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An Introduction to Renormalization

Chapter · January 2003

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8075-6_8

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Introduction to Renormalization

Vincent Rivasseau

LPT Orsay

Cetraro, Summer 2010

Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theory

What is quantum field theory?

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theory

What is quantum field theory?

Is it putting together quantum mechanics and special relativity?

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theory

What is quantum field theory?

Is it putting together quantum mechanics and special relativity?
Is it functional integrals?

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theory

What is quantum field theory?

Is it putting together quantum mechanics and special relativity?
Is it functional integrals?
Is it Feynman diagrams?

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theory

What is quantum field theory?

Is it putting together quantum mechanics and special relativity?
Is it functional integrals?
Is it Feynman diagrams?
Is it axioms (Wightman... C ⋆ algebras...)?

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theory

What is quantum field theory?

Is it putting together quantum mechanics and special relativity?
Is it functional integrals?
Is it Feynman diagrams?
Is it axioms (Wightman... C ⋆ algebras...)?

Remark/statement/suggestion: quantum field theory has a soul which is

renormalization.

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Trees, Forests, Jungles...

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Trees, Forests, Jungles...

At the core of quantum field theory and renormalization lies the
computation of connected quantities, hence trees, which are the simplest
connected structures. In fact trees, forests and jungles (ie layered forests)
appear in almost endless ways in quantum field theory:

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Trees, Forests, Jungles...

At the core of quantum field theory and renormalization lies the
computation of connected quantities, hence trees, which are the simplest
connected structures. In fact trees, forests and jungles (ie layered forests)
appear in almost endless ways in quantum field theory:
In the parametric representation of Feynman amplitudes
(Kirchoff-Symanzik polynomials)

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Trees, Forests, Jungles...

At the core of quantum field theory and renormalization lies the
computation of connected quantities, hence trees, which are the simplest
connected structures. In fact trees, forests and jungles (ie layered forests)
appear in almost endless ways in quantum field theory:
In the parametric representation of Feynman amplitudes
(Kirchoff-Symanzik polynomials)
In renormalization theory (Zimmermann’s forests, Gallavotti-Nicolò
trees, Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra...)

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Trees, Forests, Jungles...

At the core of quantum field theory and renormalization lies the
computation of connected quantities, hence trees, which are the simplest
connected structures. In fact trees, forests and jungles (ie layered forests)
appear in almost endless ways in quantum field theory:
In the parametric representation of Feynman amplitudes
(Kirchoff-Symanzik polynomials)
In renormalization theory (Zimmermann’s forests, Gallavotti-Nicolò
trees, Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra...)
In constructive field theory (Brydges-Kennedy-Abdesselam-R. forest
formula, cluster expansions, Mayer expansions ...)

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Trees, Forests, Jungles...

At the core of quantum field theory and renormalization lies the
computation of connected quantities, hence trees, which are the simplest
connected structures. In fact trees, forests and jungles (ie layered forests)
appear in almost endless ways in quantum field theory:
In the parametric representation of Feynman amplitudes
(Kirchoff-Symanzik polynomials)
In renormalization theory (Zimmermann’s forests, Gallavotti-Nicolò
trees, Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra...)
In constructive field theory (Brydges-Kennedy-Abdesselam-R. forest
formula, cluster expansions, Mayer expansions ...)
In more exotic renormalization group settings (Fermions in condensed
matter, non-commutative field theory, quantum gravity...)

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Trees, Forests, Jungles...

At the core of quantum field theory and renormalization lies the
computation of connected quantities, hence trees, which are the simplest
connected structures. In fact trees, forests and jungles (ie layered forests)
appear in almost endless ways in quantum field theory:
In the parametric representation of Feynman amplitudes
(Kirchoff-Symanzik polynomials)
In renormalization theory (Zimmermann’s forests, Gallavotti-Nicolò
trees, Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra...)
In constructive field theory (Brydges-Kennedy-Abdesselam-R. forest
formula, cluster expansions, Mayer expansions ...)
In more exotic renormalization group settings (Fermions in condensed
matter, non-commutative field theory, quantum gravity...)
It has even been proposed by Gurau, Magnen and myself that any
QFT should be considered as a scalar product on the vector space
generated by all possible trees (Tree Quantum Field Theory).
3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theories as weighted species

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theories as weighted species

A quantum field theory F should be the generating function for a certain

weighted species, in the sense of combinatorists. It should involve only a
few parameters: the space-time dimension, masses, coupling constants.
The weights are usually called amplitudes.

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theories as weighted species

A quantum field theory F should be the generating function for a certain

weighted species, in the sense of combinatorists. It should involve only a
few parameters: the space-time dimension, masses, coupling constants.
The weights are usually called amplitudes.

Some of these weights may be naively given by divergent integrals, and the
series defining the generating function itself might have zero radius of
convergence.

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theories as weighted species

A quantum field theory F should be the generating function for a certain

weighted species, in the sense of combinatorists. It should involve only a
few parameters: the space-time dimension, masses, coupling constants.
The weights are usually called amplitudes.

Some of these weights may be naively given by divergent integrals, and the
series defining the generating function itself might have zero radius of
convergence.
Renormalization theory adresses the first problem. → Couplings move
with scale.

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Quantum Field Theories as weighted species

A quantum field theory F should be the generating function for a certain

weighted species, in the sense of combinatorists. It should involve only a
few parameters: the space-time dimension, masses, coupling constants.
The weights are usually called amplitudes.

Some of these weights may be naively given by divergent integrals, and the
series defining the generating function itself might have zero radius of
convergence.
Renormalization theory adresses the first problem. → Couplings move
with scale.
Constructive field theory adresses the second problem. Species of
Graphs → Species of Trees.

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalization

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalization
Renormalization in physics is a very general framework to study how a
system changes under change of the observation scale.

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalization
Renormalization in physics is a very general framework to study how a
system changes under change of the observation scale.
Mathematically it reshuffles the initial theory with divergent weights into an
infinite iteration of a certain ‘renormalization group map” which involves
only convergent weights.

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalization
Renormalization in physics is a very general framework to study how a
system changes under change of the observation scale.
Mathematically it reshuffles the initial theory with divergent weights into an
infinite iteration of a certain ‘renormalization group map” which involves
only convergent weights.
In combinatoric terms roughly speaking it writes F = lim GoGo...G , where
G corresponds to a single scale.

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalization
Renormalization in physics is a very general framework to study how a
system changes under change of the observation scale.
Mathematically it reshuffles the initial theory with divergent weights into an
infinite iteration of a certain ‘renormalization group map” which involves
only convergent weights.
In combinatoric terms roughly speaking it writes F = lim GoGo...G , where
G corresponds to a single scale.

Single scale constructive theory reshuffles G itself. It relabels the “large”

species of graphs in terms of the smaller species of trees. The result is
typically only defined at small couplings, where it is the Borel sum of the
initial divergent series.

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalization
Renormalization in physics is a very general framework to study how a
system changes under change of the observation scale.
Mathematically it reshuffles the initial theory with divergent weights into an
infinite iteration of a certain ‘renormalization group map” which involves
only convergent weights.
In combinatoric terms roughly speaking it writes F = lim GoGo...G , where
G corresponds to a single scale.

Single scale constructive theory reshuffles G itself. It relabels the “large”

species of graphs in terms of the smaller species of trees. The result is
typically only defined at small couplings, where it is the Borel sum of the
initial divergent series.

Multiscale constructive theory tries to combine the two previous steps in a

consistent way, but...
5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The snag

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The snag

Even after the first two problems have been correctly tackled, the flow of
the composition map delivered by the renormalization group may after a
while wander out of the convergence (Borel) radius delivered by
constructive theory.

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The snag

Even after the first two problems have been correctly tackled, the flow of
the composition map delivered by the renormalization group may after a
while wander out of the convergence (Borel) radius delivered by
constructive theory.

This phenomenon always occur (either at the “infrared” or at the

‘ultraviolet” end of the renormalization group) in field theory on ordinary
four dimensional space time (except possibly for extremely special models).
This is somewhat frustrating.

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44
It is defined on R4 through its Schwinger functions which are the moments
of the formal functional measure:

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44
It is defined on R4 through its Schwinger functions which are the moments
of the formal functional measure:

1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)

dν = e Dφ, (2.1)
Z
where

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44
It is defined on R4 through its Schwinger functions which are the moments
of the formal functional measure:

1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)

dν = e Dφ, (2.1)
Z
where
λ is the coupling constant, positive in order for the theory to be stable;

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44
It is defined on R4 through its Schwinger functions which are the moments
of the formal functional measure:

1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)

dν = e Dφ, (2.1)
Z
where
λ is the coupling constant, positive in order for the theory to be stable;
m is the mass, which fixes some scale;

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44
It is defined on R4 through its Schwinger functions which are the moments
of the formal functional measure:

1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)

dν = e Dφ, (2.1)
Z
where
λ is the coupling constant, positive in order for the theory to be stable;
m is the mass, which fixes some scale;
a is called the ”wave function constant”, in general fixed to 1;

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44
It is defined on R4 through its Schwinger functions which are the moments
of the formal functional measure:

1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)

dν = e Dφ, (2.1)
Z
where
λ is the coupling constant, positive in order for the theory to be stable;
m is the mass, which fixes some scale;
a is called the ”wave function constant”, in general fixed to 1;
Z is the normalization, so that this measure is a probability measure;

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Ordinary φ44
It is defined on R4 through its Schwinger functions which are the moments
of the formal functional measure:

1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)

dν = e Dφ, (2.1)
Z
where
λ is the coupling constant, positive in order for the theory to be stable;
m is the mass, which fixes some scale;
a is called the ”wave function constant”, in general fixed to 1;
Z is the normalization, so that this measure is a probability measure;
Q
Dφ is a formal product dφ(x) of Lebesgue measures at each
x∈ Rd
point of R4.
7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The ordinary φ44 propagator

An infinite product of Lebesgue measures is ill-defined. So it is better to

define first the Gaussian part of the measure
1 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)
dµ(φ) = e Dφ. (2.2)
Z0
where Z0 is again the normalization factor which makes (2.2) a probability
measure.

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The ordinary φ44 propagator

An infinite product of Lebesgue measures is ill-defined. So it is better to

define first the Gaussian part of the measure
1 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)
dµ(φ) = e Dφ. (2.2)
Z0
where Z0 is again the normalization factor which makes (2.2) a probability
measure.
The covariance of dµ is called the (free) propagator
∞ 2 /4α
1 1 e −|x−y |
Z
2
C (p) = , C (x, y ) = dαe −αm , (2.3)
(2π) p + m2
2 2
0 α2

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The ordinary φ44 propagator

An infinite product of Lebesgue measures is ill-defined. So it is better to

define first the Gaussian part of the measure
1 −(m2 /2) R φ2 −(a/2) R (∂µ φ∂ µ φ)
dµ(φ) = e Dφ. (2.2)
Z0
where Z0 is again the normalization factor which makes (2.2) a probability
measure.
The covariance of dµ is called the (free) propagator
∞ 2 /4α
1 1 e −|x−y |
Z
2
C (p) = , C (x, y ) = dαe −αm , (2.3)
(2π) p + m2
2 2
0 α2

where we recognize the heat kernel.

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules
The full interacting measure may now be written as the multiplication of
the Gaussian measure dµ(φ) by the interaction factor:
1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 (x)dx
dν = e dµ(φ) (2.4)
Z

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules
The full interacting measure may now be written as the multiplication of
the Gaussian measure dµ(φ) by the interaction factor:
1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 (x)dx
dν =
e dµ(φ) (2.4)
Z
and the Schwinger functions are the normalized moments of this measure:
Z
SN (z1 , ..., zN ) = φ(z1 )...φ(zN )dν(φ). (2.5)

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules
The full interacting measure may now be written as the multiplication of
the Gaussian measure dµ(φ) by the interaction factor:
1 −(λ/4!) R φ4 (x)dx
dν =
e dµ(φ) (2.4)
Z
and the Schwinger functions are the normalized moments of this measure:
Z
SN (z1 , ..., zN ) = φ(z1 )...φ(zN )dν(φ). (2.5)

Expanding the exponential as a formal power series in the coupling constant

λ we get perturbative field theory:

∞
1 X (−λ)n  φ4 (x)dx n
Z Z
SN (z1 , ..., zN ) = φ(z1 )...φ(zN )dµ(φ) (2.6)
Z n! 4!
n=0

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules
By Wick theorem, SN is a sum over “Wick contractions schemes”, i.e. ways
of pairing together 4n + N fields into 2n + N/2 pairs. There are exactly
(4n + N − 1)(4n + N − 3)...5.3.1 = (4n + N)!! such contraction schemes.

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules
By Wick theorem, SN is a sum over “Wick contractions schemes”, i.e. ways
of pairing together 4n + N fields into 2n + N/2 pairs. There are exactly
(4n + N − 1)(4n + N − 3)...5.3.1 = (4n + N)!! such contraction schemes.

z1 x1 z3
x1 z1

z2 x1
x1
z3
x1 z2 x1 z4
z4

Sources Vertices A Wick contraction

Figure: A contraction scheme

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules

Each internal position x1 , ..., xn is associated to a vertex of degree 4 and

each external position zi to a vertex of degree 1.

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules

Each internal position x1 , ..., xn is associated to a vertex of degree 4 and

each external position zi to a vertex of degree 1.
The Feynman amplitude is in position space
n
Z Y Y
AG (z1 , ..., zN ) = d d xv C (xℓ , xℓ′ ) (2.7)
v =1 ℓ

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules

Each internal position x1 , ..., xn is associated to a vertex of degree 4 and

each external position zi to a vertex of degree 1.
The Feynman amplitude is in position space
n
Z Y Y
AG (z1 , ..., zN ) = d d xv C (xℓ , xℓ′ ) (2.7)
v =1 ℓ

There is an interesting combinatoric factor in front, which counts how

1 −λ n
many ”Wick schemes” lead to that graph and multiplies by n! ( 4! ) .

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Feynman Rules

Each internal position x1 , ..., xn is associated to a vertex of degree 4 and

each external position zi to a vertex of degree 1.
The Feynman amplitude is in position space
n
Z Y Y
AG (z1 , ..., zN ) = d d xv C (xℓ , xℓ′ ) (2.7)
v =1 ℓ

There is an interesting combinatoric factor in front, which counts how

1 −λ n
many ”Wick schemes” lead to that graph and multiplies by n! ( 4! ) .
Feynman amplitudes are functions (in fact distributions) of the external
positions z1 , ..., zN . They may diverge either because of integration over all
of R4 or because of the singularity in the propagator C (x, y ) at x = y .

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A Recipe for Renormalization

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A Recipe for Renormalization

In ordinary field theory renormalization relies on the combination of three

ingredients:

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A Recipe for Renormalization

In ordinary field theory renormalization relies on the combination of three

ingredients:
A scale decomposition

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A Recipe for Renormalization

In ordinary field theory renormalization relies on the combination of three

ingredients:
A scale decomposition
A locality principle

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A Recipe for Renormalization

In ordinary field theory renormalization relies on the combination of three

ingredients:
A scale decomposition
A locality principle
A power counting

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A Recipe for Renormalization

In ordinary field theory renormalization relies on the combination of three

ingredients:
A scale decomposition
A locality principle
A power counting
The first two elements are quite universal. The third depends on the details
of the model.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Scale decomposition

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Scale decomposition

It is convenient to perform it using the parametric representation of the

propagator:

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Scale decomposition

It is convenient to perform it using the parametric representation of the

propagator:
X
C = Ci , (2.8)
i∈N
Z M −2(i+1) −kx−y k2 /4α
i −αm2 e
C (x, y ) = dαe (2.9)
M −2i α2
2i −cM i kx−y k
6 KM e (2.10)

where M is a fixed integer.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Scale decomposition

It is convenient to perform it using the parametric representation of the

propagator:
X
C = Ci , (2.8)
i∈N
Z M −2(i+1) −kx−y k2 /4α
i −αm2 e
C (x, y ) = dαe (2.9)
M −2i α2
2i −cM i kx−y k
6 KM e (2.10)

where M is a fixed integer.

Higher and higher values of the scale index i probe shorter and shorter
distances.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Scale attributions, high subgraphs

Decomposing the propagator means that for any graph we have to sum
over an independent scale index for each line of the graph.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Scale attributions, high subgraphs

Decomposing the propagator means that for any graph we have to sum
over an independent scale index for each line of the graph.
At fixed scale attribution, some subgraphs play an essential role. They are
the connected subgraphs whose internal lines all have higher scale index
than all the external lines of the subgraph. Let’s call them the ”high”
subgraphs. They form a forest for the inclusion relation.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Locality principle

The locality principle is independent of the dimension: it simply remarks

that every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between
the smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Locality principle

The locality principle is independent of the dimension: it simply remarks

that every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between
the smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.
Let’s visualize an example

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Locality principle

The locality principle is independent of the dimension: it simply remarks

that every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between
the smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.
Let’s visualize an example

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Locality principle

The locality principle is independent of the dimension: it simply remarks

that every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between
the smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.
Let’s visualize an example

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Power counting

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Power counting

Power counting depends on the dimension d.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Power counting

Power counting depends on the dimension d.

The key question is whether after spatial integration of the internal vertices
of a high subgraph, save one, the sum over the gap between the lowest
internal and highest external scale converges or diverges.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Power counting

Power counting depends on the dimension d.

The key question is whether after spatial integration of the internal vertices
of a high subgraph, save one, the sum over the gap between the lowest
internal and highest external scale converges or diverges.
In four dimension by the previous estimates of a single scale propagator C ,
power counting 2i −4i per vertex
R 4 delivers a factor M per line and M
integration d x. There are n − 1 ”internal” integrations to perform to
compare a high connected subgraph to a local vertex.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

For a connected φ44 graph, the net factor is 2l(G ) − 4(n(G ) − 1) = 4 − N(G )
(because 4n = 2l + N). When this factor is strictly negative, the sum is
geometrically convergent, otherwise it diverges.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

For a connected φ44 graph, the net factor is 2l(G ) − 4(n(G ) − 1) = 4 − N(G )
(because 4n = 2l + N). When this factor is strictly negative, the sum is
geometrically convergent, otherwise it diverges.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

For a connected φ44 graph, the net factor is 2l(G ) − 4(n(G ) − 1) = 4 − N(G )
(because 4n = 2l + N). When this factor is strictly negative, the sum is
geometrically convergent, otherwise it diverges.

For instance for this graph the sum over the red scale i at fixed blue scale
diverges (logarithmically) because there are two line factors M 2i and a
single internal integration M −4i .

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

High subgraphs with N = 2 and 4 diverge when inserted into ordinary ones.

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

High subgraphs with N = 2 and 4 diverge when inserted into ordinary ones.
However this divergence can be absorbed into a change of the three
parameters (coupling constant, mass and wave function) which appeared in
the initial model.

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

High subgraphs with N = 2 and 4 diverge when inserted into ordinary ones.
However this divergence can be absorbed into a change of the three
parameters (coupling constant, mass and wave function) which appeared in
the initial model.
This means physically that the parameters of the model do change with the
observation scale but not the structure of the model itself. This is a kind of
sophisticated self-similarity.

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Perturbative renormalisability of φ44

High subgraphs with N = 2 and 4 diverge when inserted into ordinary ones.
However this divergence can be absorbed into a change of the three
parameters (coupling constant, mass and wave function) which appeared in
the initial model.
This means physically that the parameters of the model do change with the
observation scale but not the structure of the model itself. This is a kind of
sophisticated self-similarity.
Such models are called (perturbatively) renormalizable. But...

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The flow

Every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between the
smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The flow

Every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between the
smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.
In the case of the φ44 theory the evolution of the coupling constant λ under
change of scale is mainly due to the first non trivial one-particle irreducible
graph

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The flow

Every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between the
smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.
In the case of the φ44 theory the evolution of the coupling constant λ under
change of scale is mainly due to the first non trivial one-particle irreducible
graph

dλi
−λi−1 = −λi + β(−λi )2 , = +β(λi )2 ,
di

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The flow
Every ”high” subgraph looks more and more local as the gap between the
smallest internal and the largest external scale grows.
In the case of the φ44 theory the evolution of the coupling constant λ under
change of scale is mainly due to the first non trivial one-particle irreducible
graph

dλi
−λi−1 = −λi + β(−λi )2 , = +β(λi )2 ,
di
19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

Expressing the perturbation theory in terms of the last (renormalized)

coupling leads to the renormalized expansion.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

Expressing the perturbation theory in terms of the last (renormalized)

coupling leads to the renormalized expansion.
The renormalized expansion requires some complicated book-keeping
(Zimmermann’s forests, Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra).

