2 Gas Exchange SL 2

7.
Animal physiology
1. Transport
2. Gas exchange
3. Defence against disease
4. Integration of body systems
5. Neural signalling
6. Chemical signalling HL
7. Muscle and motility HL
8. Homeostasis
9. Reproduction
Cell respiration, gas exchange and
ventilation
 cell respiration: a chemical reaction that releases
energy
 gas exchange: the movement of respiratory gases
 lungs: the organ of gas exchange
 ventilation: breathing air in and out of the lungs
Cell respiration
 the controlled release of energy from organic
compounds in cells to form ATP*
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (~36 ATP + heat)
*adenosine triphosphate
Gas exchange as a vital function in all
organisms
into/out of the body/blood
 as organisms increase in size because surface area-to-
volume ratio decreases: the efficiency decreases
Gas exchange as a vital function in all
organisms
into/out of the body/blood
 withincreasing size, the distance from the centre of an
organism to its exterior increases: requires a
specialized and efficient system of gas exchange
Gas exchange in humans
 in the alveoli of the lungs
 oxygen from the air diffuses into blood capillaries
◼ oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
 carbon dioxide passes in the opposite direction

Gas exchange in humans
 in the tissues
 oxygen diffuses into respiring cells
 exchanged for carbon dioxide
Properties of gas-exchange surfaces
 permeability
 thin tissue
layer
 moisture
 large surface
area
Properties of gas-exchange surfaces
 permeability: oxygen and carbon dioxide can

diffuse across
 thin tissue layer: reduces diffusion distance
 moisture: covered by a film of moisture in terrestial

organisms so gases can dissolve
 large surface area: in relation to the volume, which

increases the efficiency
Maintenance of concentration
gradients at exchange surfaces
 continuous blood flow: delivers carbon dioxide and
takes away oxygen keeping the concentration of
carbon dioxide high and oxygen low
 dense networks of capillaries: increase the surface
area of gas exchange
Maintenance of concentration
gradients at exchange surfaces
 providing the surface with fresh oxygen:
 ventilationof lungs with air
 continuous flow of water for gills
Ventilation system in humans
 maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and

carbon dioxide between air in the alveoli and the
blood flowing in adjacent capillaries
 gasexchange is conditioned by a concentration
gradient
◼ higher concentration of
oxygen in the air inside
alveoli than in the blood
◼a higher level of carbon
dioxide in blood than in
inhaled air
The need for a ventilation system
 cellular respiration drives the need for gas exchange:

absorption of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
 the ventilation system:
◼ exchanges gases between inhaled air and the lungs/ blood

stream
◼ maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon

dioxide between air in the alveoli and blood flowing in
adjacent capillaries
Ventilation
 breathing in: taking in oxygen

 breathing out: disposing of carbon dioxide
The ventilation system
 airways: the passageway for air into and out of the
lungs
 lined with ciliated endothelium
 elements of the airways:

 trachea
 bronchus
 bronchioles
 alveoli
Airways
 trachea: a long tube made
of rings of cartilage
 divides to form two bronchi
 bronchus: a branch of trachea
 each divides to form
bronchioles
 bronchioles: smaller divisions
of bronchi
 alveoli: tiny air sacs connected
to bronchioles
Adaptations of mammalian lungs for
gas exchange
 a branched network of bronchioles allow many
alveoli to be provided with air
 alveoli
 with a surfactant
 surrounded by
extensive capillary
beds
 withhigh surface
area
Alveoli
 tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles
 very small: diameter about 100μm
 walls made of two types of cells:
◼ type I pneumocytes
◼ type II pneumocytes
Adaptations of type I and type II
pneumocytes in alveoli
 type I pneumocytes: most
of the surface
 extremely thin alveolar
cells that reduce the
distance of diffusion
 type II pneumocytes:
larger and rounder
 secrete a solution
containing surfactant that
creates a moist surface
inside the alveoli
Type II pneumocytes
 contain lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm: many
secretory vesicles
 discharge surfactant to the alveolar lumen
Type II pneumocytes
 type II pneumocytes secrete a surfactant that the
inside lining of the alveoli is moist
 prevents the sides of the alveolus adhering to each
other by reducing surface tension
 moisture allows gases to dissolve
Alveolar epithelium
 an example of a tissue where more than one cell
type is present, because different adaptations are
required for the overall function of the tissue
Adaptation of the alveoli to gas
exchange
 many alveoli: large total surface area
 short distance for diffusion of gases:

