TOPIC 1: Introduction to Database

Systems
Objectives:
– Understand the terms
data, database, DBMS,
database systems,
database application
program, entity
– Understand the
importance of database
systems
– Familiarize with the major
components of a DBMS
– Familiarize with the
personnel involved in the
DBMS environment

1
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 Database Principles:
Fundamentals of Design,
Implementation, and
Management
Ninth Edition
Carlos Coronel, Steven Morris, and Peter Rob

Chapter 1
Database Systems
 Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn:

The difference between data and information

What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they
are valuable assets for decision making

The importance of database design

How modern databases evolved from file systems

3
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 Objectives (cont’d.)

About flaws in file system data management

The main components of the database

system

The main functions of a database

management system (DBMS)
4
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 Introduction

Good decisions require good

information derived from raw facts

Data is managed most efficiently

when stored in a database

Databases evolved from

computer file systems

Understanding file system

characteristics is important
5
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 Why Databases?

Used in almost all modern settings

Databases solve many of involving data management:
the problems encountered • Business
• Research
in data management • Administration

Important to understand how databases work and

interact with other applications

6
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 Data vs. Information

Data are raw facts

Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal

meaning

Information requires context to reveal meaning

Raw data must be formatted for storage, processing, and

presentation

Data are the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of

knowledge
7
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 Data vs. Information (cont’d.)

Data: building blocks of information

Information produced by processing data

Information used to reveal meaning in data

Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key to good decision

making

Good decision making is the key to organizational survival

8
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 Introducing the Database
• Database: shared, integrated computer
structure that stores a collection of:
– End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user
– Metadata: data about data
• Provides description of data characteristics and
relationships in data
• Complements and expands value of data

9
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 Introducing the Database

• Database
management
system (DBMS):
collection of
programs
– Manages structure
and controls
access to data

10
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© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the
U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Role and Advantages of the DBMS

DBMS is the intermediary Database structure stored

as file collection
between the user and the Can only access files
database through the DBMS

DBMS enables data to be shared

DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data

12
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 13
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 Role and Advantages of the DBMS
(cont’d.)
• Advantages of a DBMS:
– Improved data sharing
– Improved data
security
– Better data integration
– Minimized data
inconsistency
– Improved data access
– Improved decision
making
– Increased end-user
productivity
14
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 Types of Databases
• Databases can be classified
according to:
– Number of users
– Database location(s)
– Expected type and extent of use
• Single-user database supports
only one user at a time
– Desktop database: single-user;
runs on PC
• Multiuser database supports
multiple users at the same time
– Workgroup and enterprise
databases

15
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 Types of Databases (cont’d.)
• Centralized database: data
located at a single site
• Distributed database: data
distributed across several
different sites
• Operational database:
supports a company’s day-
to-day operations
– Transactional or
production database
• Data warehouse: stores
data used for tactical or
strategic decisions

16
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 Types of Databases (cont'd.)
• Unstructured data exist in their
original state
• Structured data result from
formatting
– Structure applied based on type
of processing to be performed
• Semistructured data have been
processed to some extent
• Extensible Markup Language
(XML) represents data elements in
textual format
– XML database supports
semistructured XML data

17
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 18
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 Why Database Design Is Important
• Database design focuses on
design of database structure
used for end-user data
– Designer must identify
database’s expected use
• Well-designed database:
– Facilitates data management
– Generates accurate and
valuable information
• Poorly designed database:
– Causes difficult-to-trace
errors

19
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 Evolution of File System Data
Processing

Reasons for studying file systems:

• Complexity of database design is easier to understand
• Understanding file system problems helps to avoid
problems with DBMS systems
• Knowledge of file system is useful for converting file
system to database system

File systems typically composed of collection of

file folders, each tagged and kept in cabinet
• Organized by expected use
20
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 Evolution of File System Data
Processing (cont'd.)
Contents of each file folder are logically
related

Manual systems

• Served as a data repository for small data collections

• Cumbersome for large collections

Computerized file systems

• Data processing (DP) specialist converted computer file

structure from manual system
• Wrote software that managed the data
• Designed the application programs
21
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 Evolution of File System Data
Processing (cont'd.)

Initially, computer file systems resembled manual

systems

As number of files increased, file systems evolved

Each file used its own application Each file was owned by individual
program to store, retrieve, and or department that commissioned
modify data its creation
22
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© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the
U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the
U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the
U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Problems with File System Data
Processing
File systems were an improvement
over manual system
• File systems used for more than two decades
• Understanding the shortcomings of file systems
aids in development of modern databases
• Many problems not unique to file systems

Even simple file system retrieval task

required extensive programming
• Ad hoc queries impossible
• Changing existing structure difficult

26
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 Problems with File System Data
Processing (cont'd.)
Security features difficult to program

• Often omitted in file system environments

Summary of file system limitations:

• Requires extensive programming

• Cannot perform ad hoc queries
• System administration is complex and difficult
• Difficult to make changes to existing structures
• Security features are likely to be inadequate
27
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 Structural and Data Dependence
Structural dependence: All file system programs must be
access to a file is dependent on modified to conform to a new file
its own structure structure

Structural independence: change file structure without

affecting data access

Data dependence: data access changes when data storage

characteristics change

Data independence: data storage characteristics do not affect

data access

28
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 Structural and Data Dependence
(cont'd.)
Practical significance of data dependence is difference
between logical and physical format

Logical data format: how human views the data

Physical data format: how computer must work with

data

Lines specifying opening of specific file type

Each program must Record specification
contain: Field definitions

29
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 Data Redundancy
File system structure makes it
difficult to combine data from Vulnerable to security breaches
multiple sources

