Logical Connectives

Why Study Logic?
Why study logic?
1. prove theorems
2. clarify ordinary writing
Logic is the study of reasoning .
Logic focuses on
the relationship
among statements
as opposed to the
content of any
particular statement.
Lesson 1.a:
Propositions and Logical
Operators
A proposition (or statement) is a declarative sentence
that is either true or false, but not both.
• We say that the truth value of a proposition is either

true (T) or false (F).
• Corresponds to 1 and 0 in digital circuits
Example 1:
“Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.”
Is this a proposition? yes
What is the truth value true

of the proposition?
Example 2:
“Lucio Tan in the richest man in the

Philippines”
What is the truth value

of the proposition? false
Example 3:
“y > 10”
Is this a proposition? no
Its truth value depends on the value of y, but this value
is not specified.
We call this type of statement a propositional function
or open sentence.
Example 4:
“Today is January 1 and 22 < 1.”
What is the truth value

of the proposition? false
Example 5:
“Please do not fall asleep.”
Is this a proposition? no
Why?
Determine which are propositions /statements.
1. The only positive integers that divide 5 are1 and 5 itself.

2. Paulo Ballesteros won the best actor award in the recent Metro
Manila Film Festival.
3. Let us dance baby shark.
4. The sum of x and y is 3.
5. Is the integer 3^15-1 even?
Combining Propositions
•As we have seen in the previous examples,

one or more propositions can be combined to
form a single compound proposition.
•We formalize this by denoting propositions

with letters such as p, q, r, s, and introducing
several logical operators or logical
connectives.
Examples:
p: It is raining today.
q: There is a typhoon.
r: It is cold outside.
s: I will go to the beach.
Logical Operators (Connectives)
• Negation (NOT, )
• Conjunction (AND, )
• Disjunction (OR, )
• Implication (if – then,  )
• Biconditional (if and only if,  )
•Truth tables can be used to show how these
operators can combine propositions to compound
propositions.
A truth table consists of rows and columns
whose columns are statements, and whose
rows are the possible combination of truth
values.
The number of rows is given by 2n where

n is the number of propositions in the given
statement.
Negation of proposition P ,denoted by P,
is the proposition "not P"
P P
true (T) false (F)
false (F) true (T)
 P read as NOT P
Example:
Negation of P
(it is not the case that P, not P)
Give the negation of the proposition :
P: Today is Saturday.
Q: Quezon City is the capital of the
Philippines.
R: 2 is even.
The Conjunction of propositions P and Q
is the proposition "P and Q" and is
denoted by PQ.
Binary Operator, Symbol: 
P Q P Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
P and Q are called conjuncts.
Give the conjunction of the propositions
P: Today is Saturday.
Q: It is raining today.
PQ: Today is Saturday and it is raining

today.
Words representing conjunction
"and":
but
while
yet
still
Example:
Let p: It is raining.
q: I am wearing my rubbers.
Symbolize the statements:

1. It is not raining , but I am wearing my
rubbers.
2. It is raining, still I am not wearing my
rubbers.
3. It am wearing my rubbers while it is raining.
The disjunction of propositions P and Q is
the proposition "P or Q" denoted by PQ
Binary Operator, Symbol: 
P Q PQ
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Each of P and Q is called a disjunct.
State the disjunction of the
propositions
P: Students who have taken calculus can
take this class.
Q: Students who have taken computer
science can take this class.
PQ: Students who have taken calculus or

computer science can take this class.
Determine the truth value of
the proposition
3≥10.
Express the statement in symbols.
p: It is raining.
r: I am carring my umbrella.
1.Either it is not raining, or I am wearing my

rubbers and I am carrying my umbrella.
Answer:  p  (q  r)
2. Either it not raining , or it is not true that it
is raining or I am wearing my rubbers.
Answer:  p  (p q)
Translate the proposition into words.
Let p: It is raining.
1. p  q
2.  (p  q)
3. p  (p  r)
The Implication or conditional statement
of propositions P and Q , "P implies Q" is
denoted by PQ .
Binary Operator, Symbol: 
P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
P is called the premise( or antecedent or hypothesis) and Q
is called the conclusion(or consequence).
Determine the truth value of each of the
following:
1. If 2 is even then 5>10.