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

Expressing the perturbation theory in terms of the last (renormalized)

coupling leads to the renormalized expansion.
The renormalized expansion requires some complicated book-keeping
(Zimmermann’s forests, Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra).
It subtracts local pieces of divergent subgraphs irrespective of whether
they are high or not.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

Expressing the perturbation theory in terms of the last (renormalized)

coupling leads to the renormalized expansion.
The renormalized expansion requires some complicated book-keeping
(Zimmermann’s forests, Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra).
It subtracts local pieces of divergent subgraphs irrespective of whether
they are high or not.
There is a price to pay, called renormalons.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalons

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalons

Let us write the bubble graph in momentum space

1
Z
AG (k) = d 4 p 2
(p + m )(p + k)2 + m2 )
2

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalons

Let us write the bubble graph in momentum space

1
Z
AG (k) = d 4 p 2
(p + m )(p + k)2 + m2 )
2

1 1
Z Z
4
Aeff
G (k) = d p 2 −
(p + m2 )(p + k)2 + m2 ) |p|≥|k| (p 2 + m2 )2
is bounded: |Aeff
G (k)| ≤ const.

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalons

Let us write the bubble graph in momentum space

1
Z
AG (k) = d 4 p 2
(p + m )(p + k)2 + m2 )
2

1 1
Z Z
4
Aeff
G (k) = d p 2 −
(p + m2 )(p + k)2 + m2 ) |p|≥|k| (p 2 + m2 )2
is bounded: |Aeff
G (k)| ≤ const.

1 1
Z Z
4
Aren
G (k) = d p −
(p 2 + m2 )(p + k)2 + m2 ) (p 2 + m2 )2

is finite but unbounded: |Aeff

G (k)| ∼|k|→∞ c log |k/m|.

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalons, II

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Renormalons, II

A chain of n such graphs as above behaves as [log |q|]n . Inserting them in a

convergent loop leads to a total amplitude of Pn

d 4q
Z
[log |q|]n 2 ≃n→∞ c n n!
[q + m2 ]3

which cannot be summed over n.

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

Expressing the theory in terms of all the running couplings leads to the
effective expansion (which is not a power series in a single coupling).

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

Expressing the theory in terms of all the running couplings leads to the
effective expansion (which is not a power series in a single coupling).
Because there is a single forest subtracted there is no book-keeping,
(no need for Zimmermann’s forests nor Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebras)

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Effective versus renormalized series

Expressing the theory in terms of all the running couplings leads to the
effective expansion (which is not a power series in a single coupling).
Because there is a single forest subtracted there is no book-keeping,
(no need for Zimmermann’s forests nor Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebras)
There are also no renormalons, so the effective expansion is good for
constructive purpose.

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The unavoidable Landau ghost?

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The unavoidable Landau ghost?

In the case of the φ44 theory the evolution of the coupling constant λ under
change of scale is mainly due to the first non trivial one-particle irreducible
graph we already saw.

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The unavoidable Landau ghost?

In the case of the φ44 theory the evolution of the coupling constant λ under
change of scale is mainly due to the first non trivial one-particle irreducible
graph we already saw.

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The unavoidable Landau ghost?

In the case of the φ44 theory the evolution of the coupling constant λ under
change of scale is mainly due to the first non trivial one-particle irreducible
graph we already saw.

It gives the flow equation

dλi
−λi−1 = −λi + β(−λi )2 , = +β(λi )2 , (2.11)
di
whose sign cannot be changed without losing stability.This flow diverges in
a finite time!

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The unavoidable Landau ghost?

In the case of the φ44 theory the evolution of the coupling constant λ under
change of scale is mainly due to the first non trivial one-particle irreducible
graph we already saw.

It gives the flow equation

dλi
−λi−1 = −λi + β(−λi )2 , = +β(λi )2 , (2.11)
di
whose sign cannot be changed without losing stability.This flow diverges in
a finite time! In the 60’s all known field theories sufferered from this
Landau ghost.

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Asymptotic Freedom

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Asymptotic Freedom
In fact field theory and renormalization made in the early 70’s a spectacular
comeback:

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Asymptotic Freedom
In fact field theory and renormalization made in the early 70’s a spectacular
comeback:
Weinberg and Salam unified the weak and electromagnetic interactions
into the formalism of Yang and Mills of non-Abelian gauge theories,
which are based on an internal non commutative symmetry.

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Asymptotic Freedom
In fact field theory and renormalization made in the early 70’s a spectacular
comeback:
Weinberg and Salam unified the weak and electromagnetic interactions
into the formalism of Yang and Mills of non-Abelian gauge theories,
which are based on an internal non commutative symmetry.
’tHooft and Veltmann succeeded to show that these theories are still
renormalisable. They used a new technical tool calleddimensional
renormalization.

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Asymptotic Freedom
In fact field theory and renormalization made in the early 70’s a spectacular
comeback:
Weinberg and Salam unified the weak and electromagnetic interactions
into the formalism of Yang and Mills of non-Abelian gauge theories,
which are based on an internal non commutative symmetry.
’tHooft and Veltmann succeeded to show that these theories are still
renormalisable. They used a new technical tool calleddimensional
renormalization.
’t Hooft (1972, unpublished), Politzer, Gross and Wilczek (1973)
discovered that these theories did not suffer from the Landau ghost.
Gross and Wilczek then developed a theory of this type, QCD to
describe strong interactions (nuclear forces).

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Asymptotic Freedom
In fact field theory and renormalization made in the early 70’s a spectacular
comeback:
Weinberg and Salam unified the weak and electromagnetic interactions
into the formalism of Yang and Mills of non-Abelian gauge theories,
which are based on an internal non commutative symmetry.
’tHooft and Veltmann succeeded to show that these theories are still
renormalisable. They used a new technical tool calleddimensional
renormalization.
’t Hooft (1972, unpublished), Politzer, Gross and Wilczek (1973)
discovered that these theories did not suffer from the Landau ghost.
Gross and Wilczek then developed a theory of this type, QCD to
describe strong interactions (nuclear forces).
Around the same time K. Wilson enlarged considerably the realm of
renormalization, under the name of the renormalization group.

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Asymptotic Freedom
In fact field theory and renormalization made in the early 70’s a spectacular
comeback:
Weinberg and Salam unified the weak and electromagnetic interactions
into the formalism of Yang and Mills of non-Abelian gauge theories,
which are based on an internal non commutative symmetry.
’tHooft and Veltmann succeeded to show that these theories are still
renormalisable. They used a new technical tool calleddimensional
renormalization.
’t Hooft (1972, unpublished), Politzer, Gross and Wilczek (1973)
discovered that these theories did not suffer from the Landau ghost.
Gross and Wilczek then developed a theory of this type, QCD to
describe strong interactions (nuclear forces).
Around the same time K. Wilson enlarged considerably the realm of
renormalization, under the name of the renormalization group.
Happy end, all the people in red in this page got the Nobel prize...
25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive Theory

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive Theory

Functional integration looks good for global stability bounds

4
(| e −λφ dµ(φ)| ≤ 1)
R

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive Theory

Functional integration looks good for global stability bounds

4
(| e −λφ dµ(φ)| ≤ 1) but bad to compute connected functions
R

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive Theory

Functional integration looks good for global stability bounds

4
(| e −λφ dµ(φ)| ≤ 1) but bad to compute connected functions
R

Feynman graphs have the opposite properties. Connectivity is read

easily on Feynman graphs, but these graphs proliferate too fast at
large order for convergence

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive Theory

Functional integration looks good for global stability bounds

4
(| e −λφ dµ(φ)| ≤ 1) but bad to compute connected functions
R

Feynman graphs have the opposite properties. Connectivity is read

easily on Feynman graphs, but these graphs proliferate too fast at
large order for convergence
Constructive theory is a search for a good compromise between functional
integral and Feynman graphs.

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive Theory

Functional integration looks good for global stability bounds

4
(| e −λφ dµ(φ)| ≤ 1) but bad to compute connected functions
R

Feynman graphs have the opposite properties. Connectivity is read

easily on Feynman graphs, but these graphs proliferate too fast at
large order for convergence
Constructive theory is a search for a good compromise between functional
integral and Feynman graphs.
Trees are at the core of this compromise because they are not too many
and they ensure connectedness. Cycles/loops should be kept in functional
integral form. So constructive theory is about finding trees and resumming
loops.

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A partial history of constructive field theory

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A partial history of constructive field theory

70’s: superrenormalizable theories, eg φ42 , φ43 ... with non-canonical
cluster and Mayer expansions (lattices of cubes...)

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A partial history of constructive field theory

70’s: superrenormalizable theories, eg φ42 , φ43 ... with non-canonical
cluster and Mayer expansions (lattices of cubes...)
80’s: tools generalized into multiscale expansions to treat
renormalizable theories such as GN2 .

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A partial history of constructive field theory

70’s: superrenormalizable theories, eg φ42 , φ43 ... with non-canonical
cluster and Mayer expansions (lattices of cubes...)
80’s: tools generalized into multiscale expansions to treat
renormalizable theories such as GN2 .
Many applications developed in statistical mechanics

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A partial history of constructive field theory

70’s: superrenormalizable theories, eg φ42 , φ43 ... with non-canonical
cluster and Mayer expansions (lattices of cubes...)
80’s: tools generalized into multiscale expansions to treat
renormalizable theories such as GN2 .
Many applications developed in statistical mechanics
90’s: cluster expansions were realized unnecessary for Fermions. This
simplification was important to constructive analysis of interacting
Fermions in condensed matter, with many results in the 00’s.

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A partial history of constructive field theory

70’s: superrenormalizable theories, eg φ42 , φ43 ... with non-canonical
cluster and Mayer expansions (lattices of cubes...)
80’s: tools generalized into multiscale expansions to treat
renormalizable theories such as GN2 .
Many applications developed in statistical mechanics
90’s: cluster expansions were realized unnecessary for Fermions. This
simplification was important to constructive analysis of interacting
Fermions in condensed matter, with many results in the 00’s.
in the late 00’s new canonical methods have been found to dispense of
cluster/Mayer expansions for Bosons as well (loop vertex expansions,
tree QFT...) and new domains opened (NCQFT, Quantum Gravity...)

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A partial history of constructive field theory

70’s: superrenormalizable theories, eg φ42 , φ43 ... with non-canonical
cluster and Mayer expansions (lattices of cubes...)
80’s: tools generalized into multiscale expansions to treat
renormalizable theories such as GN2 .
Many applications developed in statistical mechanics
90’s: cluster expansions were realized unnecessary for Fermions. This
simplification was important to constructive analysis of interacting
Fermions in condensed matter, with many results in the 00’s.
in the late 00’s new canonical methods have been found to dispense of
cluster/Mayer expansions for Bosons as well (loop vertex expansions,
tree QFT...) and new domains opened (NCQFT, Quantum Gravity...)
Still no full-fledged constructive four dimensional field theory
completed. φ44 has a Landau ghost, non-Abelian gauge theory has
Gribov ambiguities and infrared confinement (1M$ problem...). →
Grosse-Wulkenhaar model
27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive QFT in Single Slid(c)e

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive QFT in Single Slid(c)e

Perturbative QFT X
S= AG
G

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive QFT in Single Slid(c)e

Perturbative QFT X
S= AG
G

Problem: it does not converge:

X
|AG | = +∞
G

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive QFT in Single Slid(c)e

Perturbative QFT X
S= AG
G

Problem: it does not converge:

X
|AG | = +∞
G

Constructive QFT = clever rewriting

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive QFT in Single Slid(c)e

Perturbative QFT X
S= AG
G

Problem: it does not converge:

X
|AG | = +∞
G

Constructive QFT = clever rewriting

X
S= AT
T

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive QFT in Single Slid(c)e

Perturbative QFT X
S= AG
G

Problem: it does not converge:

X
|AG | = +∞
G

Constructive QFT = clever rewriting

X
S= AT
T

Solution: it converges! X
|AT | < +∞
T

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive rewriting

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive rewriting

The forest formula provides canonical barycentric weights w (G , T ) for the

various trees T in a connected graph G .

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive rewriting

The forest formula provides canonical barycentric weights w (G , T ) for the

various trees T in a connected graph G .
Z 1 Y Y
w (G , T ) = dwℓ xℓT ({w })
0 ℓ∈T ℓ6∈T

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive rewriting

The forest formula provides canonical barycentric weights w (G , T ) for the

various trees T in a connected graph G .
Z 1 Y Y
w (G , T ) = dwℓ xℓT ({w })
0 ℓ∈T ℓ6∈T

xℓT ({w }) = inf′ wℓ′ , ℓ′ ∈ {unique path in T joining ends of ℓ}

ℓ

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Constructive rewriting

The forest formula provides canonical barycentric weights w (G , T ) for the

various trees T in a connected graph G .
Z 1 Y Y
w (G , T ) = dwℓ xℓT ({w })
0 ℓ∈T ℓ6∈T

xℓT ({w }) = inf′ wℓ′ , ℓ′ ∈ {unique path in T joining ends of ℓ}

ℓ

Barycentric weights means

X
w (G , T ) = 1 ∀G .
T ∈G

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

An Example

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

An Example
v2
11

v1 l3 l4

l2
v3

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

An Example
v2
11

v1 l3 l4

l2
v3

Z 1 Z 1
w (G , T12 ) = dw1 dw2 [inf(w1 , w2 )]2 = 1/6
0 0

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

An Example
v2
11

v1 l3 l4

l2
v3

Z 1 Z 1
w (G , T12 ) = dw1 dw2 [inf(w1 , w2 )]2 = 1/6
0 0

w (G , T13 ) = w (G , T14 ) = w (G , T23 ) = w (G , T24 )

Z 1 Z 1
 
= dw1 dw3 inf(w1 , w3 ) w3 = 5/24
0 0

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

An Example
v2
11

v1 l3 l4

l2
v3

Z 1 Z 1
w (G , T12 ) = dw1 dw2 [inf(w1 , w2 )]2 = 1/6
0 0

w (G , T13 ) = w (G , T14 ) = w (G , T23 ) = w (G , T24 )

Z 1 Z 1
 
= dw1 dw3 inf(w1 , w3 ) w3 = 5/24
0 0

1 5
+4· =1
6 24
30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Fermions/Bosons

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Fermions/Bosons

The constructive rewriting is nothing but

X X  X X
S= w (G , T ) AG = AT , AT = w (G , T )AG
G T ⊂G T G ⊃T

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Fermions/Bosons

The constructive rewriting is nothing but

X X  X X
S= w (G , T ) AG = AT , AT = w (G , T )AG
G T ⊂G T G ⊃T

For Fermions one can apply this method directly to the graphs of the
ordinary perturbative expansion.

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Fermions/Bosons

The constructive rewriting is nothing but

X X  X X
S= w (G , T ) AG = AT , AT = w (G , T )AG
G T ⊂G T G ⊃T

For Fermions one can apply this method directly to the graphs of the
ordinary perturbative expansion.
For Bosons one should apply this method to the graphs of the intermediate
field expansion (Loop Vertex Expansion).

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The Forest Formula or “constructive swiss knife”

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The Forest Formula or “constructive swiss knife”

Let F be a smooth function of n(n − 1)/2 line variables xℓ , ℓ = (i, j),

1 ≤ i < j ≤ n. The forest formula states
X Y Z 1  Y
∂

F x F ({w }) , where
  
F (1, ..., 1) = dwℓ
0 ∂xℓ
F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The Forest Formula or “constructive swiss knife”

Let F be a smooth function of n(n − 1)/2 line variables xℓ , ℓ = (i, j),

1 ≤ i < j ≤ n. The forest formula states
X Y Z 1  Y
∂

F x F ({w }) , where
  
F (1, ..., 1) = dwℓ
0 ∂xℓ
F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F

the sum over F is over all forests over n vertices,

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The Forest Formula or “constructive swiss knife”

Let F be a smooth function of n(n − 1)/2 line variables xℓ , ℓ = (i, j),

1 ≤ i < j ≤ n. The forest formula states
X Y Z 1  Y
∂

F x F ({w }) , where
  
F (1, ..., 1) = dwℓ
0 ∂xℓ
F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F

the sum over F is over all forests over n vertices,

the ‘weakening parameter” xℓF ({w }) is 0 if ℓ = (i, j) with i and j in
different connected components with respect to F; otherwise it is the
infimum of the wℓ′ for ℓ′ running over the unique path from i to j in F.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The Forest Formula or “constructive swiss knife”

Let F be a smooth function of n(n − 1)/2 line variables xℓ , ℓ = (i, j),

1 ≤ i < j ≤ n. The forest formula states
X Y Z 1  Y
∂

F x F ({w }) , where
  
F (1, ..., 1) = dwℓ
0 ∂xℓ
F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F

the sum over F is over all forests over n vertices,

the ‘weakening parameter” xℓF ({w }) is 0 if ℓ = (i, j) with i and j in
different connected components with respect to F; otherwise it is the
infimum of the wℓ′ for ℓ′ running over the unique path from i to j in F.
F ({w }) (completed by 1 on
Furthermore the real symmetric matrix xi,j
the diagonal i = j) is positive.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

The Forest Formula or “constructive swiss knife”

Let F be a smooth function of n(n − 1)/2 line variables xℓ , ℓ = (i, j),

1 ≤ i < j ≤ n. The forest formula states
X Y Z 1  Y
∂

F x F ({w }) , where
  
F (1, ..., 1) = dwℓ
0 ∂xℓ
F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F

the sum over F is over all forests over n vertices,

the ‘weakening parameter” xℓF ({w }) is 0 if ℓ = (i, j) with i and j in
different connected components with respect to F; otherwise it is the
infimum of the wℓ′ for ℓ′ running over the unique path from i to j in F.
F ({w }) (completed by 1 on
Furthermore the real symmetric matrix xi,j
the diagonal i = j) is positive.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Five different ways to compute a log

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Five different ways to compute a log

Z +∞
4 −x 2 /2 dx
F (λ) = e −λx √
−∞ 2π
is Borel summable. How to compute G (λ) = log F (λ) (and prove it is also
Borel summable)?

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Five different ways to compute a log

Z +∞
4 −x 2 /2 dx
F (λ) = e −λx √
−∞ 2π
is Borel summable. How to compute G (λ) = log F (λ) (and prove it is also
Borel summable)?
Composition of series (XIXth century)

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Five different ways to compute a log

Z +∞
4 −x 2 /2 dx
F (λ) = e −λx √
−∞ 2π
is Borel summable. How to compute G (λ) = log F (λ) (and prove it is also
Borel summable)?
Composition of series (XIXth century)
A la Feynman (1950)

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Five different ways to compute a log

Z +∞
4 −x 2 /2 dx
F (λ) = e −λx √
−∞ 2π
is Borel summable. How to compute G (λ) = log F (λ) (and prove it is also
Borel summable)?
Composition of series (XIXth century)
A la Feynman (1950)
‘Classical Constructive”, à la Glimm-Jaffe-Spencer (1970...)

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Five different ways to compute a log

Z +∞
4 −x 2 /2 dx
F (λ) = e −λx √
−∞ 2π
is Borel summable. How to compute G (λ) = log F (λ) (and prove it is also
Borel summable)?
Composition of series (XIXth century)
A la Feynman (1950)
‘Classical Constructive”, à la Glimm-Jaffe-Spencer (1970...)
With loop vertices (2007)...

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Five different ways to compute a log

Z +∞
4 −x 2 /2 dx
F (λ) = e −λx √
−∞ 2π
is Borel summable. How to compute G (λ) = log F (λ) (and prove it is also
Borel summable)?
Composition of series (XIXth century)
A la Feynman (1950)
‘Classical Constructive”, à la Glimm-Jaffe-Spencer (1970...)
With loop vertices (2007)...
Tree QFT (2008)...

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Borel Summability

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Borel Summability

Borel summability of a series an means existence of a function f with two

properties

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Borel Summability

Borel summability of a series an means existence of a function f with two

properties
Analyticity in a disk tangent at the origin to the imaginary axis

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Borel Summability

Borel summability of a series an means existence of a function f with two

properties
Analyticity in a disk tangent at the origin to the imaginary axis
plus uniform remainder estimates:
N
X
|f (λ) − an λn | ≤ K N |λ|N+1 N! (4.12)
n=0

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Borel Summability

Borel summability of a series an means existence of a function f with two

properties
Analyticity in a disk tangent at the origin to the imaginary axis
plus uniform remainder estimates:
N
X
|f (λ) − an λn | ≤ K N |λ|N+1 N! (4.12)
n=0

Given any series an , there is at most one such function f . When there is
one, it is called the Borel sum, and it can be computed from the series to
arbitrary accuracy.

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Composition of series

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Composition of series

X (4p)!!
F = 1 + H, H = ap (−λ)p , ap =
p!
p≥1
∞
X xn
log(1 + x) = (−1)n+1
n
n=1
∞
X H(λ)n X
G = (−1)n+1 = bk (−λ)k ,
n
n=1 k≥1
k
X (−1)n+1 X Y (4pj )!!
bk =
n pj !
n=1 p1 ,..,pn ≥1 j
p1 +...+pn =k

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Composition of series

X (4p)!!
F = 1 + H, H = ap (−λ)p , ap =
p!
p≥1
∞
X xn
log(1 + x) = (−1)n+1
n
n=1
∞
X H(λ)n X
G = (−1)n+1 = bk (−λ)k ,
n
n=1 k≥1
k
X (−1)n+1 X Y (4pj )!!
bk =
n pj !
n=1 p1 ,..,pn ≥1 j
p1 +...+pn =k

Borel summability is unclear. Even the sign of bk is unclear.

