakage of electric current is transferred to the ground. This
prevents any electric shock to the user. That is why earthing of the electrical
appliances is necessary.

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 Page 224

Question 1:
Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
Answer 1:
Magnetic compass needle and bar magnet both have magnetic field. When they
brought near to each other, these magnetic fields interact each other giving
deflection in needle.

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 Page 228

Question 1:
Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
Answer 1:

Question 2:
List the properties of magnetic lines of force.
Answer 2:
Properties of magnetic lines of force (also known as magnetic field lines) are
listed below:
 Outside the magnet, the magnetic field lines are directed from N-pole of
magnet towards S-pole. However, inside a magnet the field lines are
directed from S-pole to N-pole. Thus magnetic field lines form a close
loop.
 The magnetic field line at any point points in the direction of magnetic field
at that point.
 The relative strength of magnetic fields is given by degree of closeness of
the field lines. The magnetic field is strong in the region where the field
lines are crowded.
 No two magnetic field lines can ever intersect with each other.

1
Question 3:
Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other?
Answer 3:
No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, it would mean that
at the point of intersection, the compass needle would point towards two
directions, which is not possible.

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 Page 229 - 230

Question 1:
Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current
pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the
direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
Answer 1:
The magnetic field lines have been shown in Figure given below. As per right-
hand rule, we find that inside the loop, the magnetic field lines are directed
perpendicular to the plane of paper in the inward direction. Outside the loop
magnetic field lines are directed out of the plane of paper.

Question 2:
The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.
Answer 2:
The uniform magnetic field is represented by parallel, equidistant lines of equal
length as shown in Figure.

1
Question 3:
Choose the correct option.
The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current
(a) is zero.
(b) decreases as we move towards its end.
(c) increases as we move towards its end.
(d) is the same at all points.
Answer 3:
(d) is the same at all points.

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 Page 231 - 232
Question 1:
Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in
a magnetic field? (There may be more than one correct answer.)
(a) Mass (b) Speed
(c) Velocity (d) Momentum
Answer 1:
(c) Velocity and (d) Momentum

Question 2:
In Activity 13.7, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if
(i) current in rod AB is increased; (ii) a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used; and
(iii) length of the rod AB is increased?
Answer 2:
(i) If current in rod AB is increased, the displacement will also increase.
(ii) If we use a stronger horse-shoe magnet then the displacement of rod AB will
increase.
(iii) lf length of the rod is increased, force acting on it will increase and, hence,
displacement of the rod increases.

Question 3:
A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards west is deflected
towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field is
(a) towards south (b) towards east
(c) downward (d) upward
Answer 3:
(d) upward
In accordance with Fleming's left-hand rule, the direction of magnetic field is
vertically upward.

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 Page 233
Question 1:
State Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Answer 1:
According to Fleming’s left-hand rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle
finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the first
finger points in the direction of magnetic field and the second finger in the
direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the
force acting on the conductor.

Question 2:
What is the principle of an electric motor?
Answer 2:
The working principle of an electric motor is based on the magnetic effect of
current. A current-carrying loop experiences a force and rotates when placed in a
magnetic field. The direction of rotation of the loop is given by the Fleming’s
left-hand rule.

Question 3:
What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor? (This question is out of
syllabus)
Answer 3:
The split ring in the electric motor acts as a commutator. The commutator reverses
the direction of current flowing through the coil after each half rotation of the
coil. Due to this reversal of the current, the coil continues to rotate in the same
direction.

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Question 1:
Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.
Answer 1:
Different ways to induce current in a coil are as given below:
 If a magnetic field is changed around a coil then an induced current is set
up in the coil. It can be done by taking a bar magnet and bringing it closer
to the coil or taking it away from the coil.
 If a coil is moved in a magnetic field, then again an induced current is set
up in the coil.
 If a coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, it may also produce an
induced current in the coil.

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Question 1:
State the principle of an electric generator.
Answer 1:
An electric generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
When a rectangular coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, an induced voltage
is generated between the ends of the coil.

Question 2:
Name some sources of direct current.
Answer 2:
Some sources of direct current are a cell, a battery and a D.C. generator.

Question 3:
Which sources produce alternating current?
Answer 3:
A.C. generator and invertors (used in house for emergency power supply)
produces alternating current.

Question 4:
Choose the correct option.
A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of
the induced current changes once in each
(a) two revolutions (b) one revolution
(c) half revolution (d) one-fourth revolution
Answer 4:
(c). When a rectangular coil of copper wire is rotated in a magnetic field, the
direction of the induced current changes once in each half revolution.

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Question 1:
Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.
Answer 1:
Two safety measures are:
 Use of earth wire and proper earthing.
 Use of fuse (now a days fuse wire is replaced by MCB).

Question 2:
An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit
(220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.
Answer 2:
Power rating of electric oven P = 2 kW = 2000 W
Supply voltage V = 220 V
𝑃 2000 𝑊
So, the current drawn by electric oven 𝐼 = = =9𝐴
𝑉 220 𝑉

As the current rating of domestic electric circuit is only 5 A and the oven draws
a current 9 A, which is more than the current rating, hence the circuit will be
damaged due to overheating/overloading.

Question 3:
What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric
circuits?
Answer 3:
The precautions that should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic circuits
are as follows:
 Too many appliances should not be connected to a single socket.
 Too many appliances should not be used at the same time.
 Faulty appliances should not be connected in the circuit.
 Fuse should be connected in the circuit.