2. If 2 is positive then 5 is odd.
3. If ________then 2 is even.
4. If 2 is odd then _______.
Common Ways of Expressing Implication
PQ
if p , then q
p is sufficient for q
p implies q
if p, q
p only if q
q if p
q whenever p
q is necessary for p
Restate the proposition in the form of a
conditional proposition pq.
1. John takes calculus only if he has
sophomore, junior, or senior standing.
Answer:
If John takes calculus then he has
sophomore, junior, or senior standing.
(Form: P only if Q)
2. Mary will be a good student if she studies
hard.
Answer:
If Mary studies hard then she will be a good
student. (Form: q if p)
3. My ears hurt whenever you sing.
Answer:
If you sing then my ears hurt.
(Form:Q whenever P)
4. LA Tenorio scoring high is neccesary for
Ginebra to win the championship.
Answer:
If Ginebra wins the championship then LA
Tenorio scored high.
(Form: q is necessary for p)
Converse , Contrapositive, and
Inverse of PQ
Converse : qp
Contrapositive : q  p
Inverse : p  q
What is the converse of the proposition
"If you watch EXO’s concert then you
are happy." ?
Answer:
If you are happy then you watched EXO’s
concert.
What is the contrapositive of the
proposition
"If you see your crush today then you
are happy." ?
Answer:
If you are not happy then you did not see
your crush today.
or
If you are sad then you did not see your
crush today.
What is the inverse of the proposition
"If you win the lotto jackpot then you
are happy." ?
Answer:
If you do not win the lotto jackpot then you
are not happy.
The biconditional statement of P and Q
" P if and only if Q" is denoted by PQ.
Binary Operator, Symbol: 
P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Both P and Q must have the same truth value for PQ to
be true.
Determine the truth value of the
proposition:
1. 2 is even if and only if 3 is odd.
2. 2 is pime if and only if 5 < 0.

Determine whether the sentence is a
proposition/statement.
1. Peel me an apple.
2. All primes are odd.
3. x is always greater than y.
4. 1+5=19.
5. Run !
Let p, q and s be as represented as
p: It is raining.
Express each of the following statements in symbols,then determine
the truth state of the statement given p is false, q is true ,and s is
true.
1. I am not wearing my rubbers, but it is raining and I am carrying my

umbrella.
Ans: q  (p  r)
2. Either it is raining and I am wearing my rubbers, or it is raining and I
am carrying my umbrella.
Ans:(pq)(pr)
3. It is raining, still I am neither wearing my rubbers nor carrying my
umbrella.
Ans: p  ( q  r)
Operator Precedence
In expressions involving some or all of the

operators  ,  ,  , in the absence of
parentheses, first evaluate  , then  ,
and then  and  (or ) is evaluated
last.
Given that the proposition p is false, proposition q

is true, and proposition r is false, determine
whether proposition  p  q  r is true or false.
Example: Suppose that A B has truth value
True and CD has truth value False,
determine the truth value of the proposition:
1.  A  (B  C)
2. (A C)  (D B)
3. B (AD)
Example: Construct the truth table of each
proposition.
1. (PQ)P
2. (PQ)P
3. (PQ)(PQ)
4. (PQ) R
Exercises
A. Given that P is false, Q is true, and R is false,
determine whether each proposition is true or
false.
1. PQ
2. (PQ)(PQ)
3. P(QR)
4. (PQ) R
B. Construct the truth table of the given

propositions above.

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Why Study Logic?

Why study logic?

• We say that the truth value of a proposition is either

What is the truth value true

“Lucio Tan in the richest man in the

What is the truth value

“Today is January 1 and 22 < 1.”

Is this a proposition? yes

What is the truth value

“Please do not fall asleep.”

1. The only positive integers that divide 5 are1 and 5 itself.

•As we have seen in the previous examples,

•We formalize this by denoting propositions

The number of rows is given by 2n where

Give the negation of the proposition :

PQ: Today is Saturday and it is raining

Symbolize the statements:

PQ: Students who have taken calculus or

1.Either it is not raining, or I am wearing my

1. If 2 is even then 5>10.

1. 2 is even if and only if 3 is odd.

2. 2 is pime if and only if 5 < 0.

1. I am not wearing my rubbers, but it is raining and I am carrying my

In expressions involving some or all of the

Given that the proposition p is false, proposition q

B. Construct the truth table of the given

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