Group 1 Capstone

EFFICACY OF ORGANIC MOSQUITO KILLER AS AN ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO
COIL
AGOMAA, LANCE B.
AZUELA, ROCHELLE MAE C.
FENIS, KASSANDRA PEARL M.
PALOMA, JOHN BENEDICK F.
VELASCO, MERRY ROSE C.
May 2024
COIL
AGOMAA, LANCE B.
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF MOTHER THERESA COLEGIO DE IRIGA
INC. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN RESEARCH
CAPSTONE
Academic Track
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
May 2024
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author, Lance Bello Agomaa, is the youngest son of
Allan P. Agomaa and Sarah P. Bello. He was born on December 28
2005, in San Ramon Pamplona Camarines Sur, and currently resides
at Zone 2, San Ramon Pamplona Camarines Sur.
His primary and secondary education was spent at San Ramon
Elementary School and Mambulo Nuevo National High School in
2017-2018 and 2021-2022, respectively. He is currently a senior
high school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.
LANCE B. AGOMAA
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author, Rochelle Mae Carullo Azuela, is the third
daughter of Joseph B. Azuela & Rosalyn C. Azuela. She was born
on November 14, 2005, in Mambulo Nuevo Libmanan Camarines Sur,
and currently. resides at Zone 2 Mambulo Nuevo Libmanan
Camarines Sur.
Her primary and secondary education was spent at Mambulo
Nuevo Elementary School and Mambulo Nuevo National High School
in 2017-2018 and 2021-2022, respectively. She is currently a
senior high school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga,
Inc.
ROCHELLE MAE C. AZUELA

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author, Kassandra Pearl Matalote Fenis, is the youngest
daughter of Jesus N. Fenis Jr. & Marites M. Fenis. She was born
on November 1, 2005, in Pamukid San Fernando Camarines Sur, and
currently resides at Zone 1 Pamukid San Fernando Camarines Sur.
Her primary and secondary education was spent at Pamukid
Elementary School and Pamukid National High School in 2017-2018
and 2021-2022, respectively. She is currently a senior high
school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.
KASSANDRA PEARL M. FENIS

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author, John Benedick Fernandez Paloma, is the only son
of Julie F. Paloma & Jovanie Paloma. He was born on October 5,
2006, in Planza, San Fernando, Camarines Sur, and currently
resides at Planza San Fernando Camarines Sur.
His primary and secondary education was spent at Planza
Elementary School and Pamukid National High School in 2017-2018
and 2021-2022, respectively. He is currently a senior high
school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.
JOHN BENEDICK F. PALOMA

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author, Merry Rose Cortez Velasco, is the sixth
daughter of Lorena C. Velasco & Noel C. Velasco. She was born
on February 11, 2006, in Macad, Pasacao, Camarines Sur, and
currently resides at Zone 2 Poocan, Macad, Pasacao, Camarines
Sur.
Her primary and secondary education was spent at Macad
Elementary School) and Juan F. Triviño Memorial Highschool in
2017-2018 and 2021-2022 respectively. She is currently a senior
high school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.
MERRY ROSE C. VELASCO

MOTHER THERESA COLEGIO DE IRIGA INC.
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
AGOMAA, LANCE B.
COIL
No portion of this research can be photocopied
without the consent of the authors.
Any portion of this research can only be accessed
within the bounds of ethical standards.
COIL
COACH JOANNE CLAIRE BUBAN
DATE: May 24, 2024

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincere
gratitude to those people who have exerted their extreme efforts
and time to make this study possible.
This study would not be realized without their open-handed
support, generous assistance, and enthusiastic supervision. To
their research adviser, Coach Ricky Antonio, for his unending
support and guidance to keep this study on track. For sharing
his expertise and knowledge throughout the research process,
which inspired the researchers to work even harder to accomplish
the study.
To their panel chair, Coach Brenalyn Rabi, to their
statistician, Coach Karen Guerra, and Coach Ella Mae Sarcia,
Coach Ricky Antonio, Coach Nelvie Alegria, & Coach April San
Jose as a panelist, for imparting their insightful comments,
suggestions, and additional information that made significant
contributions to the improvement of this study. Special thanks
to their language editor, Ms. Merry Rose C. Velasco, for editing
the manuscript.
To the participants and teachers for their worthy support,
cooperation, and time in providing fruitful responses and needed
information. With the deepest gratitude and appreciation to
their parents for their unending love and support, for providing
all their needs financially and morally, for their patience and
understanding, and for being there for them no matter what.
Above all, the researchers would like to praise and thank
the Almighty God for His unconditional love and for the blessings
He is showering upon each day of their lives, and for making
this paper successful.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem 6
Objectives of the Study 6
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Delimitation 10
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ANS STUDIES
Related Literature 12
Related Studies 15
State of the Art 18
Gap-Bridge of the Study 20
Theoretical Framework 21
Conceptual Framework 25
Definition of Terms 28
III. METHODOLOGY
Research Design 34
Locale of the Study 34
Sampling Technique 35
Research Instrument 36
Data Gathering Procedure 37
Method of Data Analysis 40
Statistical Treatment of Data 43