Organizational structure
promotes storage of same data Islands of information
in different locations

Data stored in different locations is unlikely to be updated

consistently

Data redundancy: same data stored unnecessarily in different

places

30
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 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)

Data inconsistency: different and conflicting versions of

same data occur at different places

Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in

redundant data are not made correctly
Update Insertion Deletion
anomalies anomalies anomalies
31
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 Lack of Design and Data-Modeling
Skills
Most users lack the skill to properly design
databases, despite multiple personal
productivity tools being available

Data-modeling skills are vital in the data

design process

Good data modeling facilitates

communication between the designer,
user, and the developer
32
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 Database Systems
• Database system consists of
logically related data stored in a
single logical data repository
– May be physically distributed
among multiple storage
facilities
– DBMS eliminates most of file
system’s problems
– Current generation stores
data structures, relationships
between structures, and
access paths
• Also defines, stores, and
manages all access paths
and components

33
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 34
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 The Database System Environment

Database system: defines and Five major parts of a database

regulates the collection, system:
storage, management, use of
data
Hardware
Software
People
Procedures
Data

Database Systems, 9th Edition 35

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Database Systems, 9th Edition 36
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 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)

Hardware: all the system’s physical devices

Operating system software

Software: three types DBMS software
of software required: Application programs and
utility software

Database Systems, 9th Edition 37

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 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)

People: all users of the database system

• System and database administrators
• Database designers
• Systems analysts and programmers
• End users

Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the

design and use of the database system

Data: the collection of facts stored in the database

Database Systems, 9th Edition 38
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 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)

Database systems are created and

managed at different levels of complexity

Database solutions must be cost-effective

as well as tactically and strategically
effective

Database technology already in use affects

selection of a database system
Database Systems, 9th Edition 39
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 DBMS Functions
Most functions are transparent to end
users
• Can only be achieved through the DBMS

Data dictionary management

• DBMS stores definitions of data elements and

relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary
• DBMS looks up required data component structures
and relationships
• Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
• DBMS provides data abstraction and removes
structural and data dependency
Database Systems, 9th Edition 40
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 41
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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
• Data storage management
– DBMS creates and manages
complex structures required
for data storage
– Also stores related data entry
forms, screen definitions,
report definitions, etc.
– Performance tuning:
activities that make the
database perform more
efficiently
– DBMS stores the database in
multiple physical data files

Database Systems, 9th Edition 42

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Database Systems, 9th Edition 43
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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
Data transformation and presentation

• DBMS transforms data entered to conform to

required data structures
• DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to
conform to user’s logical expectations

Security management

• DBMS creates a security system that enforces

user security and data privacy
• Security rules determine which users can access
the database, which items can be accessed, etc.
Database Systems, 9th Edition 44
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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Multiuser access control

• DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure

concurrent access does not affect integrity

Backup and recovery management

• DBMS provides backup and data recovery to

ensure data safety and integrity
• Recovery management deals with recovery of
database after a failure
• Critical to preserving database’s integrity
Database Systems, 9th Edition 45
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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
• Data integrity management
– DBMS promotes and
enforces integrity rules
• Minimizes redundancy
• Maximizes consistency
– Data relationships stored
in data dictionary used to
enforce data integrity
– Integrity is especially
important in transaction-
oriented database systems

Database Systems, 9th Edition 46

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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
• Database access languages
and application programming
interfaces
– DBMS provides access
through a query language
– Query language is a
nonprocedural language
– Structured Query
Language (SQL) is the de
facto query language
• Standard supported by
majority of DBMS
vendors

Database Systems, 9th Edition 47

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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
• Database communication interfaces
– Current DBMSs accept end-user
requests via multiple different
network environments
– Communications accomplished in
several ways:
• End users generate answers to
queries by filling in screen
forms through Web browser
• DBMS automatically publishes
predefined reports on a Web
site
• DBMS connects to third-party
systems to distribute
information via e-mail

Database Systems, 9th Edition 48

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 Managing the Database System:
A Shift in Focus
Database system provides a
framework in which strict Role of human changes from
programming to managing
procedures and standards organization’s resources
enforced

Database system enables more sophisticated use of the

data

Data structures created within the database and their

relationships determine effectiveness

Database Systems, 9th Edition 49

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 Managing the Database System:
A Shift in Focus (cont'd.)
• Disadvantages of
database systems:
– Increased costs
– Management
complexity
– Maintaining currency
– Vendor dependence
– Frequent
upgrade/replacement
cycles

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 Summary
Data are raw facts

Information is the result of processing data to reveal its

meaning

Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to

good decision making

Data are usually stored in a database

DBMS implements a database and manages its contents

Database Systems, 9th Edition 51
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 Summary (cont'd.)

Metadata is data about data

Well-designed database facilitates data

Database design management and generates valuable
information
defines the database Poorly designed database leads to bad
structure decision making and organizational
failure

Databases evolved from manual and

computerized file systems
Database Systems, 9th Edition 52
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 Summary (cont'd.)
In a file system, data stored in
independent files
• Each requires its own management program

Some limitations of file system data

management:
• Requires extensive programming
• System administration is complex and difficult
• Changing existing structures is difficult
• Security features are likely inadequate
• Independent files tend to contain redundant data
• Structural and data dependency problems
Database Systems, 9th Edition 53
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 Summary (cont'd.)

Database management systems were developed

to address file system’s inherent weaknesses

DBMS present database to end user as single

repository
• Promotes data sharing
• Eliminates islands of information

DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates

redundancy, and promotes security

Database Systems, 9th Edition 54

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