DES303 MAIN Course

COURSE GUIDE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DES303)
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
COURSE GUIDE
Course Writers: Dr. Rakiya Mamman1

Dr Saadatu Umar Baba 2
1 Dept. of Development Studies, National Open University of Nigeria

2 Dept. of Geography, Kaduna State University, Kaduna
Course Editor: Dr Emina William Uli

` Professor Mohammed Kabir Isah
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
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Introduction
Welcome to DES303: Introduction to Community Development, a transformative learning

into the heart of Community Engagement and Development. This course, which consists of
ten units spread across four lecture weeks and eight weeks practicum, is a mandatory, 0 -
credit, one-semester undergraduate course for NOUN 300 level students. The course is
intended to provide students with the fundamental knowledge, practical skills, and ethical
considerations required to initiate, plan, and implement successful community development
projects. Learners will gain a deeper understanding of the multifaceted aspects of
Community Development through a combination of interactive learning and hands-on
practicum, including its principles, approaches, and the critical role of Monitoring and
Evaluation (M&E) in the Nigerian context. DES303: Introduction to Community
Development at the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) is designed to foster
social responsibility, improve societal well-being, and contribute to the nation's Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). This course guide gives you an overview of the study and
practice of Community Development, as well as everything you'll need to do to complete
and walk through the course. Some general guidelines are suggested for the amount of time
you should devote to each unit in order to successfully achieve the goals and objectives of
the course..
Course Competencies
This course provides learners with the following competencies:
• Understand and apply fundamental Concepts and Theories of Community
Development in various contexts.
• Analyze and address community needs through comprehensive assessment
techniques.
• Design, plan, and implement impactful Community Projects using Participatory
Approaches.
• Monitor and evaluate community projects effectively.
• Explore ethical considerations in Community Development, ensuring projects are
inclusive, equitable, and sustainable.
• Foster collaboration and engagement among community stakeholders, leveraging

volunteerism and partnerships for broader societal impact.
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Course Objectives
The overall objectives which the course seeks to achieve are as follows:
• To provide an in-depth understanding of Community Development, its relevance to
Nigerian society, and alignment with global and national Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs).
• Equip students with practical skills in identifying community needs, d esigning

projects, and implementing solutions that address these needs effectively.
• Foster a sense of social responsibility, collaboration, and patriotism among students,

encouraging active participation in community development initiatives.
• Enhance students' problem-solving abilities and critical thinking skills, especially in

resource-constrained settings.
• Promote a comprehensive understanding of ethical considerations in community

development, ensuring respect for community values and equitable participation.
Working through this Course
To successfully complete this course, engage diligently with the study units, reference
materials, and participate in at least one practical community development project. Each unit
contains self-assessment exercises (SAEs) designed to test your understand ing. Participation
in discussions, submission of assignments, and the final practicum are integral components
of this learning journey. This 15-week course demands dedication and active involvement
to harness the full spectrum of knowledge and skills prese nted.
Study Units
There are three (3) modules of ten (10) units and One (1) Practicum this course; all of which
should be studied carefully and diligently to acquire a complete understanding of the content
of the course.
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MODULE ONE: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
UNIT 1 Definition of Community Development
UNIT 2 Introduction to Basic Theories and Concepts of Community Development
UNIT 3 Introduction to Approaches to Community Development and Volunteerism
UNIT 4 Introduction to Key Principles and Values of Community Development.
MODULE TWO: INTRODUCTION TO ISSUES AND TRENDS IN COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT
UNIT 1 Overview of Current trends in Community Development

UNIT 2 The Landscape of Community Development in Nigeria & Development
Agencies in Nigeria
UNIT 3 Introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
MODULE THREE: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND

IMPLEMENTATION
UNIT 1 Introduction to Basic Elements of Community Project Planning, Design and

Implementation
UNIT 2 Introduction to Community Needs Assessment and Ethics in Community
Development
UNIT 3 Introduction to Monitoring and Evaluation of Community Projects
COMMUNITY-BASED PRACTICUM
Unit 1: Introduction to Community-Based Practicum
Unit 3: Introduction to the Community Development Proposal Template.
Unit 2: Writing Proposal for Community Development
Unit 4: Community Entry: Using the Community Data Collection Sheet and
Logbook
References and Further Readings

Abubakar, D. (2021). Zakat Practice in Nothern Nigera: Evolution, Religious Actors, and
Challenges for Muslim Organizations. Journal of Muslim Philanthropy & Civil
Society, 5(1).
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Awojobi, O. O. (2010). The role of civil society organizations in community development
in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 3(3), 1 -12.
Ardle, O. M., & Murray, U. (2021). Fit for measure? Evaluation in community development.
Community Development Journal, 56(3), 432-448.
Brokensha, D., & Hodge, P. (1969). Community development: Theory and practice.
Transaction Publishers.
Banks, S. (2019). Ethics, equity and community development: mapping the terrain. In
Ethics, Equity and Community Development (pp. 3-36). Policy Press.
Banks, S., Shevellar, L., & Narayanan, P. (2023). Ethical issues in community development:
setting the scene. Community Development Journal, 58(1), 1-18.
Center for Community Health and Development. (n.d.). Chapter 8, Developing a strategic
Plan. University of Kansas. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/structure/strategic-
planning/vmosa/main
Cornwall, A. (2008). Unpacking ‘Participation’: models, meanings and practices.

Christenson & Robinson, 1980; Israel et al., 1998; Bonds, 2004; Carr and Servon, 2009 -
Contributions of academic research to community development.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2020). Integration of the SDGs into National Development
Planning: A Second Voluntary National Review. The Federal Secretariat, Phase II
Abuja, Nigeria.
Filani, M. O. (2000). Community development and adult education in Nigeria: A conceptual

framework. Journal of Adult Education in Africa, 40(2), 79 -91.
Kariuki, J. G. (2014). An exploration of the guiding principles, importance and challenges

of monitoring and evaluation of community development projects and programmes.
International Journal of Business & Social Science, vol. 5, 1, p.140 –147.
Marsden, D. (1982). [Review of COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, by R. Dore & Z. Mars].

Community Development Journal, 17(1), 81–83.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/44258462
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Mayer, A. C. (1958). Caste and economic stratification in India. Social Forces, 36(3), 204-
211.
Nair, K. G. (1962). Some observations on the problem of economic development in India.

Journal of Social Studies, 4(3), 192-200.
National Statistical System (NSS) alignment with SDGs.
Nigeria’s Economic Recovery & Growth Plan (ERGP) (2017-2020).
Nigeria National Development Planning A Second Voluntary National Review 2020.
Nigeria Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (iSDG) Model.
Oha, C. C., & Onwuchekwa, O. P. (2012). Volunteerism in community development in

Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. International Journal of Development and
Sustainability, 11(4), 989-1001.
Okoro, O. G., & Okoro, A. M. (2014). The role of youth volunteerism in community
development in Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 8(10), 401 -407.
Okonkwo, C. I. (2010). Community development in Nigeria: A grassroots approach. Enugu:

SNAAP Press.
Okubo, D. (2000) The Community Visioning and Strategic Planning Handbook, Denver,
CO: National Civic League Press.
Onodugo, Ifeanyi Chris - Community development and local governments in Nigeria.
Ramsey-Soroghaye, B. N. (2021). Community development in Nigeria: history, current

strategies and its future as a social work method. People Centred – The Journal of
Development Administration, 6(4), 133-141
Phifer, List, & Faulkner, 1989; Summers, 1986 - On federal government's role in community
development.
Phillips, R., & Pittman, R. (2008). An introduction to community development. Routledge.
United Nations General Assembly (2015): Sustainable Development Goals.
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United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development
United Nations Economic and Social Council (1954). Definition of community

development. Economic and Social Council Resolution 522 (VI), 12 December 1954.
Walker, 2002 - Importance of collaboration and networking in community development.

World Health Organization Nigeria: 2019 Report.
1. For additional resources, you can explore publications and reports from international
organizations like the FAO, UNDP, World Bank, and African Development Bank.
They often provide valuable insights and case studies related to community
development.
Presentation Schedule
The presentation schedule provided outlines important dates for the completion of
assignments and the practical project. Adhering to this schedule is crucial to ensure timely
submission of your work and participation in the practicum. Proactive planning an d
consistent effort will prevent any lag in your progress..
Assessment
Although NOU 300 is a zero-credit course, it is compulsory and integral to your academic
journey. The assessment comprises tutor-marked assignments and a practical evaluation.
These assessments require you to apply the knowledge and skills acquired throughout the
course. Your engagement and submissions must align with deadlines stated in the
Presentation Schedule. The practical assignment plays a pivotal role in your final
assessment, emphasizing the importance of your contribution to community development.
Attendance and active participation during the assessment of your community
Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs)

There are two tutor-marked assignments in this course. You will submit all the assignments.
You are encouraged to work on all the questions thoroughly. The TMAs constitute 30% of
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the total score. Assignment questions for the units in this course are contained in the
Assignment File. You will be able to complete your assignments from the information and
materials contained in your set books, reading and study units. However, it is desirable that
you demonstrate that you have read and researched more widely than the required minimum.
You should use other references to have a broad viewpoint of the subject and also to give
you a deeper understanding of the subject.
When you have completed each assignment, send it, together with a TMA form, to your
tutor. Make sure that each assignment reaches your tutor on or before the deadline given in
the Presentation File. If for any reason, you cannot complete your work on time, contact
your tutor before the assignment is due to discuss the possibility of an extension. Extensions
will not be granted after the due date unless there are exceptional circumstances.
Final Examination and Grading

The final examination will be for duration of time and have a value of zero of the overall
student course grade. The examination will consist of questions which reflect the types of
self-assessment practice exercises and tutor-marked problems you have previously
encountered. All areas of the course will be assessed both theory and practicum. Revise the
entire course material using the time between finishing the last unit in the module and that
of sitting for the final project assessment . You might find it useful to review your self-
assessment exercises, tutor-marked assignments and comments on your practicum before
the examination. The final examination covers information from all parts of the course.
How to get the Most from the Course

In distance learning the study units replace the university lecturer. This is one of the great
advantages of distance learning; you can read and work through specially designed study
materials at your own pace and at a time and place that suit you best. Th ink of it as reading
the lecture instead of listening to a lecturer. In the same way that a lecturer might set you
some reading to do, the study units tell you when to read your books or other material, and
when to embark on DES303 discussion with your colleagues. Just as a lecturer might give
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you an in-class exercise, your study units provide exercises for you to do at appropriate
points. Each of the study units follows a common format.
The first item is an introduction to the subject matter of the unit and how a particular unit is
integrated with the other units and the course as a whole. Next is a set of learning objectives.
These objectives let you know what you should be able to do by the time you have completed
the unit. You should use these objectives to guide your study. When you have finished the
unit, you must go back and check whether you have achieved the objectives. If you make a
habit of doing this, you will significantly improve your chances of passing the course and
getting the best grade. The main body of the unit guides you through the required reading
from other sources. This will usually be either from your set books or from a readings
section. Some units require you to undertake practical overview of historical events. You
will be directed when you need to embark on discussion and guided through the tasks you
must do.
The purpose of the practical overview of certain historical economic issues is twofold. First,
it will enhance your understanding of the material in the unit. Second, it will give you
practical experience and skills to evaluate economic arguments and unde rstand the roles of
history in guiding current economic policies and debates outside your studies. In any event,
most of the critical thinking skills you will develop during studying are applicable in normal
working practice, so it is important that you encounter them during your studies.
Self-assessments are interspersed throughout the units, and answers are given at the ends of
the units. Working through these tests will help you to achieve the objectives of the unit and
prepare you for the assignments and the examination. You should do e ach self- assessment
exercise as you come to it in the study unit. Also, ensure to master some major historical
dates and events while studying the material.
The following is a practical strategy for working through the course. If you run into any
trouble, consult your tutor. Remember that your tutor's job is to help you. If you need help,
don't hesitate to call and ask your tutor to provide it.
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Read this Course Guide Thoroughly:
1. Organize a study schedule. Refer to the `Course overview' for more details. Note the
time you are expected to spend on each unit and how the assignments relate to the
units. Important information, e.g. details of your tutorials, and the date of the first d ay
of the semester, is available from study center. You need to gather together all this
information in one place, such as your diary or a wall calendar. Whatever method
you choose to use, you should decide on and write in your own dates for working
breach unit.
2. Once you have created your own study schedule, do everything you can to stick to it.
The major reason that students fail is that they get behind with their course work. If
you get into difficulties with your schedule, please let your tutor know before it i s too
late for help.
3. Turn to Unit 1 and read the introduction and the objectives for the unit.
4. Assemble the study materials. Information about what you need for a unit is given in
the `Overview' at the beginning of each unit. You will also need both the study unit
you are working on and one of your set books on your desk at the same time.
5. Work through the unit. The content of the unit itself has been arranged to provide a
sequence for you to follow. As you work through the unit you will be instructed to
read sections from your set books or other articles. Use the unit to guide your reading.
6. Up-to-date course information will be continuously delivered to you at the study
center.
7. Work before the relevant due date (about 4 weeks before due dates), get the
Assignment File for the next required assignment. Keep in mind that you will learn a
lot by doing the assignments carefully. They have been designed to help you meet
the objectives of the course and, therefore, will help you pass the exam. Submit all
assignments no later than the due date.
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8. Review the objectives for each study unit to confirm that you have achieved them. If
you feel unsure about any of the objectives, review the study material or consult your
tutor.
9. When you are confident that you have achieved a unit's objectives, you can then start
on the next unit. Proceed unit by unit through the course and try to pace your study
so that you keep yourself on schedule.
10. When you have submitted an assignment to your tutor for marking do not wait for it
return `before starting on the next units. Keep to your schedule. When the assignment
is returned, pay particular attention to your tutor's comments, both on the tutor-
marked assignment form and also written on the assignment. Consult your tutor as
soon as possible if you have any questions or problems.
11. After completing the last unit, review the course and prepare yourself for the final
examination. Check that you have achieved the unit objectives (listed at the beginning
of each unit) and the course objectives (listed in this Course Guide).
Online Facilitation
For semester the course is taken, you have about eight (8) weeks of online facilitation on
this course. During the online presentation, you are probably made available with notes and
video materials from the course facilitator. These materials intend to en able you read through
the materials.
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Course Information
Course Code: DES303

Course Title: Introduction to Community Development
Credit Unit: 0 units
Course Status:
Course Blub:
Semester:
Course Duration: 13 weeks
Required Hours for Study
Course Team
Course Developer: National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)

Course Writer: Dr Rakiya Mamman & Dr Saadatu Umar Baba
Content Editor: Dr William Emina Uli & Professor Mohammed Kabir Isah
Instructional Designer:
Learning Technologists:
Copy Editor
Ice Breaker
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Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Unit 1: Definition of Community Development

Unit Structure
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Learning Outcomes (LOs)
1.3 Main Content
1.3.1 What is a community?
1.3.2. Features of communities
1.3.3 Assumptions and Fallacies about Communities
1.4 Definition of Community Development
1.4.1 The United Nations Definition
1.4.2 A Nigerian Perspective

1.5 Conclusion
1.6 Summary
1.7 References/Further Readings/Web Resources
1.8 Possible Answers to Self-Assessment Exercise(s)
1.0 Introduction
Welcome to Module One, Unit One: Definition of Community Development! In this
unit, we'll dive into the very essence of our course: what exactly is community
development? We'll explore the term from various angles, starting with the building
blocks - communities themselves, and examine some common assumptions and
misconceptions about communities. we'll also explore the core concepts of
community development, Finally, we'll land on a clear and relevant definition of
community development that resonates with the course providing you with a solid
foundation to understand its principles, practices, and impact.
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By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
• Define community development using various perspectives.

