1.

Introduction and Background:

3-Phase Diode Rectifier with LC-Filter

Rectifiers convert AC-voltage into DC. Rectifiers are broadly classified as single phase and three phase.
Rectifiers using controlled switches like IGBTs, MOSFETs etc. are called controlled rectifiers and rectifiers
using diodes are called uncontrolled rectifiers. Output voltage of controlled rectifiers are controlled by
changing firing angles of switching devices while output voltage of uncontrolled rectifiers is fixed.
Output of practical rectifiers contains harmonics therefore filters are used to filter out harmonics in
output voltage.

Performance parameters for rectifiers are Average Dc output voltage, RMS output voltage, ripple in
output voltage, conversion efficiency, THD in input current etc.

DC-DC Converter

DC-DC converters convert dc voltage at one level to other. These are like transformers for DC, can either
step-up or step-down DC voltage. There are three types of dc-dc converters: Buck (to step-down
voltage), Boost (to step-up voltage) and Buck-Boost (to either step-up or step-down voltage) converters.
These converters use IGBTs, MOSFETs, GTOs etc. as switching devices. Output voltage of converters
depend upon duty cycle. Duty cycle is ratio of turn on time to time period. Variable output voltage can
be obtained by changing duty cycle and it can be changed by either varying frequency or changing either
turn-on or off time by keeping frequency constant. Output of practical converters contain harmonics
which can be reduced by filters. Converters efficiency depends upon switching losses i.e. frequency of
switching. Some of thr output parameters of converters are output voltage, ripple voltage, ripple
inductor current etc.

Delta Connected Three Phase AC-AC Converter

If a thyristor switch is connected between supply and load, power flow to load can be controlled by
varying rms value of V applied to load. These circuits are called AC voltage controllers. These circuits are
used in industrial heating, on load transformer connection changing, speed control of polyphaser
induction motors etc. Switches are controlled either on-off control or phase angle control. In on-off
control switch is turned on for few cycles and turned off for few cycles, while in phase angle control
switch is turned on and off for the portion of each cycle.

AC voltage controllers are classified into 2 type i) Single phase controllers ii) Three phase controllers.
These are subdivided into a) Half wave control b) Full wave control.

For half wave control only one thyristor is connected in line while for full wave control two thyristors
(connected anti-paralell) are connected in line.

Single phase controllers (unidirectional) normally contain dc input currents and higher harmonic
content. Therefore, for motor drives three phase bidirectional controllers are normally used.
For three phase controllers, 6 thyristors are used, two are connected in a line. There are two types of
three phase configurations are normally used i.e. Y configuration and Delta configuration. For delta
configuration, as line currents are greater than phase (thristors) currents, therefore, low ratings of
thristors are used compared with Y connection. Due to discontinuity of load currents, phase (thristor)
1
current is not relate to line currents by a factor of . Delta connection is not normally used for motor
√3
controls.

12 Pulse Diode/ Controlled Rectifier

Diode rectifiers are uncontrolled rectifiers that convert AC into DC. Single phase rectifiers are used for
lower power applications (less than 5 kW). These are used in standalone systems and power supplies in
homes. Three phase rectifiers are used in large power applications like larger UPS. Also single phase
rectifier has two ripples per cycle while 3 phase rectifier has 6 ripples per cycle. As no of ripples becomes
more in output voltage it becomes easy to filter out harmonics. Quality of output voltage like ripple
factor, THD etc. improve as no of phases at input voltage increase.

12 pulse rectifiers are used for HVDC applications i.e. in transmissions system where AC generation is
converted into DC (at very high voltage) and transmitted. 12 pulse rectifier has smoother output voltage.
Also input current becomes more sinusoidal. There are 12 pulses in output voltage and dominant
harmonics after fundamental component are 11th and 13th. 3 phase supply is converted into 6 phases to
obtain 12 pulses. 12 pulses in output is obtained by 3 configurations: interphase transformers, two full
bridges (three phase) connected in series and two bridges (three phases) connected in parallel. A total
of 12 switching devices are used each conducts for 60 degrees but overall ripple in output is of 30
degrees.

12 pulse rectifier can be either controlled or uncontrolled. For uncontrolled configuration, diodes are
used as switching devices and for controlled rectifiers thyristors, IGBTs, MOSFECTs etc. are used as
switching devices. For controlled rectifiers, output voltage is controlled by controlling firing angle to
switching devices. Total 12 pulses are generated, 6 for upper 3 phase bridge and 6 for lower 3 phase
bridge keeping in view the phase difference of input voltage to each bridge.

