ED Floyd CH 14 Edition 9 Special Op-Amp Circuits Modif

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 14 Special Op-Amp Circuits
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary
Instrumentation Amplifiers
An instrumentation amplifier (IA) amplifies the voltage

difference between its terminals. It is optimized for small
differential signals that may be riding on a large common mode
voltages. +V1
V Input +
in1 cm R3 R5
The gain is set by a single A1
resistor that is supplied Gain set –
R1
by the user. –
RG R2
The output voltage is the A3 Output
+
closed loop gain set by Gain set – R4
RG multiplied by the A2 Vout = Acl (Vin2 - Vin1)
voltage difference in the + Vcm
Vin2Input 2 + R6
inputs.
Summary
An IA that is based on the three op-amp design is the AD622.

The formula for choosing RG is:
50.5 k
RG =
Av - 1 +V
Example:
(7)
(3)
+IN
What value of RG will set the (1)
gain to 35? RG AD622
(6)
Output
(8)
Solution:
(5)
REF
(2) (Output signal
–IN
50.5 k 50.5 k
common)
RG = = (4)
Av - 1 35 - 1
–V
= 1.5 k
Summary
The bandwidth of any IA (or op-amp for that matter) is

lower for higher gain. The graph shows the BW for various
gains for the AD622. 1000
Question: 100
Voltage gain
What is the BW for a gain of 35?
10
Answer:
1
Reading the graph, the BW is
approximately 200 kHz. 0
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Frequency (Hz)
Summary
Guarding is available in some IAs to reduce noise effects.

By driving the shield with the common-mode signal, effects
of stray capacitance are effectively cancelled.
Guarding is useful in
applications such as
transducer interfacing,
and microphone
preamps where very
small signals need to
be transmitted.
Summary
The AD522 is a low-noise IA that has a Data guard output, which is
connected to the shield as shown. The AD522 has a programmed
gain from 1 to 1000 depending on RG. The frequency response rolls
off at -20 dB/decade.
Gain (dB)
60
G = 1000
G = 100
40
G = 10
20
G =1
0
f (Hz)
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
Frequency response of AD522
Quiz
1. A typical instrumentation amplifier has

a. high CMRR
b. unity gain
c. low input impedance
d. all of the above
Quiz
1. A typical instrumentation amplifier has

a. high CMRR
b. unity gain
c. low input impedance
d. all of the above
Quiz
2. When an instrumentation amplifier uses guarding, the

shield is driven by a
a. low-impedance differential source
b. low-impedance common-mode source
c. high-impedance differential source
d. high-impedance common-mode source
Quiz
2. When an instrumentation amplifier uses guarding, the

shield is driven by a
a. low-impedance differential source
b. low-impedance common-mode source
c. high-impedance differential source
d. high-impedance common-mode source
Quiz
3. You can achieve a higher bandwidth for an instrumentation

amplifier if you
a. use guarding
b. use a larger gain setting resistor
c. capacitively couple the input signal
d. none of the above
Quiz
3. You can achieve a higher bandwidth for an instrumentation

amplifier if you
a. use guarding
b. use a larger gain setting resistor
c. capacitively couple the input signal
d. none of the above
Summary
Isolation Amplifiers
An isolation amplifier is designed to provide an electrical

barrier between the input and output in order to provide
protection in applications where hazardous conditions exist.
+V –V +V –V
A typical isolation
amplifier uses a high Input stage Output stage
frequency modulated
Op-amp Modulator Demodulator Op-amp
carrier frequency to pass
a lower frequency signal
through the barrier. Oscillator
Isolation barrier with

capacitive coupling
Summary
The ISO124 is a capacitively-coupled isolation amplifier that

uses pulse width modulation to transmit data across the barrier.
The ISO124 has fixed unity gain and is Barrier
rated to 1500 Vrms of isolation. The
frequency response is specified to 50 kHz, Input Stage
but high-frequency ripple due to the PW Input

(15)
IS0124 Output Stage
(7)
Output
signal signal
modulation may (10)
(8)
be observed on the (16)

(9)
(2)
output at higher (1) 1 mF
frequencies. 1 mF 1 mF
+15 V –15 V
Output waveform 1 mF
+15 V –15 V
Summary
The 3656KG is a transformer coupled isolation amplifier that

uses pulse width modulation to transmit data across the barrier.
The 3656KG can have gain for both Rs Ri2
(7)
the input and output stages. The Vin
Rf 2
3656KG is suited for patient Rf 1

(10)
(14)
monitoring applications, such as an (6)
(15)
ECG amplifier. The manufacture’s