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A la Feynman

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A la Feynman

X 1
F = 1 + H, H = ap (−λ)p , ap = #{vacuum graphs on p vertices}
p!
p≥1

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A la Feynman

X 1
F = 1 + H, H = ap (−λ)p , ap = #{vacuum graphs on p vertices}
p!
p≥1

∞
X 1
G = (−λ)k bk , bk = #{vacuum connected graphs on k vertices}
k!
k=1

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A la Feynman

X 1
F = 1 + H, H = ap (−λ)p , ap = #{vacuum graphs on p vertices}
p!
p≥1

∞
X 1
G = (−λ)k bk , bk = #{vacuum connected graphs on k vertices}
k!
k=1

b1 = 3, b2 = 48, b3 = 1584...

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

A la Feynman

X 1
F = 1 + H, H = ap (−λ)p , ap = #{vacuum graphs on p vertices}
p!
p≥1

∞
X 1
G = (−λ)k bk , bk = #{vacuum connected graphs on k vertices}
k!
k=1

b1 = 3, b2 = 48, b3 = 1584...

Borel summability unclear. bk ≥ 0 clear.

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive

37
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive

Cluster expansion = Taylor-Lagrange expansion of the functional integral:

Z 1 Z +∞
4 2 dx
F = 1 + H, H = −λ dt x 4 e −λtx −x /2 √
0 −∞ 2π

37
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive

Cluster expansion = Taylor-Lagrange expansion of the functional integral:

Z 1 Z +∞
4 2 dx
F = 1 + H, H = −λ dt x 4 e −λtx −x /2 √
0 −∞ 2π
R1 R +∞ 4 2
Mayer expansion: define Hi = −λ 0 dt −∞ xi4 e −λtxi −xi /2 √dx2πi = H ∀i,
εij = 0 ∀i, j and write
∞ Y
X n Y
F =1+H = Hi (λ) εij
n=0 i=1 1≤i<j≤n

Defining ηij = −1, εij = 1 + ηij = 1 + xij ηij |xij =1 and apply swiss knife.

37
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive Field Theory, II

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive Field Theory, II

∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓF ({w })
   
F = Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=0 F i=1 ℓ∈F ℓ6∈F

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive Field Theory, II

∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓF ({w })
   
F = Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=0 F i=1 ℓ∈F ℓ6∈F
∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓT ({w })
   
G= Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=1 T i=1 ℓ∈T ℓ6∈T

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive Field Theory, II

∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓF ({w })
   
F = Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=0 F i=1 ℓ∈F ℓ6∈F
∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓT ({w })
   
G= Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=1 T i=1 ℓ∈T ℓ6∈T

where the second sum runs over trees!

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive Field Theory, II

∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓF ({w })
   
F = Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=0 F i=1 ℓ∈F ℓ6∈F
∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓT ({w })
   
G= Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=1 T i=1 ℓ∈T ℓ6∈T

where the second sum runs over trees!

R
Convergence easy because each Hi contains a different ”copy” dxi of
functional integration.

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Classical Constructive Field Theory, II

∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓF ({w })
   
F = Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=0 F i=1 ℓ∈F ℓ6∈F
∞ n Y Z 1 Y
X 1 XY
1 + ηℓ xℓT ({w })
   
G= Hi (λ) dwℓ ηℓ
n! 0
n=1 T i=1 ℓ∈T ℓ6∈T

where the second sum runs over trees!

R
Convergence easy because each Hi contains a different ”copy” dxi of
functional integration.
Borel summability now easy from the Borel summability of H. But this
method does not extend to noncommutative theory.

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices

39
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices

Intermediate field representation

39
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices

Intermediate field representation

Z +∞ Z +∞ Z +∞ √
4 2 dx 2 2 2 dx dσ
F = e −λx −x /2 √ = e −i 2λσx −x /2−σ /2 √ √
−∞ 2π −∞ −∞ 2π 2π
Z +∞ √
1 2 dσ
= e − 2 log[1+i 8λσ]−σ /2 √
−∞ 2π
Z +∞ X ∞ n
V
= dµ(σ) (4.13)
−∞ n!
n=0

39
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices

Intermediate field representation

Z +∞ Z +∞ Z +∞ √
4 2 dx 2 2 2 dx dσ
F = e −λx −x /2 √ = e −i 2λσx −x /2−σ /2 √ √
−∞ 2π −∞ −∞ 2π 2π
Z +∞ √
1 2 dσ
= e − 2 log[1+i 8λσ]−σ /2 √
−∞ 2π
Z +∞ X ∞ n
V
= dµ(σ) (4.13)
−∞ n!
n=0
Qn
Apply swiss knife by making copies: V n (σ) → i=1 Vi (σi ),
dµ(σ) → dµC ({σi }), Cij = 1 = xij |xij =1 .

39
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices, II

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices, II

∞ n
1 X Y 1
 Z  Y 
∂ ∂ Y
X Z

F = dwℓ V (σi ) dµC F
n! 0 ∂σi(ℓ) ∂σj(ℓ)
n=0 F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F i=1

where CijF = xℓF ({w }) if i < j, CiiF = 1.

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices, II

∞ n
1 X Y 1
 Z  Y 
∂ ∂ Y
X Z

F = dwℓ V (σi ) dµC F
n! 0 ∂σi(ℓ) ∂σj(ℓ)
n=0 F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F i=1

where CijF = xℓF ({w }) if i < j, CiiF = 1.

∞ n
1 X Y 1
 Z  Y 
∂ ∂ Y
X Z

G= dwℓ V (σi ) dµC T
n! 0 ∂σi(ℓ) ∂σj(ℓ)
n=1 T ℓ∈T ℓ∈T i=1

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Loop Vertices, II

∞ n
1 X Y 1
 Z  Y 
∂ ∂ Y
X Z

F = dwℓ V (σi ) dµC F
n! 0 ∂σi(ℓ) ∂σj(ℓ)
n=0 F ℓ∈F ℓ∈F i=1

where CijF = xℓF ({w }) if i < j, CiiF = 1.

∞ n
1 X Y 1
 Z  Y 
∂ ∂ Y
X Z

G= dwℓ V (σi ) dµC T
n! 0 ∂σi(ℓ) ∂σj(ℓ)
n=1 T ℓ∈T ℓ∈T i=1

where the second sum runs over trees!

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Advantages

41
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Advantages

One can picture the result as a sum over trees on loops, or ”cacti”. Since

∂k √ √ √
k
log[1 + i 8λσ] = −(k − 1)!(−i 8λ)k [1 + i 8λσ]−k ,
∂σ

41
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Advantages

One can picture the result as a sum over trees on loops, or ”cacti”. Since

∂k √ √ √
k
log[1 + i 8λσ] = −(k − 1)!(−i 8λ)k [1 + i 8λσ]−k ,
∂σ

√
Convergence is easy because |[1 + i 8λσ]−k | ≤ 1.

41
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Advantages

One can picture the result as a sum over trees on loops, or ”cacti”. Since

∂k √ √ √
k
log[1 + i 8λσ] = −(k − 1)!(−i 8λ)k [1 + i 8λσ]−k ,
∂σ

√
Convergence is easy because |[1 + i 8λσ]−k | ≤ 1.
Borel summability is easy.

41
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Advantages

One can picture the result as a sum over trees on loops, or ”cacti”. Since

∂k √ √ √
k
log[1 + i 8λσ] = −(k − 1)!(−i 8λ)k [1 + i 8λσ]−k ,
∂σ

√
Convergence is easy because |[1 + i 8λσ]−k | ≤ 1.
Borel summability is easy.
This method extends to non commutative field theory.

41
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

42
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

This new axiomatic approach, initiated by Gurau-Magnen-R., is based on
canonical objects independent on any space-time background.

42
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

This new axiomatic approach, initiated by Gurau-Magnen-R., is based on
canonical objects independent on any space-time background.
the universal space E algebraic span of marked trees,

42
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

This new axiomatic approach, initiated by Gurau-Magnen-R., is based on
canonical objects independent on any space-time background.
the universal space E algebraic span of marked trees,
the canonical (BKAR) forest formula,

42
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

This new axiomatic approach, initiated by Gurau-Magnen-R., is based on
canonical objects independent on any space-time background.
the universal space E algebraic span of marked trees,
the canonical (BKAR) forest formula,
a positive operator H, which glues one more branch on any tree:

42
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

This new axiomatic approach, initiated by Gurau-Magnen-R., is based on
canonical objects independent on any space-time background.
the universal space E algebraic span of marked trees,
the canonical (BKAR) forest formula,
a positive operator H, which glues one more branch on any tree:

* x
=
x

42
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

This new axiomatic approach, initiated by Gurau-Magnen-R., is based on
canonical objects independent on any space-time background.
the universal space E algebraic span of marked trees,
the canonical (BKAR) forest formula,
a positive operator H, which glues one more branch on any tree:

* x
=
x

Each QFT corresponds to a scalar product on E through the tree formula.

1
Correlation functions are expressed in terms of the resolvent 1+H .

42
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010 Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
What is quantum field theory? Renormalization Constructive tools Constructive theory in zero dimension

Tree Quantum Field Theory

This new axiomatic approach, initiated by Gurau-Magnen-R., is based on
canonical objects independent on any space-time background.
the universal space E algebraic span of marked trees,
the canonical (BKAR) forest formula,
a positive operator H, which glues one more branch on any tree:

* x
=
x

Each QFT corresponds to a scalar product on E through the tree formula.

1
Correlation functions are expressed in terms of the resolvent 1+H .
This formalism still in development could eg allow continuous interpolation
between QFT’s (even in different space-time dimensions).
42
Renormalization and Condensed Matter

Vincent Rivasseau

LPT Orsay

Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II

Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann variables

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann variables
Independent Grassmann variables ψ1 , ..., ψn satisfy complete
anticommutation relations

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann variables
Independent Grassmann variables ψ1 , ..., ψn satisfy complete
anticommutation relations

ψi ψj = −ψj ψi ∀i, j

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann variables
Independent Grassmann variables ψ1 , ..., ψn satisfy complete
anticommutation relations

ψi ψj = −ψj ψi ∀i, j

plus a rule called Grassmann integration which is

Z Z
dψi = 0, ψi dψi = 1.

and the rule that dψ symbols also anticommute between themselves and
with all ψ variables.

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann variables
Independent Grassmann variables ψ1 , ..., ψn satisfy complete
anticommutation relations

ψi ψj = −ψj ψi ∀i, j

plus a rule called Grassmann integration which is

Z Z
dψi = 0, ψi dψi = 1.

and the rule that dψ symbols also anticommute between themselves and
with all ψ variables.
Any function of Grassmann variables is a polynomial with highest
degree one in each variable.

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann variables
Independent Grassmann variables ψ1 , ..., ψn satisfy complete
anticommutation relations

ψi ψj = −ψj ψi ∀i, j

plus a rule called Grassmann integration which is

Z Z
dψi = 0, ψi dψi = 1.

and the rule that dψ symbols also anticommute between themselves and
with all ψ variables.
Any function of Grassmann variables is a polynomial with highest
degree one in each variable.
Pfaffians and determinants can be nicely written as Grassmann
integrals.
2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants
The main important fact is that the determinant of any n by n matrix can
be expressed as a Grassmann Gaussian integral over 2n independent
Grassmann variables.

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants
The main important fact is that the determinant of any n by n matrix can
be expressed as a Grassmann Gaussian integral over 2n independent
Grassmann variables.
It is convenient to name these variables as ψ̄1 , . . . , ψ̄n , ψ1 , . . . , ψn , although
the bars have nothing to do with complex conjugation.

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants
The main important fact is that the determinant of any n by n matrix can
be expressed as a Grassmann Gaussian integral over 2n independent
Grassmann variables.
It is convenient to name these variables as ψ̄1 , . . . , ψ̄n , ψ1 , . . . , ψn , although
the bars have nothing to do with complex conjugation.
The formula is Z Y P
detM = d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
.
i

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants
The main important fact is that the determinant of any n by n matrix can
be expressed as a Grassmann Gaussian integral over 2n independent
Grassmann variables.
It is convenient to name these variables as ψ̄1 , . . . , ψ̄n , ψ1 , . . . , ψn , although
the bars have nothing to do with complex conjugation.
The formula is Z Y P
detM = d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
.
i

Remember that for ordinary commuting variables and a positive n by n

Hermitian matrix M

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants
The main important fact is that the determinant of any n by n matrix can
be expressed as a Grassmann Gaussian integral over 2n independent
Grassmann variables.
It is convenient to name these variables as ψ̄1 , . . . , ψ̄n , ψ1 , . . . , ψn , although
the bars have nothing to do with complex conjugation.
The formula is Z Y P
detM = d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
.
i

Remember that for ordinary commuting variables and a positive n by n

Hermitian matrix M
Z +∞ Y
1 P
− ij φ̄i Mij φj
d φ̄i dφi e = det−1 M.
π n −∞
i

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann Gaussian Integrals

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann Gaussian Integrals

Normalized Grassmann Gaussian measures may be written formally as

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann Gaussian Integrals

Normalized Grassmann Gaussian measures may be written formally as

P
d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
Q −1

dµM =RQ P .
d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
−1

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann Gaussian Integrals

Normalized Grassmann Gaussian measures may be written formally as

P
d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
Q −1

dµM =RQ P .
d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
−1

and again are characterized by their two point function or covariance

Z
ψ̄i ψj dµM = Mij .

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Grassmann Gaussian Integrals

Normalized Grassmann Gaussian measures may be written formally as

P
d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
Q −1

dµM =RQ P .
d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Mij ψj
−1

and again are characterized by their two point function or covariance

Z
ψ̄i ψj dµM = Mij .

plus the Grassmann-Wick rule that n-point functions are expressed as sum
over Wick contractions with signs.

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants

In short Grassmann Gaussian measures are simpler than ordinary Gaussian

measures for two main reasons:

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants

In short Grassmann Gaussian measures are simpler than ordinary Gaussian

measures for two main reasons:
Grassmann Gaussian measures are associated to any matrix M, there is
no positivity requirement for M like for ordinary Gaussian measures.

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Determinants

In short Grassmann Gaussian measures are simpler than ordinary Gaussian

measures for two main reasons:
Grassmann Gaussian measures are associated to any matrix M, there is
no positivity requirement for M like for ordinary Gaussian measures.
their normalization directly computes the determinant of M, not the
inverse (square-root of) the determinant of M. This is essential in
many areas where factoring out this determinant is desirable; it explains
in particular the success of Grassmann and supersymmetric functional
integrals in the study of disordered systems → Tom Spencer’s lectures.

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians
The Pfaffian Pf(A) of an antisymmetric matrix A is defined by

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians
The Pfaffian Pf(A) of an antisymmetric matrix A is defined by
detA = [Pf(A)]2 .

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians
The Pfaffian Pf(A) of an antisymmetric matrix A is defined by
detA = [Pf(A)]2 .
We can express the Pfaffian as:
Z Z
P 1 P
− i<j χi Aij χj
Pf(A) = dχ1 ...dχn e = dχ1 ...dχn e − 2 i,j χi Aij χj .

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians
The Pfaffian Pf(A) of an antisymmetric matrix A is defined by
detA = [Pf(A)]2 .
We can express the Pfaffian as:
Z Z
P 1 P
− i<j χi Aij χj
Pf(A) = dχ1 ...dχn e = dχ1 ...dχn e − 2 i,j χi Aij χj .

Indeed we write Z Y P
detA = d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Aij ψj
.
i

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians
The Pfaffian Pf(A) of an antisymmetric matrix A is defined by
detA = [Pf(A)]2 .
We can express the Pfaffian as:
Z Z
P 1 P
− i<j χi Aij χj
Pf(A) = dχ1 ...dχn e = dχ1 ...dχn e − 2 i,j χi Aij χj .

Indeed we write Z Y P
detA = d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Aij ψj
.
i
Performing the change of variables (which a posteriori justifies the complex
notation)
1 1
ψ̄i = √ (χi − iωi ), ψi = √ (χi + iωi ),
2 2

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians
The Pfaffian Pf(A) of an antisymmetric matrix A is defined by
detA = [Pf(A)]2 .
We can express the Pfaffian as:
Z Z
P 1 P
− i<j χi Aij χj
Pf(A) = dχ1 ...dχn e = dχ1 ...dχn e − 2 i,j χi Aij χj .

Indeed we write Z Y P
detA = d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Aij ψj
.
i
Performing the change of variables (which a posteriori justifies the complex
notation)
1 1
ψ̄i = √ (χi − iωi ), ψi = √ (χi + iωi ),
2 2
shows why detA is a perfect square and proves the red formula.

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Pfaffians
The Pfaffian Pf(A) of an antisymmetric matrix A is defined by
detA = [Pf(A)]2 .
We can express the Pfaffian as:
Z Z
P 1 P
− i<j χi Aij χj
Pf(A) = dχ1 ...dχn e = dχ1 ...dχn e − 2 i,j χi Aij χj .

Indeed we write Z Y P
detA = d ψ̄i dψi e − ij ψ̄i Aij ψj
.
i
Performing the change of variables (which a posteriori justifies the complex
notation)
1 1
ψ̄i = √ (χi − iωi ), ψi = √ (χi + iωi ),
2 2
shows why detA is a perfect square and proves the red formula.
Reference on Grassmann calculus in QFT: J. Feldman, Renormalization
Group and Fermionic Functional Integrals.
6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Fields
The Hamiltonian Fock space formalism for electrons in condensed matter is
better reexpressed in terms of Grasmannian fields.

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Fields
The Hamiltonian Fock space formalism for electrons in condensed matter is
better reexpressed in terms of Grasmannian fields.
We consider independent Grasmmann valued fields ψ̄(ξ), ψ(ξ) with

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Fields
The Hamiltonian Fock space formalism for electrons in condensed matter is
better reexpressed in terms of Grasmannian fields.
We consider independent Grasmmann valued fields ψ̄(ξ), ψ(ξ) with

~ ~
ξ = (~x , t), ~x ∈ Rd , t ∈ [− , ].
kT kT

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Fields
The Hamiltonian Fock space formalism for electrons in condensed matter is
better reexpressed in terms of Grasmannian fields.
We consider independent Grasmmann valued fields ψ̄(ξ), ψ(ξ) with

~ ~
ξ = (~x , t), ~x ∈ Rd , t ∈ [− , ].
kT kT

The propagator is
1
Cab (k) = δab
ik0 − [ε(~k) − µ]
where a, b are the spin indices.

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Fields
The Hamiltonian Fock space formalism for electrons in condensed matter is
better reexpressed in terms of Grasmannian fields.
We consider independent Grasmmann valued fields ψ̄(ξ), ψ(ξ) with

~ ~
ξ = (~x , t), ~x ∈ Rd , t ∈ [− , ].
kT kT

The propagator is
1
Cab (k) = δab
ik0 − [ε(~k) − µ]
where a, b are the spin indices.
The momentum vector ~k has d spatial dimensions and ε(~k) is the energy
for a single electron of momentum ~k. The parameter µ corresponds to the
chemical potential. The (spatial) Fermi surface is the manifold ε(~k) = µ.
7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Jellium Model

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Jellium Model

For a jellium isotropic model the energy function is invariant under spatial
rotations
~k 2
ε(~k) =
2m

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Jellium Model

For a jellium isotropic model the energy function is invariant under spatial
rotations
~k 2
ε(~k) =
2m
where m is some effective or “dressed” electron mass. In this case the
Fermi surface is simply a sphere. This jellium isotropic model is realistic in
the limit of weak electron densities, where the Fermi surface becomes
approximately spherical.

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Jellium Model

For a jellium isotropic model the energy function is invariant under spatial
rotations
~k 2
ε(~k) =
2m
where m is some effective or “dressed” electron mass. In this case the
Fermi surface is simply a sphere. This jellium isotropic model is realistic in
the limit of weak electron densities, where the Fermi surface becomes
approximately spherical.
In general a propagator with a more complicated energy function ε(~k) has
to be considered to take into account eg the effect of the lattice of ions in a
solid.

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Hubbard model in d = 2, H2

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Hubbard model in d = 2, H2

The position variable x lives on the lattice Z2 , hence

ε(k) = cos k1 + cos k2

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Hubbard model in d = 2, H2

The position variable x lives on the lattice Z2 , hence

ε(k) = cos k1 + cos k2

!

"

"

!
! " # $ % $ # " !