Rectification is not limited to 12 pulses, for higher voltage power applications 18, 24 even 48 pulse
rectifiers are also used.

2. Methodology and Formulation of Problem:

3-Phase Diode Rectifier with LC-Filter

3-phase uncontrolled rectifier was created in MATLAB Simulink. 6 diodes were used as switching
devices. Input rms l-l voltage was 208 V. Effect of source inductance was incorporated in circuit with
source inductance of 0.1 mH. Resistive load of 16.5 Ohm was used. To filter out harmonics LC filter with
0.5 mH inductance and 500 micro farad capacitance was used.

Circuit was simulated in MATLAB and comparison was drawn with single phase rectifier.

Following problems needed solution rectifier:

 I. Waveforms of output/ input voltage and currents.
II. Fourier analysis of input current.
III. Fundamental component of input current along with input PF, DF and THD.
IV. Influence of source inductance on output.

DC-DC Converter

Buck converter was created in MATLAB Simulink. 8V DC input voltage was applied. Thyristor was used as
switch with switching frequency of 100 kHz. 0.5 Ω resistor was used at output as load. 5µH inductor
along with 100 µF capacitor was used.

To obtain peak ripple voltage following formula was used.

k ( 1−k ) vs
∇V = 2
8 LC f
Output voltage and ripple in output voltage and inductor current were observed by displaying respective
waveforms on scope.

Following problems needed answer for Buck converter.

I. Voltage and current waveforms across load and inductor along with capacitor current.
II. Calculation of ripple voltage across load and comparison with measured result.
III. Ripple in voltage when capacitor along with 100 mΩ ESR is used.

Delta Connected Three Phase AC-AC Converter

Delta connected AC-Ac controller was created in MATLAB Simulink by using Simscape library blocks. A
line voltage of 400 rms was applied to the connection. Gating pulses were provided from pulse
generating blocks for each thyristor. There was 60-degree phase shift for each pulse. Pulse to T1 was
applied at 120-degree with pulse duration of 60-degree and to T2 was applied at 180-degree, T3 at 240-
degree, T4 at 300-degree, T5 at 360-degree and T6 at 60 degrees.

Simulated results are obtained for R (10 Ω) and RL (10Ω and 20 mH). Using voltage and current
measurement blocks, voltage and current are measured in simulink. Output voltage, current, power,
input power and power factor are calculated by using following formulas. [1]

Vout ( rms )=Vs

√ 1
π
( 1)
(
π−α +
sin 2 α
2 )
Output phase current is found as,
 Vo ( rms )
Iphase=
R
( 2)

Pout =3 Iphase2 × R
( 3)
Supply power is found by multiplying line current to line voltage

Ssupply=3× Iphase× V l−l

(4 )
Power factor for input side is found as

Pout
PF=
Ssupply
(5 )
Simulated and calculated results were compared for Resistive loads while only simulated results were
obtained for RL load.

THD and harmonic analysis were also obtained during simulation along with factors mentioned obtained
for firing angle of 30-degree and 60-degree.

For this experiment following task/ problems were performed.

i. Output voltage, current and power along with input current, power and power factor
were required from simulation as well as from calculation for firing angle of 30 and 60-
degree.
ii. THD and 1st, 3rd and 5th harmonics were determined from each firing angle for input
current.
iii. Both above tasks were performed for R as well as for RL load and comparison was
drawn for both results.

12 Pulse Diode/ Controlled Rectifier

MATLAB 2023 was used to simulate the circuits. Using Simulink blocks, circuits were created. Three
phase supply was used to create 6 phase supply. To do that, 3 phase transformer with three windings
blocks was used. Input side of transformer was D1 connected and output side was connected Y (upper
tertiary winding) and D11 (lower secondary winding). In this connection line to line voltage of D11
connection leads line to line voltage of Y connection by 30 degrees. In this was total of 6 phase supply is
created.

Two three bridges were (6,6 diode bridges for uncontrolled and two universal bridges for controlled
rectification) connected in series. Upper bridge was connected to Y side of transformer and lower bridge
was connected to D11 side of transformer.
For controlled rectification 2 blocks of 6 pulse generators were used. Inputs to pulse blocks were
provided from PLL block which was synchronized from respective output winding of transformer.

