Chapter 1

Database Systems

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)

• In this chapter, you will learn:

o The difference between data and information
o What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they
are valuable assets for decision making
o The importance of database design
o How modern databases evolved from file systems

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

• In this chapter, you will learn:

o About flaws in file system data management
o The main components of the database system
o The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4

Why Databases?

 Databases solve many of the problems encountered in data

management
 Used in almost all modern settings involving data management:
• Business
• Research
• Administration

 Therefore, important to understand how databases work and

interact with other applications

Database Systems, 10th Edition

Data versus Information

Data Information
• Raw facts • Produced by processing raw data
o Have not yet been processed to to reveal its meaning
reveal their meaning to the end user • Requires context
• Building blocks of information • Bedrock of knowledge
• Data management • Should be accurate, relevant, and
o Generation, storage, and retrieval of timely to enable good decision
data making

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Data vs. Information

Data, Information, Knowledge

• Data (raw facts)
• Information (processed data with meaning)
• Knowledge (the body of information and facts about a specific subject)

Example
• I have access to data, so I can check the last name of customer with ID
10001
• I have access to information: I can find the customer who has paid the
most among all services in year 2015.
• I work in the HR department, and I know what type of data we have in
our database and the relationships and constraints.
Example
Introducing the Database
• Shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of:
o End-user data - Raw facts of interest to end user
o Metadata: Data about data, which the end-user data are integrated
and managed
• Describe data characteristics and relationships
• Database management system (DBMS)
o Collection of programs
o Manages the database structure
o Controls access to data stored in the database

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Role of the DBMS
• Intermediary between the user and the database
• Enables data to be shared
• Presents the end user with an integrated view of the data
• Receives and translates application requests into operations
required to fulfill the requests
• Hides database’s internal complexity from the application
programs and users

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Figure 1.3 - The DBMS Manages the Interaction
between the End User and the Database

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Advantages of the DBMS
• Better data integration and less data inconsistency
o Data inconsistency: Different versions of the same data appear in
different places
• Increased end-user productivity
• Improved:
o Data sharing
o Data security
o Data access
o Decision making
• Data quality: Accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data
Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
13

Types of Databases

Databases can be classified according to:

• Number of users

• Database location(s)

• Expected type and extent of use

Database Systems, 10th Edition

Types of Databases (1 of 5)

• Single-user database: Supports one user at a time

o Desktop database: Runs on PC

• Multiuser database: Supports multiple users at the same time

o Workgroup databases: Supports a small number of users or a
specific department
o Enterprise database: Supports many users across many
departments

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Types of Databases (2 of 5)

• Centralized database: Data is located at a single site

• Distributed database: Data is distributed across different sites
• Cloud database: Created and maintained using cloud data
services that provide defined performance measures for the
database

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Types of Databases (3 of 5)

• General-purpose databases: Contains a wide variety of data

used in multiple disciplines
• Discipline-specific databases: Contains data focused on
specific subject areas
• Operational database: Designed to support a company’s day-to-
day operations

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Types of Databases (4 of 5)

• Analytical database: Stores historical data and business metrics

used exclusively for tactical or strategic decision making
o Data warehouse: Stores data in a format optimized for decision
support
o Online analytical processing (OLAP)
• Tools for retrieving, processing, and modeling data from the data
warehouse
• Business intelligence: Captures and processes business data to
generate information that support decision making

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Types of Databases (5 of 5)

• Unstructured data: It exists in their original state

• Structured data: It results from formatting
o Structure is applied based on type of processing to be performed
• Semistructured data: Processed to some extent
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
o Represents data elements in textual format

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Types of Databases

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Database Design
• Focuses on the design of the database structure that will be used
to store and manage end-user data
• Well-designed database
o Facilitates data management
o Generates accurate and valuable information
• Poorly designed database causes difficult-to-trace errors

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Evolution of File System Data Processing
• Manual File Systems
o Accomplished through a system of file folders and filing cabinets

• Computerized File Systems

o Data processing (DP) specialist: Created a computer-based
system that would track data and produce required reports

• File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity Tools

o Includes spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Table 1.2 - Basic File Terminology

TERM DEFINITION
Data Raw facts, such as a telephone number, a birth date, a customer name, and a
year-to-date (YID) sales value. Data have little meaning unless they have been
organized in some logical manner.
Field A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific
meaning. A field is used to define and store data.
Record A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or
thing. For example, the fields that constitute a record for a customer might
consist of the customer's name, address, phone number, date of birth, credit
limit, and unpaid balance.
File A collection of related records. For example, a file might contain data about the
students currently enrolled at Gigantic University.