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results for SOP 1 44
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary 65
1.1 Findings 66
1.2 Conclusions 66
1.3 Recommendations 67
2.1 Findings 67
2.2 Conclusions 68
2.3 Recommendations 69
3.1.1 Findings 69
3.1.2 Conclusions 70
3.1.3 Recommendations 70
3.2.1 Findings 71
3.3.1 Findings 72
LITERATURE CITED 74
APPENDICES 77
CURRICULUM VITAE 88
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Dependent Sample T-Test 41
2 Descriptive Statistics 42
3 Formulation of Symbols 42
4 Safety Scale Result 48
5 Affordability Scale Result 50
6A Cost Analysis 52
6B Cost Analysis 53
7 Benefit Analysis 54
8 Long lastingness Scale Result 55
9 Repellency Scale Result 56
10 Efficacy of Organic Plant Scale Result 58
11 Dependent Sample T-Test 61
12 Standard Variation 62
13 Standard Deviation 62
14 T-statistics 63
15 Critical Value 63
16 Two-Tailed Test 63
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Theoretical Framework of the Study 22
2 Conceptual Framework of the Study 27
3 Finished Product 46
ABSTRACT
This study sought to assess the efficacy of organic
mosquito killer as an alternative mosquito coil, to exterminate
mosquitoes. Environmental conservation and minimal
environmental impact was prioritized. The conducted study was
primarily focus on assessing the effectiveness of the organic
plant/herbal to reduce the production of traditional coils.
Innovative solutions for environmental conservation are the
category of the study. The researchers conducted this study
since the researchers want to at least lessen the burden because
of being bitten by a mosquito. The objectives were [1] to analyze
the reason why we should exterminate mosquitoes using organic
mosquito killer [2] to determine the significance of using
organic mosquito killer in terms of its (a) safety (b)
affordability (c) long-lastingness and (d) repellency [3] to
identify the differences of the effectiveness of organic
mosquito killer in exterminating the mosquitoes using, (a)
oregano leaves (b) lemon grass (c) citronella grass. The
researchers utilized a quantitative research design. The
alternative mosquito coil contains 20% of oregano, 20% of lemon
grass, 20% of citronella, 20% of egg tray, 10% of charcoal powder
and 10% of flour. Used descriptive statistics and Dependent
Sample t-test analysis to measure the significant difference of
the efficacy of the alternative mosquito coil (AMC) compared to
brand-x. The results indicated that experimental group were
1
highly effective in repelling mosquitoes, statistically
significant difference compared to controlled group. Therefore,
the alternative mosquito coil (AMC) show potential of the
efficacy of organic mosquito killer in exterminating and
repelling mosquitoes and other vectors. On the other hand, the
Organic Mosquito Killer and its guide are better and eco-
friendlier than regular mosquito coils. It could be produced in
large quantities and improved based on user suggestions for
effective mosquito control at home. By enhancing the guide and
making it available with the product, users can benefit from the
Organic Mosquito Killer and promote a safer and greener way to
control mosquitoes.
Lance B. Agomaa, Rochelle Mae C. Azuela, Kassandra Pearl M.
Fenis, John Benedick F. Paloma & Merry Rose C. Velasco, 12 STEM
(Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), Mother
Theresa Colegio De Iriga Inc. April 2024. “Efficacy of Organic
Mosquito Killer as an Alternative Mosquito Coil”.
Adviser: Coach Ricky Antonio

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Considering their small size and brief life period,
mosquitoes may do great harm to humans. Mosquitoes are
frequently irritating and even deadly due to their itching bites
and the diseases they may transmit. Most people can easily notice
them with their naked eyes because their sizes are large enough.
(Meredith Goodwin 2022).
About half of the world’s population is now at risk of
dengue with an estimated 100-400 million infections occurring
each year (WHO, 2024). The incidence of dengue has grown
dramatically around the world in recent decades, with cases
reported to WHO increasing from 505 430 cases in 2000 to 5.2
million in 2019. A vast majority of cases are asymptomatic or
mild and self-managed, and hence the actual numbers of dengue
cases are under-reported. Many cases are also misdiagnosed as
other febrile illnesses. The highest number of dengue cases was
recorded in 2023, affecting over 80 countries in all regions of
WHO. Since the beginning of 2023 ongoing transmission, combined
with an unexpected spike in dengue cases, resulted in a historic
high of over 6.5 million cases and more than 7300 dengue-related
deaths reported (WHO, 2024).
1
The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in
the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern
Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. The
Americas, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions are the
most seriously affected, with Asia representing around 70% of
the global disease burden (WHO, 2024).
According to the study of Myra S. Mistica et al., (2019)
It is renowned that mosquitoes are carriers of infectious
bacteria that increase the incidence of illnesses and deaths on
a worldwide basis. These creatures are abundant in the
environment and consistently impact the standard of living of
every person is affected by diseases spread by mosquitoes.
Within the Philippines, several diseases transmitted by
mosquitoes, such as dengue, each person is still vulnerable to
filariasis and malaria. More recent data indicates that
mosquitoes also spread illnesses such as the Zika and
Chikungunya viruses.
The amount of weight illnesses spread by mosquitoes to the
broader population could regarding illness and\or mortality.
Among the illnesses spread by mosquitoes, dengue is regarded as
the most significant illness worldwide, as well as nationwide.
(Myra S. Mistica et al., 2019)
Mosquitoes had been one of the minor problems our country
is facing in today's. However, many of us are still not satisfied
2
with mosquito killers we buy at groceries. These may still have
bad effects to the organs of our body that sometimes may cause
different diseases. Mosquito killer is a biological or chemical
substances used to control mosquitoes. Killing the bug or taking
other measures to stop it from participating in actions that are
considered harmful can provide control. Mosquito killer can be
synthetic or natural, and they are used in a variety of
formulations and delivery methods (baits, sprays, slow-release
diffusion, etc.) to control pests. However, there are many
untold benefits of organic mosquito killer.
The unpleasant experience of getting bitten by a mosquito
is almost universal. The red mark and itching that result from
a mosquito bite are caused by an allergic reaction to the saliva
of the mosquito. However, a more dangerous outcome of some
mosquito bites could be the spread of dangerous viruses and
diseases including West Nile, dengue, malaria, and Zika, which
can have fatal and incapacitating consequences (such
encephalitis, meningitis, and microcephaly). In addition to
diseases that affect humans, mosquitoes can spread a number of
illnesses and parasites that can seriously harm dogs and horses.
These consist of West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis,
and dog heartworms.
Homeowners have to deal with the mosquito problem as soon
as spring arrives. Having children or pets increases the danger
of these mosquito concerns. There are two approaches to solving