Using scope in Simulink output voltages of each bridges and overall output was observed. Mean value of
each bridge output and overall output was measured using mean blocks.

Following problems needed solution for both diode and controlled rectifiers:

I. Difference in output voltage waveform from two bridges was observed using scope. Their
average and ripple values were recorded. Same was done for overall output voltage.
II. THD of input current for each phase and power factor was recorded.
III. Effect of increase in load inductance on input power factor and THD was observed.

3. 3-Phase Diode Rectifier with LC-Filter

3-phase diode rectifier circuit created in MATLAB is shown below.

Fig. 1. 3-Phase Diode Rectifier

(1)

Input/ Output voltages and currents are plotted below.

Fig. 2. Three Phase Input Voltage for Rectifier (Phase)

Fig. 3. Input Currents for Rectifier

 Fig. 4. Output Current for Rectifier

Fig. 5. Output Voltage for Rectifier

4. DC-DC Converter:
DC-DC Buck converter created in Simulink is shown below.
 Fig. 6. DC-DC Buck Converter

(1)

(a)

Fig. 7. Inductor Voltage and Current

(b)
 Fig. 8. Output Voltage and Current

Fig. 9. Capacitor Current

(2)

Resistance is increased to 10 Ω and VL and IL are plotted below.

Fig. 10. Inductor Voltage and Current for 10 Ohm Load Resistance

(3)

Calculated Observed

Output
Ripple 0.0375 0.035
Voltage
Table 1. Observed and Calculated Ripple in Output Voltage

(5)
 Fig. 11. Ripple across ESR, C and Load

5. Delta Connected 3 Phase AC-AC converter:

Delta connected AC-AC converter created in MATLAB Simulink is shown below.
 Fig. 12. Delta Connected Three Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller

Fig. 13. Line-Line Input Voltages to Delta Connected AC-AC Controller

 Fig. 14. Pulses for Thyristors for Firing Angle of 30-Degree

Fig. 15.Pulses for Thyristors for Firing Angle of 60-Degrees

R Load with α=30 and 60 Degrees

i) α=30 Degrees
Output voltage, current, power, input VA and power factor for firing angles of 30 and 60 degrees are
tabled below.
 Load
Voltage Load Current Vin (V) Input Input
(V) (A) Pout (W) (L-L) Current (A) VA PF
Simulation 393.9 39.38 46.5k 400 67.88 47.03k 0.988
Calculation 394.2 39.42 46.62k 400 68.3 47.3k 0.98
Table 2. Simulated and Calculated Converter Parameters

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 11.23 95.39 0.0094 6.85
Table 3.THD and Harmonics in Input Current

Fig. 16. Output Voltages

 Fig. 17. Input Line Currents

ii) α=60 Degrees

Load
Voltage Load Current Pout Vin (V) Input Input
(V) (A) (W) (L-L) Current (A) VA PF

Simulation 358.5 35.85 38.56k 400 59.53 41.24k 0.93

Calculation 358.77 35.877 38.6kk 400 62.14 43.05k 0.89
Table 4. Simulated and Calculated Converter Parameters for Firing Angle of 60-Degree (R load)

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 22.3 82.16 0.0163 13.49
Table 5.THD and Harmonics in Input Current for Firing Angle of 60-Degree (R Load)
 Fig. 18. Output Voltages

Fig. 19. Output Phase Currents

 Fig. 20. Input Line Currents

RL Load with α=30 and 60 Degrees

i) α=30 Degrees
Load
Voltage Load Current Vin (V) Input Input
(V) (A) Pout (W) (L-L) Current (A) VA PF
Simulation 399.7 33.85 34.4k 400 58.63 40.62k 0.85
Table 6. Simulated and Calculated Converter Parameters

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 0.000057 82.91 0 0
Table 7.THD and Harmonics in Input Current
 Fig. 21. Output Voltages

Fig. 22. Output Phase Currents

 Fig. 23Input Line Currents

ii) α=60 Degrees

Load
Voltage Load Current Vin (V) Input Input
(V) (A) Pout (W) (L-L) Current (A) VA PF
Simulation 366.5 29.2 25.6k 400 50.13 34.7k 0.73
Table 8. Simulated Converter Parameters

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 8.45 70.64 0 5.145
Table 9.THD and Harmonics in Input Current
 Fig. 24. Output Voltages

Fig. 25. Output Phase Currents

 Fig. 26. Input Line Currents

6. 12 Pulse Rectifiers:
12 pulse diode and controlled rectifiers are discussed and simulated in this lab.

a. 12 Pulse Diode Rectifier

12 pulse diode rectifier uses two 3 phases bridges connected in series fed from 3 phase three winding
transformer. Upper leg is connected to Y output of transformer and lower leg is connected to D11 side
of transformer. There is phase shift of 30 degrees between input to lower leg and upper leg.