• Identify the key features of communities relevant to development.
• Distinguish between common assumptions and fallacies about communities.
• Explain the origins and evolution of the concept of community development in
Nigeria and globally.
1.3 Main Content

1.3.1. What is a Community?
Before defining community development, let's paint a clear picture of what we mean by
"community." Early notions focused on small, homogenous groups with distinct features
and self-sufficiency. However, modern scholars see communities as dynamic systems
involving social structures, cultural behaviours, and even conflicts. But for our purposes we
can adopt this operational definition:
A community is a group of people sharing a common space, time, social organization, and
often, values and interests. This shared space can be physical or virtual, and the group's
identity can be fluid and evolving.
1.3.2. Features of Communities
To understand how communities develop, and the nuances of community development, here
are some key features to keep in mind:
1. People: Understanding the demographics and ethnic composition and social

structures within a community is crucial for designing effective development
projects.
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2. Space/Place: Communities often occupy a defined physical area, shaping their lives
through geography, resources, and infrastructure.
3. Time: understanding the historical context and evolution of a community can can
significantly influence its current circumstances, development needs and
development approaches. Consider for instance refugees or resettled communities
with unique needs.
4. Social Organization: Understanding how people interact, collaborate, and make
decisions within a community is essential for effective interventions and sustainable
development.
Figure 1: Examples of Community
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1.3.3 Assumptions and Fallacies about Communities
It's important to beware of these common misconceptions about communities that can hinder
effective development. Let's examine a few:
• Myth: Communities are inherently unified and harmonious (Harmony and Unity)
Reality: Communities are diverse and can have internal conflicts, requiring inclusive
approaches to development.
• Myth: Strong community spirit always facilitates successful development and easy to
develop.
Reality: Development requires more than just unity; factors like resources,
infrastructure, and external support also play a crucial role.
• Myth: Tradition is an obstacle to progress.
Reality: Traditional practices can be valuable assets in development, offering local

knowledge and resilience.
• Myth: Communities have universally felt needs that can be easily identified.
Reality: Needs and aspirations vary within and between communities. They aren't
always readily available or easily categorized. Poverty and deprivation can render
long-term aspirations unclear, requiring participatory needs assessments.
• Myth: Communities have readily available leadership structures.
Reality: Leadership and decision-making processes can be informal and complex,

requiring flexible and collaborative approaches.
• Myth: Communities as inherently Good, a value judgment based on romanticized

notions.
Reality: Communities, like any social group, can harbour negative aspects
• Myth: Everyone desires a higher standard of living and welcomes change.
Reality: Communities may have diverse aspirations and levels of comfort with
change, requiring culturally sensitive development strategies.
Self-Assessment Exercises 1
1 Think of a local community you know well. Analyse its features based on the
points discussed. How do these features influence development potential?
2 Identify a common assumption or fallacy about communities. Explain why it's

16 in community development practice.
important to avoid such generalizations
1.4 Definition of Community Development
Now, with a deeper understanding of communities, we can define community development.
There are many definitions, but we'll focus on two key perspectives:
1.4.1 The United Nations Definition

The United Nations Economic and Social Council defines Community Development as:
The process by which the efforts of the people themselves are united with those of the
governmental authorities to improve the economic and socio -cultural conditions of
communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the nation, and to enable them
to contribute fully to national progress.
This definition emphasizes:

• People's participation: Community members actively engage in identifying needs and
implementing solutions.
• Collaboration: Government and communities work together for mutual benefit.
• Sustainable development: Economic, social, and cultural aspects are all addressed.
Figure 2: Definitions of Community Development
THE DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The term ‘Community Development’ has come into international usage to connote the
processes that allows community residents to come together to plan, generate solutions
and take action developing the evolution oof social, economic environmental and cultural
aspects of community (Hackett, 2004)
Community development is the planned evaluation of all aspects of community well being
(Frank & Smith, 1999)
Community development holds a potential to build community cohesion by facilitating a

community’s capacity to engage connections between individuals, organizations, local
groups (Chaskin et al, 2001)
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1.4.2 A Nigerian Perspective
From the Nigerian context, Filani (2000) defines community development as a people-
centered action: a process of social action in which people of the community organize
themselves for the identification of their needs, planning and act with maximum reliance on
their own resources, complemented by government and voluntary organization. For
Okonkwo (2010): community development is about utilizing traditional institutions and
creativity for self-help projects. Whereby people will use their traditional institutions and
creativity to initiate self-help projects aimed at responding positively to the problems o f their
environment. Although the onus for initiating such projects lies with the members of the
community, they do not necessarily have to conclude them alone. For this course
Community Development (CD) can be thought of as teamwork between the people who live
in a community to make life better for everyone involved. It's about people coming together,
including from the community or voluntary organization or the government, to improve how
things are going in their area. They work together to make the commu nity more prosperous,
happier, and connected to the bigger picture of the country. Community development is all
about making things better .
Click on the link below to get more information on Community Development

Link: https://youtu.be/oA5fXnIF17U?si=sgmG91LZn8CQZ5-m
Figure 3: Community Development Framework
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1.5 Conclusion
By now, you've gained valuable insights into the concept of community development. We've
explored the multifaceted nature of communities, challenged common misconceptions, and
arrived at a nuanced understanding of this transformative process. Remember, community
development is not a one-size-fits-all approach; it requires respect for local context,
collaborative effort, and a commitment to empowering communities to achieve their own
goals.
• Explain the concept of "community" and its diverse characteristics.

• Identify the key features of communities relevant to community development.
• Analyze common assumptions and misconceptions about communities.
• Define community development in your own words, applying it to the Nigerian
context.
Keep this knowledge at the forefront as you explore the various aspects of community
development.!
1.6 Summary
• Communities are complex systems with diverse populations, evolving social
structures, and dynamic cultural landscapes.
• Key features of communities include people, space/place, time, and social
organization.
• Assumptions and fallacies: Communities are not always unified, strong community
spirit doesn't guarantee success, tradition can be an asset, felt needs vary, leadership
structures can be informal, change may not be universally desired.
• Community development is a collaborative process involving people, government,
and other stakeholders to improve economic, social, and cultural conditions.
• Nigerian perspective: Communities actively identify needs, plan and implement
solutions, rely on their own initiative and resources, with external support.
• Participatory approaches that respect local knowledge and needs are essential for
sustainable development.
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211.


SNAAP Press.

1.8 Possible Answers to SAEs

Answers to SAEs 1
1. (This will vary depending on the community you choose.) Identify specific examples
of how the features discussed in the unit apply to your chosen community. For
example, you could mention the demographic composition, the physical
environment, the historical context, or the existing social structures.
2. Choose one common assumption about communities mentioned in the unit and
explain how it can be misleading in the context of community development in
Nigeria. Use examples from your own experiences or observations to illustrate your
point.
Remember, these are just suggested answers. You should think critically and develop
your own responses based on your understanding of the concepts .
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Unit 2: Introduction to Basic Theories and Concepts of Community Development
Unit Structure
2.1 Introduction
2.3 Main Content- Understanding Theories and Concepts
2.3.1 Exploring Different Theories of Community Development
2.3.2 Community development is also influenced by broader social policy
approaches.
2.4 Normative Concepts that Guide Community Development Practices
2.5 Conclusion
2.6 Summary
2.1 Introduction
Welcome to Unit 2! In our last unit, we explored the meaning of community development –
empowering communities to identify their needs, resources, and aspirations.
In this unit, we'll unlock the theoretical toolkit and dive into the intriguing world of
community development theories and concepts. These ideas form the foundation for
understanding how communities can work together to improve their lives and solve
challenges. We'll explore different perspectives on community development, delve into key
theories, and see how they apply. By the end of this unit, You'll gain a solid understanding
of why these ideas matter and how they influence community development initiat ives in
Nigeria and beyond.
2.2 Learning Outcomes

By the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Define key terms and concepts related to community development theories.
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• Identify different perspectives on community development, including consensus
theory, pluralist theory, and structuralist theory.
• Discuss the impact of the statist, enterprise, and populist paradigms on social policy
and community development.
• Apply your understanding of theories to real-world case studies of community
development in Nigeria.
• Develop your own critical thinking skills about community development and its
potential impact.
2.3 Main Content-Understanding Theories and Concepts

Before diving into specific theories, let's first clarify what we mean by "theory" and
"concept" in the context of community development. A theory is a set of interrelated ideas
that attempt to explain and predict how something works. In community developm ent,
theories help us understand how communities’ function, how they face challenges, and how
they can be empowered to achieve their goals. A concept, on the other hand, is a basic
building block of a theory. It's a mental image or idea that represents a s pecific aspect of the
theory. For example, concepts like "participation," "empowerment," and "social justice" are
all important building blocks of community development theories.
2.3.1 Exploring Different Theories of Community Development

Understanding different theories of community development can help us navigate the
complexities of this field. Now, let's explore three major theories on community
development:
1. Consensus Theory: This theory views communities as relatively harmonious
entities with shared values and goals. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration
and cooperation in achieving community development. Supporters of this theory
believe that communities can identify their needs and solve problems through
collective action. Community development practitioners, in this view, act as
facilitators who help communities identify and implement their common aspirations.
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2. Pluralist Theory: Unlike consensus theory, pluralist theory recognizes diversity and
potential conflict within communities. Different groups may have competing
interests and priorities. Pluralist theorists acknowledge that conflict can be a natural
part of community development, and that finding solutions requires accommodating
different perspectives.
It emphasizes the importance of dialogue, negotiation, and compromise in reaching
decisions that benefit all members. Community development efforts, under this
approach, focus on building collaboration and finding common ground among
diverse voices.
3. Structuralist Theory: This theory emphasizes the underlying power structures and
inequalities that shape communities. In other words, it focuses on the unequal power
structures that can exist within and between communities. And argues that
community development efforts must address these power imbalances to ensure that
everyone benefits from progress. Structuralists believe that changing larger social
and economic structures is crucial for achieving true community development.
Community development is seen as a way to challenge these inequalities and
empower marginalized groups to achieve social justice and sustainable development
gain greater control over their lives and decisions. (Brokensha, D., & Hodge, P.
(1969).
4. Feminist Theory: This perspective highlights the role of gender relations and
inequalities in shaping community development processes and outcomes. Feminist
approaches advocate for gender-inclusive and empowering strategies that address
the specific needs and challenges of women (Moser, 1993).
5. Postcolonial Theory: This framework critiques the legacy of colonialism and its
impact on community development. It emphasizes the importance of decolonizing
knowledge, recognizing local knowledge and practices, and promoting community
self-determination (Grugel & Sultan, 2013).
Click on the link below to get more information on Theories of Community

Development
https://youtu.be/wao13uuNko4?si=aGFNRwZ485OqXyvO
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Feminists build consensus, push for gender equity, accountability. Courtesy The Guardian
To illustrate these theories in action, Let's take a closer look at two case studies from Nigeria:
• The Gboko Water Project: This project aimed to provide clean water to a rural
community in Benue State. Initially, the project followed a consensus theory
approach, relying on community leaders to make decisions. However, this led to
accusations of favoritism and exclusion. By incorporating elements of pluralist
theory, the project organizers held open meetings and encouraged diverse
participation, ultimately leading to a more equitable distribution of water resources.
• The Niger Delta Youth Movement: This movement emerged in response to

environmental degradation and oil spills in the Niger Delta region. Drawing on
structuralist theory, the movement challenged the power dynamics of the oil industry
and demanded greater control over resources and enviro nmental protection. Their
efforts led to increased awareness and some policy changes, demonstrating the
potential of structuralist approaches to community development.
1. Think of a community you know well. Which of the three perspectives
2.3.2 Community
(consensus,development is also influenced
pluralist, or structuralist) bythink
do you broader
best social policy
describes approaches.
its approach to
development? Why?
Let's consider the impact of three major paradigms:
24
1. Statist Paradigm: This approach emphasizes the role of government in leading and
directing community development efforts. It prioritizes national planning, top -down
interventions, and social safety nets.
2. Enterprise Paradigm: This approach focuses on market-based solutions and
individual responsibility. It encourages private sector involvement, micro -
entrepreneurship, and economic development initiatives.
3. Populist Paradigm: This approach emphasizes the importance of community
participation, local knowledge, and social mobilization. It promotes bottom-up
processes, collective action, and empowerment of marginalized groups. (Hall and
Midgely, 2004)
Additional Case Studies:
The Lagos Slum Upgrading Project: This complex initiative addressed the challenges of
informal settlements in Lagos by working with residents to improve infrastructure, provide
basic services, and promote community-driven development. It incorporated aspects of
structuralist theory by challenging power dynamics and advocating for increased
government investment in marginalized communities.
1. Identify a news article or documentary that discusses a community
development project in Nigeria. Analyze the project through the lens of

one of the theories discussed in this unit. How does the theory help
explain the project's successes or challenges?
2.4 Normative Concepts that Guide Community Development Practices

In Section 2.3, we explored foundations for understanding key community development
theories. Beyond understanding different theoretical perspectives, it's also important to
explore the normative concepts that guide community development practices.
25
These concepts serve as ideals or principles that ought to be pursued in community
development efforts. Here are some key examples:
• Participation: This central concept in community development refers to the
involvement of all community members in decision -making processes, ensuring
diverse voices are heard and considered. It emphasizes the active involvement of
community members in decision-making processes and project implementation.
Different theories emphasize varying degrees and forms of participation, ranging
from token inclusion to full empowerment (Cooke & Kothari, 2001).
• Empowerment: This concept goes beyond participation; it involves building the
capacity of individuals and communities to take control over their own
development and solve their own problems. The focus is on increasing the capacity
and agency of individuals and communities to control their own lives and make
decisions that affect them (Narayan, 1997). Empowerment can be achieved
through various means, such as capacity building, resource mobilization, and
advocacy.
• Equity and Social Justice: This aims to ensure that all community members have
fair access to resources and opportunities, regardless of their background or social
status.
• Sustainability: Community development projects should aim for long-term success
and positive impact beyond the initial intervention. This requires considering
environmental, social, and economic sustainability factors (WCED, 1987).
Additional Case Studies:

• The Zakat Initiative in Northern Nigeria: This programme uses Islamic charitable
principles (zakat) to fund community development projects in underserved areas. It
empowers local communities to identify their needs and manage resources,
demonstrating a faith-based approach to community development.
• The One Million Trees Project in Edo State: This initiative aims to restore degraded
forests and promote sustainable land management practices. It involves partnerships
between government agencies, NGOs, and local communities, showcasing a
26
collaborative approach to environmental protection and community development.
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/obaseki-pledges-support-for-one-million-
trees-project-in-edo/
1. Imagine you're a community development facilitator. Choose one of the

Normative Concept discussed above. How would you use this approach to
address a specific challenge or need in a Nigerian community?
2.5 Conclusion
This unit has provided a foundational understanding of key theories and concepts in
community development. We explored the fascinating world of community development
theories and concepts. We've learned about different perspectives, from recognizing the
importance of collaboration (Consensus Theory) to acknowledging diverse viewpoints
(Pluralist Theory) and addressing power imbalances (Structuralist Theory), analyzed real-
world case studies and discussed normative principles that guide this field. By under standing
these ideas, you can become a more informed and critical thinker about community
development. Community development is a dynamic and evolving process.
Remember, the LOs encourage you to continue refining your critical thinking skills. By
critically engaging with theories, learning from case studies, and developing your critical
thinking skills, you can contribute to building vibrant and thriving communit ies.
2.6 Summary
This unit explored different theories and perspectives on community development, including
consensus, pluralist, and structuralist theories. We examined case studies from Nigeria to
illustrate how these theories apply in real-world contexts. The unit emphasized the
importance of normative concepts like participation, empowerment, equity, and
sustainability in community development. We discussed strategies for refining your critical
thinking skills to analyze and evaluate community development efforts.
27
Cornwall, A. (2008). Unpacking ‘Participation’: models, meanings and practices.

Community development journal, 43(3), 269-283.
Brokensha, D., & Hodge, P. (1969). Community development: Theory and practice.
Transaction Publishers.
Abubakar, D. (2021). Zakat Practice in Nothern Nigera: Evolution, Religious Actors, and
Challenges for Muslim Organizations. Journal of Muslim Philanthropy & Civil
Society, 5(1).
Ramsey-Soroghaye, B. N. (2021). Community development in Nigeria: history, current
strategies and its future as a social work method. People Centred – The Journal of
Development Administration, 6(4), 133-141
Marsden, D. (1982). [Review of COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, by R. Dore & Z. Mars].

Community Development Journal, 17(1), 81–83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44258462

1. Think of a community you know well. Which of the three perspectives (consensus,
pluralist, or structuralist) do you think best describes its approach to development? Why?
Possible Answers to SAE 1:
• Consensus: If the community relies heavily on community leaders to make decisions,
focuses on shared values and cooperation, and rarely faces significant internal
conflict, then a consensus approach might be dominant.
• Pluralist: If the community acknowledges diverse viewpoints, has regular discussions
and debates about development priorities, and actively seeks to include marginalized
voices, then a pluralist approach might be more fitting.
• Structuralist: If the community faces significant power imbalances, struggles with
issues of inequality and marginalization, and actively challenges external forces that
impact its development, then a structuralist perspective might be relevant.
Remember: Communities can exhibit elements of all three perspectives, and the most
dominant approach may vary depending on the specific context and issue at hand.
28
2. Identify a news article or documentary that discusses a community development project
in Nigeria. Analyze the project through the lens of one of the theories discussed in this unit.
How does the theory help explain the project's successes or challenges?
Possible Answer to SAE 2

• Choose a project and theory: Select a specific community development project in
Nigeria from a news article or documentary. Then, choose one of the three theories
(consensus, pluralist, or structuralist) that you believe best applies to the project's
approach.
• Analyze the connection: Explain how the chosen theory helps explain the project's
successes and/or challenges. For example, if you chose a consensus theory and the
project faced accusations of favoritism, you could explain how this highlights the
potential drawbacks of relying solely on community leaders without incorporating
diverse perspectives.
• Provide evidence: Support your analysis with specific details from the project
description. This could include quotes, statistics, or examples of how the project
interacted with the community.
3. Imagine you're a community development facilitator. Choose one of the Normative
Concepts discussed above (participation, empowerment, sustainability, social
justice). How would you use this approach to address a specific challenge or need in
a Nigerian community?

• Participation: To address a lack of access to clean water in a rural community, you
could facilitate participatory workshops to identify water sources, involve residents
in decision-making about water management systems, and build capacity for
community-based maintenance.
• Sustainability: To combat environmental degradation in a village near a forest, you
could empower residents to manage forest resources sustainably through community-
29
based forestry practices, promote renewable energy solutions, and advocate for
policies that protect the environment.
• Social Justice: To address gender inequality in access to education, you could raise
awareness about the issue, organize community dialogues on gender roles and
discrimination, and support initiatives that provide scholarships and educational
opportunities for girls.
Remember: These are just a few examples, and the specific strategies you choose will
depend on the unique context of the community and the challenge you are addressing .
Courtesy: Thisday Newspapers February 2022
30
Unit 3: Introduction to Approaches to Community Development and Volunteerism
Unit Structure
3.1 Introduction
3.3 Main Content- Approaches to Community Development: An Introduction
3.3.1 Approaches to Community Development
3.4 Volunteerism in Community Development: An Introduction
3.4.1 Defining Volunteerism and its Role.
3.5 Conclusion
3.6 Summary
3.7 References/Further Readings/ Web Resources
3.1 Introduction
Welcome to Module One Unit 3: Approaches to Community Development and Introduction
to Volunteerism! Building on the theoretical foundation we laid in Unit 2, Unit 3 dives
deeper into the practical world of community development. Now that we understand the
theories behind building strong communities, we'll explore the diverse approaches used to
put those theories into action. We'll look at – volunteerism – and explore its transformative
and the vital role of volunteerism in driving positive change and transforming communities.
3.2 Learning Outcomes.