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Figure 1.8 - A Simple File System
Sales department Personnel department

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problems with File System Data Processing
• Lengthy development times
• Difficulty of getting quick answers
• Complex system administration
• Lack of security and limited data sharing
• Extensive programming

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Structural and Data Dependence (1 of 2)

• Structural dependence: Access to a file is dependent on its own

structure
o All file system programs are modified to conform to a new file
structure

• Structural independence: File structure is changed without

affecting the application’s ability to access the data

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Structural and Data Dependence (2 of 2)

• Data dependence
o Data access changes when data storage characteristics change

• Data independence
o Data storage characteristics is changed without affecting the
program’s ability to access the data

• Practical significance of data dependence is difference between

logical and physical format

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Data Redundancy
• Unnecessarily storing same data at different places
• Islands of information: Scattered data locations
o Increases the probability of having different versions of the same
data

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Data Redundancy Implications
• Poor data security
• Data inconsistency
• Increased likelihood of data-entry errors when complex entries
are made in different files
• Data anomaly: Develops when not all of the required changes in
the redundant data are made successfully

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Types of Data Anomaly
• Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in redundant
data are not made correctly
o Update Anomalies
o Insertion Anomalies
o Deletion Anomalies

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Database Systems
• Logically related data stored in a single logical data repository
o Physically distributed among multiple storage facilities
• DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
• Current generation DBMS software:
o Stores data structures, relationships between structures, and access
paths
o Defines, stores, and manages all access paths and components

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Figure 1.9 - Contrasting Database and File Systems

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Figure 1.10 - The Database System Environment

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
33

The Database System Environment

Database system: defines and regulates the collection, storage,

management, use of data
Five major parts of a database system:
• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Procedures
• Data

Database Systems, 10th Edition

34

The Database System Environment

 Hardware: all the system’s physical devices
 Software: three types of software required
• Operating system software; DBMS software; Application programs and
utility software
 People: all users of the database system
• System and database administrators, Database designers, Systems
analysts and programmers, End users
 Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the design and use
of the database system
 Data: the collection of facts stored in the database

Database Systems, 10th Edition

DBMS Functions (1 of 3)

• Data dictionary management

o Data dictionary: Stores definitions of the data elements and their
relationships
• Data storage management
o Performance tuning: Ensures efficient performance of the database
in terms of storage and access speed
• Data transformation and presentation
o Transforms entered data to conform to required data structures
• Security management
o Enforces user security and data privacy

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DBMS Functions (2 of 3)

• Multiuser access control

o Sophisticated algorithms ensure that multiple users can access the
database concurrently without compromising its integrity
• Backup and recovery management
o Enables recovery of the database after a failure
• Data integrity management
o Minimizes redundancy and maximizes consistency

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DBMS Functions (3 of 3)

• Database access languages and application programming

interfaces
o Query language: Lets the user specify what must be done without
having to specify how
o Structured Query Language (SQL): De facto query language and
data access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors
• Database communication interfaces
o Accept end-user requests via multiple, different network
environments

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disadvantages of Database Systems
• Increased costs
• Management complexity
• Maintaining currency
• Vendor dependence
• Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Table 1.3 - Database Career Opportunities
JOB TITLE DESCRIPTION SAMPLE SKILLS REQUIRED
Database Developer Create and maintain database-based Programming, database fundamentals, SQL
applications
Database Designer Design and maintain databases Systems design, database design, SQL
Database Administrator Manage and maintain DBMS and Database fundamentals, SQL, vendor courses
databases
Database Analyst Develop databases for decision support SQL, query optimization, data warehouses
reporting
Database Architect Design and implementation of database DBMS fundamentals, data modeling, SQL,
environments (conceptual, logical, and physical) hardware knowledge, etc.
Database Consultant Help companies leverage database Database fundamentals, data modeling,
technologies to improve business processes database design, SQL, DBMS, hardware,
and achieve specific goals vendor-specific technologies, etc.
Database Security Officer Implement security policies for data DBMS fundamentals, database administration,
administration SQL, data security technologies, etc.
Cloud Computing Data Architect Design and implement the infrastructure for Internet technologies, cloud storage
next-generation cloud database systems technologies, data security, performance
tuning, large databases, etc.

Coronel/Morris, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.