12 pulse diode rectifier created in MATLAB Simulink is shown in figure below.

 Fig. 27. 12 Pulse Diode Rectifier

(1)

Upper and lower bridges output voltages:

Average, RMS and Ripple voltages of each bridge is tabled below.

Average Voltage RMS Voltage

Ripple Voltage (V)
(V) (V)
Upper
134.3 134.4 18.9
Bridge
Lower
536.3 536.7 74.9
Bridge
Table 10. Average, RMS and Ripple Voltage of Upper and Lower Rectifier

Output voltage of each bridge is shown in figure below. Vo1 is output of upper leg while Vo2 is output of
lower leg.
 Fig. 28. Output Voltage of Upper and Lower Bridge

(2)

Average, RMS and ripple voltages of rectifier output voltage is tables below.

Average RMS Ripple

Voltage
670.6 670.8 59.5
(V)
Current
67.06 67.06 0.5
(A)
Table 11. Average, RMS and Ripple Voltage and Current of Rectifier

Output voltage and current waveform of rectifier is shown in figure below.

 Fig. 29. Output Voltage and Current of 12 Pulse Diode Rectifier

(3)

THD of input current for each phase is tabled below

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

THD of
Input 22.08 22.08 22.08
Current
Table 12. THD of each Phase for Input Current

3 phase input voltage is shown in figure.

 Fig. 30. Three Phase Input Voltage to Rectifier

Input Current for each phase is also shown in figure.

Fig. 31. Input Current for Rectifier

 (4)

Input power factor for rectifier is 0.9084.

(5)

As inductance is increased from 50 mH to 200 mH, THD of each phase was as tabled below.

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

THD of
Input 22.08 22.26 21.96
Current
Table 13. THD of each Phase for Input Current for Load Inductance of 200 mH

PF for this load was 0.9.

b. 12 Pulse Controlled Rectifier

12 pulse controlled rectifier created in MATLAB Simulink is shown below.

Fig. 32.Twelve Pulse Controlled Rectifier

Fig. 33. Input Voltage to Upper Rectifier

Fig. 34. Input Voltage to Lower Rectifier

 Fig. 35. Gating Pulses Sequences for Upper Rectifier

Fig. 36. Gating Pulses Sequence for Lower Rectifier

For 12 Pulse Rectifier Firing Angle α was 30-Degree

(6)

Upper and lower bridges output voltages:

Average, RMS and Ripple voltages of each bridge is tabled below.

 Average Voltage RMS Voltage
Ripple Voltage (V)
(V) (V)
Upper
134.3 134.4 18.9
Bridge
Lower
536.3 536.7 74.9
Bridge
Table 13. Average, RMS and Ripple Voltage of Upper and Lower Rectifier

Output voltage of each bridge is shown in figure below. Vo1 is output of upper leg while Vo2 is output of
lower leg.

Fig. 37. Output Voltages of Upper and Lower Rectifiers

(7)

Average, RMS and ripple voltages of rectifier output voltage is tables below.

Average RMS Ripple

Voltage
670.6 670.8 59.5
(V)
Current
67.06 67.06 0.5
(A)
Table 14. Average, RMS and Ripple Voltage and Current of Rectifier
Output voltage and current waveform of rectifier is shown in figure below

Fig. 38. Output Voltage and Current

(8)

THD of input current for each phase is tabled below

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

THD of
Input 22.14 22.16 22.16
Current
Table 15. THD of each Phase for Input Current

3 phase input voltage and current are shown in figure.

Fig. 39. Input Voltage to 3 Phase 3 Winding Transformer
 Fig. 40. Input 3 Phase Currents

(9)

Input power factor for rectifier is 0.8953.