• Define and differentiate between key approaches to community development.
• Analyze the strengths and limitations of different approaches in various contexts,
• Identify and discuss different approaches to community development, including top-
down, bottom-up, participatory, and integrated approaches.
31
• Define and understand the concept of volunteerism in the context of community
development.
• Apply your understanding of different approaches to analyze effective solutions for
community challenges in your own context.
• Assess your own skills and interests in becoming a volunteer and identify potential
volunteer opportunities in Nigeria.
3.3 Approaches to Community Development: An Introduction

As shown in Unit One, Community Development often is multifaceted and seeks above all
to improve the lives and well-being of people in a specific community. It emphasizes local
participation, empowerment, and collaboration to develop and to address the cha llenges of
building a more equitable society.
Community Development process involves mobilizing local resources, building

partnerships, and utilizing various strategies to improve the social, economic, and
environmental well-being of a community. In Nigeria, community development plays a
crucial role in addressing issues like poverty, inequality, inadequate infrastructure, and
environmental degradation.
3.3.1 Approaches to Community Development

There are numerous approaches to community development, each with its unique principles
and methodologies. I this section we will explore some of these approaches to community
development, their strengths and limitations, as well as their relevance to the Nigerian
context.
• Top-down approach: This traditional approach involves the government or external
agencies making decisions and resources available to communities and they
(government or external actors) also initiate and direct development projects in a
community. While it can offer resources expertise and quick infrastructure
development, it often lacks community participation, local ownership, and can be
insensitive to community needs, leading to unsustainable results.
32
• Bottom-up approach: This approach prioritizes local participation and empowers
communities to identify their needs, set priorities, and design and implement their
own development projects. Bottom-up approach empowers local communities,
emphasizing its strengths in inclusivity and ownership. This fosters ownership and
sustainability.
• The approach, however, face potential challenges in resource mobilization,
coordination, capacity building and navigating complex power dynamics.
• The Integrated Approach or Participatory Approach: A hybrid of top -down and
bottom-up, this approach combines external resources and expertise with local
knowledge and priorities. It facilitates collaboration and ensures projects are relevant
to the community's needs. It seeks to ensure that development projects are informed
by local needs and priorities while leveraging external resources and expertise.
• Asset-based approach: This approach recognizes and builds upon the existing
strengths and resources within a community. By focusing on identifying and building
upon existing strengths and resources within a community. It empowers community
members to utilize their skills, knowledge, and networks to drive development. It
fosters local confidence and collaboration, leading to sustainable development
solutions.
• Human Rights-based approach: This approach focuses on empowering communities
to claim their fundamental rights to resources, services, and participation in decision-
making. This approach emphasizes the importance of respecting and fulfilling human
rights in the context of community development. The focus is to ensure that
development projects do not violate fundamental rights. It actively promotes social
justice, equality and equity, but also requires addressing systemic inequalities and
power imbalances.
Click on the link below to on Approaches to Community Development
https://youtu.be/iFVmGgc4BFs?si=GI4JtVd0fECckwSB
https://youtu.be/iFVmGgc4BFs?si=7fnCLVhs8FeJypwy
33
Case Studies from Nigeria
• In rural Nigeria, a top-down approach resulted in the construction of a new irrigation
system. However, without local involvement in planning and maintenance, the
system faced challenges in addressing water distribution needs and ensuring its long-
term sustainability. This case highlights the limitations of top -down approaches and
the potential for community participation to improve project effectiveness.
• The Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) project in the Niger Delta: This project
used a participatory approach to identify and address environmental degradation and
poverty in oil-producing communities. Through workshops and community
dialogues, local residents identified their needs and priorities, leading to the
development of sustainable livelihood projects and improved environmental
management.
• The Gbowee Peace Initiative in Liberia: This initiative, led by Nobel Peace Prize
laureate Leymah Gbowee, employed a bottom-up approach to mobilize women in
Liberia to end the civil war. Through community dialogues and non -violent protests,
women played a crucial role in negotiating peace and rebuilding their communities.
1. Identify a specific community development challenge in Nigeria. Which approach (top -

down, bottom-up, participatory, asset-based, or rights-based) would you recommend
addressing this challenge? Why?
2. Compare and contrast the strengths and limitations of two different approaches to
community development.
3. Provide an example of a successful community development project in Nigeria that
exemplifies one of the approaches discussed. What factors contributed to its success?
34
3.4 Volunteerism in Community Development: An Introduction
3.4.1 Defining Volunteerism and its Role
Volunteerism is the act of giving your time and skills freely to benefit others. It harnesses
the power of individuals' time, skills, and knowledge to contribute to collective well -being,
fostering ownership and social cohesion. Volunteerism plays a crucial role in community
development (CD), bridging the gap between local needs and available resources.. It injects
manpower into local initiatives, and it is powerful tool for tackling shared local challenges,
building social capital, and empowering communities with a sense of shared ownership to
build a better future.
The world of volunteerism is diverse, offering opportunities for everyone: Skilled volunteers
contribute their professional expertise, like doctors in health clinics or engineers in
infrastructure projects. Unskilled volunteers provide general support, as sisting with tasks
like organizing events or painting murals. There's a volunteering for everyone! The
spectrum ranges from skilled professionals (doctors, engineers, teachers) offering their
expertise to unskilled individuals contributing their time and effort.
Whether skilled professionals or common citizens, Volunteers, bring fresh perspectives

energy, and invaluable resources to community initiatives.
Figure 4:Volunteers at work
35
3.4.2 Types of Volunteerism
There are 2 types of Volunteerism.
• Formal volunteering: This involves organized programmes and structures.
• Informal volunteering: This is more flexible, and spontaneous It can be as simple as
helping a neighbor in need or even time and dedication (mentoring youth, organizing
events).
Volunteering can be done informally or formally through NGOs, the key for is finding the
right fit for the Volunteer skills and interests.
3.4.3 Benefits of Volunteerism

• Volunteering is a win-win: Communities gain valuable support, access to skills and
resources, tackle local challenges, build social cohesion, and foster a sense of
ownership.
• Volunteers: Develop new skills, gain valuable experience, and contribute to a
meaningful cause and gain purpose, and deeper connection to their communities and
society.
Figure 5: Volunteer for social sustainability
Click on the link below to know more on Volunteerism

https://youtu.be/mb86_af_vi8?si=orNrN1_pNKUDP-Ru
36
3.4.4 Voluntary Organizations
International and local organisations including NGOs/CSOs play a crucial role in mobilizing
volunteers and facilitating volunteerism by:
• Acting as bridges between communities and volunteers, ensuring effective

engagement.
• Identifying community needs and matching them with volunteer skills.
• Providing training and support to volunteers. Also providing transportation and
childcare options for Marginalized Communities volunteers.
• Empowering communities to lead their own development initiatives and building
trust and relationships between communities and volunteers.
• Community-based organizations (CSOs) can facilitate a peer-to-peer outreach that
can be effective reaching marginalized communities, overcoming barriers where
culturally sensitive is require and promoting volunteerism.
3.4.5 Challenges and Limitations
• Volunteerism faces challenges, like sustainability, ensuring long-term commitment,
managing expectations and ethical considerations, particularly in terms of culturally
sensitive approaches respecting local traditions and values.
• Maintaining volunteer engagement and ensuring long-term project success can be
difficult impacting sustainability. Matching volunteer skills and interests with
community needs requires careful planning and communication.
• Unequal power dynamics can exploit volunteers or marginalize certain community
voices. Ethical considerations, such as cultural sensitivity and power dynamics, also
require careful attention.
37
3.4.6 Successful Volunteer Initiatives in Nigeria
In Nigerian volunteerism has demonstrated the potential to drive positive change in
communities. As showcase with these examples of volunteer-driven initiatives:
• Initiatives like LEAP Africa's Youth Development Programme, empowering rural
communities.
• Slum Dwellers International: Empowers slum communities through participatory
planning and development.
• Volunteer Service Overseas (VSO): Connects international volunteers with local
organizations for impactful projects.
• Bring Back Our Girls (BBOG): A citizen-led movement advocating for the return of
kidnapped schoolgirls.
• Slum Art Initiative, using art to revitalize slums, all showcase the transformative
potential of volunteers.
•
Remember! In community development volunteerism, becomes a potent force for positive
change. The power of volunteers can be harnessed to build stronger, more resilient
communities in Nigeria and beyond.
3.4.7 Ethics and Values in Volunteerism
Volunteerism is a powerful tool for community transformation, but it is not a one -size-fits-
all solution. By understanding its nuances, addressing challenges, and embracing ethical
practices, we can unlock the potential of community development. To achieve this
transparency, accountability, and cultural sensitivity are paramount as we see in Unit 4.
Some Ethical considerations in volunteer work:
• Volunteers must avoid paternalism and power imbalances, respecting local
knowledge and traditions.
• Ensuring volunteers have informed consent and understand their role and potential
risks.
• Volunteers must be cultural sensitivity and avoid exploitation and respecting local
customs.
• Volunteers must ensure projects sustainability and that it benefits the community
long-term, not just volunteers.
38
1. Think of a community challenge in Nigeria. How could volunteerism be

leveraged to address it? What types of volunteers would be needed?
3.5 Conclusion
This unit explored diverse approaches to community development (CD) and the vital role of
volunteerism in driving positive change. We examined top -down, bottom-up, participatory,
integrated, and asset-based approaches, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and
relevance to the Nigerian context. We also delved into the concept of volunteerism, its
benefits for both communities and volunteers, and the types of volunteerism available.
Understanding these nuances and challenges prepares us to harness the power of
volunteerism and diverse CD approaches for building stronger, more resilient communities.
This unit explored diverse approaches to community development (CD) and the vital role of
volunteerism in driving positive change. We examined top-down, bottom-up, participatory,
integrated, and asset-based approaches, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and relevance to
the Nigerian context. We also delved into the concept of volunteerism, its benefits for both
communities and volunteers, and the types of volunteerism available. Understanding these nuances
and challenges prepares us to harness the power of volunteerism and diverse CD approaches for
building stronger, more resilient communities.
Key Points:
• Explored various approaches to community development: top-down, bottom-up,
participatory, integrated, and asset-based. Analyzed their strengths, limitations, and
relevance to Nigeria.
• Defined and discussed volunteerism in the context of community development, highlighting
its benefits for both communities and volunteers.
• Examined challenges and limitations of volunteerism, including sustainability, ethical
considerations, and managing expectations.
• Provided examples of successful volunteer-driven initiatives in Nigeria
39
3.6 Summary
This unit focused on the practical world of community development, exploring various
approaches and the vital role of volunteerism. It delved into top -down, bottom-up,
participatory, integrated, and asset-based approaches, highlighting their strengths,
limitations, and application in Nigeria.
Recognizing the power of volunteerism, the unit explored its definition, different types,
benefits, challenges, and showcased successful volunteer -driven initiatives in Nigeria.
Ethical considerations in volunteer work were emphasized, underscoring the importance of
cultural sensitivity, informed consent, and project sustainability. By understanding these
key aspects, students can become active participants in shaping the future of their
communities.

Awojobi, O. O. (2010). The role of civil society organizations in community development
in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 3(3), 1 -12.
Oha, C. C., & Onwuchekwa, O. P. (2012). Volunteerism in community development in

Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. International Journal of Development and
Sustainability, 11(4), 989-1001.
Okoro, O. G., & Okoro, A. M. (2014). The role of youth volunteerism in community
development in Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 8(10), 401 -407.

1. Identifying a Community Development Challenge and Approach:
Possible Answers to SAE 1:
Example:
• Challenge: Limited access to clean water in rural communities in Northern Nigeria.
• Recommended Approach: Participatory and asset based.
40
Explanation:
• Top-down: A government-led approach might be fast, but it may not consider local
needs and knowledge effectively.
• Bottom-up: While empowering, it can be slow and lack coordination.
• Participatory: Engaging community members in identifying solutions and
implementing projects can lead to sustainable and culturally appropriate solutions.
• Asset-based: Focusing on existing resources and skills within the community can
build on local strengths and promote self-reliance.
• Rights-based: Emphasizing the community's right to clean water ensures
accountability and long-term access.
Challenge: Gender-based violence in urban areas.
• Approach: Rights-based and participatory: This approach emphasizes the right of

women to safety and empowers them to be agents of change. Community dialogues,
legal literacy workshops, and collaboration with women's rights groups can raise
awareness, build support systems, and advocate for policy changes that address the
root causes of violence.
Explanations:
• Align the approach to the specific challenge: Consider the nature of the issue and the
resources available. Asset-based approaches work well for livelihood challenges,
while rights-based approaches are better suited for addressing inequalities and
injustices.
• Highlight why the chosen approach is suitable: Explain how the approach engages
the community, empowers them, and leverages their strengths to address the
identified problem.
41
1b. Comparing and Contrasting Approaches:
Possible Comparison:
• Top-down vs. Bottom-up:
o Top-down: Strengths: Efficiency, rapid implementation. Limitations: Can be
insensitive to local needs, lack of ownership and sustainability.
o Bottom-up: Strengths: Community ownership, responsive to local needs,
more sustainable. Limitations: Can be time-consuming, require strong
community organization, potentially overlook broader issues.
Explanations:
• Focus on key strengths and limitations of each approach: Be specific and provide
examples to illustrate your points.
• Acknowledge potential trade-offs: There's often a balance to strike between
efficiency and community involvement.
• Consider the context: The suitability of an approach can depends on factors like the
urgency of the issue, available resources, and existing power structures.
2. Think of a community challenge in Nigeria. How could volunteerism be leveraged to

address it? What types of volunteers would be needed?
Possible Answer to SAE 2:

Choose a specific community challenge (e.g., lack of sanitation facilities, youth
unemployment) and identify the required skills (e.g., engineers for sanitation projects,
mentors for youth programmes). Consider involving both skilled and unskilled volunteers,
ensuring cultural sensitivity and ethical practices.
42
Unit 4: Introduction to Key Principles and Values of Community Development.
Unit structure
4.1 Introduction
4.3 Main Content- Unveiling the Compass of Community Development:
4.4 Key Principles and Values
4.4.1 Additional Principles and Values
4.4.2 Challenges to Applying Principles and Values

4.5 Conclusion
4.6 Summary
4.1 Introduction
Welcome, future community builders! Today, we embark on a journey to understand the
fundamental principles and values that guide effective community development. This unit
delves into the cornerstone of successful community development efforts – the key
principles and values that guide us towards building stronger, more resilient communities.
We'll explore the essential ingredients that make community development tick, and that will
equip you with the knowledge and values to become an agent of positive change in your
own community.
43
• Define the key principles and values of community development including self -help,
participation, equity, and sustainability.
• Explain the importance of principles in guiding community development efforts.
• Analyse how these principles and values apply to real-world scenarios in community
development initiatives in Nigeria.
• Reflect on your own role in upholding and promoting these values in your
community.
4.3 Unveiling the Compass of Community Development

Imagine community development as a journey, (a process that empowers communities to
identify their needs, harness their resources, and build a future they envision – people,
resources, shared goals, and a collective spirit). To navigate this path effective ly, we need a
compass, a guiding force that keeps us on track towards our destination. This compass is
formed by the core principles and values that underpin successful community development.
Why are Principles and Values Important?
Values are the compass that guides this process. They're the guiding principles that ensure
our efforts are ethical, inclusive, and sustainable. Just like a compass wouldn't work without
a north star, community development wouldn't thrive without these fun damental principles
and values.
4.4 Key Principles and Values
Let's delve into the treasure chest of principles and values that guide successful community
development:
• Self-help and Self-Responsibility: Communities must take ownership of their

development, actively participating in planning and implementation. This fosters a
44
sense of agency and empowers individuals to take charge of their lives and their
shared environment.
• Participation: Every voice matters! Community development thrives on inclusivity
and active participation. Everyone, regardless of background or status, has the right
to contribute their ideas and perspectives to shape their community's future.
• Equity and Justice: No one should be left behind. Community development strives
for a just and equitable society where everyone has access to opportunities and
resources, regardless of their circumstances.
• Sustainability: We're not just building for the present, but for generations to come.
Sustainability ensures that development efforts consider the long-term
environmental, economic, and social impacts, leaving a legacy of thriving
communities for future generations.
Figure 6: Community Development Principles
45
Nigerian Case Studies:
Let's bring these principles to life by exploring real-world examples. Imagine a community
in rural Nigeria struggling with limited access to clean water. By adopting the principle of
self-help, they could mobilize their resources, organize fundraising events, and collaborate
with local NGOs to build a sustainable water purification system.
1. Choose a community you know well. Analyze how the principles of self -help,
participation, equity, and sustainability are reflected (or not reflected) in its
development efforts.
4.4.1 Additional Principles and Values

Beyond the core principles we discussed, many other values guide community
development. Here are a few to consider:
• Social justice: Upholding fairness and ensuring everyone has equal opportunities and
access to resources.
• Empowerment: Building skills, confidence, and capacity within communities to
manage their own development.
• Cultural sensitivity: Recognizing and respecting the unique traditions, beliefs, and
practices of each community.
• Environmental sustainability: Protecting the environment while meeting the needs of
present and future generations.
Click on the link below to get more information on Principles and Values
Link: https://youtu.be/K0I3KEPxPqY?si=0ch3vT-U21IcgqIT
46
4.4.2 Challenges to Applying Principles and Values
• Power imbalances and inequality within communities.