3
mosquito issues: using chemicals to solve the problem or using
an organic or natural alternative. While chemical products have
the potential to do more harm than good, an organic approach
always leads to a safer option.
In the fight against mosquitoes, it is important to find
effective and environmentally friendly solutions. This organic
mosquito killer will offer a promising alternative to
traditional coils that deals with chemicals and environmental
concerns. This product will use herbal/organic plant ingredient
to kill mosquitoes without compromising efficacy or
environmental friendliness. By studying the effectiveness of
organic mosquito killer compared to regular coils, we combine
science and sustainability that can benefit public health and
the environment.
The ingredients in organic products are completely safe for
humans and the environment. While using organic methods can
yield good results, there are several obstacles to overcome.
People's perception that organic items won't work as well as
chemical products is the only reason they dislike choosing
organic products. However, the organic product has shown to be
just as successful as any other chemical-based one. While
chemical-based fast results also finish quickly, organic
products even provide you superior outcomes over a longer period
of time.
4
Choosing an organic mosquito control method will ensure
your family's and your pets' safety. Hazardous chemicals are not
present in organic pesticide. It is safe to use around people
with allergies and does not provoke them (Blogs 2022).
The aim of this study is to assess and contrast the
efficiency of an organic mosquito killer as a substitute for
traditional coils. We investigated the ability of organic or
plant-based mosquito repellents to provide a secure,
environmentally friendly and a successful solution against
mosquitoes. This examination primarily focused on various
aspects such as repellent effectiveness, duration of protection,
and potential health advantages in terms of minimizing exposure
to harmful emissions that conventional mosquito coils might
emit. Furthermore, the conducted study observed the plant-based
repellents that can be trusted to offer consistent and long-
lasting mosquito deterrence, thus contributing to the
advancement of safer insecticide chemicals obtained from plants.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. What are the reasons why we should exterminate mosquitoes
using organic mosquito killer?
2. Is there any significance of using organic mosquito killer
in terms of;
a. Safety
b. Affordability
c. Long-Lastingness
d. Repellency
3. Are there any differences on the effectiveness of organic
mosquito killer in exterminating the mosquitoes?
a. Oregano Leaves (Origanum vulgare)
b. Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus)
c. Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. Analyzed the reasons why we need to exterminate mosquitoes
using organic mosquito killer.
2. Determined the significance of using organic mosquito killer
in terms of;
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a. Safety
b. Affordability
c. Long-Lastingness
d. Repellency
3. Identified the differences of the effectiveness of organic
mosquito killer in exterminating the mosquitoes.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study aims to clarify how Organic mosquito killer
results are affected by mosquitoes. This section offered a fresh
viewpoint on Mosquito killer and how the product exterminated
the mosquito in the present time. The following sector in
particular stands to gain significantly from the findings of
this study:
Consumer of Mosquito Coil. Consumers utilized mosquito
coils to defend themselves from mosquitoes, either to stop the
spread of disease or just to ward off a bothersome pest.
Homeowners. The present study will provide knowledge on how
to make a mosquito killer that is more affordable than the
commercial ones found in the market. This will also guide
homeowners on how to make their own organic and affordable
mosquito coil.
Environment. The environment will benefit because this
mosquito coils comprise insecticides that are intended to
volatilize gradually after the coil is ignited, in order to
offer defense against mosquitoes. The said AMC will not harm the
environment because of its organic ingredients.
Community. The result of this study will provide
information on creating a cost-effective mosquito coil that is
more affordable than those available in stores. The ingredients
of this are very available and easy to find.