(10)

As inductance is increased from 50 mH to 200 mH, THD of each phase was as tabled below.

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

THD of
Input 22.13 22.14 22.24
Current
Table 16. THD of each Phase for Input Current for Load Inductance of 200 mH

PF for this load was 0.89.

7. Explanation and Critical Analysis of the Results:

DC-DC Converter

(1)

(a)
In steady state voltage and current waveform across inductor is shown in figure . During mode-1
when switch is turned on, inductor gets charge i.e stores energy. Current through inductor increases
linearly (time constant L/R is much greater than frequency so linear assumption is valid) in this mode. In
mode-2, when switch is turned off, inductor gets discharged so current through it decreases linearly.
During mode-1 voltage across inductor is positive as it gets charge but during mode-2 its voltage polarity
reverses.

(b)

Current through capacitor and voltage and current through load are shown in figures…………….. Same like
inductor, capacitor gets charged during mode-1 and current through it increases but during mode-2
current drops as capacitor dissipates its stored energy through load. Discharging time is greater than
charging time.

Output voltage and current are in phase but contains ripples. Value of ripple voltage in output is listed in
table……..

(2)

As load resistance is increased to 10 Ohm, inductor gets discharged quicker. Ripple current of inductor is
reduced from 3A to 2.5A.

Fig. 41. Inductor Voltage and Current at 0.5 Ohm Load

 Fig. 42. Inductor Voltage and Current at 10 Ohm Load

(3)

For duty cycle of 0.75, ripple calculated came to be 0.0375 while measured was 0.035.

Fig. 43. Output Voltage and Current at 0.75 Duty Cycle and 0.5 Ohm Load
 (5)

Voltage measured across capacitor, ESR and load is shown below.

Fig. 44. Ripple Voltage across Capacitor, ESR and Load

Ripple across load is 0.2515 V, which is sum of ripple across capacitor (0.02217 V) and ESR (0.2504 V).

Delta Connected Three Phase AC-AC Converter

(1)

Load
Voltage Load Current Vin (V) Input Input
(V) (A) Pout (W) (L-L) Current (A) VA PF
Simulation 393.9 39.38 46.5k 400 67.88 47.03k 0.988
Calculation 394.2 39.42 46.62k 400 68.3 47.3k 0.98
Table 17. Controller Parameter with Firing Angle of 30-Degree
 Load
Voltage Load Current Pout Vin (V) Input Input
(V) (A) (W) (L-L) Current (A) VA PF

Simulation 358.5 35.85 38.56k 400 59.53 41.24k 0.93

Calculation 358.77 35.877 38.6kk 400 62.14 43.05k 0.89
Table 18. Controller Parameters for Firing Angle of 60-Degree

It is evident that simulated and calculated parameters are close to each other.

Controller output voltage and current is maximum at firing angle of 0-Degree, as firing angle is increased
RMS output voltage and current decreases.

PF of controller also decreases as firing angle is increased.

Controller line currents (input) are not to load phase currents with relation of √ 3 due to fact that load
phase currents are discontinuous.

For resistive load currents (phase) are in phase with output voltages.

Fig. 45. Controller Output Voltages at Firing Angle of 60-Degree

 Fig. 46. Controller Output Phase Currents for Firing Angle of 60-Degree

(2)

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 11.23 95.39 0.0094 6.85
Table 19. THD and Harmonic Analysis for Firing Angle of 30-Degree

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 22.3 82.16 0.0163 13.49
Table 20. THD and Harmonic Analysis for Firing Angle of 60-Degree

As load is delta connected, 3rd harmonic is suppressed in delta no matter what firing angle is.

THD increases in input currents as firing angle is increased.

Fundamental component decreases as firing angle is increased and other harmonic contents increases
as firing angle is increased.

(3)

Load Load Current Pout (W) Vin (V) Input Input PF

Voltage (A) (L-L) Current (A) VA
 (V)
Simulation 399.7 33.85 34.4k 400 58.63 40.62k 0.85
Table21. Simulated Parameters for Firing Angle of 30-Degree

Load
Voltage Load Current Vin (V) Input Input
(V) (A) Pout (W) (L-L) Current (A) VA PF
Simulation 366.5 29.2 25.6k 400 50.13 34.7k 0.73
Table22. Simulated Parameters for Firing Angle of 60-Degree

Fig. 47. Output Voltages at Firing Angle of 60-Degree

 Fig. 48. Output Currents at Firing Angle of 60-Degree

For inductive loads, PF is decreased compared with resistive loads and it further decreases as firing angle
is increased.