• Lack of resources and capacity building.
• External influences and conflicting interests.
• Sustainability constraints and environmental concerns.
Cultural differences and resistance to change.
Self- Assessment Exercises 2
1. Imagine yourself as a community development facilitator. You're tasked with

addressing a specific challenge in a Nigerian community. Choose one of the
principles discussed and explain how you would incorporate it into your approach.
Nigerian Case Studies

Let's see these principles at work in Nigerian communities:
• The Gbediga Women's Cooperative (Social Justice): A group of women in
Gbediga village formed a cooperative to produce and sell shea butter. This provided
them with economic independence and challenged ingrained gender inequalities.
• The Youth Farm Project (Empowerment): A youth-led initiative in Kaduna
trained young people in sustainable farming practices and provided them with land
and resources. This empowered them to become financially independent and
contribute to local food security.
• The Interfaith Peacebuilding Dialogue (Cultural Sensitivity): In Jos, interfaith
community leaders facilitated dialogues between Christian and Muslim communities.
This helped address cultural misunderstandings and promote peaceful coexistence.
• The Greenbelt Initiative (Environmental Sustainability): Communities in the
Niger Delta region collaborated to plant trees and restore degraded land. This
initiative tackled environmental challenges while creating sustainable livelihoods.
47
Remember, these are just a few examples to get you started. The beauty of community
development lies in its adaptability and its reliance on the unique context of each
community.
4.5. Conclusion and Next Step

As we wrap up Unit 2, remember: community development is a shared journey guided by
principles and values.
Community development is not a quick fix, but a continuous journey of learning,
collaboration, and adaptation. By embracing the power of principles and values, we can
build stronger, more resilient communities where everyone thrives. Here are some next steps
you can consider:
• Self-reflection: Reflect on your own values and how they align with the principles of
• Community engagement: Get involved in local initiatives or organizations working
on community development.
• Further learning: Explore the vast resources available on community development,
including books, articles, and online platforms.
Remember, you are not just a learner in this journey; you are a potential agent of change.
Let's use these principles and values to build a brighter future for our communities, one step
at a time.
Self-Assessm nt Exercises 3
Think of a cultural practice in your community. How could a community

development project incorporate this practice in a respectful and beneficial way?
48
4.6 Summary
• Community development empowers communities to identify needs, harness
resources, and build a better future.
• Core values: self-help, participation, equity, and sustainability.
• Additional values: social justice, empowerment, cultural sensitivity, environmental
sustainability.
• Nigerian case studies showcase the application of these principles and values in real-
world situations.

211.
SNAAP Press.

Choose a community you know well. Analyze how the principles of self -help, participation,
participation, equity, and sustainability are reflected (or not reflected) in its development
efforts.
49
Answers to SAEs 1
1. Self-help: Look for evidence of community initiatives, volunteerism, fundraising
efforts, or local businesses addressing needs. If present, it reflects self-
help. Conversely, reliance on outside assistance or lack of local involvement suggests
a weaker self-help presence.
2. Participation: Observe how decisions are made. Are community members
consulted, involved in planning, and represented in leadership positions? High
participation indicates strong adherence to this principle, while limited involvement
suggests room for improvement.
3. Equity: Assess whether resources are distributed fairly within the community. Do all
groups have equal access to education, healthcare, and opportunities? If disparities
exist, the principle of equity is not fully realized.
4. Sustainability: Analyze how development efforts consider environmental
impact, resource conservation, and long-term viability. Renewable energy
projects, environmental protection initiatives, and responsible resource management
indicate a focus on sustainability. Conversely, depletion of resources or disregard for
environmental consequences suggests a weaker commitment.
Remember: Your analysis should be nuanced and consider the specific context of the
community.
2.. Imagine yourself as a community development facilitator. You're tasked with addressing a
specific challenge in a Nigerian community. Choose one of the principles discussed and
explain how you would incorporate it into your approach.
Answers to SAEs 2
• Empowerment: You could train community members on problem-solving
skills, leadership development, and project management. Encourage local ownership
of the solution and capacity building to ensure long-term sustainability.
• Collaboration: Facilitate partnerships between community members, local
NGOs, government agencies, and private sector stakeholders. Leverage diverse
strengths and resources to find comprehensive solutions.
50
• Innovation: Encourage exploration of creative approaches, adaptation of existing
solutions, and pilot testing of new ideas. Foster an environment that embraces
experimentation and learning from challenges.
• Local Knowledge and Wisdom: Prioritize understanding and incorporating
traditional practices, cultural values, and indigenous knowledge into the development
process. Respect local expertise and build solutions that resonate with the
community.
1. Choose a social issue in your community. How can the principles of equality, equity, social
justice, and inclusivity be applied to address this issue through community development
initiatives?
Answers to SAEs 3
• Equality: Advocate for equal rights and opportunities for all community
members, regardless of background, identity, or status. Organize awareness
campaigns, lobby for policy changes, and provide equal access to resources and
services.
• Equity: Design interventions that address the root causes of inequality and ensure
everyone has the same chance to thrive. Invest in marginalized communities, provide
targeted support to those facing disadvantages, and create a level playing field for all.
• Social Justice: Challenge systems of oppression and discrimination that contribute to
the social issue. Promote fair treatment, advocate for systemic change, and empower
communities to fight for their rights.
• Inclusivity: Actively involve all members of the affected community in
planning, decision-making, and implementation of solutions. Create accessible
programmes and services, break down barriers to participation, and celebrate
diversity.
Remember, these are just examples, and the specific application of principles will depend
on the chosen social issue and community context. What is important is for you to be creative
and think critically about how to apply these values in your own communi ty projects.
51
Module 2: INTRODUCTION TO ISSUES AND TRENDS IN
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Unit 1: Overview of Current trends in Community Development
Unit Structure
1.1 Introduction
1.3 Main Content
Introduction to Trends in Community Development; Historical trends, Policies, and
the Players
1.3.1 Defining the Landscape
1.3.2 Historical Trends and Shifts in Approach
1.4 How Policies Shape Community Strategies
1.4.1 Importance of Partnerships in Community Development
1.5 Conclusion
1.6 Summary
1.1 Introduction
Welcome to Module Two Unit 1: Introduction to Trends in Community Development. This
unit is essential for gaining a comprehensive understanding of community development and
its multifaceted nature. We will closely examine the evolution of the approaches, policies
and key players that have shaped the field over the past half -century.
Throughout this unit, we will see how public policies and available resources influence
community development practices and the dynamic interplay among various stakeholders in
this arena. From federal, state, and local government agencies to local and inte rnational
52
nonprofit organizations and individuals, each entity playing a pivotal role in shaping the
community development landscape.
In the latter part of this unit, we will shift our focus to the landscape of Community
Development in Nigeria. We will explore the policies and practices shaping this field and
acquaint ourselves with the diverse array of individuals and organizations acti vely involved.
Understanding these trends and factors is crucial because it equips you with the knowledge
needed to effectively address your community's distinct needs and formulate impactful
projects.

• Identify and understand the roles of key players in community development, both
globally and within the Nigerian context.
• Understand how public policies influence community development practices.
• Appreciate the roles played by different actors, including government agencies,
NGOs, and community organizations, in shaping community development initiatives.
• Identify the prominent trends and various actors involved in community development
within the Nigerian context.
• Develop your own ideas and strategies to make a positive contribution to your
community's development, taking into account current trends and local needs.
1.3 Introduction to Trends in Community Development; Historical trends,

Policies, and the Players
The landscape of Community Development (CD) has evolved significantly over the past
century, shaped by varying public policies, approaches and resource availability. Before we
explore each of these constructs and the unique perspectives, they bring to community
development, let us begin by establishing a strong foundation with definition of some key
terms:
53
1.3.1 Defining the Landscape
1. Community Development: The process of empowering communities to identify their
needs, mobilize resources, and implement solutions to improve their quality of life.
2. Trends: Emerging patterns and directions in community development practices,
influenced by factors like policy shifts, technological advancements, and social
movements.
3. Players: The individuals and organizations involved in community development,
such as government agencies, NGOs, community-based organizations, and private
sector actors.
4. Policies: The guiding principles and frameworks established by government or other
institutions that shape community development activities.
Figure 7: Element of Community Development
54
1.3.2 Historical Trends and Shifts in Approach
In this section, we'll explore the evolution of community development and look at how the
approach to community development have shifted over time. To lay the groundwork for our
conversation, let's first take a look at the core approaches to Community Deve lopment to get
a better sense of these changes,
1.3.2 .1 Introduction to the Core Approaches to Community Development

This section of Module Two, Unit 1, delves into the foundational approaches to community
development, each with its unique strategies and objectives. Understanding these approaches
is crucial for grasping the diverse methods employed in fostering community growth and
addressing local issues.
1. Technical Assistance Approach: Leveraging Expertise for Targeted Change

What is the Technical Assistance Approach? The technical assistance approach
in community development involves utilizing specialized knowledge in areas such
as agriculture, health, education, and industry to design and implement targeted
change programmes. This approach typically sees a technical expert conducting a
needs assessment and designing focused intervention projects, often infrastructure-
related (Chapter 4).
Case Study: The Role of Technical Assistance in Infrastructure Development
This case study will explore how technical assistance has been pivotal in developing
critical infrastructure, showcasing a specific project where this approach led to
significant community enhancements.
2. Self-Help Approach: Empowering Communities to Address Their Issues

What is the Self-Help Approach? The self-help approach emphasizes the power of
community members coming together to address their problems and improve their
situations. It involves local people learning and applying skills to define and act on
their interests, often with the support of local professionals and businesses (Chapter
5).
55
Case Study: Community-Led Initiatives in Addressing Local Concerns We'll
examine a scenario where a community self-organizes to tackle a local issue,
highlighting the process and outcomes of this grassroots effort.
3. Conflict Approach: Focusing on Power Dynamics and Confrontation

This approach focuses on empowering communities through organizing, particularly
addressing issues of poverty and powerlessness. It assumes confronting wealthier or
more powerful groups is often necessary to achieve community goals (Korten, 1980;
Stoecker, 2009; Gittell & Vidal, 1998).
Case Study: Community Organizing for Justice and Democracy . This case study
will delve into how a community used organizing to confront and overcome
challenges, emphasizing the power dynamics involved.
4. Tensions Among Approaches

Rural vs. Urban Emphasis in Community Development Approaches Different
approaches to community development have historically been more prevalent in
either rural or urban settings. In rural areas, self-help and technical assistance are
dominant, often documented by rural sociologists. Urban areas typically see more
technical assistance and conflict approaches, with their efficacy documented by
political scientists and urban studies researchers (Orr, 2007; Rubin & Rubin, 2007;
Smock, 2003).
Perspectives on Community Development vs. Community Organizing There's

an inherent tension between community development and community organizing,
with the former focusing on comprehensive development within the existing
political-economic system and the latter emphasizing the lack of common interests
between different social groups (Stoecker, 2003; Fisher & Shragge, 2000).
56
Figure 8: Approaches to Community Development
1.3. 3 Key Historical Milestones

• Early 20th Century marked the inception of structured community development
and the beginning of community foundations.
• 1950s-1960s saw a shifts in focus from social services to housing, commercial, and
economic development were observed, especially in community foundations.
• 1970s-1980s marked emergence of Community Development Corporations (CDCs)
and increased government engagement in community development, particularly
through funding and programme creation.
• 1990s: Expansion of CDCs' roles to include broader community needs like workforce
development and community facilities programmes.
B. The Community Development System
Community Development thrive on networks of support, and ecosystem. In this section,

we'll identify some of the Key Players, in this ecosystem, including Government,
Community Development Corporations (CDCs), Community Development Financial
Institutions (CDFIs) etc.
57
1.3. 4 Players in the Community Development System
1. Federal Government Agencies and their Directiveness in Community
Development The role of federal government agencies in community development
has been historically significant and multifaceted. Federal government agencies
through various programmemes and funding mechanisms have long shaped
community development. The nature of Federal involvement has been characterized
by fluctuations, often responding to crises and the influences of interest groups (Phifer,
List, & Faulkner, 1989; Summers, 1986). This involvement, while directive and
project-based, has not consistently integrated projects into an overarching vision for
community development. Federal programmemes have created complex
interdependencies among government levels, the private sector, and communities,
shaping community development efforts at all levels (Summers, 1986).
2. State and Local Governments: These authorities significantly shape community

development through their plans and policies and incentives, like state housing
initiatives economic development programmemes and eenvironmental justice
considerations, have a big effect on how communities grow and change. These
governments have a big say in who can get federal funds and their management of
federal funds and how those funds affect community development and ov erall impact,
whether beneficial or detrimental, on community progress is considerable.
3. Community Development Corporations (CDCs): Initially small charitable groups

and grassroots movements, CDCs have grown into integral parts of the community
development network, closely linked with government, philanthropic, and religious
organizations. They are central to enhancing housing, busine ss growth, and community
amenities. Notable studies, such as Vidal's "Rebuilding Communities" and Walker's
look at CDCs in 23 cities show how important they are for revitalizing neighbourhoods .
4. Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs): These financial bodies,

encompassing community banks and credit unions, are pivotal in delivering financial
services to underprivileged areas, expanding economic opportunities and
58
microbusiness support. The creation of the CDFI Fund and initiatives like the New
Markets Tax Credit underscore their influence on State and National community
development policies.
5. National Intermediaries: Groups like the Local Initiatives Support Corporation and
the Enterprise Foundation are two organizations that help local CDCs by giving them
money, advocacy, and support. They play a key role in channelling national funding
to local CDCs and setting standards for performance. It is very important for the system
to work that they get national funds to local levels and set performance standards for
CDCs.
6. Nonprofits and private foundations: Private foundations have been very important
to community development by giving money, doing research, and starting large -scale
community projects. Nonprofits, such as neighbourhood groups and faith -based
organizations, make substantial contributions community development through
partnerships and direct involvement in communities.
7. Community-Based Development Organizations (CBDOs): CBDOs prioritize

conflict resolution, community organizing, and capacity building, focusing on
empowerment, social, and economic justice. These organizations, such as the
Industrial Areas Foundation, are driven by local needs and interests. Their work is
significantly influenced by financial resources and partnerships within the community
development system (Vidal, Freiberg, Otchere-Agyei, & Saunders, 1999).
Key Points:
• Focus on conflict resolution, empowerment, and capacity building.
• Driven by local interests and needs (Vidal et al., 1999).
• Importance of financial resources and partnerships.
8. For-Profit Firms in Community Development: For-profit firms, including banks
and commercial developers, significantly influence community development. Their
role under the Community Reinvestment Act mandates reinvestment in communities,
59
contributing to community development through various programmes and funding,
impacting both service demand and overall economic development.
Key Points:
• Role of banks and other for-profit firms in funding and directing
• Influence under the Community Reinvestment Act.
• Contribution to community improvement programmes and economic
development.
9. Professional Associations in Community Development: Professional associations
have emerged as crucial players in the community development field. They provide
training, certification, and coordination for practitioners, marking the
professionalization and maturation of the sector. Organizations like the Co mmunity
Development Society and the National Congress for Community Economic
Development play a pivotal role in linking private, nonprofit, and academic sectors,
offering a platform for coordination and standard setting in community development
practices. (Christenson & Robinson, 1980).
Key Points:
• Role in training, certification, and coordination.

• Indicators of the sector's professionalization (Christenson & Robinson,
1980).
• Linking different sectors and setting standards in community
development.
10. Universities and Academic Contributions to Community Development:

Universities contribute significantly to the field of community development through
research and academic discourse. Disciplines such as economics, sociology, and
political science offer varied perspectives, on community development, influencing
both theory and practice. Academic studies have explored the interplay between
community development and factors like public health and race politics, contributing
60
to a deeper understanding of community development. (Israel, Schulz, Parker, &
Becker, 1998; Bonds, 2004; Carr and Servon, 2009).
Key Points:
• Varied disciplinary perspectives on community development.

• Contribution to theory and practice through research (Israel et al., 1998;
Bonds, 2004; Carr and Servon, 2009).
• Influence on understanding complex factors in community development.
All of these groups – federal government agencies, CBDOs, for-profit firms, professional
associations, and universities – collectively form a comprehensive ecosystem that shapes
and drives community development. Their work together shapes current dynamics and
drives the advancement of community development strategies. Anyone engaged in or
studying the field of community development, needs to understand their roles and effects
and how these factors affect people individually and as a group. Their interaction shapes the
present situation and guides the growth of community development methods.
Multiple Choice (10 questions):

1. Which of the following is NOT a core approach to community development?
a) Technical Assistance Approach
b) Self-Help Approach
c) Conflict Approach
d) Environmental Advocacy Approach (Note: This is not a core approach within
the provided information)
2. What historical period saw the rise of Community Development Corporations

(CDCs)?
a) Early 20th Century
b) 1950s-1960s
c) 1970s-1980s
d) 1990s
61
C. Policy Influences and Trends
1.4 How Policies Shape Community Strategies

• Policy Influences and Trends: Policies form the framework within which
community initiatives operate. Policies at the national, sub-national, and local levels
can have a significant impact on the direction and focus of community development
projects and strategies. Often dictating resource allocation, direction of efforts, and
approaches to be used.
• Resource Allocation: Policies dictate where and how funds are distributed, which
has a direct impact on what community projects can be launched or sustained. For
example, federal funding can promote the development of certain types of projects
over others, as evidenced by the historical shift in focus based on federal program
priorities.
• Guiding Principles: Policies frequently specify the goals and objectives of
community development initiatives. They may emphasize specific aspects such as
affordable housing, environmental sustainability, or economic empowerment, which
will guide community organizations' strategies.
• Regulatory Framework: Policies establish the rules and guidelines for community
development initiatives. Zoning laws, building codes, and compliance regulations all
have an impact on how community development is carried out in practice.
• Funding and Policy Priorities Change: The fluctuation of public policies has a
significant impact on community development (CD). As funding availability and
policy priorities shift, so do the strategies and priorities of community development
initiatives. For instance, the availability of federal funds has frequently directed local
government actions to specific program areas, sometimes at the expense of
community-defined priorities (Phifer et al., 1989). This reliance on government funds
can also harm local initiatives, as communities may postpone actions in anticipation
of external funding.
62
• State and Local Governments not only manage access to federal funds, but they
also shape the nature and scope of community development in their jurisdictions
through specific policies and programs. The focus of state economic development
programs, whether on housing initiatives or business growth, can have a significant
impact on the growth or decline of communities and shape the trajectory of
• Understanding these policy influences is critical for anyone working on community
development. It enables a strategic approach to leveraging available resources and
navigating the complexities of policy implications for local communities.
Click on the link to get information on Community Development Models and

Strategies
https://youtu.be/t0s2245X_Mo?si=I454pe9IlUNqn-Kr
D. The Power of Collaboration and Networking

1.4.1 Importance of Partnerships in Community Development
The complex nature of community issues necessitates collaboration, collective effort, and
networking of various stakeholders to form the backbone of effective community
development This shift towards collaborative networks has been critical for building
capacity and broadening the scope of community development efforts (Walker, 2002).
Stakeholders, including community-based development organizations (CBDOs),
community development corporations (CDCs), nonprofit organizations, and private
foundations, each bring unique perspectives, resources, and expertise. CDCs, for example,
have evolved to follow a model based on key relationships with government, philanthropy,
and faith-based organizations.
• Community Involvement and Empowerment: This is a comprehensive approach.