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Hubbard model in d = 2, H2

The position variable x lives on the lattice Z2 , hence

ε(k) = cos k1 + cos k2

!

"

"

!
! " # $ % $ # " !

√
At µ = 0 the Fermi surface is a square of side size 2π, joining the points
(π, 0), (0, π) in the first Brillouin zone. The particle-hole symmetry makes
the Fermi surface invariant under RG flow.
9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Matsubara Frequencies

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Matsubara Frequencies

The Matsubara frequencies are:

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Matsubara Frequencies

The Matsubara frequencies are:

2n + 1
k0 = ± π
β~

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Matsubara Frequencies

The Matsubara frequencies are:

2n + 1
k0 = ± π
β~
so the integral over k0 is really a discrete sum over n.

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Matsubara Frequencies

The Matsubara frequencies are:

2n + 1
k0 = ± π
β~
so the integral over k0 is really a discrete sum over n.
For any n we have k0 6= 0, so that the denominator in C (k) can never be 0.
This is why the temperature provides a natural infrared cut-off. But when
T → 0, k0 becomes a continuous variable and the propagator diverges on
the “space-time” Fermi surface, defined by k0 = 0 and ε(~k) = µ.

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Interaction

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Interaction

The electron-electron interaction is complicated; in solids it is mostly due to

the underlying lattice (phonons). To study the long range behavior of the
system it can be efficiently modeled again by a local term:
Z X
SΛ = λ d d+1 ξ ( ψ̄a ψa )2 (ξ) .
Λ a∈{↑,↓}

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Interaction

The electron-electron interaction is complicated; in solids it is mostly due to

the underlying lattice (phonons). To study the long range behavior of the
system it can be efficiently modeled again by a local term:
Z X
SΛ = λ d d+1 ξ ( ψ̄a ψa )2 (ξ) .
Λ a∈{↑,↓}

Remark that this term is quite unique, as a, the spin index, takes only two
values.

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Renormalization in Condensed Matter

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Renormalization in Condensed Matter

The general renormalization ideas (slice decomposition, locality, power

counting) and even constructive techniques have to be subtly adapted to
the case the electrons of condensed matter.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Scale decomposition

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Scale decomposition

The scales are again defined by slicing gently the propagator according to
its spectrum. For instance:
∞
X fj (k)
C= Cj ; Cj (k) =
j=1 ik0 − (ε(~k) − µ)

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Scale decomposition

The scales are again defined by slicing gently the propagator according to
its spectrum. For instance:
∞
X fj (k)
C= Cj ; Cj (k) =
j=1 ik0 − (ε(~k) − µ)

where the slice function fj (k) effectively forces |ik0 − (ε(~k) − µ)| ∼ M −j ,
for some fixed parameter M > 1.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Slices around J2 Fermi Surface

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Slices around J2 Fermi Surface

These slices pinch more and more the Fermi surface as j → ∞.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Slices around J2 Fermi Surface

These slices pinch more and more the Fermi surface as j → ∞.

k2
k0

1 k1 -1 1 k2

k 1 =0
k0=0

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Slices around J2 Fermi Surface

These slices pinch more and more the Fermi surface as j → ∞.

k2
k0

1 k1 -1 1 k2

k 1 =0
k0=0

The multiscale analysis now relies on finding the subgraphs which have
internal scales j lower than external scales (analog of an infrared QFT
problem), to compute an effective theory for degrees of freedom closer and
closer to the Fermi surface.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!
Moving propagators around indeed leads to a non trivial phase factor:

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!
Moving propagators around indeed leads to a non trivial phase factor:
~ y ) ·~pF + (x −
Clow (y , ..) = Clow (x, ...) + [(x − ~ y ) · (∇
~ −~pF )]Clow (x, ...) + · · ·

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!
Moving propagators around indeed leads to a non trivial phase factor:
~ y ) ·~pF + (x −
Clow (y , ..) = Clow (x, ...) + [(x − ~ y ) · (∇
~ −~pF )]Clow (x, ...) + · · ·

However the most divergent part of eg the bubble graph

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!
Moving propagators around indeed leads to a non trivial phase factor:
~ y ) ·~pF + (x −
Clow (y , ..) = Clow (x, ...) + [(x − ~ y ) · (∇
~ −~pF )]Clow (x, ...) + · · ·

However the most divergent part of eg the bubble graph

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!
Moving propagators around indeed leads to a non trivial phase factor:
~ y ) ·~pF + (x −
Clow (y , ..) = Clow (x, ...) + [(x − ~ y ) · (∇
~ −~pF )]Clow (x, ...) + · · ·

However the most divergent part of eg the bubble graph

occurs when the two pairs of entering momenta at both ends approximately
adds to zero,

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!
Moving propagators around indeed leads to a non trivial phase factor:
~ y ) ·~pF + (x −
Clow (y , ..) = Clow (x, ...) + [(x − ~ y ) · (∇
~ −~pF )]Clow (x, ...) + · · ·

However the most divergent part of eg the bubble graph

occurs when the two pairs of entering momenta at both ends approximately
~ y ) and −~pF · (x −
adds to zero,in which case the two factors, ~pF · (x − ~ y ),
approximately cancel each other!

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle
It is surprising and subtle that the locality principle still holds!
Moving propagators around indeed leads to a non trivial phase factor:
~ y ) ·~pF + (x −
Clow (y , ..) = Clow (x, ...) + [(x − ~ y ) · (∇
~ −~pF )]Clow (x, ...) + · · ·

However the most divergent part of eg the bubble graph

occurs when the two pairs of entering momenta at both ends approximately
~ y ) and −~pF · (x −
adds to zero,in which case the two factors, ~pF · (x − ~ y ),
approximately cancel each other!
This is why the theory is still renormalizable.
15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle, II

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle, II

More precisely, in momentum space

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle, II

More precisely, in momentum space

1 1
Z
AG (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 ) = dk0 d ~k ~k 2 (~k+~q )2
ik0 + 2m − µ iη(k0 + q0 ) + 2m −µ

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle, II

More precisely, in momentum space

1 1
Z
AG (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 ) = dk0 d ~k ~k 2 (~k+~q )2
ik0 + 2m − µ iη(k0 + q0 ) + 2m −µ

where q = p1 + p2 = −(p3 + p4 ) and η = ±1, depending on the arrows for

the lines (from ψ̄ to ψ).

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle, II

More precisely, in momentum space

1 1
Z
AG (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 ) = dk0 d ~k ~k 2 (~k+~q )2
ik0 + 2m − µ iη(k0 + q0 ) + 2m −µ

where q = p1 + p2 = −(p3 + p4 ) and η = ±1, depending on the arrows for

the lines (from ψ̄ to ψ).
The maximal value occurs for q = 0 and arrows in the same direction
(η = −1). This algebraic combination corresponds to the so-called Cooper
pairs.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Locality Principle, II

More precisely, in momentum space

1 1
Z
AG (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 ) = dk0 d ~k ~k 2 (~k+~q )2
ik0 + 2m − µ iη(k0 + q0 ) + 2m −µ

where q = p1 + p2 = −(p3 + p4 ) and η = ±1, depending on the arrows for

the lines (from ψ̄ to ψ).
The maximal value occurs for q = 0 and arrows in the same direction
(η = −1). This algebraic combination corresponds to the so-called Cooper
pairs.
In the case of an attractive BCS interaction the main effect is growth of the
coupling constant with j and a small change in the Fermi radius.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Power Counting is Independent of Dimension

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Power Counting is Independent of Dimension

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Power Counting is Independent of Dimension

In fact power counting gives a just renormalizable theory in any dimension!

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Power Counting is Independent of Dimension

In fact power counting gives a just renormalizable theory in any dimension!

Since the slices are insensitive to the directions tangent to the Fermi
sphere, the theory has the power counting of a two dimensional model with
a 1/|p| kind of propagator and a φ4 kind of interaction, hence is just
renormalizable.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Power Counting is Independent of Dimension

In fact power counting gives a just renormalizable theory in any dimension!

Since the slices are insensitive to the directions tangent to the Fermi
sphere, the theory has the power counting of a two dimensional model with
a 1/|p| kind of propagator and a φ4 kind of interaction, hence is just
renormalizable.
More precisely in momentum representation a vacuum graph with n vertices
has n + 1 loop lines, hence n + 1 loop integrals, each over a M −2j volume;
and it has l = 2n propagators, each of which of size M j . The result is
neutral in n, which indicates just renormalizability.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The BCS phase transition

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The BCS phase transition

It occurs when the coupling constant become of order 1. The RG flow is

governed by the bubble B(p) and leads to an effective coupling

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The BCS phase transition

It occurs when the coupling constant become of order 1. The RG flow is

governed by the bubble B(p) and leads to an effective coupling

λeff = λbare /(1 − λbare B(p)).

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The BCS phase transition

It occurs when the coupling constant become of order 1. The RG flow is

governed by the bubble B(p) and leads to an effective coupling

λeff = λbare /(1 − λbare B(p)).

When λB(0) = 1 we get divergence. Expanding

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The BCS phase transition

It occurs when the coupling constant become of order 1. The RG flow is

governed by the bubble B(p) and leads to an effective coupling

λeff = λbare /(1 − λbare B(p)).

When λB(0) = 1 we get divergence. Expanding

λB(p) = 1 + p 2 λB”(0)...

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The BCS phase transition

It occurs when the coupling constant become of order 1. The RG flow is

governed by the bubble B(p) and leads to an effective coupling

λeff = λbare /(1 − λbare B(p)).

When λB(0) = 1 we get divergence. Expanding

λB(p) = 1 + p 2 λB”(0)...

we get the Cooper pair boson propagator in 1/λB”(0)p 2 , which has a

power counting depending of the dimension.

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

RG and Phase Transition

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

RG and Phase Transition

Expanding a theory around a given vacuum is a saddle point

approximation. The quadratic part, or Hessian approximation, defines
the propagators of the particles; the rest is their interactions.

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

RG and Phase Transition

Expanding a theory around a given vacuum is a saddle point

approximation. The quadratic part, or Hessian approximation, defines
the propagators of the particles; the rest is their interactions.
A phase transition can occur when the RG flow has moved the theory
out of the convergent region near the initial vacuum.

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

RG and Phase Transition

Expanding a theory around a given vacuum is a saddle point

approximation. The quadratic part, or Hessian approximation, defines
the propagators of the particles; the rest is their interactions.
A phase transition can occur when the RG flow has moved the theory
out of the convergent region near the initial vacuum.
This means that another saddle point (or orbit) has to be computed
with a different Hessian hence usually completely different particles
and physics.

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Some lessons to remember

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Some lessons to remember

Nature seems to love renormalizable theories!

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Some lessons to remember

Nature seems to love renormalizable theories!

Particles and even the nature of their associated renormalization group

can change completely across a phase transition!

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Fermi Liquid Problem

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Fermi Liquid Problem

Physics Textbooks Definition Says:

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Fermi Liquid Problem

Physics Textbooks Definition Says:
A Fermi liquid is an interacting system of Fermions whose density of states
at zero temperature, like in the free case, is discontinuous at a certain
value. This value is called the interacting Fermi radius.

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Fermi Liquid Problem

Physics Textbooks Definition Says:
A Fermi liquid is an interacting system of Fermions whose density of states
at zero temperature, like in the free case, is discontinuous at a certain
value. This value is called the interacting Fermi radius.

-. -

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Fermi Liquid Problem

Physics Textbooks Definition Says:
A Fermi liquid is an interacting system of Fermions whose density of states
at zero temperature, like in the free case, is discontinuous at a certain
value. This value is called the interacting Fermi radius.

-. -

Problem: this discontinuity never really occurs for parity-invariant models

because BCS or similar phase transition are generic at low temperatures
(Kohn-Luttinger).

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

The Fermi Liquid Problem

Physics Textbooks Definition Says:
A Fermi liquid is an interacting system of Fermions whose density of states
at zero temperature, like in the free case, is discontinuous at a certain
value. This value is called the interacting Fermi radius.

-. -

Problem: this discontinuity never really occurs for parity-invariant models

because BCS or similar phase transition are generic at low temperatures
(Kohn-Luttinger).
“An interacting Fermi liquid maybe a figment of the imagination” (P.W.
Anderson).
21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Salmhofer’s Criterion
Salmhofer proposed a useful mathematical criterion of Fermi liquid
behavior. Perhaps this is what the standard textbooks “had in mind”.

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Salmhofer’s Criterion
Salmhofer proposed a useful mathematical criterion of Fermi liquid
behavior. Perhaps this is what the standard textbooks “had in mind”.
/

>? >?
%
@A& @A&
%

* <

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Salmhofer’s Criterion
Salmhofer proposed a useful mathematical criterion of Fermi liquid
behavior. Perhaps this is what the standard textbooks “had in mind”.
/

>? >?
%
@A& @A&
%

* <

Salmhofer’s Criterion:

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Salmhofer’s Criterion
Salmhofer proposed a useful mathematical criterion of Fermi liquid
behavior. Perhaps this is what the standard textbooks “had in mind”.
/

>? >?
%
@A& @A&
%

* <

Salmhofer’s Criterion:

The Schwinger functions are analytic in λ in a domain

|λ| ≤ K /| log T |,

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Salmhofer’s Criterion
Salmhofer proposed a useful mathematical criterion of Fermi liquid
behavior. Perhaps this is what the standard textbooks “had in mind”.
/

>? >?
%
@A& @A&
%

* <

Salmhofer’s Criterion:

The Schwinger functions are analytic in λ in a domain

|λ| ≤ K /| log T |,
The self-energy as function of the momentum is bounded uniformly
together with its first and second derivatives in that domain.

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Salmhofer’s Criterion
Salmhofer proposed a useful mathematical criterion of Fermi liquid
behavior. Perhaps this is what the standard textbooks “had in mind”.
/

>? >?
%
@A& @A&
%

* <

Salmhofer’s Criterion:

The Schwinger functions are analytic in λ in a domain

|λ| ≤ K /| log T |,
The self-energy as function of the momentum is bounded uniformly
together with its first and second derivatives in that domain.
A key question after discovery of high Tc supraconductors was the
properties of 2 − d interacting Fermi liquids.
22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.
Consider eg a Fermionic d-dimensional QFT in an infrared slice with N
colors. Suppose the propagator is diagonal in color space and satisfies the
bound
M −dj/2 −M −j |x−y |
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab √ e
N

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.
Consider eg a Fermionic d-dimensional QFT in an infrared slice with N
colors. Suppose the propagator is diagonal in color space and satisfies the
bound
M −dj/2 −M −j |x−y |
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab √ e
N

We say that the interaction is of the vector type (or Gross-Neveu type) if it
is of the form
Z N
X N

X
ddx


V =λ ψ̄a (x)ψa (x) ψ̄b (x)ψb (x)
a=1 b=1

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.
Consider eg a Fermionic d-dimensional QFT in an infrared slice with N
colors. Suppose the propagator is diagonal in color space and satisfies the
bound
M −dj/2 −M −j |x−y |
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab √ e
N

We say that the interaction is of the vector type (or Gross-Neveu type) if it
is of the form
Z N
X N

X
ddx


V =λ ψ̄a (x)ψa (x) ψ̄b (x)ψb (x)
a=1 b=1

where λ is the coupling constant.

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy Fermionic Model, II

We claim that

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy Fermionic Model, II

We claim that
The perturbation theory for the connected functions of this single slice
model has a radius of convergence in λ which is uniform in j and N.

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Toy Fermionic Model, II

We claim that
The perturbation theory for the connected functions of this single slice
model has a radius of convergence in λ which is uniform in j and N.

The J2 model is roughly similar to that model with the role of colors
payed by N = M j angular sectors around the Fermi surface.

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

1
Z
dµC (ψ, ψ̄)e SΛ (ψ̄a ,ψa )


p = lim
Λ→∞ |Λ|

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

1
Z
dµC (ψ, ψ̄)e SΛ (ψ̄a ,ψa )


p = lim
Λ→∞ |Λ|

∞
X N
X XX YZ 1
n


= (λ /n!) ε(T , Ω) dwℓ
n=0 a1 ,...,an ,b1 ,...,bn =1 T Ω ℓ∈T 0

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

1
Z
dµC (ψ, ψ̄)e SΛ (ψ̄a ,ψa )


p = lim
Λ→∞ |Λ|

∞
X N
X XX YZ 1
n


= (λ /n!) ε(T , Ω) dwℓ
n=0 a1 ,...,an ,b1 ,...,bn =1 T Ω ℓ∈T 0
Z Y

dx1 ...dxn δ(x1 = 0) Cj,ab (xℓ , yℓ ) × det[Cj,ab ()]remaining
Rnd ℓ∈T

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

Cj (xk , ym ) < fj,k , gj,m >L2

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

Cj (xk , ym ) < fj,k , gj,m >L2

(this is realized through fj,k = fj (xk , ·) and gj,m = gj (·, ym ) if

fˆj (p).ĝj (p) = Ĉj (p)).

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

Cj (xk , ym ) < fj,k , gj,m >L2

(this is realized through fj,k = fj (xk , ·) and gj,m = gj (·, ym ) if

fˆj (p).ĝj (p) = Ĉj (p)). Then we have the Gram inequality:

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

Cj (xk , ym ) < fj,k , gj,m >L2

(this is realized through fj,k = fj (xk , ·) and gj,m = gj (·, ym ) if

fˆj (p).ĝj (p) = Ĉj (p)). Then we have the Gram inequality:
Y Y
|det[Cj,ab ()]remaining | ≤ ||fj,k || ||gj,m ||
anti−fields k fields m

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

Cj (xk , ym ) < fj,k , gj,m >L2

(this is realized through fj,k = fj (xk , ·) and gj,m = gj (·, ym ) if

fˆj (p).ĝj (p) = Ĉj (p)). Then we have the Gram inequality:
Y Y
|det[Cj,ab ()]remaining | ≤ ||fj,k || ||gj,m ||
anti−fields k fields m

Proof: The w dependence disappears by extracting

Pn the Tsymmetric square
T T T
root v of the positive matrix x so that xkm = k=1 vkn vnm .
26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

There is a factor M −dj/2 per line, or M −dj/4 per field ie entry of the
loop determinant. This gives a factor M −dj per vertex

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

There is a factor M −dj/2 per line, or M −dj/4 per field ie entry of the
loop determinant. This gives a factor M −dj per vertex
There is a factor M +dj per vertex spatial integration (save one)

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

There is a factor M −dj/2 per line, or M −dj/4 per field ie entry of the
loop determinant. This gives a factor M −dj per vertex
There is a factor M +dj per vertex spatial integration (save one)

Hence the λ radius of convergence is uniform in j.

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex
There is a factor N per vertex (plus one)

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex
There is a factor N per vertex (plus one)
The last item is not obvious to prove, because we don’t know all the graph,
but only a tree To prove it we organize the sum over the colors from leaves
to root of the tree. In this way the pay a factor N at each leaf to know the
color index which does not go towards the root, then prune the leaf and
iterate. The last vertex (the root) is the only special one as it costs two N
factors.

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex
There is a factor N per vertex (plus one)
The last item is not obvious to prove, because we don’t know all the graph,
but only a tree To prove it we organize the sum over the colors from leaves
to root of the tree. In this way the pay a factor N at each leaf to know the
color index which does not go towards the root, then prune the leaf and
iterate. The last vertex (the root) is the only special one as it costs two N
factors.
Hence the λ radius of convergence is uniform in N.

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

(using Gevrey cutoffs fj to get fractional exponential decay).

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

(using Gevrey cutoffs fj to get fractional exponential decay).

This is much worse than the factor M −3j/2 that would be needed.

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

(using Gevrey cutoffs fj to get fractional exponential decay).

This is much worse than the factor M −3j/2 that would be needed.
But the situation improves if we cut the Fermi slice into smaller pieces
(called sectors).

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

(using again Gevrey cutoffs fja for fractional power decay).

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

(using again Gevrey cutoffs fja for fractional power decay).

But since N = M j
M −3j/2
M −2j = √
N

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

(using again Gevrey cutoffs fja for fractional power decay).

But since N = M j
M −3j/2
M −2j = √
N
so that the bound is identical to that of the toy model.

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.
Hence an approximate rhombus should be an approximate parallelogram.

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.
Hence an approximate rhombus should be an approximate parallelogram.
Momentum conservation δ(p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 ) at each vertex follows from
translation invariance√of J2 . Hence p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 form a quadrilateral. For j
large we have |pk | ≃ 2Mµ hence the quadrilateral is an approximate
rhombus. Hence the four sectors to which p1 , p2 , p3 and p4 should be
roughly equal two by two (parallelogram condition).