Input Output Vout
Ri1 (16)
(12)
data sheet shows detailed (19)
(20)
connection diagrams for various
(3)
applications1.
+VDC
1see : http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/3656.pdf
Quiz
4. An application where an isolation amplifier is particularly

useful is when
a. the input signal has very large dynamic range
b. control of the frequency response is necessary
c. voltages could present a hazard
d. all of the above
Quiz
4. An application where an isolation amplifier is particularly

useful is when
a. the input signal has very large dynamic range
b. control of the frequency response is necessary
c. voltages could present a hazard
d. all of the above
Summary
The Operational Transconductance Amplifier
The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is a

voltage-to-current amplifier. As in the case of FETs, the
conductance is output current divided by input voltage.
Thus, g = I out The gain is controlled by VBIAS in this
m
Vin circuit.
+V +VBIAS
Like FETs, the gain of an amplifier is
written in terms of gm: Av = gm RL R1 RBIAS
Vin – I BIAS
Unlike FETs, the OTA has a gm that OTA Vout
can be “programmed” by the amount +
of bias current. Thus gain can be R2 RL
changed electronically by varying a Iout
–V
dc voltage.
Summary
The Operational Transconductance Amplifier

The OTA adds a measure of control to circuits commonly implemented
with conventional op-amps. Applications for OTAs include voltage
controlled low-pass or high-pass filters, voltage controlled waveform
generators and amplifiers, modulators, comparators, and Schmitt triggers.
In this example from +10 V
the text, an amplitude +9 V VMOD

1 kHz
modulator is shown. 1 MHz
RBIAS +1 V
50 mV R1 56 k
Vin –
10 k
OTA Vout
+
Vout
R2 RL
10 k 10 k
–9 V
Quiz
5. For an OTA, the gain is determined by

a. a ratio of two resistors
b. bias current
c. a single gain setting resistor
d. the amplitude of the input signal
Quiz
5. For an OTA, the gain is determined by

a. a ratio of two resistors
b. bias current
c. a single gain setting resistor
d. the amplitude of the input signal
Quiz
6. Transconductance is the ratio of

a. output current to input voltage
b. input current to output voltage
c. output resistance to input resistance
d. output voltage to input current
Quiz
6. Transconductance is the ratio of

a. output current to input voltage
b. input current to output voltage
c. output resistance to input resistance
d. output voltage to input current
Summary
The Logarithmic Amplifier
A diode has the characteristic in which voltage across the

diode is proportional to the log of the current in the diode.
Compare data for an actual diode on linear and logarithmic
plots: I (mA) D
I (mA) D
8.0 10
7.0
6.0 1.0
5.0
4.0 0.1
3.0
2.0 0.01
1.0
0 VD (V) 0.001 VD (V)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Summary
When a diode is placed in the feedback path of an inverting

op-amp, the output voltage is proportional to the log of the
input voltage. The gain decreases with increasing input
voltage; therefore the amplifier is said to compress signals.
Many sensors, particularly photo-
Iin IF
sensors, have a very large dynamic Vin
+V –
range outputs. Current from R1 F
0V
photodiodes can range over 5 –
decades. A log amp will amplify the Op-amp Vout
small current more than the larger +
current to effectively compress the

data for further processing.
Summary
For the circuit shown, the equation for Vout is

Vin
Vout  - ( 0.025 V ) ln (IR is a constant for a given diode.)
I R R1
Example:
What is Vout? (Assume IR = 50 nA.) Vin
Iin
R 1
IF
Vin
+11 V ++ V ––
Solution: 1.0R1k
0V
VFF
––
11 V
Vout  - ( 0.025 V ) ln Op-amp
Op-amp VVout
( 50 nA )(1.0 k )
out
++
= -307 mV
Summary
When a BJT is used in the feedback path, the output is

referred to the ground of the base connection rather than
the virtual ground. This eliminates offset and bias current
errors. For the BJT, IEBO replaces IR in the equation for Vout:
Vin
Vout = - ( 0.025 V ) ln Iin IC
I EBO R1
Vin –
Log amplifiers are available in IC R1 VBE
+
form with even better performance 0V
–
than the basic log amps shown here.
Op-amp Vout
For example, the MAX4206 operates
+
over 5 decades and can measure
current from 10 nA to 1 mA.
Summary
The Antilog Amplifier
An antilog amplifier produces an output proportional to the

input raised to a power. In effect, it is the reverse of the log
amp. The equation for Vout for the basic BJT antilog amp is:
Vin
Vout = - R f I EBO antilog
25 mV IC
Vin + –
IC antilog amps are also available. +
VBE Rf
–
For example, the Datel LA-8048 is a
0V
log amp and the Datel LA-8049 is its –
counterpart antilog amp. These ICs Op-amp Vout
are specified for a six decade range. +
Quiz
7. A circuit that is useful for signal compression is a

a. instrumentation amplifier
b. OTA
c. logarithmic amplifier
d. antilog amplifier
Summary
Other Op-amp Circuits