8
Barangay. The findings of this study will be beneficial and
useful to exterminate the mosquito that can result in their life
being comfortable.
Parents. The parents who are most immediately and
principally concerned with their children's life will also
benefit from this study.
Researchers. The study will be beneficial to the
researchers, themselves, because it will not only be an
enhancement tool for their future research but will also offer
helpful recommendations that will address the efficacy of
organic mosquito killers as an alternative mosquito coil.
Future Researchers. The result of this study can be used
as a reference point for future research and to assess the
reliability of related findings. They may use this as a review
of a relevant study that was conducted in the same general area
of inquiry.
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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The boundaries of the research study and the parts and
variables that will not be included in the experimental research
are clearly defined by the scope and delimitation:
The findings of the study would give awareness to the
citizens in order to gain more knowledge about exterminating the
mosquito, they could meet their needs and also help themselves
to make their life comfortably with regards to the disease caused
by mosquito which is the dengue. Furthermore, the researchers
would figure out the authentic benefits of organic mosquito
killer. This experimental research will not include chemical
solutions but will primarily focus on using organic plants to
use against mosquitoes. Each individual of the research team
that are willing participate will be the participants of the
study; “Efficacy of Organic Mosquito Killer as an Alternative
Mosquito Coil”.
The present experimental research utilizes each organic
mosquito killer such as oregano leaves (Oreganum vulgare), lemon
grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and citronella grass (cymbopogon
nardus) as the main ingredients in the progress of the
Alternative Mosquito Coil (AMC). Each organic mosquito killer
will have the same amount percentage of involvement during the
process.
10
One potential issue that may arise while conducting the
experimental research is the effectiveness of the product being
developed in terms of eliminating mosquitoes. In the event that
the aforementioned issue arises, the researchers' plan of action
is to identify other components that can be incorporated to
enhance its efficacy. This experimental research will give you
knowledge regarding organic mosquito killers and their functions
will be explained through the process.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
RELATED LITERATURE
Based on the article of Plant Extract as Potential mosquito
larvicide; Mosquitoes transmit the majority of fatal diseases,
such as West Nile virus infection, encephalitis, filariasis,
malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and so
forth. Under the Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) program,
the employment of alternative mosquito control techniques was
given priority. Constant use of synthetic pesticides has
negative effects on animals that are not intended targets, such
as human health, the emergence of resistance in vector species,
and the biological spread of dangerous substances down the food
chain. Since ancient times, active toxic chemicals made from
plant extracts have been utilized as a replacement for
traditional mosquito control methods. They are biodegradable,
safe, easily available, affordable, and exhibit broad-spectrum,
target-specific efficacy against a variety of vector mosquito
species (Anupam Ghosh, et al., 2012).
This article summarizes the current understanding of the
origins of phytochemicals and their ability to kill mosquitoes,
as well as the mechanisms by which they affect target
populations, the ways in which different mosquito species
exhibit different levels of larvicidal activity, the degree to