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.
Hence an approximate rhombus should be an approximate parallelogram.
Momentum conservation δ(p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 ) at each vertex follows from
translation invariance√of J2 . Hence p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 form a quadrilateral. For j
large we have |pk | ≃ 2Mµ hence the quadrilateral is an approximate
rhombus. Hence the four sectors to which p1 , p2 , p3 and p4 should be
roughly equal two by two (parallelogram condition).
It means that the interaction is roughly of the color (or Gross-Neveu) type
with respect to these angular sectors:
X
X

ψ̄a ψa ψ̄b ψb
a b

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.
This is the source of painful technical complications (anisotropic angular
sectors) which were developed by Feldman, Magnen, Trubowitz and myself.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.
This is the source of painful technical complications (anisotropic angular
sectors) which were developed by Feldman, Magnen, Trubowitz and myself.
One should use in fact M j/2 longer sectors in the tangential direction (of
length M −j/2 ). The corresponding propagators have dual decay because the
sectors are still aprroximately flat.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.
This is the source of painful technical complications (anisotropic angular
sectors) which were developed by Feldman, Magnen, Trubowitz and myself.
One should use in fact M j/2 longer sectors in the tangential direction (of
length M −j/2 ). The corresponding propagators have dual decay because the
sectors are still aprroximately flat.
Ultimately the conclusion is unchanged: the radius of convergence of J2 in
a slice is independent of the slice index j.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).
In 2002 Benfatto, Giuliani and Mastropietro extended our analysis to
the case of non-rotation invariant curves close to the jellium case.

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).
In 2002 Benfatto, Giuliani and Mastropietro extended our analysis to
the case of non-rotation invariant curves close to the jellium case.
Another way to build a Fermi liquid is to introduce a magnetic
regulator instead of a temperature, to get rid of the BCS phase
transition. The magnetic field typically blocks the Cooper pair channel
by breaking the parity invariance of the Fermi surface.

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).
In 2002 Benfatto, Giuliani and Mastropietro extended our analysis to
the case of non-rotation invariant curves close to the jellium case.
Another way to build a Fermi liquid is to introduce a magnetic
regulator instead of a temperature, to get rid of the BCS phase
transition. The magnetic field typically blocks the Cooper pair channel
by breaking the parity invariance of the Fermi surface.
Following this road, Feldman, Knörrer and Trubowitz built in great
detail a 2D Fermi liquids with non-parity invariant surfaces in an
impressive series of papers completed around 2003-2004.

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Next Models

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Next Models

There are not many sectors for H2 ; it is not a Fermi liquid in the sense of
Salmhofer but a “Luttinger liquid” with logarithmic corrections.
(Afchain-Magnen-R., 2004).

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Next Models

There are not many sectors for H2 ; it is not a Fermi liquid in the sense of
Salmhofer but a “Luttinger liquid” with logarithmic corrections.
(Afchain-Magnen-R., 2004).
As the Hubbard filling factor moves from zero to half-filling, there is a
crossover between Fermi and Luttinger behavior (Benfatto, Giuliani,
Mastropietro)

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture II Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Grassmann Variables Many Fermions in Condensed Matter Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model

Next Models

There are not many sectors for H2 ; it is not a Fermi liquid in the sense of
Salmhofer but a “Luttinger liquid” with logarithmic corrections.
(Afchain-Magnen-R., 2004).
As the Hubbard filling factor moves from zero to half-filling, there is a
crossover between Fermi and Luttinger behavior (Benfatto, Giuliani,
Mastropietro)
There is no rhombus rule for J3 ; although it is a Fermi liquid, new methods
have to be developed to treat it constructively (work in progress).

34
Introduction to Group Field Theory

Vincent Rivasseau

LPT Orsay

Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III

Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on
A scale decomposition

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on
A scale decomposition
The locality principle

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on
A scale decomposition
The locality principle
Power counting

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on
A scale decomposition
The locality principle
Power counting
However a quantum theory of space-time and gravity may have to start
without any fixed space time background metric. So what should be the
corresponding background-invariant notion of scale?

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on
A scale decomposition
The locality principle
Power counting
However a quantum theory of space-time and gravity may have to start
without any fixed space time background metric. So what should be the
corresponding background-invariant notion of scale?
We propose

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on
A scale decomposition
The locality principle
Power counting
However a quantum theory of space-time and gravity may have to start
without any fixed space time background metric. So what should be the
corresponding background-invariant notion of scale?
We propose
Definition: A scale is a slice of eigenvalues of a propagator (slicing gently
according to a geometric progression).

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Scale
In quantum field theory (QFT) we said renormalization group relies on
A scale decomposition
The locality principle
Power counting
However a quantum theory of space-time and gravity may have to start
without any fixed space time background metric. So what should be the
corresponding background-invariant notion of scale?
We propose
Definition: A scale is a slice of eigenvalues of a propagator (slicing gently
according to a geometric progression).
So we turned the problem into that of finding the right propagator with
non-trivial spectrum for quantum gravity.
2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Non Commutative Quantum Field Theory

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Non Commutative Quantum Field Theory

The Grosse-Wulkenhaar φ⋆4 model on the Moyal space R 4 with

1/(p 2 + Ωx 2 ) propagator is just renormalizable. But its
renormalization relies on

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Non Commutative Quantum Field Theory

The Grosse-Wulkenhaar φ⋆4 model on the Moyal space R 4 with

1/(p 2 + Ωx 2 ) propagator is just renormalizable. But its
renormalization relies on
A new scale decomposition (which mixes ultraviolet and infrared),

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Non Commutative Quantum Field Theory

The Grosse-Wulkenhaar φ⋆4 model on the Moyal space R 4 with

1/(p 2 + Ωx 2 ) propagator is just renormalizable. But its
renormalization relies on
A new scale decomposition (which mixes ultraviolet and infrared),
A new locality principle (Moyality),

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Non Commutative Quantum Field Theory

The Grosse-Wulkenhaar φ⋆4 model on the Moyal space R 4 with

1/(p 2 + Ωx 2 ) propagator is just renormalizable. But its
renormalization relies on
A new scale decomposition (which mixes ultraviolet and infrared),
A new locality principle (Moyality),
A new power counting (under which only regular graphs diverge).

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Non Commutative Quantum Field Theory

The Grosse-Wulkenhaar φ⋆4 model on the Moyal space R 4 with

1/(p 2 + Ωx 2 ) propagator is just renormalizable. But its
renormalization relies on
A new scale decomposition (which mixes ultraviolet and infrared),
A new locality principle (Moyality),
A new power counting (under which only regular graphs diverge).
A big unexpected bonus is the existence of a non trivial fixed point
which makes the GW model essentially the prime candidate for a fully
solvable 4D field theory.

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The new multiscale analysis

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The new multiscale analysis

The propagator 1/[p 2 + Ω2 (x̃)2 ] has parametric representation in x space

θ Ω ∞ µ2
Z
0θ
C (x, y ) = dα e − 4Ω α
4Ω πθ 0
1  Ω 2 Ω α 2 2

exp − kx − y k − tanh (kxk +ky k )
(sinh α)2 θ sinh α θ 2

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The new multiscale analysis

The propagator 1/[p 2 + Ω2 (x̃)2 ] has parametric representation in x space

θ Ω ∞ µ2
Z
0θ
C (x, y ) = dα e − 4Ω α
4Ω πθ 0
1  Ω 2 Ω α 2 2

exp − kx − y k − tanh (kxk +ky k )
(sinh α)2 θ sinh α θ 2

involving the Mehler kernel rather than the heat kernel.

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The new multiscale analysis

The propagator 1/[p 2 + Ω2 (x̃)2 ] has parametric representation in x space

θ Ω ∞ µ2
Z
0θ
C (x, y ) = dα e − 4Ω α
4Ω πθ 0
1  Ω 2 Ω α 2 2

exp − kx − y k − tanh (kxk +ky k )
(sinh α)2 θ sinh α θ 2

involving the Mehler kernel rather than the heat kernel.

We slice it according to the same method
Z M −2(i−1)
2i kx−y k2 −c −2i (kxk2 +ky k2 )
i
C (x, y ) = dα · · · 6 KM 2i e −c1 M 2M
.
M −2i

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The new multiscale analysis

The propagator 1/[p 2 + Ω2 (x̃)2 ] has parametric representation in x space

θ Ω ∞ µ2
Z
0θ
C (x, y ) = dα e − 4Ω α
4Ω πθ 0
1  Ω 2 Ω α 2 2

exp − kx − y k − tanh (kxk +ky k )
(sinh α)2 θ sinh α θ 2

involving the Mehler kernel rather than the heat kernel.

We slice it according to the same method
Z M −2(i−1)
2i kx−y k2 −c −2i (kxk2 +ky k2 )
i
C (x, y ) = dα · · · 6 KM 2i e −c1 M 2M
.
M −2i

The corresponding scales correspond to a mixture of the previous ultraviolet

and infrared notions.
4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyal vertex

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyal vertex

The Moyal vertex in direct space is proportional to
4
Z Y  
d 4 x i φ(x i ) δ(x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 ) exp 2ıθ−1 (x1 ∧ x2 + x3 ∧ x4 ) .
i=1

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyal vertex

The Moyal vertex in direct space is proportional to
4
Z Y  
d 4 x i φ(x i ) δ(x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 ) exp 2ıθ−1 (x1 ∧ x2 + x3 ∧ x4 ) .
i=1

This vertex is non-local and oscillates. It has a parallelogram shape, and its
oscillation is proportional to its area:

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyal vertex

The Moyal vertex in direct space is proportional to
4
Z Y  
d 4 x i φ(x i ) δ(x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 ) exp 2ıθ−1 (x1 ∧ x2 + x3 ∧ x4 ) .
i=1

This vertex is non-local and oscillates. It has a parallelogram shape, and its
oscillation is proportional to its area:

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyal vertex

The Moyal vertex in direct space is proportional to
4
Z Y  
d 4 x i φ(x i ) δ(x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 ) exp 2ıθ−1 (x1 ∧ x2 + x3 ∧ x4 ) .
i=1

This vertex is non-local and oscillates. It has a parallelogram shape, and its
oscillation is proportional to its area:

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyal vertex

The Moyal vertex in direct space is proportional to
4
Z Y  
d 4 x i φ(x i ) δ(x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 ) exp 2ıθ−1 (x1 ∧ x2 + x3 ∧ x4 ) .
i=1

This vertex is non-local and oscillates. It has a parallelogram shape, and its
oscillation is proportional to its area:

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyality principle

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyality principle

It replaces locality:

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyality principle

It replaces locality:

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyality principle

It replaces locality:

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Moyality principle

It replaces locality:

This principle applies only to regular, high subgraphs.

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Noncommutative Renormalization

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Noncommutative Renormalization

Renormalizability of the GW model combines the three elements:

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Noncommutative Renormalization

Renormalizability of the GW model combines the three elements:

Power counting tells us that only regular graphs with two and four external
legs must be renormalized.

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Noncommutative Renormalization

Renormalizability of the GW model combines the three elements:

Power counting tells us that only regular graphs with two and four external
legs must be renormalized.
The Moyality principle says that such “high” regular graphs look like Moyal
products. The corresponding counterterms are therefore of the form of the
initial theory.

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Noncommutative Renormalization

Renormalizability of the GW model combines the three elements:

Power counting tells us that only regular graphs with two and four external
legs must be renormalized.
The Moyality principle says that such “high” regular graphs look like Moyal
products. The corresponding counterterms are therefore of the form of the
initial theory.
Again this means that the theory is renormalizable.

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Group Field Theory

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Group Field Theory

Group field theory (GFT) lies at the crossroads between

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Group Field Theory

Group field theory (GFT) lies at the crossroads between

The discretization of Cartan’s 1rst order formalism by loop quantum

gravity

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Group Field Theory

Group field theory (GFT) lies at the crossroads between

The discretization of Cartan’s 1rst order formalism by loop quantum

gravity

The higher dimensional tensorial extension of the matrix models

relevant for 2D quantum gravity

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Group Field Theory

Group field theory (GFT) lies at the crossroads between

The discretization of Cartan’s 1rst order formalism by loop quantum

gravity

The higher dimensional tensorial extension of the matrix models

relevant for 2D quantum gravity

The “Regge” or simplicial approach to quantum gravity

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Advantages of Group Field Theory

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Advantages of Group Field Theory

There are several enticing factors about GFT:

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Advantages of Group Field Theory

There are several enticing factors about GFT:

GFT is an attempt to quantize completely space-time, summing at the
same time over metrics and topologies.

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Advantages of Group Field Theory

There are several enticing factors about GFT:

GFT is an attempt to quantize completely space-time, summing at the
same time over metrics and topologies.

GFT could provide a scenario for emergent large, manifold-like classical

space-time as a condensed phase of more elementary space-time
quanta.

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Advantages of Group Field Theory

There are several enticing factors about GFT:

GFT is an attempt to quantize completely space-time, summing at the
same time over metrics and topologies.

GFT could provide a scenario for emergent large, manifold-like classical

space-time as a condensed phase of more elementary space-time
quanta.

If that is the case, there is no reason that some GFT’s cannot

hopefully be renormalized through a suitably adapted multiscale RG.

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Advantages of Group Field Theory

There are several enticing factors about GFT:

GFT is an attempt to quantize completely space-time, summing at the
same time over metrics and topologies.

GFT could provide a scenario for emergent large, manifold-like classical

space-time as a condensed phase of more elementary space-time
quanta.

If that is the case, there is no reason that some GFT’s cannot

hopefully be renormalized through a suitably adapted multiscale RG.

The spin foams of loop gravity are exactly Feynman amplitudes of

group field theory.

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Objections to GFT
The main objections to GFT’s that I heard during the last two years are

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Objections to GFT
The main objections to GFT’s that I heard during the last two years are
1) The GFT’s are tensor generalizations of matrix models; but whereas
matrix models really triangulate 2D Riemann surfaces, GFT’s
triangulate much more singular objects (not even pseudo-manifolds
with local singularities).

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Objections to GFT
The main objections to GFT’s that I heard during the last two years are
1) The GFT’s are tensor generalizations of matrix models; but whereas
matrix models really triangulate 2D Riemann surfaces, GFT’s
triangulate much more singular objects (not even pseudo-manifolds
with local singularities).
2) The natural GFT’s action does not look positive. Hence the
non-perturbative meaning of the theory is unclear.

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Objections to GFT
The main objections to GFT’s that I heard during the last two years are
1) The GFT’s are tensor generalizations of matrix models; but whereas
matrix models really triangulate 2D Riemann surfaces, GFT’s
triangulate much more singular objects (not even pseudo-manifolds
with local singularities).
2) The natural GFT’s action does not look positive. Hence the
non-perturbative meaning of the theory is unclear.
3) It seems difficult to identify ordinary space-time and physical
observables in GFT’s. In particular the ultraspin limit j → ∞ can be
interpreted either as ultraviolet limit (on the group) or as an infrared
limit for a large ”quantum” of space-time.

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Objections to GFT
The main objections to GFT’s that I heard during the last two years are
1) The GFT’s are tensor generalizations of matrix models; but whereas
matrix models really triangulate 2D Riemann surfaces, GFT’s
triangulate much more singular objects (not even pseudo-manifolds
with local singularities).
2) The natural GFT’s action does not look positive. Hence the
non-perturbative meaning of the theory is unclear.
3) It seems difficult to identify ordinary space-time and physical
observables in GFT’s. In particular the ultraspin limit j → ∞ can be
interpreted either as ultraviolet limit (on the group) or as an infrared
limit for a large ”quantum” of space-time.
4) GFT’s have infinities and it is not clear whether these infinities
should or can be absorbed in a renormalization process;

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Objections to GFT
The main objections to GFT’s that I heard during the last two years are
1) The GFT’s are tensor generalizations of matrix models; but whereas
matrix models really triangulate 2D Riemann surfaces, GFT’s
triangulate much more singular objects (not even pseudo-manifolds
with local singularities).
2) The natural GFT’s action does not look positive. Hence the
non-perturbative meaning of the theory is unclear.
3) It seems difficult to identify ordinary space-time and physical
observables in GFT’s. In particular the ultraspin limit j → ∞ can be
interpreted either as ultraviolet limit (on the group) or as an infrared
limit for a large ”quantum” of space-time.
4) GFT’s have infinities and it is not clear whether these infinities
should or can be absorbed in a renormalization process;
5) GFT’s dont predict space-time dimension, nor the standard model,
hence are not a TOE.
10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Answering the Objections

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Answering the Objections

1 and 2) Colored Field theory could be an answer.

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Answering the Objections

1 and 2) Colored Field theory could be an answer.
3) It seems difficult to identify ordinary space-time and physical
observables in GFT’s. In particular the ultraspin limit j → ∞ can be
interpreted either as ultraviolet limit (on the group) or as an infrared
limit for a large ”quantum” of space-time. I believe quantum gravity
might be a theory with ultraviolet/infrared mixing. Experience with
NCQFT may help.

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Answering the Objections

1 and 2) Colored Field theory could be an answer.
3) It seems difficult to identify ordinary space-time and physical
observables in GFT’s. In particular the ultraspin limit j → ∞ can be
interpreted either as ultraviolet limit (on the group) or as an infrared
limit for a large ”quantum” of space-time. I believe quantum gravity
might be a theory with ultraviolet/infrared mixing. Experience with
NCQFT may help.
4) GFT’s have infinities and it is not clear whether these infinities
should or can be absorbed in a renormalization process. We have
started in Orsay a systematic study of this point.

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Answering the Objections

1 and 2) Colored Field theory could be an answer.
3) It seems difficult to identify ordinary space-time and physical
observables in GFT’s. In particular the ultraspin limit j → ∞ can be
interpreted either as ultraviolet limit (on the group) or as an infrared
limit for a large ”quantum” of space-time. I believe quantum gravity
might be a theory with ultraviolet/infrared mixing. Experience with
NCQFT may help.
4) GFT’s have infinities and it is not clear whether these infinities
should or can be absorbed in a renormalization process. We have
started in Orsay a systematic study of this point.
5) GFT’s dont predict space-time dimension, nor the standard model,
hence are not a TOE. Here I have nothing to say, except it is not clear
to me that competition (string theory) is faring really so much better
on this point.
11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT

A colored GFT (Gurau, arXiv:0907.2582). is a model with two types of

vertices, one with only incoming and the other with only outgoing fields.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT

A colored GFT (Gurau, arXiv:0907.2582). is a model with two types of

vertices, one with only incoming and the other with only outgoing fields.
The D + 1 fields of the vertex each have a distinct color and the propagator
joins only identical colors.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT

A colored GFT (Gurau, arXiv:0907.2582). is a model with two types of

vertices, one with only incoming and the other with only outgoing fields.
The D + 1 fields of the vertex each have a distinct color and the propagator
joins only identical colors.
Faces are 2-D objects which are the connected bicolor components of the
graphs; their length is therefore even. Higher p-dimensional ”bubbles” are
the connected components with p colors. Therefore colored graphs are true
D-dimensional complexes, with a canonical D dimensional homology.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT may solve the first two objections

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT may solve the first two objections

Colored GFT’s amplitudes are dual to manifolds with only local

isolated singularities.
arXiv:1006.0714 Lost in Translation: Topological Singularities in Group Field Theory, Razvan Gurau

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT may solve the first two objections

Colored GFT’s amplitudes are dual to manifolds with only local

isolated singularities.
arXiv:1006.0714 Lost in Translation: Topological Singularities in Group Field Theory, Razvan Gurau

The Fermionic version of colored GFT seems more natural. This could
essentially also solve the stability problem.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT may solve the first two objections

Colored GFT’s amplitudes are dual to manifolds with only local

isolated singularities.
arXiv:1006.0714 Lost in Translation: Topological Singularities in Group Field Theory, Razvan Gurau

The Fermionic version of colored GFT seems more natural. This could
essentially also solve the stability problem.
A complete study of the power counting and renormalization is easier
in colored GFT’s.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT may solve the first two objections

Colored GFT’s amplitudes are dual to manifolds with only local

isolated singularities.
arXiv:1006.0714 Lost in Translation: Topological Singularities in Group Field Theory, Razvan Gurau

The Fermionic version of colored GFT seems more natural. This could
essentially also solve the stability problem.
A complete study of the power counting and renormalization is easier
in colored GFT’s.
Fermionic D-dimensional colored GFT has a natural but puzzling
SU(D) symmetry. Hence it may be a more promising starting point to
include standard model matter fields.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Colored GFT may solve the first two objections

Colored GFT’s amplitudes are dual to manifolds with only local

isolated singularities.
arXiv:1006.0714 Lost in Translation: Topological Singularities in Group Field Theory, Razvan Gurau

The Fermionic version of colored GFT seems more natural. This could
essentially also solve the stability problem.
A complete study of the power counting and renormalization is easier
in colored GFT’s.
Fermionic D-dimensional colored GFT has a natural but puzzling
SU(D) symmetry. Hence it may be a more promising starting point to
include standard model matter fields.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

GFT as theories of Holonomies

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

GFT as theories of Holonomies

Consider a manifold M with a connection Γ (eg Levi-Civita of a metric). All

information is encoded in the holonomies along closed curves γ in M.
If X is the vector field solution of the parallel transport equation

dγ ν dγ σ
∂ν Xµ + Γµνσ Xν =0, X(0) = X0
dt dt

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

GFT as theories of Holonomies

Consider a manifold M with a connection Γ (eg Levi-Civita of a metric). All

information is encoded in the holonomies along closed curves γ in M.
If X is the vector field solution of the parallel transport equation

dγ ν dγ σ
∂ν Xµ + Γµνσ Xν =0, X(0) = X0
dt dt
then X(T ) = g X0 for some g ∈ GL(TMγ(0) ). g (independent of X0 ) is the
holonomy along the curve γ.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

GFT as theories of Holonomies

Consider a manifold M with a connection Γ (eg Levi-Civita of a metric). All

information is encoded in the holonomies along closed curves γ in M.
If X is the vector field solution of the parallel transport equation

dγ ν dγ σ
∂ν Xµ + Γµνσ Xν =0, X(0) = X0
dt dt
then X(T ) = g X0 for some g ∈ GL(TMγ(0) ). g (independent of X0 ) is the
holonomy along the curve γ.
Suppose we discretize M with flat n dimensional simplices. Their boundary
(n − 1 dimensional) is also flat. The curvature is located at the “joints” of
these blocks, that is at n − 2 dimensional cells.
Hence holonomies h are associated to blocks of codimension 2.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Discretized Surfaces and Matrix Models

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Discretized Surfaces and Matrix Models

Consider a two dimensional surface M , and fix a triangulation of M.

