M. O. Azzoug et al. / JAFM, Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 1853-1864, 2023.

Here, Θ=T/Tc is the dimensionless temperature. The

non-dimensional electric potential and pressure were
designed by Φ, and P. V is the velocity vector, and the
unit vector (ez ) is oriented in the axial direction.
At the upper free surface, the boundaries are:
(𝑧 = 𝑑/𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋):
𝜕𝑢 𝜕Θ 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕Θ
= 𝑅𝑒𝑇 , = 𝑅𝑒𝑇 , 𝑤 = 0,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝛩 𝜕Φ
= −𝑅𝑎𝑑 (𝛩4 − 𝛩𝑎 4 ); = 0,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Fig. 1. Flow configuration. At the solid bottom
(𝑧 = 0, 𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋):
Table 1 Physical properties of silicon melt at Tm =
1683K (Rao & Peng, 2017) 𝜕Θ 𝜕Φ
𝑢 = 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0, = −𝑄 , =0;
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Parameter value unit At the inner wall

Density, ρ 2530 kg/m3 (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑑/𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋):
−5
Surface tension coefficient, γT −7.0 × 10 N/(m·K) 𝑢 = 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0, = 0 , Θ = 1,
𝜕Φ
=0;
𝜕𝑧
Heat capacity, CP 1000 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity, λ 64 W/(m·K) At the outer wall
Viscosity, μ 7.0 × 10−4 kg/(m·s) (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑑/𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟 = 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋):
Thermal diffusivity, α 2.53 × 10−5 m2/s 𝜕Φ
𝑢 = 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0, Θ = 𝑇ℎ /𝑇𝑐 , =0;
Prandtl number, Pr 0.011 - 𝜕𝑍

Emissivity, ε 0.318 - The Stokes function (non-dimensional stream

−6 function) ψ is defined in cylindrical coordinates by 𝑣 =
Magnetic permeability μ0 1.26 × 10 H/m
𝜕ψ/(𝑟𝜕𝑟), 𝑢 = − 𝜕ψ/(𝑟𝜕𝑧).
Electric conductivity, σ 1.2 × 106 S/m In the above equations 𝑄 and 𝛾𝑇 , 𝑅𝑒𝑇 , 𝑅𝑎𝑑 and 𝑃𝑟
are, respectively, non-dimensional heat flux,
Temperature coefficient of the surface tension,
influence on the free surface, in which is supposed to be thermocapillary Reynolds number, radiation number and
non-deformable and flat. The gravity term is ignored in the Prandtl number which are defined as:
the current work, which has been demonstrated by (Rao
& Peng, 2017). An external axial magnetic field, (B0 ez), 𝑄 = 𝑞𝑟𝑜 /(𝜆𝑇𝑐 )
operating in the z-direction is applied to the whole 𝛾𝑇 = −𝜕𝛾 /𝜕𝑇
molten silicon and solid walls. Every solid boundary is 𝑅𝑒𝑇 = −𝛾𝑇 𝑇𝑐 𝑟𝑜 /𝜇𝜈 (7)
electrically isolated. The time, length, velocity, pressure, 𝑅𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝜎 (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 )3 𝑟𝑜 /𝜆
and electric potential are non-dimensionalized by 𝑟𝑜 2 /𝜈 , { 𝑃𝑟 = 𝜈/𝛼
𝑟𝑜 , 𝜈/𝑟𝑜 , 𝜌𝜈 2 /𝑟𝑜 2 , and 𝐵0 𝜈, respectively. Hence the
dimensionless governing equations become: The Hartmann number (𝐻𝑎 = 𝐵0 𝑟𝑜 √𝜎 /(𝜌𝜈))
signifies the proportion of electromagnetic force to
V
. =0 (1) viscous force. 𝑀𝑎 = −𝛾𝑇 (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 )𝑟𝑜 /𝜇𝛼 is the
V Marangoni number, which gives the ratio between the
+ V .V = −P +  2V + FM (2) thermocapillary effect and the viscous forces.
t
2.2. Numerical Solution and Grid Sizes.
 1 2
+ V . =   (3)
 Pr The finite volume approach is used to discretize the
equations, and the PISO algorithm is used to solve them.
The presence of a magnetic field results in the The diffusion components are computed using a second-
presence of a force acting on the moving electric charges order central difference scheme, whereas the convective
(known as the Lorentz force). The Lorentz force FM is terms are computed using a higher-order differencing
just a function of r and θ, which may be method (QUICK). The pressure-velocity coupling is
calculated as follows: solved by the SIMPLER algorithm (Patankar, 1980).

∇2 Φ = 𝛁. (U × 𝒆𝒛 ) (4) Current simulations use a fine mesh, taking into

account the Hartmann thickness (~ Ha-1 ) and Roberts
𝑱 = −∇Φ + (U × 𝒆𝒛 ) (5) layers (~ Ha-2/3 ), which require refinement near the
1 walls. A non-uniform staggered grid arrangement in the
𝑭𝑀 = 𝑱⃗𝑋𝑩
⃗⃗⃗= ⃗⃗⃗) × 𝑩
(∇ × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (6)
𝜇0 radial and axial axes is used here. Regular grids have
been used in the azimuth direction (Table 2).

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