Engaging a diverse range of stakeholders, particularly community members, ensures
that development projects are based on local needs and perspectives. This approach
promotes a sense of ownership and empowerment among commu nity members,
which is critical for the long-term success and sustainability of development efforts.
CBDOs, in particular, focus on community organizing and empowerment, relying
heavily on partnerships for financial resources and support.
63
• Resource Sharing: When it comes to collaborative efforts, resource sharing can
amplify the impact of limited resources, allowing for larger or more complex
initiatives. These collaborations allow for the pooling of resources, whether financial,
human, or informational, resulting in more impactful and long-term community
development initiatives.
• Private foundations use research and targeted funding to highlight the power of
collaboration in fostering community development initiatives and strengthening
community development efforts. Similar to the Comprehensive Community
Initiative.
• Expertise and Knowledge Exchange: This collaboration brings together a wide
range of knowledge and expertise. This resulted in the development of best practices
and more effective community development strategies.
To summarize, effective community development requires a network of diverse yet

interconnected players. Recognizing the importance of collaboration and networking is
critical for maximizing resources, knowledge, and community engagement. Understanding
the impact of policies on community development strategies, as well as harnessing the power
of these collaborations, enables communities to effectively address local needs and
challenges, resulting in empowerment, comprehensive, and sustainable development
outcomes.
64
Figure 9: Partnership
Click on the link to get more information on Community

Development through Partnership
https://youtu.be/I8DwW4eINNg?si=CuYbSIY5MhJ0vIeh
65
Self-Assessment Exercise 2
1. How do state and local government policies influence community development initiatives?
a) By determining resource allocation and project focus.
b) By establishing regulatory frameworks and compliance requirements.
c) Both a and b.
d) None of the above.
2. Which type of player in the community development system focuses on conflict resolution
and empowerment?
a) Federal Government Agencies
b) Community Development Corporations (CDCs)
c) Community-Based Development Organizations (CBDOs)
d) For-Profit Firms
True/False (5 questions):
1. The Technical Assistance Approach emphasizes community self-reliance and local
solutions.
2. Public policies have minimal impact on the direction and strategies of community
development projects.
3. Collaboration and networking are crucial for maximizing resources and knowledge in
4. The Community Reinvestment Act mandates banks and developers to solely prioritize
community development initiatives.
5. Universities and academic research have no contribution to understanding complex
factors in community development.
1.5 Conclusion
• We explored the evolution of community development appoaches, policies, and key
players.
• We examined how public policies shape project focus and resource allocation in
• We learned about the diverse actors involved, from government agencies to NGOs
and community organizations.
• We gained insight into developing strategies to contribute to our
communities, considering trends and local needs.
66
1.6 Summary
• This unit delved into the historical shifts and core approaches in community
development.
• We explored the roles of key players like government agencies, CDCs, and CBDOs
in shaping community initiatives.
• We examined the influence of policies on resource allocation and project focus.
• The importance of collaboration and networking for effective community
development was emphasized.

development.

1. Which of the following is NOT a core approach to community development? (D)
2. What historical period saw the rise of Community Development Corporations
(CDCs)? (D)
1. How do state and local government policies influence community development

initiatives? (C)
2. Which type of player in the community development system focuses on conflict
resolution and empowerment? (C)
True/False (5 questions):
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False
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Unit 2: The Landscape of Community Development in Nigeria & Development
Agencies in Nigeria
Unit Structure
2.1 Introduction
2.3 Main Content- The Evolution of Community Development in Nigeria: A Journey
Through Time
2.4 Policy Frameworks, Influence and Trends: Policy Frameworks and their Influence
2.5 Conclusion
2.6 Summary
2.0 Introduction
This unit focuses on the landscape of community development in Nigeria and the
development agencies involved, specifically it explores the unique Nigerian perspective,
examining the roles of different actors, from government agencies to NGOs and community
organizations, in shaping community development. Understanding these dynamics is crucial
for understanding how community development has transformed over time, influenced by
various policies, players, and historical events.Anyone working in community
development—from residents to practitioners to policymakers—must have a firm grasp of
these trends and the various players in order to plan and execute community projects that
effectively address societal needs while also responding to specific local trends.

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
Understand the evolution of community development approaches in Nigeria.
• Identify the key players in community development in Nigeria.
68
• Understand how public policies shape project focus and resource allocation in
community development in Nigeria.
• Recognize the diverse actors involved, from government agencies to NGOs and
community organizations.
• Develop strategies to contribute to our communities, considering trends and local
needs.
2.3 Main Content

2.3.1 The Evolution of Community Development in Nigeria: A Journey Through
Time
There is a long tradition of community development in Nigeria, and it is still an important
aspect of the country's progress today. It is as old as humankind, with evidence that people
have always engaged in one form or another of development to function more effectively in
society (Ramsey-Soroghaye, 2021).
In this section, we'll trace the transformation of community development in Nigeria through
different historical periods; from the vibrant roots of pre -colonial self-help initiatives to the
contemporary focus on sustainability and collaboration, each marke d by distinct approaches
and challenges, highlighting the evolving priorities that have shaped its path.
2.3.1.2. Pre-Colonial and Colonial Community Development
Figure 10: Colonial infrastructure project in Nigeria - Kainji Dam
69
Initially, Nigerian community development revolved around collective efforts and
traditional practices. Community development was deeply rooted in traditional communal
living and self-help initiative, which laid the foundation for community development.
Communities worked together in activities like farming and building markets, with age -
grade systems playing a key role in maintaining social order and contributing to communal
projects.
• Efforts like construction of local infrastructure. Age -grade systems played a crucial
role in regulating youth behavior and contributing to community development efforts,
such as bush clearing and construction of homes and relaxation centers. This era was
marked by a strong sense of community and collective action, vital for sustenance
and prosperity (Idode, 1989; Ijere, 1987).
• Approaches:
o Strong emphasis on communal living and self-help initiatives.
o Collective efforts in farming, market building, and local infrastructure
construction.
o Age-grade systems for youth regulation and community development
contributions.
• Challenges:
o Limited access to resources and technology compared to later periods.
o Potential for exploitation by external forces due to lack of centralized
governance.
2.3.1.3 Colonial Era: Shifting Priorities and Uneven Growth
The advent of British colonial rule brought significant shifts to community development in
Nigeria. Under British rule, the focus turned to exploiting rural resources and setting up
infrastructure serving colonial interests, while also introducing missiona ry education and
healthcare. The establishment of missionary schools and hospitals catered to basic needs but
also served colonial objectives. The Colonial government's Township Ordinance Act in
1917 further dictated the development course, often neglecting the needs of rural areas a nd
creating a divide in infrastructural development. As a result, rural needs were often sidelined,
70
creating an urban-rural development gap. (Nseabasi, 2012; Olayiwola & Adeleye, 2005;
Skinner, 2010).
• Approaches:
o Shift towards exploiting rural areas for raw materials and establishing
infrastructure for colonial interests.
o Introduction of missionary schools and hospitals for basic needs and colonial
objectives.
o Township Ordinance Act dictated development course, often neglecting rural
areas.
• Challenges:
o Loss of traditional communal autonomy and focus on colonial priorities.
o Uneven development, with rural areas lagging behind urban centers.
o Dependency on colonial structures and limited local participation.
2.3.1.4 Post-Independence Community Development: A Quest for Self-Reliance with

Mixed Results
Following its independence in 1960, Nigeria made efforts to become more self -sufficient
and advance nationally. Following independence, the government launched a number of
programmes and initiatives aimed at promoting self-help and national development. After
gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria's government emphasized self -sufficiency.
Communities were meant to be empowered by agricultural, educational, and healthcare-
focused programs like Better Life for Rural Women and Operation Feed the Nation.
Community development focus on government-led initiatives, rural development
programmemes, and the rise of NGOs. However, challenges like corruption, inadequate
implementation, and a lack of scientific understanding of rural dynamics hampered their
effectiveness (Akhimien, Adamolekun & Isiwele, 2017; Johnson & Ifeoma, 2018).
• Approaches:
o Renewed emphasis on national development and self-help through
government programmes.
o Focus on areas like agriculture, health, and education for rural development.
o Attempts to mobilize people and utilize local resources.
71
• Challenges:
o Corruption and mismanagement of resources hindering programmeme

effectiveness.
o Lack of comprehensive implementation and disconnect between government
plans and local needs.
o Neglect of scientific studies on rural communities leading to ineffective
interventions.
Figure 11: School development project in Karu, Abuja, Nigeria
2.3.1.5 Contemporary Era: Collaboration, Sustainability, and Technology take Center

Stage
Today, a new wave of community development is washing over Nigeria. Participation,
sustainability, and collaboration have taken center stage as top -down approaches have been
demonstrated to have limitations. Participatory methods are now the norm in Nigeri an
community development, with a focus on long-term viability, technological advancement,
and collaboration between public and private organizations. This approach seeks to address
a spectrum of social and economic challenges through joint efforts and comm unity
72
involvement. Local communities are actively involved in identifying their needs and shaping
solutions. NGOs, private sector actors, and the government are increasingly working
together, leveraging technology to improve communication, resource management, a nd
project monitoring -in a shift towards more participatory approaches in community
development.
Contemporary initiatives like the Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP) and the
Community-Led Infrastructure Development (CLID) program exemplify this collaborative
spirit, aiming to address issues like rural road access and sanitation through collectiv e action.
As well as to address a wide range of social and economic issues through collaborative
efforts and active community participation (Craig, 2014; Ramsey -Soroghaye 2021).
• Approaches:
o Shift towards participatory approaches with emphasis on sustainability and
technology integration.
o Collaboration among government, NGOs, and the private sector for broader
community involvement.
o Focus on addressing diverse social and economic issues through collaborative
efforts.
• Challenges:
o Balancing traditional practices with modern development approaches.
o Building trust and ensuring equitable participation among diverse community
stakeholders.
o Sustaining project outcomes and ensuring long-term impact.
73
Figure 12: Community meeting with government officials and NGOs
Building stronger communities in Nigeria has evolved over the years. Throughout history,
people have collaborated in various capacities, from the pre-colonial era's emphasis on
community and shared purpose to the decades following independence, and finally to the
present day's emphasis on sustainability, technology, and teamwork. This dissection
demonstrates how community development in Nigeria has evolved over time, with each era
influencing how the country seeks to assist its citizens. It's as if you could watch a
community evolve and change throughout its history, with each era adding to its intricate
fabric. There is still a long way to go in Nigeria's community development journey, but the
lessons learned, and collaborative spirit provide hope for what lies ahead. If Nigerian
communities work together, they can learn from history, embrace change, and build a better
future for all.
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Additional Resources:
• Watch this video showcasing a social and community development in Nigeria:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU8_cE5ptHI
• Explore the website of the Rural Development Agency of Nigeria (RURALDA):
http://academicpower.blogspot.com/2017/08/agencies-of-rural-development-in-
nigeria.html
• Read this article on ICT for Rural Community Development: Implementing the
Communicative Ecology Framework in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02681102.2015.1007819
2.3.2 Key Players in Community Development in Nigeria
Figure 13: Examples of Key Players in Community Development in Nigeria
Community development in Nigeria would not be possible without the contributions of

various groups many stakeholders (Ramsey-Soroghaye, 2021 ) In this unit, we will look at
how different entities shaping community development in Nigeria. In particular the role of
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government agencies in policy design and resource allocation, contributions of non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and community organizations (CBOs), the private
sector through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, and academic institutions'
research, training, and technical support.
2.3.2.1 Government Agencies: Setting the Stage for Progress
Government agencies in Nigeria play a pivotal role in community development. Government

bodies, like Federal Ministries’ of; Health, Education, Humanitarian & Social Development,
Agriculture and Rural Development; are at the forefront of these efforts and are central to
community development in Nigeria. They set policies and outline priorities like
infrastructure development, poverty reduction, and healthcar e access. allocate resources and
provide technical support through ministries and agencies like the They formulate policies
and implement projects that significantly impact community growth and sustainability, like
the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) that guide
community development efforts across the country.
Their role also extends from policy formulation to the hands -on implementation of various
community projects. Think of them as the architects, designing blueprints for initiatives like
rural electrification projects or agricultural development programmes t hat directly impact
community well-being.
On the ground, various agencies of government are also implementing Government

programmes and ensuring communities reap the benefits. (Ramsey -Soroghaye (2021);
Onodugo (2012).
2.3.2.2 NGOs and Community Organizations
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and community groups play an important role in

Nigeria's grassroots development. They put plans into action, raise funds, and advocate for
what the community requires. Education, health, and women's advancement are thr ee areas
where their contributions are critical. ActionAid Nigeria and CDPI are two organizations
that have made significant contributions to their fields. Community-based organizations
(CBOs), such as the Community Youth Development Network (CYDN) and the National
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Council of Women Societies (NCWS), advocate for local communities and frequently focus
their efforts on specific issues, such as youth development or environmental conservation.
They do the actual heavy lifting, collaborating with locals to assess problems and find
solutions. They advocate for communities and ensure that their needs are met.
2.3.2.3 Private Sector Involvement
he private sector's role in community development, particularly through CSR (Corporate

Social Responsibility) programs, is growing in importance.
Businesses in Nigeria, such as Unilever and Chevron, connect business resources with
community needs by providing capital, knowledge, and fresh ideas. Financial assistance,
professional knowledge, and creative ideas are all beneficial to community development
projects. Chevron has built clean water wells in Nigerian communities, and Unilever has
provided hygiene education workshops. Imagine them as adoring spectators cheering on the
performers. Their participation strengthens community initiatives and helps to bring the
corporate world closer to the society in which they operate and beyond.
2.3.2.4 Academic Institutions: Setting the Standard with Expertise and Knowledge
Academic institutions are critical to community development because they conduct research,
provide training programs, and provide technical assistance. Consider universities like
Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) and the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) to
be wise advisors in community development. They conduct research to identify community
problems and devise workable solutions. They also teach new professionals how to do
community development to ensure that it continues to exist in the future. Nigeria's academic
institutions play an important role in community development. NOUN, for example,
provides online courses on the subject, while ABU provides technical assistance to local
non-governmental organizations.
Many different groups collaborate in community development; for example, government

agencies develop policies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) carry them out,
businesses participate through corporate social responsibility initiatives, and academic
institutions provide research and new ideas. Regardless of the varied landscape, the
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community thrives when everyone contributes. By learning about these key players and their
impact, we can effectively drive community development project in our communities.
• Video: Watch is short video showcasing the work of NGOs: What is NGO? What is
the meaning of NGO| Types of NGOs| Characteristics of NGOs. (youtube.com)
• Website: Explore the website of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture Rural
Development for more information on their initiatives: https://fmard.gov.ng/
• Article: Read this article about the role of the private sector in community
development in Nigeria: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/the-role-of-the-
private-sector-in-community-development/
Quiz on Community Development Players and Policies:
1. Identify three key players in the Nigerian community development

landscape and their roles.
2. Describe how federal policies can impact community development

initiatives.
2.4 Policy Frameworks, Influence and Trends: Policy Frameworks and their Influence
Community development in Nigeria has been shaped by various policy frameworks,

influencing the direction and focus of development initiatives. In this section we will look
into the progression of policy frameworks and their impact on shaping communities a nd
community development practice and to appreciate the complexity of policies as they
evolved over time. These policies include:
• National Development Plan (NDP): The NDP is a strategic plan by the Nigerian
government that outlines long-term priorities for economic and social development,
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including community development initiatives. Imagine this as the country's blueprint
for progress. Every few years, the government lays out its long-term priorities for
things like economic growth, education, and yes, community development. It serves
as a roadmap for national progress, guiding the allocation of resources and setting the
agenda for local and regional development projects. Think of it as a roadmap for
where resources should flow and what kind of projects local communities can expect
to see.
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
Figure 14: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 17