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Discretized Surfaces and Matrix Models

Consider a two dimensional surface M , and fix a triangulation of M.
The holonomy group of a surface is G = U(1).

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Discretized Surfaces and Matrix Models

Consider a two dimensional surface M , and fix a triangulation of M.
The holonomy group of a surface is G = U(1). To all vertices (points) in
our triangulation we associate a holonomy g , namely parallel transport
along any small curve encircling the vertex.
g’

g g’’

..... .....

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Discretized Surfaces and Matrix Models

Consider a two dimensional surface M , and fix a triangulation of M.
The holonomy group of a surface is G = U(1). To all vertices (points) in
our triangulation we associate a holonomy g , namely parallel transport
along any small curve encircling the vertex.
g’

g g’’

..... .....

The surface and its metric are specified by the gluing of the triangles and
by the holonomies g . The associated weight is a function F (g , g ′ , . . . )

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Discretized Surfaces and Matrix Models

Consider a two dimensional surface M , and fix a triangulation of M.
The holonomy group of a surface is G = U(1). To all vertices (points) in
our triangulation we associate a holonomy g , namely parallel transport
along any small curve encircling the vertex.
g’

g g’’

..... .....

The surface and its metric are specified by the gluing of the triangles and
by the holonomies g . The associated weight is a function F (g , g ′ , . . . )
Quantization of geometry should sum both over metrics compatible with a
triangulation and over all triangulations.

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Dual Graph

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Dual Graph

The discrete information about the triangulation of the surface can be
encoded in a ribbon (2-stranded) graph.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Dual Graph

The discrete information about the triangulation of the surface can be
encoded in a ribbon (2-stranded) graph.
The ribbon vertices of the graph are dual to triangles and the ribbon lines
of the graph are dual to edges.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Dual Graph

The discrete information about the triangulation of the surface can be
encoded in a ribbon (2-stranded) graph.
The ribbon vertices of the graph are dual to triangles and the ribbon lines
of the graph are dual to edges.

g1 g1
g
g2 4

g g
3
3

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Dual Graph

The discrete information about the triangulation of the surface can be
encoded in a ribbon (2-stranded) graph.
The ribbon vertices of the graph are dual to triangles and the ribbon lines
of the graph are dual to edges.
In the dual graph the group elements g are associated
g g 1
g 1 to the sides of the ribbons, also called strands. We
g 4
2
g g
3
distribute them on all ribbon vertices sharing the same
3

strand.

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Dual Graph

The discrete information about the triangulation of the surface can be
encoded in a ribbon (2-stranded) graph.
The ribbon vertices of the graph are dual to triangles and the ribbon lines
of the graph are dual to edges.
In the dual graph the group elements g are associated
g g 1
g 1 to the sides of the ribbons, also called strands. We
g 4
2
g g
3
distribute them on all ribbon vertices sharing the same
3

strand.
Suppose that the weight function F factors into contributions of dual
vertices and dual lines:
Y Y
F = V (g1 , g2 , g3 ) K (g1 , g2 )
V L

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Dual Graph

The discrete information about the triangulation of the surface can be
encoded in a ribbon (2-stranded) graph.
The ribbon vertices of the graph are dual to triangles and the ribbon lines
of the graph are dual to edges.
In the dual graph the group elements g are associated
g g 1
g 1 to the sides of the ribbons, also called strands. We
g 4
2
g g
3
distribute them on all ribbon vertices sharing the same
3

strand.
Suppose that the weight function F factors into contributions of dual
vertices and dual lines:
Y Y
F = V (g1 , g2 , g3 ) K (g1 , g2 )
V L

Then a 2-stranded graph is a ribbon Feynman graph and its weight is the
integrand of the associated Feynman amplitude.
16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

2D Group Field Theory

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

2D Group Field Theory

The associated matrix model action is (φ(g1 , g2 ) = φ∗ (g2 , g1 ))

1
Z
S= φ(g1 , g2 )K −1 (g1 , g2 )φ∗ (g1 , g2 )
2 G ×G
Z
+λ V (g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g1 , g2 )φ(g2 , g3 )φ(g3 , g1 ) ,
G ×G ×G

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

2D Group Field Theory

The associated matrix model action is (φ(g1 , g2 ) = φ∗ (g2 , g1 ))

1
Z
S= φ(g1 , g2 )K −1 (g1 , g2 )φ∗ (g1 , g2 )
2 G ×G
Z
+λ V (g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g1 , g2 )φ(g2 , g3 )φ(g3 , g1 ) ,
G ×G ×G

and the complete correlation function is

Z
< φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) >= [dφ]e −S φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) .

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

2D Group Field Theory

The associated matrix model action is (φ(g1 , g2 ) = φ∗ (g2 , g1 ))

1
Z
S= φ(g1 , g2 )K −1 (g1 , g2 )φ∗ (g1 , g2 )
2 G ×G
Z
+λ V (g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g1 , g2 )φ(g2 , g3 )φ(g3 , g1 ) ,
G ×G ×G

and the complete correlation function is

Z
< φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) >= [dφ]e −S φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) .

The insertions φ(g1 , g2 ) fix a boundary triangulation and metric.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

2D Group Field Theory

The associated matrix model action is (φ(g1 , g2 ) = φ∗ (g2 , g1 ))

1
Z
S= φ(g1 , g2 )K −1 (g1 , g2 )φ∗ (g1 , g2 )
2 G ×G
Z
+λ V (g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g1 , g2 )φ(g2 , g3 )φ(g3 , g1 ) ,
G ×G ×G

and the complete correlation function is

Z
< φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) >= [dφ]e −S φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) .

The insertions φ(g1 , g2 ) fix a boundary triangulation and metric.

Each Feynman graph fixes a bulk triangulation.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

2D Group Field Theory

The associated matrix model action is (φ(g1 , g2 ) = φ∗ (g2 , g1 ))

1
Z
S= φ(g1 , g2 )K −1 (g1 , g2 )φ∗ (g1 , g2 )
2 G ×G
Z
+λ V (g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g1 , g2 )φ(g2 , g3 )φ(g3 , g1 ) ,
G ×G ×G

and the complete correlation function is

Z
< φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) >= [dφ]e −S φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) .

The insertions φ(g1 , g2 ) fix a boundary triangulation and metric.

Each Feynman graph fixes a bulk triangulation. The amplitude of a graph is
the sum over bulk metrics compatible with the triangulation.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

2D Group Field Theory

The associated matrix model action is (φ(g1 , g2 ) = φ∗ (g2 , g1 ))

1
Z
S= φ(g1 , g2 )K −1 (g1 , g2 )φ∗ (g1 , g2 )
2 G ×G
Z
+λ V (g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g1 , g2 )φ(g2 , g3 )φ(g3 , g1 ) ,
G ×G ×G

and the complete correlation function is

Z
< φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) >= [dφ]e −S φ(g1 , g2 ) . . . φ(g2n−1 , g2n ) .

The insertions φ(g1 , g2 ) fix a boundary triangulation and metric.

Each Feynman graph fixes a bulk triangulation. The amplitude of a graph is
the sum over bulk metrics compatible with the triangulation. The
correlation function automatically performs both sums!
17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Matrix Models

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Matrix Models

Take K , V = 1 and develop φ in Fourier series

X
φ(g1 , g2 ) = e ımg1 e −ıng2 φmn .
Z×Z

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Matrix Models

Take K , V = 1 and develop φ in Fourier series

X
φ(g1 , g2 ) = e ımg1 e −ıng2 φmn .
Z×Z

The action takes the more familiar form in Fourier space

1X X
S= φmn φ∗mn + λ φmn φnk φkm .
2 mn
mnk

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Matrix Models

Take K , V = 1 and develop φ in Fourier series

X
φ(g1 , g2 ) = e ımg1 e −ıng2 φmn .
Z×Z

The action takes the more familiar form in Fourier space

1X X
S= φmn φ∗mn + λ φmn φnk φkm .
2 mn
mnk

Summing all Feynman graphs generated by the matrix model action sums
over different topologies. This is 2D quantum gravity (David, Ginzparg).

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT

In three dimensions we must use the holonomy group G = SU(2).

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT

In three dimensions we must use the holonomy group G = SU(2). Group

elements are associated to edges in the triangulation (codimension 2).

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT

In three dimensions we must use the holonomy group G = SU(2). Group

elements are associated to edges in the triangulation (codimension 2). Each
field φ is associated to a triangular face of a tetrahedron, therefore it has
three arguments.

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT

In three dimensions we must use the holonomy group G = SU(2). Group

elements are associated to edges in the triangulation (codimension 2). Each
field φ is associated to a triangular face of a tetrahedron, therefore it has
three arguments. The propagator K is the inverse of the quadratic part
1
Z
φ(ga , gb , gc )K −1 (ga , gb , gc )φ∗ (ga , gb , gc )
2 G3

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT

In three dimensions we must use the holonomy group G = SU(2). Group

elements are associated to edges in the triangulation (codimension 2). Each
field φ is associated to a triangular face of a tetrahedron, therefore it has
three arguments. The propagator K is the inverse of the quadratic part
1
Z
φ(ga , gb , gc )K −1 (ga , gb , gc )φ∗ (ga , gb , gc )
2 G3

The vertex is dual to a tetrahedron. A tetrahedron is bounded by four

triangles therefore the vertex is a φ4 term

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT

In three dimensions we must use the holonomy group G = SU(2). Group

elements are associated to edges in the triangulation (codimension 2). Each
field φ is associated to a triangular face of a tetrahedron, therefore it has
three arguments. The propagator K is the inverse of the quadratic part
1
Z
φ(ga , gb , gc )K −1 (ga , gb , gc )φ∗ (ga , gb , gc )
2 G3

The vertex is dual to a tetrahedron. A tetrahedron is bounded by four

triangles therefore the vertex is a φ4 term
Z
λ V (g , . . . , g )φ(g03 , g02 , g01 )φ(g01 , g13 , g12 )φ(g12 , g02 , g23 )φ(g23 , g13 , g03 )
G6

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex
What we call the vertex in QFT usually obeys some kind of locality property.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex
What we call the vertex in QFT usually obeys some kind of locality property.
Proposed Definition A vertex joining 2p strands is called simple if it has
for kernel in direct group space a product of p delta functions matching
strands two by two in different half-lines.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex
What we call the vertex in QFT usually obeys some kind of locality property.
Proposed Definition A vertex joining 2p strands is called simple if it has
for kernel in direct group space a product of p delta functions matching
strands two by two in different half-lines.
Then the natural 3D GFT tetrahedron vertex in 3 dimensions is simple
(with p = 6) as it writes

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex
What we call the vertex in QFT usually obeys some kind of locality property.
Proposed Definition A vertex joining 2p strands is called simple if it has
for kernel in direct group space a product of p delta functions matching
strands two by two in different half-lines.
Then the natural 3D GFT tetrahedron vertex in 3 dimensions is simple
(with p = 6) as it writes
12
Z Y !
V [φ] = λ dgi φ(g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g4 , g5 , g6 )
i=1
φ(g7 , g8 , g9 )φ(g10 , g11 , g12 )Q(g1 , ..g12 ),

with a kernel

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex
What we call the vertex in QFT usually obeys some kind of locality property.
Proposed Definition A vertex joining 2p strands is called simple if it has
for kernel in direct group space a product of p delta functions matching
strands two by two in different half-lines.
Then the natural 3D GFT tetrahedron vertex in 3 dimensions is simple
(with p = 6) as it writes
12
Z Y !
V [φ] = λ dgi φ(g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g4 , g5 , g6 )
i=1
φ(g7 , g8 , g9 )φ(g10 , g11 , g12 )Q(g1 , ..g12 ),

with a kernel
−1
Q(g1 , ..g12 ) = δ(g3 g4−1 )δ(g2 g8−1 )δ(g6 g7−1 )δ(g9 g10 −1
)δ(g5 g11 −1
)δ(g1 g12 )

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex
What we call the vertex in QFT usually obeys some kind of locality property.
Proposed Definition A vertex joining 2p strands is called simple if it has
for kernel in direct group space a product of p delta functions matching
strands two by two in different half-lines.
Then the natural 3D GFT tetrahedron vertex in 3 dimensions is simple
(with p = 6) as it writes
12
Z Y !
V [φ] = λ dgi φ(g1 , g2 , g3 )φ(g4 , g5 , g6 )
i=1
φ(g7 , g8 , g9 )φ(g10 , g11 , g12 )Q(g1 , ..g12 ),

with a kernel
−1
Q(g1 , ..g12 ) = δ(g3 g4−1 )δ(g2 g8−1 )δ(g6 g7−1 )δ(g9 g10 −1
)δ(g5 g11 −1
)δ(g1 g12 )

satisfying to our definition.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex is dual of a tetrahedron

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex is dual of a tetrahedron

The tetrahedron is dual to a vertex, its triangles are dual to halflines and its
edges are dual to strands. Hence we could label the 3D GFT vertex as
(023)
(23) (02) (03)

(23) (03)
(123) (13) (13) (013)
(12) (01)

(12) (02) (01)

(012)

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex is dual of a tetrahedron

The tetrahedron is dual to a vertex, its triangles are dual to halflines and its
edges are dual to strands. Hence we could label the 3D GFT vertex as
(023)
(23) (02) (03)
The GFT lines connect two vertices,
(23) (03)
thus are formed of three strands.
(123) (13) (13) (013)
(12) (01)

(12) (02) (01)

(012)

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex is dual of a tetrahedron

The tetrahedron is dual to a vertex, its triangles are dual to halflines and its
edges are dual to strands. Hence we could label the 3D GFT vertex as
(023)
(23) (02) (03)
The GFT lines connect two vertices,
(23) (03)
thus are formed of three strands.
(123) (13) (13) (013) The graph built with such vertices
(12) (01)
and lines is a 3-stranded graph.
(12) (02) (01)

(012)

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex is dual of a tetrahedron

The tetrahedron is dual to a vertex, its triangles are dual to halflines and its
edges are dual to strands. Hence we could label the 3D GFT vertex as
(023)
(23) (02) (03)
The GFT lines connect two vertices,
(23) (03)
thus are formed of three strands.
(123) (13) (13) (013) The graph built with such vertices
(12) (01)
and lines is a 3-stranded graph.
(12) (02) (01)

(012)

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Vertex is dual of a tetrahedron

The tetrahedron is dual to a vertex, its triangles are dual to halflines and its
edges are dual to strands. Hence we could label the 3D GFT vertex as
(023)
(23) (02) (03)
The GFT lines connect two vertices,
(23) (03)
thus are formed of three strands.
(123) (13) (13) (013) The graph built with such vertices
(12) (01)
and lines is a 3-stranded graph.
(12) (02) (01)

(012)

This corresponds to the kernel written before

Q(g1 , ..g12 ) = δ(g3 g4−1 )δ(g2 g8−1 )δ(g6 g7−1 )δ(g9 g10
−1 −1
)δ(g5 g11 −1
)δ(g1 g12 )

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

How to choose the 3D GFT propagator?

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

How to choose the 3D GFT propagator?

In Cartan’s formalism, 3D quantum gravity is expressed in terms of a
dreibein e

e i (x) = e ia (x)dx a

and a spin connection ω with values in the so(3) Lie algebra

ω i (x) = ωai (x)dx a

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

How to choose the 3D GFT propagator?

In Cartan’s formalism, 3D quantum gravity is expressed in terms of a
dreibein e

e i (x) = e ia (x)dx a

and a spin connection ω with values in the so(3) Lie algebra

ω i (x) = ωai (x)dx a

The action is
Z
S(e, ω) = e i ∧ F (ω)i

where F is the curvature of ω :

F (ω) = dω + ω ∧ ω

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3d Gravity

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3d Gravity

Varying ω gives Cartan’s equation De = 0. Varying e gives F = 0, hence a

flat space-time.

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3d Gravity

Varying ω gives Cartan’s equation De = 0. Varying e gives F = 0, hence a

flat space-time.
Hence 3D gravity is a topological theory with only global observables, no
propagating degrees of freedom. This is confirmed by perturbation around
flat space, which leads to the Chern-Simons theory, also topological.

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3d Gravity

Varying ω gives Cartan’s equation De = 0. Varying e gives F = 0, hence a

flat space-time.
Hence 3D gravity is a topological theory with only global observables, no
propagating degrees of freedom. This is confirmed by perturbation around
flat space, which leads to the Chern-Simons theory, also topological.
Nevertheless the theory is physically interesting. Matter can be added;
point particles do not curve space but induce an angular deficit proportional
to their mass. Therefore in 3D gravity there is a limit (2π) to any
point-particle’s mass.

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3d Gravity

Varying ω gives Cartan’s equation De = 0. Varying e gives F = 0, hence a

flat space-time.
Hence 3D gravity is a topological theory with only global observables, no
propagating degrees of freedom. This is confirmed by perturbation around
flat space, which leads to the Chern-Simons theory, also topological.
Nevertheless the theory is physically interesting. Matter can be added;
point particles do not curve space but induce an angular deficit proportional
to their mass. Therefore in 3D gravity there is a limit (2π) to any
point-particle’s mass.
The 3D GFT propagator should just implement this flatness condition.

23
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Propagator

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Propagator
The following propagator
Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 )

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Propagator
The following propagator
Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 )

is a projector onto gauge invariant fields φ(hg , hg ′ , hg ”) = φ(g , g ′ , g ”). It

has kernel Z
−1 −1 −1
C = dh δ(g1 hg ′ 1 ) δ(g2 hg ′ 2 ) δ(g3 hg ′ 3 )

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Propagator
The following propagator
Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 )

is a projector onto gauge invariant fields φ(hg , hg ′ , hg ”) = φ(g , g ′ , g ”). It

has kernel Z
−1 −1 −1
C = dh δ(g1 hg ′ 1 ) δ(g2 hg ′ 2 ) δ(g3 hg ′ 3 )

Performing the integrations over all group elements of the vertices and
keeping the h elements unintegrated gives for each triangulation, or
3-stranded graph G a Feynman amplitude

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Propagator
The following propagator
Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 )

is a projector onto gauge invariant fields φ(hg , hg ′ , hg ”) = φ(g , g ′ , g ”). It

has kernel Z
−1 −1 −1
C = dh δ(g1 hg ′ 1 ) δ(g2 hg ′ 2 ) δ(g3 hg ′ 3 )

Performing the integrations over all group elements of the vertices and
keeping the h elements unintegrated gives for each triangulation, or
3-stranded graph G a Feynman amplitude
Z Y Y
ZG = dhe δ(gf )
e f

24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT Propagator
The following propagator
Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 )

is a projector onto gauge invariant fields φ(hg , hg ′ , hg ”) = φ(g , g ′ , g ”). It

has kernel Z
−1 −1 −1
C = dh δ(g1 hg ′ 1 ) δ(g2 hg ′ 2 ) δ(g3 hg ′ 3 )

Performing the integrations over all group elements of the vertices and
keeping the h elements unintegrated gives for each triangulation, or
3-stranded graph G a Feynman amplitude
Z Y Y
ZG = dhe δ(gf )
e f

where gf = ~ e∈f he is the holonomy along the face f .

Q
24
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT = Boulatov Model

Therefore 3D GFT with the projector C as propagator implements exactly

the correct flatness conditions of 3D gravity!

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT = Boulatov Model

Therefore 3D GFT with the projector C as propagator implements exactly

the correct flatness conditions of 3D gravity!
This was the discovery of Boulatov (1992).