12
which instars are specific, the polarity of the extraction
solvents, the characteristics of the active ingredient, and the
encouraging developments in the field of plant-derived secondary
metabolites' ability to control mosquito populations
biologically (Anupam Ghosh et al., 2012).
This review discusses the effectiveness of plant-based bug
repellents in keeping you safe from scouting mosquitoes; “Plant-
based insect repellent by Amin Asadollahi et a., (2019) It claims
that traditional wisdom from human and plant studies can assist
in creating novel all-natural insect repellents. This evaluation
examines the effectiveness of plant-based bug repellents in
keeping you safe from mosquitoes that are looking for a host.
It emphasizes the value of traditional knowledge in the creation
of novel natural products.
The Plant-Based Bio insecticides for Mosquito Control was
also used in this study. This article discusses the safer and
less hazardous alternative to chemical bug killers: plant-based
insecticides. It investigates plant compounds that have the
ability to both repel and kill adult and juvenile insects (Amin
Asadollahi et al., 2019).
The majority of plants have substances that they employ to
fend off attacks from phytophagous (plant-eating) insects. These
substances can be classified as growth regulators, poisons,
feeding deterrents, or repellents. Protease inhibitors,
13
phenolic, nitrogen compounds (mostly alkaloids), terpenoids,
growth regulators, and proteinase inhibitors are the five main
chemical categories into which the majority fall. While
protecting against phytophagous insects is one of these
compounds' main uses, many of them are also effective against
mosquitoes and other biting dipteral, particularly those
volatile components emitted as a result of herbivory [1] (Maia
& Moore et al., 2011).
Since many of these compounds evolved as repellents to
phytophagous insects [2], and since this repellent response to
potentially toxic compounds are well conserved in the lineage
of Dipteral (True Flies), it is possible that the fact that
several of these compounds are repellent to hematophagous
insects is an evolutionary remnant from a plant-feeding
ancestor. When a volatile odor attaches to odorant receptor (OR)
proteins conciliated dendrites of specialist odor receptor
neurons (ORNs) exposed to the external environment, insects are
able to perceive odors (Maia & Moore et al., 2011).
Paluch G. et al., (2010) discusses the advancements in
insect repellent technology that keep mosquitoes at bay as well
as our growing understanding of the behavior and olfactory
senses of these flying pests. It also examines the various
chemical compositions of these repellents and how they impact
the interactions between mosquitoes and their hosts.
14
Another article that examines the possible advantages of
plant-based repellents and their effects on the environment and
human health; “Effectiveness of Plant-Based repellents against
different mosquito species”. It also analyzes the idea of
employing natural mosquito repellent products as an alternative
to build eco-friendly repellents (Sahar Azarmi et al., 2019).
RELATED STUDIES
Based on the study proposed by Amin Asadollahi et al.,
(2019) The effectiveness of plant-based insect repellents
against Anopheles mosquitoes, which transmit malaria, was
examined in this review. It was discovered that plant oils might
make suitable substitutes for synthetic insecticides. Knowledge
of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for
the development of new natural products as an alternative to
chemical repellents (Mosawi et al., 2019).
Mosquito-borne diseases remain one of the leading causes
of illness and death. Notwithstanding decades of attempts to
control the disease in 106 tropical and subtropical countries
and territories, 3.3 billion people globally remain at risk of
developing malaria. It is one of the primary causes of low birth
weight, stillbirths, early infant death, and morbidity and
mortality among mothers and children in sub-Saharan Africa. More
than 50 species of Anopheles mosquitoes, out of the 500 species
that are known to science, can transmit malaria by the bite of
15
a female bug that is infected. As of right now, prophylactic
anti-malarial vaccine is not an effective preventative measure;
vector management is the only relevant preventive strategy
available.
Based on the study of Mosquito behavior and vector proposed
by Helen Pates et al., (2005) Indoor residual spraying against
malaria vectors will not work if mosquitoes sleep indoors (i.e.,
endophilic behavior). This depends on insecticidal irritancy and
is species-specific. In some populations exposed to long-term
spraying regimens, exophilic behavior has developed. When their
vectors bite during the hours when most people are asleep,
insecticide-treated nets perform best.
Various malaria vector species bite at different times,
despite contradictory evidence emerging that suggests some
species have adapted to avoid bed Because of its insecticidal
qualities, lemongrass oil is used as an insect repellent. Its
extract will aid in insect repulsion. By merely pouring water
over the leaf, a process known as steam distillation, lemon
grass oil can be produced webs. More biting happens in the same
room towards someone who is not wearing a net when an untreated
net is utilized. Developing successful larval control programs,
particularly those that use predatory mosquito larvae, requires
a thorough understanding of dispersal behavior and oviposition
site selection (Helen Pates et al., 2005).
16
Another study that have been reviewed by the researchers
is the "Plant-based insect repellents". This study requires
plants in the Phocaea family, which includes the citronella
genus, are frequently utilized as extracts to make plant-based
insect repellents. Repellants containing citronella only keep
host-seeking mosquitoes away. Citronella application to deter
mosquito bites may offer significant defense against disease-
carrying insects (M. Pavela et al., 2011).
Chemical Composition and Repellency of Oregano Oil are also
reviewed by the researchers. According to N. Trongtokit et al.,
(2018) oregano is regarded as a highly effective insect
repellant and antiseptic. Certain active components, including
carvacrol, thymol, and α-terpinene, have been found to be
particularly effective in deterring mosquitoes. Compared to
commercial insect repellent sticks containing 33% DEET, oregano
oil (40%), demonstrated more repellency.
Based on the study about “Mosquito Repellent Activity of
Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemon Grass)” by Iniudo George, Hannah Edim
et al., (2016). Cymbopogon citratus in several countries shows
high applicability as a standard tea, medicinal supplement,
insect repellent, insecticide, in flu control, and as anti-
inflammatory and analgesics. Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)
oil can repel mosquito for about four (4) hours and thirty (30)
minutes at high concentration. Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)
extracts could be used for the production of potent chemical-