 the walls of alveoli are
a single layer of flattened
cells
a dense network of
capillaries surrounds alveoli:
connect alveoli to cells of
the body
Mechanism of ventilation
 two phases controlled by contractions of two sets of

antagonistic muscles
 inhalation:
bringing air in
 exhalation:
forcing air out
Then need for antagonistic muscles
 muscles only work when they contract:

antagonistic muscles perform opposite actions
 external and internal

intercostal muscles
between the ribs
 thediaphragm and
abdominal muscles
Mechanism of ventilation
 muscle contractions cause the pressure changes

inside the thorax that force air in and out of the
lungs to ventilate them
 an increase in the volume
of the thorax decreases the
pressure in the thorax and
vice versa
 air flows from a higher to
a lower pressure until the
pressures are equal
Ventilation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPovpAXcm
IU
Inspiration/inhalation
 bringing air into lungs

 rib cage moves upwards
◼ external intercostal muscles
contract
◼ internal intercostal muscles

relax
 diaphragm contracts and

flattens
 abdominal muscles relax

Inspiration/inhalation
 bringing air into lungs
 thoracicvolume
increases
 pressurein the lungs

decreases from the
atmospheric pressure
 air rushes into lungs

Expiration/exhalation
 forcing air out
 rib cage moves down
◼ internalintercostal
muscles contract
◼ external intercostal
muscles relax
 diaphragm relaxes and

moves up
 abdominal muscles
contract
Expiration/exhalation
 forcing air out
 diaphragm is pushed
upwards
 decreasing thoracic
volume
 increasing pressure in
the lungs above
atmospheric pressure
 air is forced out

Application of skills
measurements to determine tidal volume, vital
capacity, and inspiratory and expiratory
reserves
Measuring pulmonary performance
 spirometers are used to measure the amount of air
that is inhaled and exhaled during breathing or the
rate of ventilation
 at rest
 during exercise
 after exercise
 ventilation rate: number of breaths per minute

 tidal volume: volume of air taken in or out with each
inhalation or exhalation
 inspiratory reserve volume: volume of air a person
can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume
inspiration
 expiratory reserve volume: volume of air a person
can exhale forcefully after normal tidal volume
expiration
 vital capacity: the total volume of air that can be
exhaled after a maximum inhalation or the total
volume of air that can be inhaled after a maximum
exhalation

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7.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (~36 ATP + heat)

 carbon dioxide passes in the opposite direction

 permeability: oxygen and carbon dioxide can

 thin tissue layer: reduces diffusion distance

 moisture: covered by a film of moisture in terrestial

 large surface area: in relation to the volume, which

 maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and

 cellular respiration drives the need for gas exchange:

 the ventilation system:

◼ exchanges gases between inhaled air and the lungs/ blood

◼ maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon

 breathing in: taking in oxygen

 elements of the airways:

 very small: diameter about 100μm

 walls made of two types of cells:

 short distance for diffusion of gases:

 two phases controlled by contractions of two sets of

 muscles only work when they contract:

 external and internal

 muscle contractions cause the pressure changes

 bringing air into lungs

◼ internal intercostal muscles

 diaphragm contracts and

 abdominal muscles relax

 bringing air into lungs

 pressurein the lungs

 air rushes into lungs

 diaphragm relaxes and

 forcing air out

 air is forced out

 ventilation rate: number of breaths per minute

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