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

3D GFT = Boulatov Model

Therefore 3D GFT with the projector C as propagator implements exactly

the correct flatness conditions of 3D gravity!
This was the discovery of Boulatov (1992).
Fourier transforming the model, one gets Ponzano-Regge amplitudes.

25
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Properties of 3D GFT

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Properties of 3D GFT

This 3D GFT is topological and the amplitude of a graph changes

through a global multiplicative factor under (1-4) or (2-3) Pachner
moves.

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Properties of 3D GFT

This 3D GFT is topological and the amplitude of a graph changes

through a global multiplicative factor under (1-4) or (2-3) Pachner
moves.
Amplitudes may be infinite, for instance the tetraedron graph or
complete graph K4 diverges as Λ3 at zero external data, if Λ is the
ultraviolet cutoff on the size of j’s.

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Properties of 3D GFT

This 3D GFT is topological and the amplitude of a graph changes

through a global multiplicative factor under (1-4) or (2-3) Pachner
moves.
Amplitudes may be infinite, for instance the tetraedron graph or
complete graph K4 diverges as Λ3 at zero external data, if Λ is the
ultraviolet cutoff on the size of j’s.
Regularization by going to a quantum group at a root of unity leads to
well-defined topological invariants of the triangulation, namely the
Turaev-Viro invariants.

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Properties of 3D GFT

This 3D GFT is topological and the amplitude of a graph changes

through a global multiplicative factor under (1-4) or (2-3) Pachner
moves.
Amplitudes may be infinite, for instance the tetraedron graph or
complete graph K4 diverges as Λ3 at zero external data, if Λ is the
ultraviolet cutoff on the size of j’s.
Regularization by going to a quantum group at a root of unity leads to
well-defined topological invariants of the triangulation, namely the
Turaev-Viro invariants.
However the theory is unsuited for a RG analysis, as the propagator
has spectrum limited to 0 and 1. How to make slices with such a
spectrum?

26
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The 4 Dimensional Case

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The 4 Dimensional Case

R
In the first order Cartan formalism, the action is ⋆ [e ∧ e] ∧ F where again
the vierbein e and the spin connection ω are considered independent
variables.

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The 4 Dimensional Case

R
In the first order Cartan formalism, the action is ⋆ [e ∧ e] ∧ F where again
the vierbein e and the spin connection ω are considered independent
variables.
Not all two-forms B in four dimenions are of the form e ∧ e. So BF theory
is not gravity in 4 dimension. The difference is expressed through a set of
constraints classically called the Plebanski constraints.

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The 4 Dimensional Case

R
In the first order Cartan formalism, the action is ⋆ [e ∧ e] ∧ F where again
the vierbein e and the spin connection ω are considered independent
variables.
Not all two-forms B in four dimenions are of the form e ∧ e. So BF theory
is not gravity in 4 dimension. The difference is expressed through a set of
constraints classically called the Plebanski constraints.
These constraints render 4D gravity much more complicated and interesting
since they are responsible for the local propagating degrees of freedom, the
gravitational waves. (Constraints on B allow richer set of F ’s than just
F = 0).

27
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT Vertex

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT Vertex
The vertex is the easy part as it should be again given by gluing rules for
the five tetraedra which join into pentachores:

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT Vertex
The vertex is the easy part as it should be again given by gluing rules for
the five tetraedra which join into pentachores:

28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT Vertex
The vertex is the easy part as it should be again given by gluing rules for
the five tetraedra which join into pentachores:

The pentachore
28
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT

The corresponding graphs are made of vertices dual to the pentachores, of

four-stranded edges dual to tetraedra, and of faces or closed thread circuits
dual to triangles.

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT

The corresponding graphs are made of vertices dual to the pentachores, of

four-stranded edges dual to tetraedra, and of faces or closed thread circuits
dual to triangles.

If we keep the same propagator than in the Boulatov theory

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT

The corresponding graphs are made of vertices dual to the pentachores, of

four-stranded edges dual to tetraedra, and of faces or closed thread circuits
dual to triangles.

If we keep the same propagator than in the Boulatov theory

Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 , hg4 ) (2.1)

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT

The corresponding graphs are made of vertices dual to the pentachores, of

four-stranded edges dual to tetraedra, and of faces or closed thread circuits
dual to triangles.

If we keep the same propagator than in the Boulatov theory

Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 , hg4 ) (2.1)

we get a φ5 GFT with 4-stranded graphs called the Ooguri group field
theory. It is not 4D gravity, but a discretization of the 4D BF theory, ie the
Plebanski constraints are missing.

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

4D GFT

The corresponding graphs are made of vertices dual to the pentachores, of

four-stranded edges dual to tetraedra, and of faces or closed thread circuits
dual to triangles.

If we keep the same propagator than in the Boulatov theory

Z
[C φ](g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 ) = dhφ(hg1 , hg2 , hg3 , hg4 ) (2.1)

we get a φ5 GFT with 4-stranded graphs called the Ooguri group field
theory. It is not 4D gravity, but a discretization of the 4D BF theory, ie the
Plebanski constraints are missing.
Again such a topological version of gravity is unsuited for RG analysis.

29
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Barrett-Crane proposal

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Barrett-Crane proposal

A first attempt to implement the Plebanski constraints in this language is

due to Barrett and Crane. They suggested one should restrict to simple
representations of SU(2) × SU(2), namely those satisfying j+ = j− .

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Barrett-Crane proposal

A first attempt to implement the Plebanski constraints in this language is

due to Barrett and Crane. They suggested one should restrict to simple
representations of SU(2) × SU(2), namely those satisfying j+ = j− .
However this does not seem to work because the Barrett-Crane proposal
implements the Plebanski constraints too strongly. It does not seem in
particular to include correctly the angular degrees of freedom of the
graviton.

30
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Holst Action

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Holst Action

Still another action classically equivalent to the Einstein-Hilbert action is
the Holst action:

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Holst Action

Still another action classically equivalent to the Einstein-Hilbert action is
the Holst action:
1 1
Z
S =− [⋆ (e ∧ e) + (e ∧ e)] ∧ F
8πG γ

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Holst Action

Still another action classically equivalent to the Einstein-Hilbert action is
the Holst action:
1 1
Z
S =− [⋆ (e ∧ e) + (e ∧ e)] ∧ F
8πG γ
where the first term is the Palatini action, and the second one, the Holst
term, is often called topological since it does not affect the equations of
motion. The parameter γ is called the (Barbero)-Immirzi parameter, and
plays an essential rôle in Loop quantum gravity.

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The Holst Action

Still another action classically equivalent to the Einstein-Hilbert action is
the Holst action:
1 1
Z
S =− [⋆ (e ∧ e) + (e ∧ e)] ∧ F
8πG γ
where the first term is the Palatini action, and the second one, the Holst
term, is often called topological since it does not affect the equations of
motion. The parameter γ is called the (Barbero)-Immirzi parameter, and
plays an essential rôle in Loop quantum gravity.
We can then rewrite this action à la Plebanski and get the
Palatini-Holst-Plebanski functional integral, loosely written as:
1 − 8πG
1
R
[⋆ B+ γ1 B]∧F
dν = e δ(B = e ∧ e) DB Dω
Z

31
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The EPR(LS)/FK theory

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The EPR(LS)/FK theory

Parallel works by Engle-Pereira-Rovelli and by Freidel-Krasnov, with
contributions of Livine and Speziale, lead in 2007 to an improved spin foam
model which better implements the Plebanski constraints.

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The EPR(LS)/FK theory

Parallel works by Engle-Pereira-Rovelli and by Freidel-Krasnov, with
contributions of Livine and Speziale, lead in 2007 to an improved spin foam
model which better implements the Plebanski constraints.
It seems to incoprorate better the angular degrees of freedom of the
graviton. It also reproduces the correct Einstein-Hilbert action in the limit
of large spins (Barrett et al, Conrady-Freidel, 2009).

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The EPR(LS)/FK theory

Parallel works by Engle-Pereira-Rovelli and by Freidel-Krasnov, with
contributions of Livine and Speziale, lead in 2007 to an improved spin foam
model which better implements the Plebanski constraints.
It seems to incoprorate better the angular degrees of freedom of the
graviton. It also reproduces the correct Einstein-Hilbert action in the limit
of large spins (Barrett et al, Conrady-Freidel, 2009).
These spin foams translate into an new proposal for a 4D GFT with a new
improved propagator which incorporates

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The EPR(LS)/FK theory

Parallel works by Engle-Pereira-Rovelli and by Freidel-Krasnov, with
contributions of Livine and Speziale, lead in 2007 to an improved spin foam
model which better implements the Plebanski constraints.
It seems to incoprorate better the angular degrees of freedom of the
graviton. It also reproduces the correct Einstein-Hilbert action in the limit
of large spins (Barrett et al, Conrady-Freidel, 2009).
These spin foams translate into an new proposal for a 4D GFT with a new
improved propagator which incorporates
a SU(2) × SU(2) averaging C at both ends like in Ooguri theory

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The EPR(LS)/FK theory

Parallel works by Engle-Pereira-Rovelli and by Freidel-Krasnov, with
contributions of Livine and Speziale, lead in 2007 to an improved spin foam
model which better implements the Plebanski constraints.
It seems to incoprorate better the angular degrees of freedom of the
graviton. It also reproduces the correct Einstein-Hilbert action in the limit
of large spins (Barrett et al, Conrady-Freidel, 2009).
These spin foams translate into an new proposal for a 4D GFT with a new
improved propagator which incorporates
a SU(2) × SU(2) averaging C at both ends like in Ooguri theory
a simplicity constraint which depends on the value of the Immirzi
parameter. For instance for 0 < γ < 1 it restricts representations to:
1+γ 1−γ
j+ = j ; j− = j (2.2)
2 2

32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

The EPR(LS)/FK theory

Parallel works by Engle-Pereira-Rovelli and by Freidel-Krasnov, with
contributions of Livine and Speziale, lead in 2007 to an improved spin foam
model which better implements the Plebanski constraints.
It seems to incoprorate better the angular degrees of freedom of the
graviton. It also reproduces the correct Einstein-Hilbert action in the limit
of large spins (Barrett et al, Conrady-Freidel, 2009).
These spin foams translate into an new proposal for a 4D GFT with a new
improved propagator which incorporates
a SU(2) × SU(2) averaging C at both ends like in Ooguri theory
a simplicity constraint which depends on the value of the Immirzi
parameter. For instance for 0 < γ < 1 it restricts representations to:
1+γ 1−γ
j+ = j ; j− = j (2.2)
2 2
a new projector S averaging on a single SU(2) residual gauge
invariance in the middle of the propagator.
32
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Renormalization group, at last?

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Renormalization group, at last?

The main new feature is that the full propagator can therefore be written as
K = CSC with C 2 = C and S 2 = S, hence C and S are two projectors, but
they do not commute, hence K has non-trivial spectrum!

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Renormalization group, at last?

The main new feature is that the full propagator can therefore be written as
K = CSC with C 2 = C and S 2 = S, hence C and S are two projectors, but
they do not commute, hence K has non-trivial spectrum!
This means that a RG analysis become possible! That’s our program.

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Renormalization group, at last?

The main new feature is that the full propagator can therefore be written as
K = CSC with C 2 = C and S 2 = S, hence C and S are two projectors, but
they do not commute, hence K has non-trivial spectrum!
This means that a RG analysis become possible! That’s our program.
In 2008 Perini, Rovelli and Speziale found in some natural normalization of
the theory a Λ6 divergence for the graph G2

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Renormalization group, at last?

The main new feature is that the full propagator can therefore be written as
K = CSC with C 2 = C and S 2 = S, hence C and S are two projectors, but
they do not commute, hence K has non-trivial spectrum!
This means that a RG analysis become possible! That’s our program.
In 2008 Perini, Rovelli and Speziale found in some natural normalization of
the theory a Λ6 divergence for the graph G2

33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Renormalization group, at last?

The main new feature is that the full propagator can therefore be written as
K = CSC with C 2 = C and S 2 = S, hence C and S are two projectors, but
they do not commute, hence K has non-trivial spectrum!
This means that a RG analysis become possible! That’s our program.
In 2008 Perini, Rovelli and Speziale found in some natural normalization of
the theory a Λ6 divergence for the graph G2

and a tantalizing logarithmic divergence for a radiative correction to the

coupling constant.
33
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far

This section is based on joint work with collaborators J. Ben Geloun, T.

Krajewski, Karim Noui, Jacques Magnen, Matteo Smerlak, A. Tanasa and
P. Vitale.

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far

This section is based on joint work with collaborators J. Ben Geloun, T.

Krajewski, Karim Noui, Jacques Magnen, Matteo Smerlak, A. Tanasa and
P. Vitale.
Our program aims at renormalizing group field theories, eg of the
EPR(LS)/FK type; we have performed only some preliminary steps yet

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far

This section is based on joint work with collaborators J. Ben Geloun, T.

Krajewski, Karim Noui, Jacques Magnen, Matteo Smerlak, A. Tanasa and
P. Vitale.
Our program aims at renormalizing group field theories, eg of the
EPR(LS)/FK type; we have performed only some preliminary steps yet

We have investigated the power counting of the Boulatov model, and

found the first uniform bounds for its Freidel-Louapre constructive
regularization, using the loop vertex expansion technique.
arXiv:0906.5477, Scaling behaviour of three-dimensional group field theory (MNRS, Class. Quant. Gravity .26

(2009)185012)

34
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, II

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, II

We have computed in the Abelian case the power counting of graphs

for BF theory, and found how to relate them to the number of bubbles
of the graphs in the colored case.

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, II

We have computed in the Abelian case the power counting of graphs

for BF theory, and found how to relate them to the number of bubbles
of the graphs in the colored case.

The Abelian amplitudes lead to new class of topological polynomials

for stranded graphs.

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, II

We have computed in the Abelian case the power counting of graphs

for BF theory, and found how to relate them to the number of bubbles
of the graphs in the colored case.

The Abelian amplitudes lead to new class of topological polynomials

for stranded graphs.
arXiv:0911.1719 Bosonic Colored Group Field Theory (BMR)

arXiv:1002.3592, Linearized Group Field Theory and Power Counting Theorems (BKMR, Class. Quant. Grav. 27 (2010)

155012)

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, II

We have computed in the Abelian case the power counting of graphs

for BF theory, and found how to relate them to the number of bubbles
of the graphs in the colored case.

The Abelian amplitudes lead to new class of topological polynomials

for stranded graphs.
arXiv:0911.1719 Bosonic Colored Group Field Theory (BMR)

arXiv:1002.3592, Linearized Group Field Theory and Power Counting Theorems (BKMR, Class. Quant. Grav. 27 (2010)

155012)

See also the related work of Bonzom and Smerlak

35
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, III

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, III

We have started the study of the general superficial degree of

divergence of EPR(LS)/FK graphs through saddle point analysis using
coherent states techniques. We recover in many cases the Abelian
counting, and find also corrections to it in general.

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, III

We have started the study of the general superficial degree of

divergence of EPR(LS)/FK graphs through saddle point analysis using
coherent states techniques. We recover in many cases the Abelian
counting, and find also corrections to it in general.

But saddle points may come in many varieties, degenerate or not. This
richness is interesting but a major challenge.

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, III

We have started the study of the general superficial degree of

divergence of EPR(LS)/FK graphs through saddle point analysis using
coherent states techniques. We recover in many cases the Abelian
counting, and find also corrections to it in general.

But saddle points may come in many varieties, degenerate or not. This
richness is interesting but a major challenge.

We recovered the Λ6 divergence of the EPR(LS)/FK graph G2 in the

case of non-degenerate saddle point configurations, but also a Λ9
divergence for the maximally degenerate saddle points. Our method
also works at non zero external spins.

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, III

We have started the study of the general superficial degree of

divergence of EPR(LS)/FK graphs through saddle point analysis using
coherent states techniques. We recover in many cases the Abelian
counting, and find also corrections to it in general.

But saddle points may come in many varieties, degenerate or not. This
richness is interesting but a major challenge.

We recovered the Λ6 divergence of the EPR(LS)/FK graph G2 in the

case of non-degenerate saddle point configurations, but also a Λ9
divergence for the maximally degenerate saddle points. Our method
also works at non zero external spins.
arXiv:1007. 3150 Quantum Corrections in the Group Field Theory Formulation of the EPRL/FK Models (KMRTV)

36
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, IV

37
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, IV

We have written still a more compact representation recently for the

EPR/FK propagator in terms of traces

37
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, IV

We have written still a more compact representation recently for the

EPR/FK propagator in terms of traces

We hope that raising eventually the EPR/FK propagator to the right

power should lead to a just renormalizable model of 4D colored group
field theory.

37
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What we have done so far, IV

We have written still a more compact representation recently for the

EPR/FK propagator in terms of traces

We hope that raising eventually the EPR/FK propagator to the right

power should lead to a just renormalizable model of 4D colored group
field theory.
EPRL/FK Group Field Theory, arXiv:1008.0354 (BGR)

37
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What remains to be done in our program

Essentially everything!

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What remains to be done in our program

Essentially everything!

We need to investigate better the dominance of type 1 or ball-like

graphs, perhaps in the simpler colored BF models and establish at least
rough bounds on all other graphs showing they are smaller.

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What remains to be done in our program

Essentially everything!

We need to investigate better the dominance of type 1 or ball-like

graphs, perhaps in the simpler colored BF models and establish at least
rough bounds on all other graphs showing they are smaller.

We need to cut propagators with non trivial spectra like the

EPR(LS)/FK into slices according to their sepctrum. This requires two
cutoffs. This is required to identify the ”high” subgraphs, and perform
a true multiscale RG analysis. We have to find the new locality
principle and the correct power counting. Only then can we find if
some of these models are renormalizable or not.

38
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What remains to be done in our program

39
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What remains to be done in our program

We need to find out whether symmetries such as the tantalizing

topological BF symmetry recovered at γ = 1 create fixed points of the
RG analysis.

39
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

What remains to be done in our program

We need to find out whether symmetries such as the tantalizing

topological BF symmetry recovered at γ = 1 create fixed points of the
RG analysis.

We need to get a better glimpse of whether a phase transition to a

condensed phase can lead to emergence of a large smooth space-time.

39
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Conclusion

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Conclusion

EPR(LS)/FK group field theory is an interesting 4D group field theory.

It has the right gluing rules plus a non-trivial propagator spectrum.

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Conclusion

EPR(LS)/FK group field theory is an interesting 4D group field theory.

It has the right gluing rules plus a non-trivial propagator spectrum.
I feel the discovery of the noncommutative RG associated to the GW
model, which is nonlocal and mixes ordinary scales, is an encouraging
step towards finding a similar renormalization group for group field
theories.

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Conclusion

EPR(LS)/FK group field theory is an interesting 4D group field theory.

It has the right gluing rules plus a non-trivial propagator spectrum.
I feel the discovery of the noncommutative RG associated to the GW
model, which is nonlocal and mixes ordinary scales, is an encouraging
step towards finding a similar renormalization group for group field
theories.
I hope black holes on one side, and possibly some mean field
transplanckian RG fixed point might bring constraints on GFT- based
scenarios for geometrogenesis and cosmology.

40
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture III Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
GFT Group Field Theory

Conclusion

EPR(LS)/FK group field theory is an interesting 4D group field theory.

It has the right gluing rules plus a non-trivial propagator spectrum.
I feel the discovery of the noncommutative RG associated to the GW
model, which is nonlocal and mixes ordinary scales, is an encouraging
step towards finding a similar renormalization group for group field
theories.
I hope black holes on one side, and possibly some mean field
transplanckian RG fixed point might bring constraints on GFT- based
scenarios for geometrogenesis and cosmology.
However ”geometrogenesis” phase transition may be of a higher tensor
nature, hence harder to analyze than confinement, which is still not
well analytically understood. So computer studies may become
necessary at some point.

40
Hubbard Model, Three Dimensions

Vincent Rivasseau

LPT Orsay

Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV

Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.
Consider eg a Fermionic d-dimensional QFT in an infrared slice with N
colors. Suppose the propagator is diagonal in color space and satisfies the
bound
M −dj/2 −M −j |x−y |
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab √ e
N

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.
Consider eg a Fermionic d-dimensional QFT in an infrared slice with N
colors. Suppose the propagator is diagonal in color space and satisfies the
bound
M −dj/2 −M −j |x−y |
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab √ e
N

We say that the interaction is of the vector type (or Gross-Neveu type) if it
is of the form
Z N
X N

X
ddx


V =λ ψ̄a (x)ψa (x) ψ̄b (x)ψb (x)
a=1 b=1

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy (Single Scale) Fermionic Model

There is no need to introduce a lattice of cubes to compute connected
functions of a Fermionic theory.
Consider eg a Fermionic d-dimensional QFT in an infrared slice with N
colors. Suppose the propagator is diagonal in color space and satisfies the
bound
M −dj/2 −M −j |x−y |
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab √ e
N

We say that the interaction is of the vector type (or Gross-Neveu type) if it
is of the form
Z N
X N

X
ddx


V =λ ψ̄a (x)ψa (x) ψ̄b (x)ψb (x)
a=1 b=1

where λ is the coupling constant.