Rf
IL = Ii
Ri RL Ii
– Ii
0V 0A –
+ Ii
0V
VIN + Vout
–
+
Constant-current source Current-to-voltage converter
Ri
Vin +
Vin +
– IL RL –
I=0 R1
Vout
I1 R1
C
Voltage-to-current converter Peak detector
Quiz
8. The circuit shown here is a

a. peak detector
b. current-to-voltage converter
c. voltage-to-current converter
Vin
d. isolation amplifier +
– IL RL
I=0
I1 R1
Quiz

a. peak detector
b. current-to-voltage converter
c. voltage-to-current converter
Vin
d. isolation amplifier +
– IL RL
I=0
I1 R1
Quiz

a. current-to-voltage converter
b. constant current source
IC
–
d. antilog amp Vin
+
+
VBE Rf
–
0V
–
Op-amp Vout
+
Quiz

b. constant current source
IC
–
d. antilog amp Vin
+
+
VBE Rf
–
0V
–
Op-amp Vout
+
Quiz

b. voltage-to-current converter
c. constant current source
Ri
d. peak detector Vin +
–
R1
Vout
Quiz

b. voltage-to-current converter
c. constant current source
Ri
d. peak detector Vin +
–
R1
Vout
Selected Key Terms
Instrumentation An amplifier used for amplifying small

amplifier signals riding on large common-mode
voltages.
Isolation amplifier An amplifier with electrically isolated

internal stages.
Operational A voltage-to-current amplifier.

transconductance
amplifier
Transconductance In an electronic device, the ratio of the

output current to the input voltage.
Quiz
Answers:
1. a 6. a
2. b 7. c
3. d 8. c
4. c 9. d
5. b 10. d

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Electronic Devices

Chapter 14 Special Op-Amp Circuits

An instrumentation amplifier (IA) amplifies the voltage

An IA that is based on the three op-amp design is the AD622.

The bandwidth of any IA (or op-amp for that matter) is

Guarding is available in some IAs to reduce noise effects.

Frequency response of AD522

1. A typical instrumentation amplifier has

1. A typical instrumentation amplifier has

2. When an instrumentation amplifier uses guarding, the

2. When an instrumentation amplifier uses guarding, the

3. You can achieve a higher bandwidth for an instrumentation

3. You can achieve a higher bandwidth for an instrumentation

An isolation amplifier is designed to provide an electrical

Isolation barrier with

The ISO124 is a capacitively-coupled isolation amplifier that

but high-frequency ripple due to the PW Input

be observed on the (16)

The 3656KG is a transformer coupled isolation amplifier that

3656KG is suited for patient Rf 1

ECG amplifier. The manufacture’s

4. An application where an isolation amplifier is particularly

4. An application where an isolation amplifier is particularly

The Operational Transconductance Amplifier

The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is a

The Operational Transconductance Amplifier

the text, an amplitude +9 V VMOD

5. For an OTA, the gain is determined by

5. For an OTA, the gain is determined by

6. Transconductance is the ratio of

6. Transconductance is the ratio of

The Logarithmic Amplifier

A diode has the characteristic in which voltage across the

0 VD (V) 0.001 VD (V)

The Logarithmic Amplifier

When a diode is placed in the feedback path of an inverting

small current more than the larger +

current to effectively compress the

The Logarithmic Amplifier

For the circuit shown, the equation for Vout is

The Logarithmic Amplifier

When a BJT is used in the feedback path, the output is

The Antilog Amplifier

An antilog amplifier produces an output proportional to the

counterpart antilog amp. These ICs Op-amp Vout

are specified for a six decade range. +

7. A circuit that is useful for signal compression is a

Other Op-amp Circuits

Constant-current source Current-to-voltage converter

Voltage-to-current converter Peak detector

8. The circuit shown here is a

8. The circuit shown here is a

9. The circuit shown here is a

9. The circuit shown here is a

10. The circuit shown here is a

10. The circuit shown here is a

Instrumentation An amplifier used for amplifying small

Isolation amplifier An amplifier with electrically isolated

Operational A voltage-to-current amplifier.