17
free and safe mosquito repellent and insecticide for vector
control in the fight against malaria and other mosquito-vectored
diseases.
M. S. Sadeq, M. S. Ab Rahman et al., (2019) enlighten the
study of “Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against
different Anopheles mosquitoes” that explains the significance
of citronella as one of the most explored plant for repellency
effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active
compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are
eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal.
Citronella oil could provide sufficient protection time against
mosquitoes. Citronella obtained from lemon grass has a 100%
repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for eleven (11)
hours.
STATE OF THE ART
The term organic describes things that are natural or
related to nature. In common usage, organic is used to mean
“healthful” or “close to nature”. In this study, the researchers
focus on the efficacy of organic mosquito killer as an
alternative solution to exterminate mosquitoes. This section
examines the differences between the current study and previous
studies projects carried out by various researchers.
These studies and literature typically have an overall
topic or title, however there are some in both the current and
18
previous research and literature. These researchers include
Anupam Ghosh, et al., (2012), Amin Asadollahi et al., (2019),
Maia & Moore et al., (2011), Sahar Azarmi et al., (2019); focused
on the potential of plant based as effective mosquito
repellents. While these researchers include; N. Trongtokit et
al., (2018), Iniudo George, Hannah Edim et al., (2016) and M.
S. Sadeq, M. S. Ab Rahman et al., (2019); focused on the
potential of each organic mosquito killer such as oregano
(oreganum vulgare), lemon grass (cymbopogon citratus) and
citronella grass (cymbopogon nardus) that showcase an effective
performance in terms of exterminating mosquitoes.
Hence, this literature and the researchers’ studies shows
differences in the past and present literature, according to M.
Pavela et al., (2011) that studies about the plant-based insect
repellents, this study focuses on citronella application to
deter mosquito bites may offer significant defense against
disease-carrying insects. However, N. Trongtokit et al., (2018)
focused on the oregano that is regarded as a highly effective
insect repellant and antiseptic. Certain active components,
including carvacrol, thymol, and α-terpinene, have been found
to be particularly effective in deterring mosquitoes. While
Iniudo George, Hannah Edim et al., (2016) focused on cymbopogon
citratus (lemon grass) oil can repel mosquito for about four (4)
hours and thirty (30) minutes at high concentration. Therefore,
the researchers can say that the past literatures are crucial
19
in the present study because the past studies explain how plant-
based or organic plants can be used to repel and exterminate
mosquitoes.
GAP-BRIDGE OF THE STUDY
This part shows the exceptionality of past literature and
studies in the present experimental study.
Most of the related literature and studies focus on the
discussion of the effectiveness of the plant based repellents,
including the harm impact of other synthetic brand than the
organic one. While the other literature and studies focus on the
effectiveness of Oregano Leaves (Oreganum vulgare) as Mosquito
Repellent, and many more that only focus on one organic plant
or organic leaves.
In this study, the researchers focus on the efficacy of
Oregano, Citronella and Lemongrass as an ingredient for the
alternative mosquito coil. The researchers will develop a
product or a mosquito coil that can repel mosquitoes without the
use of synthetic ingredients.
20
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This section provides the theoretical foundation that
established a strong basis for the current study's nature, as
depicted in Figure 1.
The dominant theory that underpins this investigation is
the Natural Repellent Theory, which has been investigated by
numerous entomologists and vector biologists, is the initial
idea that the researchers employed as the basis for their
investigation. Among the eminent scientists who have made
substantial contributions to this field of study is Fredros
Okumu (2010).
The main findings stated that natural repellent theory is
predicated on the notion that some plants have repellent
properties that can be employed to prevent animals or insects
from eating them. (Fredros Okumu et al., 2010)
In conjunction, this theory explains that natural compounds
have the ability to repel mosquitoes and other vector, in
connection with study organic plants will be use to repel
mosquitoes and other vector. In addition to that, repellents are
regarded as nonlethal, socially acceptable methods of minimizing
harm to wildlife. Repellant efficacy, however, varies widely,
and a product's registration or availability does not ensure
that it is successful.
21
COIL
Natural Repellent Theory Natural Capitalism Theory
(Fredros Okumu, 2010) (Paul Hawken, et al., 1999)
“Natural compounds to repel “Natural resources are

mosquitoes and other valued and managed wisely”
vectors.”
Organic Plant
as Mosquito
Killer
Pest Management Theory
(First formally proposed and

outlined by Raymond Cloyd, et
al., 1960)
“Ecological balance, economic

viability and minimal
environmental impact are
prioritized.”
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework

22
Additionally, this research is grounded in the Natural
capitalism theory that highlights how crucial it is to use market
forces to attain environmental sustainability. It was put forth
by Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and Hunter Lovins in their 1999
book "Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial
Revolution."
The theory contends that by making investments in
sustainable practices, renewable energy, and resource
efficiency, businesses can increase their profits while also
lessening their environmental impact. It promotes a change to a
more circular and regenerative economy, where natural resources
are respected and prudently managed to guarantee the long-term
prosperity of businesses and the environment.
In conclusion, this theory is important and serves as the
basis for the exploration that explains how natural resources
are used to minimize environmental effect while achieving
economic development.
Another theory that have a significant role in the present
study is the Pest Management Theory who was formally proposed
and outlined by researchers such as Raymond Cloyd, Vernard Lewis
et al., (1960). However, this theory is reviewed in different
integration.
The goal of pest management theory is to reduce
environmental damage while controlling and reducing the negative

23
impacts of pests on humans, livestock, and crops. It includes a
range of strategies, including integrated pest management (IPM),
chemical control, cultural practices, and biological control.
In particular, integrated pest management (IPM) places a strong
emphasis on using a variety of strategies in concert to
efficiently reduce insect populations while lowering threats to
the environment and public health. By taking into account
ecological, economic, and social issues during the process of
making choices, this approach seeks to accomplish sustainable
pest control.
24
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This section outlines the different stages of the study's
implementation and discusses key variables and their
interconnections.
Figure 2 provides an overview of the stages that will serve
as a guide in the study. The researchers primarily concentrated
on the input, process, methods, elements to observe (controlled
variables) and the output necessary for creating an organic
mosquito coil (independent variable) and the efficacy of organic
mosquito killer (dependent variable). Additionally, this
experimental research will make an alternative mosquito coil
(AMC) made from five (5) main ingredients; egg tray, oregano
leaves (Origanum vulgare), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus),
citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) and water was developed.
Following the process stage, that are presented in the
conceptual paradigm. The researchers will use three (3) methods
which are the monitoring, observations and experimentation to
assess the efficacy of the organic mosquito killers. These
methods were verified and applicable through the use of Likert
scale questionnaire. The methods that the researchers will use
for developing the mosquito coil was created by the researchers.
Following the authentication of the evaluation of the given
likert scale questionnaire (5-point hedonic scale) by
professionals, the researchers will issue a formal letter for