These aren't just Nigerian goals; they're global targets set by the United Nations, for
tackling big. social, economic, and environmental challenges like poverty, hunger,
and climate change, which inform community development projects. Nigeria has
signed up for these goals, meaning community development projects should be
geared towards sustainable and inclusive growth, addressing issues like poverty,
poverty, hunger, inequality education, and environmental sustainability. Think clean
water, access to healthcare, and protecting the environment for future generations.
The SDGs has a shared mission statement, guiding communities towards a future
where everyone thrives. Making sure everyone has a fair shot at a good life, not just
a select few.
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• State and Local Government Policies:
While the NDP and SDGs paint the broad picture, state and local government policies
translate them into actionable steps on the ground. These policies play a crucial role
in implementing national directives at the local level. They adapt national policies to
the specific needs of each region, focusing on areas like healthcare, education, and
infrastructure development. So, if a state is struggling with rural development, their
policies might focus on building roads, schools, and markets in smaller communiti es.
Think closer to home, like your state government prioritizing fixing local roads or
your LGA council investing in a new skill acquisition centre. Think of these policies
as local maps, guiding investments and projects to address the unique challenges and
opportunities of each community.
The success of these policies depends on the effective collaboration between different
levels of government and the community.
2.4.1 Public Policies and Community Development in Action
In Nigeria, community empowerment has been marked by significant shifts. In particular,

there’s been a big shift towards involving communities themselves in deciding what needs
to be done. This means less top-down government projects and more focus on self-help
initiatives where people take ownership of their own development. This has shaped the focus
and direction of community development significantly.
Post-independence, a move towards participatory approaches gained momentum, with an

emphasis on self-help initiatives and national development. Several factors, such as
government programs for rural development and the rise of non -governmental
organizations, have contributed to this shift (NGOs). Individuals can now direct their own
destinies thanks to national development programs and self -help initiatives, which have
replaced the traditional top-down decision-making practice.
Consider things like SURE-P and other government-led programs, the National Rural
Development Policy, the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), and NAPEP, among
others (Ramsey-Soroghaye, 2021 ). All of these programs strive to provide communities
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with the resources, knowledge, and abilities they require so that they can prosper and take
charge of their own development. You could look into farmer's cooperatives, community
cleanup days, and village savings groups. Think village savings groups, commun ity clean-
up days, and local farmers cooperatives. Of course, it's not always smooth sailing.
Challenges remain.
2.4.2 Challenges and Opportunities:
Remember, policies are just words on paper unless they're put into action.
As the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) reports highlight, good intentions sometimes get
caught in implementation bottlenecks. Corruption, weak implementation, inconsistent focus,
inadequate funding, bureaucratic hurdles and a lack of sustained focus, hav e often hampered
the effectiveness of these policies and hindered progress (Johnson and Ifeoma (2018) and
Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) 2010).
These challenges often lead to incomplete or inefficiently executed projects. However, there
are opportunities for future development, such as leveraging technology, engaging more
with international organizations, and fostering public-private partnerships for better resource
utilization and innovative solutions.
But there's also good news! Despite the hurdles, the future of community development in
Nigeria is brimming with possibilities. Here are some key areas for optimism:
• Technology is playing a bigger role in connecting communities and making sure

resources reach the right people. Such as online platforms where communities can
track project progress, report issues, and hold officials accountable. Initiatives like
the Open Government Partnership (OGP) are harnessing it to improve transparency
and citizen participation in development projects.
• Partnerships with international organizations and private companies are bringing
fresh ideas and funding to community projects. For instance, The World Bank and
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) offer valuable resources and
expertise. By partnering with them, communities can access knowledge, funding, and
best practices to accelerate their development projects.
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• Public-Private Partnerships between the government, private sector, and civil society
organizations for resources and innovative solutions. Imagine businesses investing in
local infrastructure projects, NGOs providing training and skills development, and
government agencies facilitating collaboration – this is the power of partnerships, and
it holds immense promise for Community Development in Nigerian communities.
Remember: Understanding the interplay between policy, challenges, and opportunities is

important for anyone involved in community development. By navigating these dynamics
effectively, you have the tools and support needed to build embark on you community
development project.
Figure 15: Examples of International Organizations
Reflective Case Study Analysis:
1. Examine a Nigerian community development project. Reflect on the roles

played by different stakeholders and the impact of government policies on
the project’s outcome.
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2.5 Conclusion
In this unit, we've journeyed through the landscape of community development in Nigeria,
understanding its evolution, key players, and the influence of policies. We've seen how
different approaches and strategies have shaped the community development secto r in
Nigeria and the importance of tailoring these strategies to local contexts and needs.
2.6 Summary
• Explored the evolution of community development in Nigeria, from pre -colonial
times to the present.
• Examined the roles of government agencies, NGOs, community organizations, and
the private sector.
• Analyzed the impact of public policies on community development.
• Discussed strategies for effective community engagement and development in
Nigeria.

development.

Additional resources: "Community Development in Nigeria: History, Challenges, and
Prospects" - An insightful resource for understanding the specific context of community
development in Nigeria.
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Answer to SAE 1
Quiz Answers:
1. Key Players: Government agencies (policy implementation), NGOs (grassroots
initiatives), and CDFIs (financial support).
2. Federal policies impact through funding allocation and setting development
priorities.
Answer to SAE 2
Reflective Case Study Analysis:
A successful Nigerian community project would typically involve collaboration between

local government, NGOs, and community leaders. Government policies might have
influenced the project through funding or regulatory frameworks.
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Unit 3: Introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) & Development
Agencies in Nigeria
Unit structure
3.1 Introduction
3.3 Main Content- Overview of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
3.4 Institutional Frameworks
3.5 Conclusion
3.6 Summary
3.0 Introduction
Welcome to Module 2 Unit 3: Introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
Why are the SDGs so important for Community Development?
Nigeria's development strategies are aligned with the SDGs, which demonstrate a commitment to
these global objectives (OSSAP-SDGS 2020). The SDGs serve as a comprehensive blueprint and
roadmap for community development. Everyone involved in community development, from
learners to residents to practitioners to policymakers, must understand how we can collaborate to
plan and execute community projects that effectively address societal needs while also responding
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to specific needs for more sustainable and prosperous communities and a better future for all
Nigerians, with the SDGs serving as a roadmap to achieve this vision.
This unit explores the connection between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Nigeria
National Development Policies, highlighting the significance of aligning local development
policies and community development efforts, empowering communities to actively contribute to
the Nigeria's Sustainable Development Goals.

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
• Understand the concept of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

• Identify the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their objectives.
• Recognize Nigeria's Alignment with the SDGs
• Recognize the trends, opportunities, and challenges in aligning community
development with the SDGs.
• Identify Challenges and Opportunities Nigeria faces in achieving the SDGs.
• Apply Knowledge to Local Contexts in devising strategies to contribute to building
stronger, more sustainable communities in Nigeria.
3.3 Main Content

3.3.1 Overview of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
At the 70th session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015, World
leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). So, what are the SDGs? Let's start by unpacking the basics
and then and explore the interconnected goals and targets.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 interconnected goals adopted by
all UN member states in 2015. They represent a universal call to action to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 20 30. The aim
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is to achieve a more sustainable and equitable future for all by 2030, by addressing critical
issues like poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, and environmental
degradation.
What are these SDGs goals?
Figure 16: Sustainable Development Goals
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An overview of each SDG with its corresponding target:
Sustainable Development Goals Target
Goal 1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms Reduce at least by half the proportion of
everywhere. people living in extreme poverty.
Goal 2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve End hunger and ensure access to safe, nutritious
food security and improved nutrition, and and sufficient food for all.
promote sustainable agriculture.
Goal 3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
all ages.
Goal 4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and Ensure all girls and boys complete free, equitable
equitable quality education and promote lifelong and quality primary and secondary education
learning opportunities for all.
Goal 5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender Eliminate all forms of discrimination

equality and empower all women and girls. against women and girls.
Goal 6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and
availability and sustainable management of affordable drinking water for all.
water and sanitation for all
.
Goal 7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure Ensure universal access to affordable,
access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and reliable, sustainable and modern energy services
modern energy for all
.
Goal 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Achieve full and productive employment and
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable decent work for all women and men, including for
economic growth, full and productive young people and persons with disabilities.
employment and decent work for all.
Goal 9. Industry, Innovation and Modernize infrastructure and upgrade technology.

Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure,
promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation.
Goal 10. Reduced Inequality: Reduce inequality Reduce income inequality within and among
within and among countries countries.
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Goal 11. Sustainable Cities and Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
Communities: Make cities and human safe, resilient and sustainable.
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable.
Goal 12. Responsible Consumption and Implement the 10-Year Framework of

Production: Ensure sustainable consumption Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and
and production patterns. Production.
Goal 13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to
combat climate change and its impacts. climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
Goal 14. Life Below Water: Conserve and Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution
sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine of all kinds.
resources for sustainable development.
Goal 15. Life on Land: Protect, restore and Halt deforestation and significantly increase
promote sustainable use of terrestrial global forest area
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong Reduce significantly all forms of violence and
Institutions: Promote peaceful and inclusive related death rates globally.
societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels.
Goal 17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen Mobilize the means required to implement the
the means of implementation and revitalize the Sustainable Development Goals.
Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development.
See the full list of goals and targets here: https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
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Understanding the SDGs: Underlying Principles
• Ambitious Scope: Addressing a wide range of issues, from poverty and hunger to
climate change and inequality.
• Targets: Each SDG has specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time -bound
(SMART) targets that provide a roadmap for achieving the goals.
• Universal Application: Relevant to all countries, regardless of their development
status.
• Interconnectedness: The SDGs are not isolated goals. They are all interconnected
and achieving one goal often contributes to progress in others. It's crucial to
understand that the SDGs mutually reinforcing. For example, achieving gender
equality (SDG 5) can lead to poverty reduction (SDG 1) and improved health
outcomes (SDG 3). Similarly, addressing climate change (SDG 13) is essential for
ensuring food security (SDG 2) and protecting biodiversity (SDG 15) (United
Nations, 2015).
• Integrated Approach: The 17 SDGs are designed to address a wide range of
interconnected issues, including poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality,
clean water and sanitation, affordable energy, decent work, economic growth,
infrastructure, inequality, sustainable cities, responsible consumption and production,
climate action, oceans and marine resources, land, peace and justice, and partnerships
(United Nations, 2015).
• Transformative Vision: Aiming for a world that is more just, equitable, and
sustainable for all.
Click the link to get more information on Sustainable

Development Goals
https://youtu.be/0XTBYMfZyrM?si=NWYaGRXYuVb-CHV4
3.3.1.2 Why are these Sustainable Development Goals Important?
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They are based on principles that emphasize the interconnectedness, universality, inclusivity
of global challenges, and how the SDGs address them holistically. This includes principles
such as the:
• Leave no one behind: ensuring all individuals and communities, regardless of
background or location, benefit from progress towards the SDGs.
• Gender equality: Empowering women and girls as key actors in achieving
sustainable development.
• Partnerships: Collaboration between governments, civil society, private sector, and
other stakeholders is crucial for implementation.
• Data-driven approach: Monitoring progress and making informed decisions based
on reliable data.
You can use the UN's SDG website (https://sdgs.un.org/goals) to explore each goal in detail,
find resources, and learn about progress.
Figure 17: Interconnectedness of SDGs
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• Animated explainer video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBxN9E5f7pc
• UN Sustainable Development Goals website: https://sdgs.un.org/goals
• Interactive SDG wheel: https://globalgoals.org/
• The Nigeria Second Voluntary National Review:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=30022&nr=24
01&menu=3170
Quiz: Understanding Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
Q1: List five of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals.
Q2: What is the primary aim of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being)?
Q3: How do SDGs contribute to community development in Nigeria?
Q4: Which SDG focuses specifically on education, and what is its main target?
Q5: Explain the significance of SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) in the context of
Nigeria's development.
3.3.1.3 Nationalizing the Global Goals: Nigeria's National Development Plan

Nigeria’s National Development Plan (NDP), specifically the Economic Recovery and
Growth Plan (ERGP) 2017-2020, aligns with the SDGs: By aligning Nigeria’s National
Development Planning to the SDGs, Nigeria can play an active role in creating a brighter
future for ourselves, our future generation and beyond. it also means to imagine Nigeria's
future – a vibrant nation where everyone thrives in a healthy environment, enjoys equal
opportunities, and lives with dignity. by addressing critical global challenge s like poverty,
hunger, inequality, climate change, and more.
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3.3.2 Here's a brief overview of each SDG and its key targets, focusing on their
relevance to Nigeria:
1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

• Targets: Reduce the proportion of people living in poverty to less than 10% by
2030.
• Nigeria context: Poverty remains a major challenge in Nigeria, with over 40%
of the population living below the national poverty line.
2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture.
• Targets: Ensure access to safe, nutritious, and affordable food for all people.
• Nigeria context: Food insecurity is a significant problem in Nigeria, with
millions facing hunger and malnutrition.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages.
• Targets: Reduce maternal mortality ratio and ensure universal access to
reproductive health services.
• Nigeria context: Nigeria faces challenges in maternal and child health, with
high mortality rates and limited access to healthcare.
4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities for all.
• Targets: Ensure all girls and boys complete primary and secondary education.
• Nigeria context: Despite progress, millions of children in Nigeria remain out
of school, and educational quality needs improvement.
5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
• Targets: Eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls.
• Nigeria context: Gender inequality persists in Nigeria, with women facing
challenges in education, employment, and political participation.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all.
• Targets: Achieve universal access to safe and affordable drinking water and
sanitation.
• Nigeria context: Millions of Nigerians lack access to clean water and
sanitation, posing health risks and hindering development.
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7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all.
• Targets: Increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
• Nigeria context: Nigeria relies heavily on fossil fuels, leading to energy
insecurity and environmental damage. Expanding renewable energy is crucial.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
• Targets: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all
women and men.
• Nigeria context: Unemployment and underemployment are major challenges
in Nigeria, requiring economic diversification and job creation.
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote

inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
• Targets: Upgrade infrastructure and promote sustainable industrialization that
is inclusive and environmentally friendly.
• Nigeria context: Nigeria needs to invest in infrastructure development and
promote sustainable industries to create jobs and boost economic growth .
10. Reduced Inequalities: Reduce inequality within and among countries.

• Targets: Reduce income inequality and ensure equal opportunities for all.
• Nigeria context: Nigeria faces significant income and social inequality,
requiring policies to address disparities and promote social justice.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient, and sustainable.
• Targets: Make cities and towns inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
• Nigeria context: Rapid urbanization in Nigeria poses challenges related to
housing, sanitation, and infrastructure, requiring sustainable urban
development.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption and

production patterns.
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How has Nigeria adopted and adapted the SDGs to its national development agenda?
3.3.2.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Focus for Nigeria:
Figure 20: SDGs Nigeria
Focus on Economic, Social, and Environmental Dimensions: The National Development

Plan (NDP), specifically the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) (2017 -2020),
which was a critical mechanism for dealing with the economic downturn, also aligned
national priorities with the SDGs. The ERGP focus on economic, social, and environmental
dimensions of development aligns with the aspirations of Agenda 2030.
The NDP-ERGP integrates several strategic initiatives to achieve the SDGs, reflecting
Nigeria's dedication to these global goals as follows:
o Establishing institutional frameworks at national and sub -national levels.
o Mapping SDGs data and publishing the Nigeria SDGs-Indicators Baseline Report.
o Aligning the ERGP with the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of the
SDGs.
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o Developing and customizing the Nigeria Integrated Sustainable Development
Goals (iSDGs) Policy Simulation Model.
o Realigning the National Statistical System (NSS) with SDG requirements.
o Launching the Integrated National Financing Frameworks (INFFs) for the
SDGs.
o Conducting independent evaluations of priority SDGs (1, 3, and 4).
o Preparing the Second Voluntary National Review (VNR) on SDG
implementation.
Integration of SDGs into the ERGP: Nigeria's Second Voluntary National Review on
SDGs (VNR Report) revealed that the country's development strategies are fully aligned
with the SDG. The VNR report highlights the integration of the selected SDGs (1, 3, 4, 5, 8,
16, and 17) into the ERGP, demonstrating a deliberate effort to translate SDG targets into
national development objectives.
3.3.2.2 The key focus areas for Nigeria in the context of the SDGs with specific areas
of alignment to ERGP are:
1. Poverty (SDG-1) and Inclusive Economy (SDG-8): Efforts are geared towards
reducing poverty and fostering an economy that includes all segments of society.
The NDP focuses on job creation, social safety nets, and financial inclusion to address
poverty.
2. Health and Well-being (SDG-3): Prioritizing improvements in health systems,
particularly in light of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The NDP invests in healthcare infrastructure, essential medicines, and improved
nutrition.
3. Education (SDG-4): Enhancing educational systems to ensure inclusive and quality
education for all.
The NDP prioritizes access to quality education, teacher training, and improved
learning outcomes.
4. Gender Equality (SDG-5): Focusing on empowering women and achieving gender
parity in various sectors.
The NDP promotes women's economic empowerment, political participation, and
access to education.
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5. Inclusive Economy (SDG 8):
The NDP 's focus on economic diversification and job creation aligns with SDG
6. Peace and Security (SDG-16): Strengthening institutions to promote peace and
justice.
7. Partnerships (SDG-17): Fostering strong global partnerships to achieve sustainable
development.
The NDP acknowledges the importance of partnerships with the private sector, civil society,
and international organizations to achieve the SDGs.
Nigeria's NDP demonstrates a clear commitment to the SDGs. Aligning with the SDGs
through its strategic plans and integration efforts alongside a propose plan for the
development of a successor plan to the ERGP, the Renewed Hope Agenda which presents
an opportunity to further mainstream the SDGs into Nigeria's medi um and long-term
development plans.
3.4 Institutional Frameworks:

Nigeria has established various institutional frameworks at national and sub -national levels
for effective SDG implementation, including the Nigeria Integrated Sustainable
Development Goals (iSDG) Model and the re-alignment of the National Statistical System
(NSS) as follows:
• National Level:
o Office of the Senior Special Assistant to the President on Sustainable
Development Goals (OSSAP-SDGs) established.
o Integration of SDGs into national development plan, the Economic Recovery
and Growth Plan (ERGP) 2017-2020.
o Nigeria Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (iSDG) Model: This model
helps simulate and track progress towards SDGs.
o Realignment of National Statistical System (NSS) with SDGs: Ensures data
collection aligns with SDG indicators.
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o Integration of SDGs into Economic Recovery and Growth Plan
(ERGP): Aligns national development plan with SDGs.
• Sub-national Level:
o State-level iSDG models: Adapted versions of the national model for state-
specific planning.
o Local government involvement in SDG implementation: Encourages local
participation and ownership.
3.4.1 Key Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

1. Impact of COVID-19: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted
Nigeria's progress towards the SDGs. It has strained the health system and shifted
focus towards pandemic management, affecting other healthcare areas. Economic
challenges, especially the decline in oil and gas revenues, have also been a significant
concern.
2. Data Gaps and Limitations: The VNR acknowledges data limitations, highlighting
the need for a robust system and consistent data collection.
3. Funding and Resource Mobilization: Increased government funding, particularly
for health and education, is crucial for achieving SDGs.
4. Strengthening Institutions and Capacity: Sub-national capacities need to be
strengthened for effective implementation at the local level.
5. Civil Society Engagement: Greater involvement of civil society organizations is
recommended for improved transparency, accountability, and ownership of the SDG
agenda.
6. Challenges in implementing policies effectively at local government levels.
Opportunities:
1. Leveraging technology: Utilize digital tools for data collection, communication, and
monitoring.
2. Mobilizing private sector investment: Encourage partnerships and innovative
financing mechanisms.
98
3. Strengthening institutional coordination: Improve collaboration between government
agencies, civil society, and private sector.
4. Promoting local ownership and participation: Empower communities to drive SDG
implementation.
5. Building resilience to shocks: Develop strategies to mitigate future crises like
pandemics
Click on the link to get more information on Economic Recovery and

Growth Plan (ERGP)
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/25541NIGERI
A_VNR_PPT_Presentation.pdf
2. How do the SDGs shape community development policies, strategies, and

practices in Nigeria?
3.5 Conclusion
In this unit, we delved into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their pivotal
role in shaping community development in Nigeria. We explored the 17 goals, their
objectives, and their integration into Nigeria's National Development Policies. The unit
emphasized the importance of understanding these concepts and be able to apply them in
designing and implementing community projects.
3.6 Summary
• Introduction to the 17 interconnected Sustainable Development Goals.
• Understanding the relevance of SDGs in Nigeria's context, focusing on economic,
social, and environmental dimensions.
99
• Exploration of Nigeria’s National Development Plan and Economic Recovery and
Growth Plan in alignment with the SDGs.
• Discussion on the challenges and opportunities in achieving SDGs in Nigeria,
including the impact of COVID-19 and the need for robust data collection.

United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2020). Integration of the SDGs into National Development
Planning: A Second Voluntary National Review. The Federal Secretariat, Phase II Abuja,
Nigeria.
Nigeria National Development Planning A Second Voluntary National Review 2020.

United Nations General Assembly (2015): Sustainable Development Goals.
Nigeria’s Economic Recovery & Growth Plan (ERGP) (2017-2020).
World Health Organization Nigeria: 2019 Report.
Nigeria Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (iSDG) Model.
National Statistical System (NSS) alignment with SDGs.

Answers to SAEs 1
Quiz: Understanding Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
Q1: List five of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals.
Q2: What is the primary aim of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being)?
Q3: How do SDGs contribute to community development in Nigeria?
Q4: Which SDG focuses specifically on education, and what is its main target?
Q5: Explain the significance of SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) in the context of
Nigeria's development.
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Answers to SAEs 2
Example Response: Students may identify any two SDGs and explain their importance based
on factors such as Nigeria's economic, social, or environmental needs. For instance, SDG 1
(No Poverty) might be critical due to the high poverty rates, and SDG 4 (Qual ity Education)
due to the need for educational improvements to drive overall development.
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Module 3:COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
Unit 1: Introduction to Basic Elements of Community Project Planning, Design and

Implementation
Unit structure
1.1 Introduction
1.3 Main Content
1.3.1 Importance of Community Project Planning & Design
1.4 Approaches in Community Project Planning & Design
1.5 Conclusion
1.6 Summary
1.8 Possible Answers to Self-Assessment Exercise(s) within the content
Courtesy UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Community Development Programme
102
1.0 Introduction
Community projects are vital for community development, as they enhance social cohesion
and address local needs. Effective community project planning, and the subsequent
implementation, monitoring and evaluation has many benefits. This unit will explore th e key
principles and strategies essential for successful community development initiatives. It will
focus on a number of different approaches to community project planning, design and
implementation. The two approaches that will be covered include the Community –
Visioning, and the Vision, Mission, Objectives, Strategies and Action plans (VMOSA)
approach.

At the end of this unit students should:
1. Understand the importance of community project planning and design.
2. Identify the key elements of community project planning and design.
3. Explain diverse approaches to community project planning design and
implementation.
1.3 Main Content
1.3.1 Importance of Community Project Planning & Design
Community planning offers a range of benefits, including educating and engaging the public,
which fosters vibrant rural and urban communities. It promotes economic development and
ensures the efficient use of local services and infrastructure. Community pl anning provides
a framework for community members and local governments to work together to decide the
function and development of their community. Stakeholders in the community use this to
make informed decisions about land use, economic development, envi ronmental protection,
and community revitalization and regeneration.
Click on the link for more information on Community Project Planning and Design
https://youtu.be/ZHNJkbAaXpQ?si=ityF34k22M-uJB6E
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1.4 Approaches in Community Project Planning & Design
An important way to tackle emerging community challenges is for community workers to
implement ongoing initiatives and devise new projects. One of the first steps is to make a
plan. A plan is an essential element of a community project. A plan serves as a document
with a roadmap and instructions to accomplish the intended objectives of a community
project.
1. Community –Visioning Approach

There are different approaches to community project planning. One approach is through the
community-visioning model (Okubo, 2009). This approach is primarily a collaborative
process that brings together every sector of a community to recognise issues, ass ess
community conditions, and develop collaborative strategies to enhance the quality of life in
the community. Community members and stakeholders need to establish a shared
understanding of what constitutes a community. Community -visioning efforts are carried
out by citizens of all stripes who are concerned about their communities' future – they are
the stakeholders. In effective community-visioning initiatives, a diverse range of political,
regional, ethnic, and economic perspectives are represented among the stakeholders.
Community visioning leads to an improved quality of life and also provide residents with
fresh perspectives on overcoming obstacles and resolving issues as a community.
According to Okubo (2009), a community-visioning process involves two phases, the
initiation phase and the stakeholder phase. These phases encompass five major steps. They
include:
Discovering the Community's Future: This step involves engaging residents in discussing
and identifying the kind of future they want for their community, including their objectives
and values.
Vision Statement: The vision is the key element of this process. Once the community's
vision is discovered, the next step is to formalize it into a comprehensive and representative
vision statement that reflects the goals, objectives, and values of the community.
104
Stakeholder Engagement: The vision statement is used to guide strategic planning,
decision making, and the actions necessary to achieve the community's goals. This step
involves bringing together decision-makers and citizens to create shared goals and a larger
plan for the community's future. The first phase is the initiation phase, where several
essential tasks must be undertaken. The initial step involves forming an initiating committee,
a small group comprising 12 to 15 people who represent diverse areas of the community.
Their responsibilities include selecting a stakeholder group that mirrors the community's
interests, b. designing a process to achieve desired outcomes, creating subcommittees for
important roles, and addressing logistical concerns such as staffing, siting, scheduling, and
fundraising.
Creating a Strategic Action Plan: After the community vision is established, the next step
is to develop a Strategic Action Plan with defined priorities and achievable targets to work
towards the vision.
Implementing the Community Vision: This step emphasizes that achieving the
community's future goals requires great effort, determination, and teamwork. The
community-visioning process is a means to bring together all sectors of a community to
identify problems, evaluate, and work towards achieving the desired future.
105
The next stage is to design the process. First, the stakeholders are recruited, and must be
empowered to make decisions. The process timetable is then set, and a structure is designed
to coordinate the project. A coordinating committee is then formed, and the project is staffed.
Funding sources are identified and pursued. Community and outside resources will be
needed to implement the action plan. The successful implementation of the community
project requires the creation of an implementation framework, t o supervise and guarantee
that the following are covered:
i. Goals and intended outcomes should be made clear to the implementation committee
and implementers.
ii. Project prioritisation criteria, which will be determined by the implementation
committee or stakeholders. Project priorities must be according to the agreed criteria.
iii. Determining implementation obstacles and developing strategies to get over them.
iv. A comprehensive schedule determined by the resources, obstacles, and goals that are
prioritized.
v. The coordination of all actions taken in accordance with the action plan.
vi. Constant sharing of ideas and results with the community .
Self Assessment Exercises 1
Quiz on Community Development Planning and Implementation
Question 1: Define what a vision statement in community planning entails and give
an example.
Question 2: Differentiate between broad and specific strategies in community project

planning. Provide examples of each.
Question 3: Explain the VMOSA approach and its importance in community

development.
Question 4: How does stakeholder engagement influence the outcome of community

visioning?
106
1. Vision, Mission, Objectives, Strategies and Action Plan (VMOSA)
According to the Community Toolbox, community organisations may set a vision and create
workable strategies to implement change with the use of the practical planning process
known as VMOSA (Vision, Mission, Objectives, Strategies, and Action Plans). VMOSA is
used when starting a new initiative, redirecting an old one or starting a large project, and is
usually carried out by a community organisation. It consists of the following five concepts.
a. Vision
By creating a vision statement, a community organisation makes its beliefs and guiding
principles clear to the larger community (as well as to its own staff, participants, and
volunteers). Generally speaking, vision statements should be understood and shar ed by
members of the community, broad enough to encompass a variety of local perspectives,
inspiring and motivating. A vision communicates what the community organisation believes
are the ideal conditions for the community – how things would look if the important issue is
addressed. This is generally described by one or more phrases or vision statements, which
are brief proclamations that convey the community’s dreams for the future. An example of
this vision is education for all, security and safety, safe streets etc.
107
b. Mission
A mission articulates what a community wants to achieve and why. The next stage of the
action planning process is to develop mission statements. A mission statement is a
description of the community organisation's goals and plans for action. It is more spe cific
and "action-oriented" than vision statements. Examples of mission statements include
addressing issues like bad roads or low quality education, or stating objectives like free
education for all. The mission statement must be concise, inclusive and ou tcome oriented.
This means that it must be clear what it broadly wants to achieve in a manner inclusive of
community stakeholders. Examples of mission statements are: To create a safe and secure
community through effective community collaboration and advocacy.
c. Objectives
The next step in the community project planning and design is to develop objectives.
Objectives are specific, measurable, and time-bound goals set to achieve desired outcomes
within a defined period. The objectives of an organisation usually specify what h as to be
done and by who. A community-based project to provide access to healthcare for pregnant
women may have the following objective among others: By 2025, enhance access to
healthcare for pregnant women by achieving a 25% increase in the number of expe ctant
mothers who receive regular and timely medical consultations and support during their
pregnancy. It is important to note that objectives and their timelines serve as a guide and can
change with a change in circumstances.
d. Strategies
A strategy is a systematic design that shows how a specific goal or objective is to be
achieved. Strategies can be broad, or they can be specific. Broad strategies refer to
overarching approaches which involve diverse stakeholders, while specific strategie s consist
of defined actions which target particular aspects or areas within the community. Some
examples of broad and specific strategies that could be developed for a community project
are as follows:
a. Broad Strategy: Develop partnerships with local schools, to raise awareness about
the importance of education.
108
Specific Strategy: Implement a reading program to improve literacy skills for
children in poor areas.
b. Broad Strategy: Engage residents, schools, and environmental organisations to

increase awareness of the benefits of green spaces.
Specific Strategy: Implement a community tree-planting project to improve the

environmental quality.
e. Action Plan
In a community project, an action plan details what, where and who will carry out or
implement the strategies. It is the last step in the approach. An action plan is usually a
detailed document that outlines specific steps, tasks, and timelines to achieve the defined
goals and objectives of a project. It can be seen as a roadmap for implementing the strategies,
and it provides a clear and organised framework for community members, stakeholders, and
project teams to follow. Typically, it includes information on who is responsible for each
task, the resources required, milestones, and deadlines. An action plan makes it easy to track
progress and allows for adjustments as needed. Ultimately, an action plan is a critical tool
in turning the vision and objectives of a community project into tangible and achievable
outcomes.
An action plan must include.

a) targeted (community and systemic) improvements that are to be pursued.
b) the particular procedures that must be taken in order to effect changes in all relevant sectors,
of the community. This is known as an action step.
Self Assessment Exercise 2
Case Study: Implementing a Health Initiative in a Rural Nigerian Community
Scenario: Imagine you are a community development worker tasked with

implementing a health initiative aimed at reducing maternal mortality in a rural
Nigerian community. Using the VMOSA approach, outline a brief plan
including a vision, mission, objective, strategy, and action plan.
Instruction: Reflect on the importance of community involvement in the

1.5 Conclusion
planning phase and how you would ensure their engagement throughout the
project. 109
This unit has elucidated the essence of meticulously planning and implementing community
development projects. We explored the Community Visioning and VMOSA approaches,
highlighting their significance in engaging community members and stakeholders in a collaborative
effort to identify issues, set goals, and execute plans that cater to the community's needs and
aspirations. By understanding and applying these approaches, community development practitioners
can foster more inclusive, sustainable, and impactful projects.
1.6 Summary
Community project planning and implementation are crucial for addressing local needs and
enhancing social cohesion.The Community Visioning approach emphasizes collective effort
in defining a shared vision for the community’s future.
The VMOSA (Vision, Mission, Objectives, Strategies, and Action Plans) approach offers a
structured framework for planning and executing community projects.Both approaches
underscore the importance of stakeholder engagement, setting clear goals, and strategic
action planning for successful community development.

Okubo, D. (2000) The Community Visioning and Strategic Planning Handbook, Denver,
CO: National Civic League Press.
Center for Community Health and Development. (n.d.). Chapter 8, Developing a strategic
Plan. University of Kansas. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/structure/strategic-
planning/vmosa/main
110
Answer to SAE 1
Quiz Answers:
1. A vision statement is a future-oriented declaration of the community’s aspirations and
ultimate goals. Example: “A community where every resident enjoys access to quality
healthcare and education.”
2. Broad strategies are overarching plans that guide the general direction of project
implementation, e.g., “Enhance community health by promoting wellness education.”
Specific strategies are detailed actions within the broader strategy, e.g., “Organize
monthly health workshops in community centers.”
3. The VMOSA approach is a practical planning process that helps community
organizations set a vision, mission, establish objectives, formulate strategies, and
develop action plans. It's crucial for its structured method that guides communities from
visioning to action.
4. Stakeholder engagement ensures that the project addresses the real needs of the
community, harnesses local expertise and resources, and builds ownership and
commitment towards the project’s success.
Answer to SAE 2
• Vision: A community where every mother has access to and utilizes maternal healthcare
services.
• Mission: To reduce maternal mortality in rural communities by improving access to quality
maternal healthcare.
• Objective: To increase the number of expectant mothers receiving prenatal care by 50%
within two years.
• Strategy: Partner with local health clinics to provide mobile prenatal services. Train
community health workers to educate women on the importance of prenatal care.
• Action Plan: Develop a schedule for mobile clinic visits, organize training sessions for health
workers, and launch an awareness campaign on prenatal care importance.
• Community Involvement: Engage community leaders to endorse the project, involve local
women’s groups in planning and implementation, and gather feedback to ensure the project
meets the community’s needs.
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Unit 2: Introduction to Community Needs Assessment and Ethics in Community
Development
Unit structure
2.1 Introduction
2.3 Main Content
2.3.1 Definition of Community Needs Assessment
2.3.2 Benefits of a Community Needs Assessment
2.3.3 Elements of a Community Needs Assessment
2.4. Ethics
2.4.1 Ethical Issues in Community Development
2.5 Conclusion
2.6 Summary

2.8 Possible Answers to Self-Assessment Exercise(s) within the content
2.0 Introduction
Before any community development initiative or project can be started, it is important to
know what the community currently possesses, and what it needs in terms of services and
programs. It is important to have a picture of the community’s strengths and weaknesses,
and of its assets and liabilities. In this unit, we will examine what community needs
assessment is and why it is important and an integral part of community development. We
will also examine the role that ethics plays in community development. A community needs
assessment is a systematic process of identifying the needs or gaps in.
112
At the end of this unit, students should:
1. Define a community needs assessment.
2. Understand ethics in community development
3. Understand the importance of ethics and needs assessment in community
development.
2.3 Main Content
2.3.1 Definition of Community Needs Assessment

A community needs assessment is an important precursor to a community project or initiate.
The difference between what is and what should be is what is known as a need. It might be
as tangible as the need for food and water, for adequate healthcare or for schools. A
community needs assessment is a systematic process of identifying the needs or gaps in
service in a community. It involves surveying stakeholders and collecting data in order to
understand the strengths and assets available in a community. A cl ose examination of a
problem can reveals what is actually required and pave the way for future progress. This
helps in prioritising resources and in effective resource allocation. A needs assessment also
identifies gaps in available services for the community so that appropriate community
projects can be planned and designed. Overall, a community needs assessment is an
important tool for organisations and communities to better understand the needs and
strengths of their community and to develop programs and services that meet those needs.
2.3.2 Benefits of a Community Needs Assessment
1. A community needs assessment is an important tool for organisations and

communities to better understand the needs and strengths of their community and to
develop programs and services that meet those needs.
113
2. A good community needs assessment is essential to the success of community and
economic development initiatives. Community leaders or organisations who take
action without first performing an assessment run the risk of wasting time and limited
funds and risk failure of the initiative.
3. It provides a full picture of the strengths and weaknesses of a community, and of its
assets and liabilities.
4. It facilitates dialogue among community members about concerns and difficulties as
well as how best to move the community forward. This insight encourages residents
to concentrate on finding solutions.
5. The needs assessment report may be used as a community profile and a source of
information about the community.
2.3.3 Elements of a Community Needs Assessment

A needs assessment is primarily an information gathering exercise about critical issues
influencing the community's capacity for growth and development. Data is collected about
the community’s needs and assets from the community members and from secondary
sources. Data collection methods could be quantitative or qualitative. There are several
methods of collecting data for need assessments.
i. Questionnaires & Surveys: Questionnaires are distributed to community members

in such a manner as to cover as many members as possible. Surveys can also be
conducted digitally through emails, or by phones.
ii. One on One Interviews: Interviews are particularly useful when information is
required from key informants in the community. These are community members who
are knowledgeable about certain aspects of the community or are experts in their
fields, for example traditional leaders, local government chairmen, principals of
schools, or police chiefs.
iii. Community Meetings: Community meetings provide a forum a forum that is open
to the public. They are formal, planned gatherings that have an agenda and topics for
discussion and rules of participation. They are an effective way of gathering wide
ranging and diverse views from the community members.
114
iv. Focus Groups: These are meetings of a specified number of people which focus on
particular topics or a few related topics. Focus groups of people can be differentiated
by gender, age or occupation. For example, women only focus group, or youth, or
farmers. Similar to community meetings, focus groups are planned and have a
specific agenda. However, there is a limited number of participants, although as many
focus groups as are needed can be convened.
v. Research: In most communities there is already a wealth of existing data that can be
tapped into, such as population data, land use data, housing data, health data etc. This
can be uncovered by conducting a thorough research.
Remember. In most cases, a combination of data collection methods works best to give the
required information for an effective needs assessment.
Women Focus Group discussion Ichakobe community-Ibilla ward Oju LGA, Benue state |
Courtesy NASSCO
1. Quiz on Community Needs Assessment
1. What is a community needs assessment and what purpose does it serve?