2
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy Fermionic Model, II

We claim that

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy Fermionic Model, II

We claim that
The perturbation theory for the connected functions of this single slice
model has a radius of convergence in λ which is uniform in j and N.

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Toy Fermionic Model, II

We claim that
The perturbation theory for the connected functions of this single slice
model has a radius of convergence in λ which is uniform in j and N.

The J2 model is roughly similar to that model with the role of colors
payed by N = M j angular sectors around the Fermi surface.

3
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

1
Z
dµC (ψ, ψ̄)e SΛ (ψ̄a ,ψa )


p = lim
Λ→∞ |Λ|

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

1
Z
dµC (ψ, ψ̄)e SΛ (ψ̄a ,ψa )


p = lim
Λ→∞ |Λ|

∞
X N
X XX YZ 1
n


= (λ /n!) ε(T , Ω) dwℓ
n=0 a1 ,...,an ,b1 ,...,bn =1 T Ω ℓ∈T 0

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Fermionic Tree Expansion

Expanding the pressure
1
p = lim log Z (Λ)
Λ→∞ |Λ|

through the forest formula leads to

1
Z
dµC (ψ, ψ̄)e SΛ (ψ̄a ,ψa )


p = lim
Λ→∞ |Λ|

∞
X N
X XX YZ 1
n


= (λ /n!) ε(T , Ω) dwℓ
n=0 a1 ,...,an ,b1 ,...,bn =1 T Ω ℓ∈T 0
Z Y

dx1 ...dxn δ(x1 = 0) Cj,ab (xℓ , yℓ ) × det[Cj,ab ()]remaining
Rnd ℓ∈T

4
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

Cj (xk , ym ) < fj,k , gj,m >L2

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant

[Cj,ab ()]remaining is the matrix with entries

T
xkm (w) · Cj,ab (xk , ym )
corresponding to the fields ψ̄(xm ) and ψ(yn ) which have not been
Wick-contracted into the tree T .
Suppose we have written

Cj (xk , ym ) < fj,k , gj,m >L2

(this is realized through fj,k = fj (xk , ·) and gj,m = gj (·, ym ) if

fˆj (p).ĝj (p) = Ĉj (p)).

5
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant, II

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant, II

Then we have the Gram inequality:

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant, II

Then we have the Gram inequality:

Y Y
|det[Cj,ab ()]remaining | ≤ ||fj,k || ||gj,m ||
anti−fields k fields m

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Bounds on the Remaining Determinant, II

Then we have the Gram inequality:

Y Y
|det[Cj,ab ()]remaining | ≤ ||fj,k || ||gj,m ||
anti−fields k fields m

Proof: The w dependence disappears by extracting

Pn the Tsymmetric square
root v of the positive matrix x T so that xkm
T = v v
k=1 kn nm
T .

6
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

There is a factor M −dj/2 per line, or M −dj/4 per field ie entry of the
loop determinant. This gives a factor M −dj per vertex

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

There is a factor M −dj/2 per line, or M −dj/4 per field ie entry of the
loop determinant. This gives a factor M −dj per vertex
There is a factor M +dj per vertex spatial integration (save one)

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in j for the Toy Model

There is a factor M −dj/2 per line, or M −dj/4 per field ie entry of the
loop determinant. This gives a factor M −dj per vertex
There is a factor M +dj per vertex spatial integration (save one)

Hence the λ radius of convergence is uniform in j.

7
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex
There is a factor N per vertex (plus one)

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex
There is a factor N per vertex (plus one)
The last item is not obvious to prove, because we don’t know all the graph,
but only a tree To prove it we organize the sum over the colors from leaves
to root of the tree. In this way the pay a factor N at each leaf to know the
color index which does not go towards the root, then prune the leaf and
iterate. The last vertex (the root) is the only special one as it costs two N
factors.

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Uniform Radius in N for the Toy Model

There is a factor N −1/2 per line, or N −1/4 per field ie entry of the loop
determinant. This gives a factor N −1 per vertex
There is a factor N per vertex (plus one)
The last item is not obvious to prove, because we don’t know all the graph,
but only a tree To prove it we organize the sum over the colors from leaves
to root of the tree. In this way the pay a factor N at each leaf to know the
color index which does not go towards the root, then prune the leaf and
iterate. The last vertex (the root) is the only special one as it costs two N
factors.
Hence the λ radius of convergence is uniform in N.

8
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

(using Gevrey cutoffs fj to get fractional exponential decay).

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

(using Gevrey cutoffs fj to get fractional exponential decay).

This is much worse than the factor M −3j/2 that would be needed.

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Model in a RG Slice

We claim that this model is roughly similar to the Toy Model, with
dimension d = 3.
The naive estimate on the slice propagator is (using integration by parts)
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj (x, y )| ≤ M −j e −[M

(using Gevrey cutoffs fj to get fractional exponential decay).

This is much worse than the factor M −3j/2 that would be needed.
But the situation improves if we cut the Fermi slice into smaller pieces
(called sectors).

9
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

(using again Gevrey cutoffs fja for fractional power decay).

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

(using again Gevrey cutoffs fja for fractional power decay).

But since N = M j
M −3j/2
M −2j = √
N

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

J2 Sectors

Suppose we divide the j-th slice into M j sectors, each of size roughly M −j
in all three directions.
A sector propagator C j,a has now prefactor M −2j and
−j |x−y |]1/2
|Cj,ab (x, y )| ≤ δab M −2j e −[M

(using again Gevrey cutoffs fja for fractional power decay).

But since N = M j
M −3j/2
M −2j = √
N
so that the bound is identical to that of the toy model.

10
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.
Hence an approximate rhombus should be an approximate parallelogram.

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.
Hence an approximate rhombus should be an approximate parallelogram.
Momentum conservation δ(p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 ) at each vertex follows from
translation invariance√of J2 . Hence p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 form a quadrilateral. For j
large we have |pk | ≃ 2Mµ hence the quadrilateral is an approximate
rhombus. Hence the four sectors to which p1 , p2 , p3 and p4 should be
roughly equal two by two (parallelogram condition).

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation
In two dimensions a rhombus (i.e; a closed quadrilateral whose four sides
have equal lengths) is a parallelogram.
Hence an approximate rhombus should be an approximate parallelogram.
Momentum conservation δ(p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 ) at each vertex follows from
translation invariance√of J2 . Hence p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 form a quadrilateral. For j
large we have |pk | ≃ 2Mµ hence the quadrilateral is an approximate
rhombus. Hence the four sectors to which p1 , p2 , p3 and p4 should be
roughly equal two by two (parallelogram condition).
It means that the interaction is roughly of the color (or Gross-Neveu) type
with respect to these angular sectors:
X
X

ψ̄a ψa ψ̄b ψb
a b

11
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.
This is the source of painful technical complications (anisotropic angular
sectors) which were developed by Feldman, Magnen, Trubowitz and myself.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.
This is the source of painful technical complications (anisotropic angular
sectors) which were developed by Feldman, Magnen, Trubowitz and myself.
One should use in fact M j/2 longer sectors in the tangential direction (of
length M −j/2 ). The corresponding propagators have dual decay because the
sectors are still aprroximately flat.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

The rhombus rule is not fully correct for almost degenerate rhombuses.
This is the source of painful technical complications (anisotropic angular
sectors) which were developed by Feldman, Magnen, Trubowitz and myself.
One should use in fact M j/2 longer sectors in the tangential direction (of
length M −j/2 ). The corresponding propagators have dual decay because the
sectors are still aprroximately flat.
Ultimately the conclusion is unchanged: the radius of convergence of J2 in
a slice is independent of the slice index j.

12
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Anisotropic Sectors

In order for sectors defined in momentum space to correspond to

propagators with dual decay in direct space, it is essential that their length
in the tangential direction is not too big, otherwise the curvature is too
strong for the stationary phase method to apply.

13
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).
In 2002 Benfatto, Giuliani and Mastropietro extended our analysis to
the case of non-rotation invariant curves close to the jellium case.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).
In 2002 Benfatto, Giuliani and Mastropietro extended our analysis to
the case of non-rotation invariant curves close to the jellium case.
Another way to build a Fermi liquid is to introduce a magnetic
regulator instead of a temperature, to get rid of the BCS phase
transition. The magnetic field typically blocks the Cooper pair channel
by breaking the parity invariance of the Fermi surface.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Results on 2d Interacting Fermi Liquid

This plus a lot of work to fill in the “technical details” lead to the
proof of Salmhofer’s criterion for J2 . This was the first mathematical
construction of an interacting Fermi liquid (Disertori-R., 2000).
In 2002 Benfatto, Giuliani and Mastropietro extended our analysis to
the case of non-rotation invariant curves close to the jellium case.
Another way to build a Fermi liquid is to introduce a magnetic
regulator instead of a temperature, to get rid of the BCS phase
transition. The magnetic field typically blocks the Cooper pair channel
by breaking the parity invariance of the Fermi surface.
Following this road, Feldman, Knörrer and Trubowitz built in great
detail a 2D Fermi liquids with non-parity invariant surfaces in an
impressive series of papers completed around 2003-2004.

14
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The Hubbard model at half-filling in 2 dimensions

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The Hubbard model at half-filling in 2 dimensions

There are not many sectors for H2 ; it is not a Fermi liquid in the sense of
Salmhofer but a “Luttinger liquid” with logarithmic corrections.
(Afchain-Magnen-R., 2004).

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The Hubbard model at half-filling in 2 dimensions

There are not many sectors for H2 ; it is not a Fermi liquid in the sense of
Salmhofer but a “Luttinger liquid” with logarithmic corrections.
(Afchain-Magnen-R., 2004).
As the Hubbard filling factor moves from zero to half-filling, there is a
crossover between Fermi and Luttinger behavior (Benfatto, Giuliani,
Mastropietro)

15
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors

Consider the curvature radius of the curve (cos k1 + cos k2 )2 = M −2j , which
is

(sin2 k1 + sin2 k2 )3/2

R= .
| cos k1 sin2 k2 + cos k2 sin2 k1 |

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors

Consider the curvature radius of the curve (cos k1 + cos k2 )2 = M −2j , which
is

(sin2 k1 + sin2 k2 )3/2

R= .
| cos k1 sin2 k2 + cos k2 sin2 k1 |
Consider also the distance d(k1 ) to the Fermi curve cos k1 + √
cos k2 = 0,
and the width w (k1 ) of the band M ≤ | cos k1 + cos k2 | ≤ 2M.M −j .
−j

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors

Consider the curvature radius of the curve (cos k1 + cos k2 )2 = M −2j , which
is

(sin2 k1 + sin2 k2 )3/2

R= .
| cos k1 sin2 k2 + cos k2 sin2 k1 |
Consider also the distance d(k1 ) to the Fermi curve cos k1 + √
cos k2 = 0,
and the width w (k1 ) of the band M ≤ | cos k1 + cos k2 | ≤ 2M.M −j .
−j

One finds
M −j
d(k1 ) ≃ w (k1 ) ≃ −j/2 ,
M + k1

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors

Consider the curvature radius of the curve (cos k1 + cos k2 )2 = M −2j , which
is

(sin2 k1 + sin2 k2 )3/2

R= .
| cos k1 sin2 k2 + cos k2 sin2 k1 |
Consider also the distance d(k1 ) to the Fermi curve cos k1 + √
cos k2 = 0,
and the width w (k1 ) of the band M ≤ | cos k1 + cos k2 | ≤ 2M.M −j .
−j

One finds
M −j
d(k1 ) ≃ w (k1 ) ≃ −j/2 ,
M + k1

k13 + M −3j/2
R(k1 ) ≃ ,
M −j

16
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors, II

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors, II
Remember the condition that the sector length should not be bigger than
that anisotropic length.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors, II
Remember the condition that the sector length should not be bigger than
that anisotropic length.
!

"

"

!
! " # $ % $ # " !

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors, II
Remember the condition that the sector length should not be bigger than
that anisotropic length.
!

"

"

!
! " # $ % $ # " !

This leads to slice |k1 | or |k2 | according to a geometric progression from 1

to M −j/2 to form the angular sectors in this model.

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors, II
Remember the condition that the sector length should not be bigger than
that anisotropic length.
!

"

"

!
! " # $ % $ # " !

This leads to slice |k1 | or |k2 | according to a geometric progression from 1

to M −j/2 to form the angular sectors in this model.
Since
cos k1 + cos k2 = 2 cos(πk+ /2) cos(πk− /2) .

17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

H2 Sectors, II
Remember the condition that the sector length should not be bigger than
that anisotropic length.
!

"

"

!
! " # $ % $ # " !

This leads to slice |k1 | or |k2 | according to a geometric progression from 1

to M −j/2 to form the angular sectors in this model.
Since
cos k1 + cos k2 = 2 cos(πk+ /2) cos(πk− /2) .
it is better to slice cos(πk± /2) with indices (s+ , s− )
| cos(πk± /2)| ≃ M −s±
17
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation Rule, Power Counting

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation Rule, Power Counting

The two smallest indices among sj,+ for j = 1, 2, 3, 4 differ by at most one
unit, and the two smallest indices among sj,− for j = 1, 2, 3, 4 differ by at
most one unit.

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Momentum Conservation Rule, Power Counting

The two smallest indices among sj,+ for j = 1, 2, 3, 4 differ by at most one
unit, and the two smallest indices among sj,− for j = 1, 2, 3, 4 differ by at
most one unit.
Because the total number of sectors is growing logarithmically, not
power-like, the scaling of the model resembles more the one-dimensional
model (Luttinger liqud) than to the jellium models in 2 or 3 dimensions.

18
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

There is no rhombus rule for J3 ; although it is a Fermi liquid, new methods

have to be developed to treat it constructively (work in progress).

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

There is no rhombus rule for J3 ; although it is a Fermi liquid, new methods

have to be developed to treat it constructively (work in progress).
Fix m ∈ Zd+1 . The number of 4-tuples {S1 , · · · S4 } of sectors for which
there exist ki ∈ Rd , i = 1, · · · , 4 satisfying

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

There is no rhombus rule for J3 ; although it is a Fermi liquid, new methods

have to be developed to treat it constructively (work in progress).
Fix m ∈ Zd+1 . The number of 4-tuples {S1 , · · · S4 } of sectors for which
there exist ki ∈ Rd , i = 1, · · · , 4 satisfying

ki′ ∈ Si , |ki − ki′ | ≤ const M −j , i = 1, · · · , 4

and

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

There is no rhombus rule for J3 ; although it is a Fermi liquid, new methods

have to be developed to treat it constructively (work in progress).
Fix m ∈ Zd+1 . The number of 4-tuples {S1 , · · · S4 } of sectors for which
there exist ki ∈ Rd , i = 1, · · · , 4 satisfying

ki′ ∈ Si , |ki − ki′ | ≤ const M −j , i = 1, · · · , 4

and
|k1 + · · · + k4 | ≤ const (1 + |m|) M −j

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

There is no rhombus rule for J3 ; although it is a Fermi liquid, new methods

have to be developed to treat it constructively (work in progress).
Fix m ∈ Zd+1 . The number of 4-tuples {S1 , · · · S4 } of sectors for which
there exist ki ∈ Rd , i = 1, · · · , 4 satisfying

ki′ ∈ Si , |ki − ki′ | ≤ const M −j , i = 1, · · · , 4

and
|k1 + · · · + k4 | ≤ const (1 + |m|) M −j
is bounded by
const(1 + |m|)d M (3d−4)j {1 + jδd,2 } .

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

There is no rhombus rule for J3 ; although it is a Fermi liquid, new methods

have to be developed to treat it constructively (work in progress).
Fix m ∈ Zd+1 . The number of 4-tuples {S1 , · · · S4 } of sectors for which
there exist ki ∈ Rd , i = 1, · · · , 4 satisfying

ki′ ∈ Si , |ki − ki′ | ≤ const M −j , i = 1, · · · , 4

and
|k1 + · · · + k4 | ≤ const (1 + |m|) M −j
is bounded by
const(1 + |m|)d M (3d−4)j {1 + jδd,2 } .
k
Here, k ′ = |k| denotes the projection of k onto the Fermi surface.

19
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

So for d = 3 we find M 5j 4-tuples which correspond to the choice of two

sectors (M 2j × M 2j ) and of one angular twist M j .

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

So for d = 3 we find M 5j 4-tuples which correspond to the choice of two

sectors (M 2j × M 2j ) and of one angular twist M j .
Therefore the jellium model interaction is not of the vector type.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

The jellium model in 3 dimensions

So for d = 3 we find M 5j 4-tuples which correspond to the choice of two

sectors (M 2j × M 2j ) and of one angular twist M j .
Therefore the jellium model interaction is not of the vector type.
The power counting corresponds to M −3j per sector propagator. Two
propagators pay for one vertex integration (M 4j ) and one sector choice
(M 2j ) but there is nothing to pay for the angular twist.

20
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Scaling in direct space

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Scaling in direct space

In direct space the problem is different.

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Scaling in direct space

In direct space the problem is different.
The propagator in x-space satisfies a naive bound
−j |x−y |
Cj (x, y ) ≤ M −j e M

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Scaling in direct space

In direct space the problem is different.
The propagator in x-space satisfies a naive bound
−j |x−y |
Cj (x, y ) ≤ M −j e M

But integrating over angles leads to an additional 1/|x − y | decay, because

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Scaling in direct space

In direct space the problem is different.
The propagator in x-space satisfies a naive bound
−j |x−y |
Cj (x, y ) ≤ M −j e M

But integrating over angles leads to an additional 1/|x − y | decay, because

Z π
sin θdθdφe i cos θ|x−y | = sin |x − y |/|x − y |
0

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Scaling in direct space

In direct space the problem is different.
The propagator in x-space satisfies a naive bound
−j |x−y |
Cj (x, y ) ≤ M −j e M

But integrating over angles leads to an additional 1/|x − y | decay, because

Z π
sin θdθdφe i cos θ|x−y | = sin |x − y |/|x − y |
0

Hence for typical distances |x − y | ≃ M j the propagator obeys an improved

estimate
−j
Cj (x, y ) ≤ M −2j e M |x−y |

21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Scaling in direct space

In direct space the problem is different.
The propagator in x-space satisfies a naive bound
−j |x−y |
Cj (x, y ) ≤ M −j e M

But integrating over angles leads to an additional 1/|x − y | decay, because

Z π
sin θdθdφe i cos θ|x−y | = sin |x − y |/|x − y |
0

Hence for typical distances |x − y | ≃ M j the propagator obeys an improved

estimate
−j
Cj (x, y ) ≤ M −2j e M |x−y |
The problem is that this bound is wrong at small distances.
21
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Solution: Hadamard bound.

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Solution: Hadamard bound.

Hadamard bound for a 2n by 2n determinant yields

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Solution: Hadamard bound.

Hadamard bound for a 2n by 2n determinant yields

Y sX
|detaij | ≤ |aij |2 ≤ (2n)n | sup |aij |2n
i j ij

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Solution: Hadamard bound.

Hadamard bound for a 2n by 2n determinant yields

Y sX
|detaij | ≤ |aij |2 ≤ (2n)n | sup |aij |2n
i j ij

This bound used after a cluster expansion between cubes solves the
problem for the main part of the propagator.

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Solution: Hadamard bound.

Hadamard bound for a 2n by 2n determinant yields

Y sX
|detaij | ≤ |aij |2 ≤ (2n)n | sup |aij |2n
i j ij

This bound used after a cluster expansion between cubes solves the
problem for the main part of the propagator.
Correct just renormalizable power counting is recovered for the main
part of the theory

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Solution: Hadamard bound.

Hadamard bound for a 2n by 2n determinant yields

Y sX
|detaij | ≤ |aij |2 ≤ (2n)n | sup |aij |2n
i j ij

This bound used after a cluster expansion between cubes solves the
problem for the main part of the propagator.
Correct just renormalizable power counting is recovered for the main
part of the theory
A factor n! is lost in the bound at order n but this is what is allowed
by the 1/n! symmetry factor.

22
Cetraro, Summer 2010, Cetraro, Summer 2010, Lecture IV Vincent Rivasseau, LPT Orsay
Single Scale Toy Model 2 Dimensional Jellium Model Hubbard Model 3d Jellium Model

Solution: Hadamard bound.

Hadamard bound for a 2n by 2n determinant yields

Y sX
|detaij | ≤ |aij |2 ≤ (2n)n | sup |aij |2n
i j ij

This bound used after a cluster expansion between cubes solves the
problem for the main part of the propagator.
Correct just renormalizable power counting is recovered for the main
part of the theory
A factor n! is lost in the bound at order n but this is what is allowed
by the 1/n! symmetry factor.
An auxiliary (superrenormalizable) expansion is needed to treat the small
distance part.

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