25
approval by the 3I’s coach, teacher in charge and for the
research adviser requesting permission to conduct the study in
John Benedick Paloma’ residence at Planza, San Fernando
district. The researchers will ensure the head that we take the
full responsibility on what we’re going to do during the
experimentations. After receiving confirmation from the
heads/professionals, the researchers will proceed to gather
information through experimentation that will present the
effectiveness of the organic mosquito killer.
After following the collection and analyses of all data
provided by the participants, the practical and feasible
recommendations put forth by the evaluators will be implemented
to effectuate essential enhancements to the product. The results
and discussion will be given by the researchers are will be
guided by the methodologies.
The results of the experimentation will give clarifications
how each group of variables are associated with each other. In
conclusion, the final outcomes that will be generated by the
researchers were the creation of organic mosquito coil using an
organic mosquito killer that will serve as an alternative for
traditional coils.
26
INPUT
Oregano Leaves, Lemon Grass,

citronella Grass, Egg Tray,
Flour, Charcoal powder and
Water
PROCESS
Drying Process, Chopping

Process, Mixing Process and
the Molding Process.
METHOD ELEMENTS TO OBSERVE
Experimentation, (Controlled Variables)

monitoring, and
observation. [1] Safety, [2]
Affordability [3] Long-
lastingness [4] Repellency
OUTPUT
Alternative Mosquito Coil
(Independent Variable)
Efficacy of Alternative
Mosquito Coil
(Dependent Variable)
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework 27

DEFINITION OF TERMS
This section will give you more information about the
researchers' intentions behind their use of language. The
relevant terms that are defined within the context of this
research are listed below. We used a thorough description of
technical vocabularies to describe the following and how they
are used operationally in this investigation.
Affordability - the quality of being inexpensive
(Vocabulary.com dictionary 2024). In this study, it will play a
crucial role in establishing an alternative mosquito coil.
Chemical - a compound or substance that has been purified
or prepared, especially artificially (Oxford Languages 2023).
In this study, it refers to a substance that is characterized
by specific properties or characteristics that allow for its
identification.
Cymbopogon citratus - also known as Lemon grass, a tough
grass with a strong scent, used to flavor food (Cambridge
Dictionary 2024). In this study, the Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon
grass) have a citronella oil this ingredient has an impact for
keeping mosquitoes away. Without using harsh chemicals, this
ingredient is typically regarded as safe for humans and are non-
toxic.
Cymbopogon nardus - a natural substance, found in a type
of grass also called citronella, that smells of lemons and is

28
used to keep insects away and in making perfumes (Cambridge
Dictionary 2024). In this study, the Cymbopogan nardus
(Citronella) has natural insect-repelling properties that can
help to reduce the mosquitoes in the following area. also this
ingredient is less dangerous aside from chemical insect
repellents that could have potentially hazardous components.
Efficacy -is the power to produce an effect; effectiveness
(Meriam Webster 2024). In this study, the researcher will give
the desired outcome and the products' effectiveness.
Environmental -relating to the natural world and the impact
of human activity on its condition (Oxford Languages 2023). In
this study it refers to the surroundings or conditions in which
an individual, animal, or plant resides or functions.
Exterminate -to get rid of by destroying; destroy totally;
extirpate (Penguin Random et al., 2005). In this study, it refers
to the ability to kill all the mosquitoes in a particular place.
Long-lastingness - continuing for a long period of time
(CUPA 2024). In this study, it will be part of the parameters
that will be tested about the effectiveness of the alternative
mosquito coil.
Mosquito – a slender long-legged fly with aquatic larvae.
The bite of the bloodsucking female can transmit a number of
serious diseases including malaria and encephalitis (Oxford
Languages 2023). In this study, it possesses a lengthy proboscis