2. List and briefly describe two data collection methods used in community needs
assessment.
3. Explain the importance of confidentiality in community needs assessments.
115
2.4. Ethics
In community development, ethics refers to the principles and values that guide the
behaviour of individuals and organisations involved in community development activities.
The way individuals behave is influenced by a combination of societal, legal, moral, and
personal principles of what is appropriate and right. Ethical behaviour should be the bedrock
of all community interventions and initiatives. Ethical behaviour is important in community
development because it increases a program’s effectiveness, it safeguards the interests of the
community and of the project workers. Everyone who participates in community
development is subject to a code of ethics.
Some ethical codes are formal, there are often professional and legal codes of ethics that
have to be adhered to, particularly in the legal and health fields or social work.
2.4.1 Ethical Issues in Community Development

1. Consent: Consent is a fundamental ethical principle that is critical for building trust
in community development projects, whether it is an intervention and in data
collection. It involves obtaining permission from community members before
engaging them in any development activities, research, or interventions. This process
includes informing individuals about the purpose, scope, and potential impact of the
proposed activities, as well as respecting their right to make an informed decision
about their participation.
2. Confidentiality: Confidentiality in community development refers to the protection
of sensitive information shared by community members during interventions,
assessments, or referrals. Community members have a right to confidentiality when
participating in any community development interventions. It is a key ethical
principle in community development, especially when working with vulnerable or
marginalised groups. To ensure confidentiality, community workers must explain
what information will be collected, how it will be used, who it will be shared with,
and what their rights and options are. They should also protect and store data securely.
Confidentiality promotes trust, respect, and positive emotional wellbeing, and
encourages people to come forward with issues and concerns.
116
3. Conflict of Interest: A conflict of interest could arise when personal financial,
political, professional, social, or family interests have an effect on judgment or
actions in decision-making, and in relationships with participants. In community
interventions, these conflicts may have a detrimental impact on community projects
and on fund allocation. Such conflicts of interests are deemed unethical and must be
avoided in order to safeguard the integrity of community development interventions.
Individuals in such conflict-of-interest situations must actively seek resolution to
uphold integrity of community development.
4. Competence: When a community organisation does work in a community in the
form of a project or intervention, it essentially enters into a contractual agreement
with participants to fulfill the promised work. Implicit in this contract is the
expectation that both the individuals carrying out the work and the organization is
expected to possess the competence to achieve their objectives of the project. For
example, for a literacy intervention program in schools that commits to improving
students' reading skills, the expectation is that the staff involved are competent in
literacy and the organisation demonstrates competence in managing the project.
Click on the link to get more information on ethical issues in Community Development
https://youtu.be/5cDgjQOkftA?si=6DgyorV7OZReUp-G
Ethical Dilemma Case Study: A Community Health Project in Nigeria
2. Scenario: You are leading a community health project aimed at improving

maternal health in a rural Nigerian community. During the needs assessment
phase, you discover sensitive information about cultural practices affecting
maternal health negatively. How would you address this issue while respecting the
community's cultural norms and ensuring ethical integrity in your project?
Instruction: Reflect on the ethical considerations such as consent, confidentiality,

and respect for cultural norms.:
117
2.5 Conclusion
This unit delved into the critical aspects of community needs assessment and the ethical
principles underpinning community development. It emphasized the significance of
systematically identifying community needs and gaps to inform the planning and
implementation of development projects. Furthermore, the unit underscored the paramount
importance of adhering to ethical standards such as consent, confidentiality, competence,
and avoiding conflicts of interest to foster trust, respect, and effectiveness in community
2.6 Summary
A community needs assessment is a foundational step in understanding the specific needs,
strengths, and gaps within a community.
Ethical principles in community development, including consent, confidentiality,
competence, and managing conflicts of interest, are crucial for ensuring the integrity and
success of development initiatives. Various data collection methods, including surveys,
interviews, community meetings, focus groups, and secondary research, offer a
comprehensive understanding of community needs. Engaging community members
ethically and respectfully in the assessment process is essential for building trust and
ensuring the relevance and effectiveness of development projects.

Banks, S. (2019). Ethics, equity and community development: mapping the terrain. In
Ethics, Equity and Community Development (pp. 3-36). Policy Press.
Center for Community Health and Development Chapter 19, Ethical Issues in Community
Interventions. University of Kansas. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/choose-
and-adapt-community-interventions/ethical-issues/main
Banks, S., Shevellar, L., & Narayanan, P. (2023). Ethical issues in community development:
setting the scene. Community Development Journal, 58(1), 1 -18.
118
Answer to SAE 1 1. Quiz Answers:
1. A community needs assessment is a process to identify the needs and resources of a
community, aiming to inform the development of targeted interventions that address
those needs effectively.
2. Two data collection methods include:
• Questionnaires & Surveys: Tools for gathering quantitative data from a broad
segment of the community.
• Focus Groups: Small, discussion-based groups for collecting qualitative
insights on specific topics.
3. Confidentiality is crucial in community needs assessments to protect the privacy of
individuals, foster trust, and encourage honest participation.
Answer to SAE 2
Ethical Dilemma Case Study Answer:
In addressing the sensitive issue, it would be essential to engage with community leaders
and members in a respectful dialogue to understand the cultural practices deeply. Seeking
consent and ensuring confidentiality are paramount. Solutions should be co -created with
the community, emphasizing the health benefits while respecting cultural norms. Ethical
integrity can be maintained by transparently communicating the project's goals, actively
listening to community concerns, and adapting the project to align with ethical standards
and community values.
119
Unit 3: Introduction to Monitoring and Evaluation of Community Projects
Unit structure
3.1 Introduction
3.3 Main Content
3.3.1 Definition: Monitoring & Evaluation
3.3.2 Benefits of Monitoring & Evaluating Community Projects
3.4 Types of Evaluation
3.5 Conclusion
3.6 Summary
3.0 Introduction
Monitoring and evaluation of community development progress is essential. Communities
must showcase the results of their initiatives to be accountable to residents, secure funding,
and evaluate the effectiveness of their programs. In this unit, we examine the definition of
monitoring and evaluation and the distinctions between them. We also examine why
monitoring and evaluation are important and identify and discuss the different types of
evaluation.

At the end of the unit, students should:
1. Understand Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) definitions and their distinctions.
2. Explain the importance of M & E in the context of community development.
3. Explain different techniques of evaluation.
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3.3 Main Content
3.3.1 Definition: Monitoring & Evaluation
Monitoring is “a continuous assessment both of the functioning of the project activities in
the context of implementation schedules” (Kariuki, 2014). Monitoring in community
projects systematically measures progress and evaluates the effectiveness of project
activities. Evaluation refers to a “process that critically examines a community project or a
programme. It involves collecting and analysing information about a project’s activities,
characteristics and outcomes” (Ardle & Murray, 2020). Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)
of community development projects helps measure progress and evaluate their effectiveness.
It also ensures that development efforts align with the needs and aspirations of the
community. Monitoring and evaluation are almost always grouped together, but it is crucial
to recognise their distinctions. Monitoring is continuous and occurs throughout a project’s
timeline, while an evaluation assesses the entire project cycle. Typically, monitoring is
carried out by those directly engaged in project implementation, while evaluation is most
effectively carried out by an impartial external party, ensuring unbiased consultations with
project/programme staff.
121
3.3.2 Benefits of Monitoring & Evaluating Community Projects
a. A robust M&E process ensures that project activities are transparent and ensures
accountability for both internal and external stakeholders, including funders.
b. Monitoring provides timely feedback on progress in project implementation and
allows problems to be detected and rectified.
c. M&E assists community organisations to learn from their mistakes and setbacks,
identifies best practices and enables replication of successful programmes.
Click on the link to get more information on Monitoring and Evaluation

https://youtu.be/sgd8kbaxgfM?si=D-5etHM5K2fRrQ5j
https://youtu.be/wRX2zuDt_DM?si=zLfe0bTbZJAbkSXN
3.4 Types of Evaluation

A number of methods of evaluation have become established in monitoring and evaluation
of community projects. They include Result Based Management (RBM), outcome mapping
and most significant change technique (MSC) (Ardle & Murray 2020).
i. Result-Based Management (RBM): This method is usually applied for mid-term
evaluations, and at certain stages in a project's life cycle to bring to light on new and
developing concerns. They are also used in final evaluations. RBM asks questions
such as needed to support programmes include: How many individuals were reached
by a project and the unit cost per person? Other questions may include the extent of
income increase as a result of the project, were successful in obtaining a certificate
in a specific skill. These type of questions and information, and method of evaluation
is particularly favoured by funders.
ii. Outcome Mapping: This approach determines how certain actions lead to specific
outputs by attributing causes to effects. It relies on the theory of change framework
which outlines the expected causal links between activities, outcomes, and goals in a
community project or program. For example, it could evaluate how participating in
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) programs can lead to
improved academic skills and critical thinking, and lead to not only intellectual
growth but also increased confidence, and this could potentially translate into better
122
career outcomes. A second example is how regular vaccinations for children can lead
to improved immunity, contributing not only to physical well -being but also to
enhanced school attendance and academic performance, and consequently promoting
a healthier childhood.
iii. The Most Significant Change (MSC): In this model of monitoring and evaluation,
communities are asked to describe changes in their lives. Community stakeholders
themselves decide the sorts of change that should be recorded. Evaluators ask
questions about the most significant changes in participants’ lives within a defined
timeframe (e.g. a month, a year). The kind of change to be evaluated are determined
by the stakeholders themselves and they could include - changes in the quality of
people’s lives, in community politics or in the environme nt or in their income and
wellbeing. Community members use stories to document the changes that have
occurred. These stories are analysed by both community stakeholders and evaluators
to produce a picture of change and in so doing evaluate the effectivenes s of the
project.
Self Assessment Exercise
Quiz on Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E):
1. What is the difference between monitoring and evaluation in the context of

community development projects?
2. Describe one benefit of implementing a robust monitoring and evaluation
process in community projects.
3. Explain the Result-Based Management (RBM) technique and its application in
Case Study: Evaluation of a Community Health Initiative in Nigeria
Scenario: Imagine a community health initiative aimed at reducing maternal mortality

rates in a rural area of Nigeria. The project includes health education, provision of
medical supplies, and training for local midwives.
Question: Based on the M&E techniques discussed (RBM, Outcome Mapping, MSC),
propose an evaluation strategy for this initiative that would help assess its impact on
3.4 Conclusion
maternal health in the community.
Instruction: Consider factors such as the collection of relevant data, engagement with
community stakeholders, and identification123of significant changes attributable to the
project.
This unit delved into the critical aspects of community needs assessment and the ethical
principles underpinning community development. It emphasized the significance of
systematically identifying community needs and gaps to inform the planning and
implementation of development projects. Furthermore, the unit underscored the paramount
importance of adhering to ethical standards such as consent, confidentiality, competence,
and avoiding conflicts of interest to foster trust, respect, and effectiveness in community
3.6 Summary
Monitoring and evaluation (M& E) are an essential component of a successful community
project. There are many benefits to a community development from having a robust M & E
process. These include accountability, transparency, and value for money. M & E is also one
of the most effective ways of determining the success or otherwise of community
development initiatives. M&E techniques include result based management (RBM),
outcome mapping and Most Significant Change (MSC) technique.

Ardle, O. M., & Murray, U. (2021). Fit for measure? Evaluation in community development.
Kariuki, J. G. (2014). An exploration of the guiding principles, importance and challenges

of monitoring and evaluation of community development projects and programmes.
International Journal of Business & Social Science, vol. 5, 1, p.140 –147.
124
Quiz Answers:
1. Monitoring is the continuous tracking of a project's progress, while evaluation is the

systematic assessment of its overall effectiveness and impact.
2. One benefit of robust M&E is that it provides timely feedback that can be used to make
adjustments and improve project outcomes.
3. Result-Based Management (RBM) focuses on achieving specific outcomes and uses
indicators to measure progress. It's applied in community development to ensure that
projects contribute effectively to the desired changes in the community.
Case Study Answer:
An effective evaluation strategy could combine all three mentioned techniques. Use RBM to track specific
health outcomes (e.g., reduction in maternal mortality rates), Outcome Mapping to understand how project
activities lead to improvements in health education and practices among local midwives, and MSC to capture
transformative stories from mothers and families who benefited from the initiative. This multi-faceted
approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the initiative's impact on maternal health in the
community, ensuring that quantitative data and qualitative experiences inform future project adjustments and
decisions.
125

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COURSE GUIDE

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Course Writers: Dr. Rakiya Mamman1

1 Dept. of Development Studies, National Open University of Nigeria

Course Editor: Dr Emina William Uli

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

Welcome to DES303: Introduction to Community Development, a transformative learning

• Foster collaboration and engagement among community stakeholders, leveraging

• Equip students with practical skills in identifying community needs, d esigning

• Foster a sense of social responsibility, collaboration, and patriotism among students,

• Enhance students' problem-solving abilities and critical thinking skills, especially in

• Promote a comprehensive understanding of ethical considerations in community

Working through this Course

MODULE TWO: INTRODUCTION TO ISSUES AND TRENDS IN COMMUNITY

UNIT 1 Overview of Current trends in Community Development

MODULE THREE: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND

UNIT 1 Introduction to Basic Elements of Community Project Planning, Design and

Unit 1: Introduction to Community-Based Practicum

Unit 3: Introduction to the Community Development Proposal Template.

Unit 2: Writing Proposal for Community Development

References and Further Readings

Cornwall, A. (2008). Unpacking ‘Participation’: models, meanings and practices.

Filani, M. O. (2000). Community development and adult education in Nigeria: A conceptual

Kariuki, J. G. (2014). An exploration of the guiding principles, importance and challenges

Marsden, D. (1982). [Review of COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, by R. Dore & Z. Mars].

Nair, K. G. (1962). Some observations on the problem of economic development in India.

National Statistical System (NSS) alignment with SDGs.

Nigeria’s Economic Recovery & Growth Plan (ERGP) (2017-2020).

Nigeria National Development Planning A Second Voluntary National Review 2020.

Nigeria Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (iSDG) Model.

Oha, C. C., & Onwuchekwa, O. P. (2012). Volunteerism in community development in

Okonkwo, C. I. (2010). Community development in Nigeria: A grassroots approach. Enugu:

Onodugo, Ifeanyi Chris - Community development and local governments in Nigeria.

Ramsey-Soroghaye, B. N. (2021). Community development in Nigeria: history, current

Phillips, R., & Pittman, R. (2008). An introduction to community development. Routledge.

United Nations General Assembly (2015): Sustainable Development Goals.

United Nations Economic and Social Council (1954). Definition of community

Walker, 2002 - Importance of collaboration and networking in community development.

Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs)

Final Examination and Grading

How to get the Most from the Course

Course Code: DES303

Course Developer: National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)

Unit 1: Definition of Community Development

1.4 Definition of Community Development

1.4.1 The United Nations Definition

1.4.2 A Nigerian Perspective

By the end of this unit, you should be able to:

• Define community development using various perspectives.

1.3 Main Content

1.3.2. Features of Communities

1. People: Understanding the demographics and ethnic composition and social

Figure 1: Examples of Community

• Myth: Tradition is an obstacle to progress.

Reality: Traditional practices can be valuable assets in development, offering local

• Myth: Communities have readily available leadership structures.

Reality: Leadership and decision-making processes can be informal and complex,