Due to inductance, there is no sudden increase or decrease in current but current increase and drops
sinusoidaly.

Conduction period of each thyristor is increased due to inductive load as a result for same firing angle
there is more rms voltage at output compared with resistive loads.

(4)

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 0.000057 82.91 0 0
Table 16.THD and Harmonics in Input Current for 30-Degree Firing Angle

THD from 1st Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic

Simulation from Simulation from Simulation from Simulation
Input Current 8.45 70.64 0 5.145
Table 17.THD and Harmonics in Input Current for 60-Degree Firing Angle

For firing angle of 30-Degree, there is no THD or 3rd and 5th harmonic in input current but amount of THD
and 5th harmonic increases as firing angle is increased.

(5)
For RL load, due to inductance effect that current cannot increase or fall through it suddenly, conduction
period is increased for thyristors compared with same firing angle for resistive load. Die to this there is
more rms output voltage for RL load compared with R load for same firing angle.

Because of this inductance effect current tends to become smoother i.e. more sinusoidal and ripples in
input voltage decrease. THD and harmonic components in input current becomes less.

As current lags the voltage due to inductance PF becomes less compared with R loads.

12 Pulse Diode Rectifier

(1)

Output voltages of upper and lower rectifiers are shown in figure below.

Fig. 49. Upper, Lower and Overall Output of Rectifier

Average and ripple voltages of rectifiers are 134.3, 18.9 V and 536.3, 74.9 V respectively. Upper rectifier
is fed from 100 V (rms) Y-connected secondary of 3 winding transformer while lower rectifier is
connected to 400 V (rms) delta connected tertiary winding of 3 winding transformer. From 3 winding
transformer, output line-line voltage of delta connected tertiary winding leads output line-line voltage of
Wye-connected secondary winding by 30-degree. That is why output voltage of upper rectifier lags
output of lower rectifier by 30-degrees. Upper rectifier output is lowest when lower rectifier’s output is
highest and vice versa. Both rectifiers have 6 pulses in output voltage.

(2)
Output voltage and current is shown in figure below.

Fig. 50. Output Voltage and Current

Average and ripple of voltage and current are 670.6, 59.5 V and 67.06, 0.5 A respectively. There are 12
pulses in output voltage 6 from each rectifier. Each pulse is of 30-Degree duration.

(3)

Input voltages (line-line) for rectifier (at input of 3-winding transformer) are plotted below.
 Fig. 51. Three Phase Input Voltage to Rectifier

Fig. 52. Input Current for Rectifier

Input current is more sinusoidal with multiple steps. Input current is symmetrical. Ripple frequency in
input current is 12 times fundamental frequency. Due to high ripple frequency, predominant harmonic
components are 11th and 13th. THD in each phase is same which is clear from input currents as all three
currents have phase difference of 120-degree and are balanced.

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

THD of
Input 22.08 22.08 22.08
Current
Table 18. THD of each Phase for Input Current

(5)

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

THD of
Input 22.08 22.26 21.96
Current
Table 4. THD of each Phase for Input Current for Load Inductance of 200 mH

As load becomes inductance, a little imbalance is introduced in input current and THD in each is slightly
different and also power factor decreases a little due to inductance current lagging effect.
 12 Pulse Controlled Rectifier
(6)

As input voltages (l-l) to upper and lower rectifiers have phase difference of 30-degrees due Wye and
Delta connection, firing sequence for their thyristors also had phase difference of 30-degrees for
respective switches.

So, output voltages of both rectifiers have phase difference of 30-degree. Output of each rectifier has
total of 6 pulses each with duration of 60-degrees.

Fig. 53. Output Voltages of Upper and Lower Rectifiers

Average Voltage RMS Voltage

Ripple Voltage (V)
(V) (V)
Upper
134.3 134.4 18.9
Bridge
Lower
536.3 536.7 74.9
Bridge
Table 19. Average, RMS and Ripple Voltage of Upper and Lower Rectifier

Output voltages and ripple in voltages were same as with diode rectifier with R-load at firing angle of 30-
degree. But as firing angle is increased beyond 30-degree, output voltage decreases for each rectifier.
(7)