29
that is designed to pierce human and animal skin in order to
draw blood.
Oreganum vulgare - also known as oregano, a plant with
leaves that have a sweet smell and are used in cooking as an
herb (Oxford Dictionary 2024). In this study, the Oreganum
vulgare (Oregano) are one of the ingredients to use in our
research investigation. This plant has a strong and pleasant
scent that can help to conceal the smell of the mosquito coil
and create a more enjoyable environment.
Organic -relating to or derived from living matter (Oxford
Languages 2024). In this study organic refers to the ingredients
were produced without routine inputs of synthetic coil.
Prevention – the action of stopping something from
happening or arising (Oxford Languages 2023). In this study,
it is the process of preventing a negative event from occurring.
Repellency- the ability to force something to stop (CUPA
2024) In this study, it will play a crucial role in the
formulation of the alternative mosquito coil.
Safety - is the condition of being protected from unlikely
to cause danger, risk or injury (Oxford Languages 2024). In this
study, it will be the one of the parameters of the stated
problems. The alternative mosquito coil will be tested in terms
of its safety.
30
NOTES
RRL: Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different
Anopheles species (2019)
Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy,
development, and testing (2011)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6925501/
Plant-Based Bio insecticides for Mosquito Control: Impact on
Insecticide Resistance and Disease Transmission (2022)
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa011699#articl
e_references
Mosquito repellents: A review of chemical structure
Paluch G, Bartholomay L, Coats J. Mosquito repellents: a
review of chemical structure diversity and olfaction. Pest
Manag Sci. 2010 Sep;66(9):925-35. doi: 10.1002/ps.1974.
Erratum in: Pest Manag Sci. 2010 Oct;66(10):1155. PMID:
20623705.
Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different
mosquito species. https://rdcu.be/dyMwB
Mosquito behavior and vector; Helen Pates, Christopher Curtis
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50, 53-70, 2005
31
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ent
o.50.071803.130439
Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides Anupam Ghosh,
Nandita Chowdhury, Goutam Chandra the Indian journal of
medical research 135 (5), 581, 2012
The anatomical life of the mosquito Robert Evans Snodgrass
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1959
https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/22961/SM
C_139_Snodgrass_1959_8_1-87
Prevention and control strategies to counter dengue virus
infection Irfan A Rather, Hilal A Parray, Jameel B Lone,
Woon K Paek, Jeongheui Lim, Vivek K Bajpai, Yong-Ha Park
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 7, 336,
2017
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2017.0
0336/
Vector dynamics and transmission of dengue virus: implications
for dengue surveillance and prevention strategies: vector
dynamics and dengue prevention
Thomas W Scott, Amy C Morrison Dengue virus, 115-128, 2010
32
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-
02215-9_9
Natural Repellent Theory
https://typeset.io/questions/what-is-the-natural-
repellent-theory-4l2ba0ywiy
Natural Capitalism Theory
https://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/natcap/
Integrated Pest Management
https://www.fao.org/3/x5048e/x5048e07.
33
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study utilized a quantitative research approach to
collect and analyze a substantial amount of data concerning
about " Efficacy of Organic Mosquito Killer as an Alternative
Mosquito coil "
An experimental research design is also employed by the
researchers. Trial and error is a problem-solving technique
where multiple attempts are made to arrive at a solution. It is
a basic learning method used by nearly all organisms to acquire
new abilities. Attempting a strategy, seeing if it succeeds,
then attempting a different one if not. After using this
strategy, a success or solution is discovered.
The experimental research technique is employed in this
study as it is the most efficient way to establish a cause-and-
effect link within the given hypothesis. The study's objective
is to assess and monitor an organic leaves extract's efficacy
as a substitute for a mosquito coil.
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
Researchers wanted to conduct a study regarding to avoid
and share awareness to prevent the mosquito bites. The target
month that the study was conducted is within this April 2024.
34
The researchers gathered the need different ingredients at
Planza, San Fernando district where common herbs like oregano,
citronella and lemon grass could be easily find in the said
place. The process needed for this experimental study takes place
at John Benedick Paloma’ residence (one of the participants)
because it is the most convenient for all the participants to
conduct the observations.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
In this study, the researchers used a non-probability
sampling to be used by the participants. Specifically, all
members of our research team will serve as participants in this
study.
All members of our research team had been chosen to
participate in the observation. Each member of the research team
will receive samples of organic mosquito killer and traditional
coils for evaluation. Each member of the research team had
observed the efficacy of the organic mosquito killer and
traditional coils in repelling and eliminating mosquitoes in
their respective environments. The researchers recorded the
observations regarding mosquito activity, mortality rates, and
their perceptions of the effectiveness of each mosquito control
method.
The observations that are had been recorded by our research
team members are compiled and analyzed collectively to assess

35
the efficacy of the organic mosquito killer compared to
traditional coils for mosquito control. Through non probability
sampling, researchers aim to provide valuable insights into the
effectiveness of organic mosquito killer as an alternative coil.
The observations made by the research team will contribute to
understanding the potential of organic mosquito killer for
mosquito control in various environments.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
In order to carry out the study, the researchers utilized
the following instrument:
5-point hedonic scale: This instrument is the tool to determine
the Efficacy of Organic Mosquito Killer as an Alternative
Mosquito Coil. The 5-point hedonic scale are created using the
statement of the problem and by adopting the 5-point that are
chosen by the researchers that is related to identifying the
interest, study habit and motivation. The researchers are the
prior participants of the present study.
The researchers provided a 5-point hedonic scale to proper
illustrate the outcome of each parameters during the testing,
monitoring and observations.
36
Data Gathering Procedure
In conducting any kind of investigation, the researchers
got the instructor's approval. Their agreement and support for
the investigation are ensured by this research. The
investigation is ready to be presented after the consent is
granted, and the chosen participants are the researchers
themselves. We, the researchers, shall discuss the study's
importance and its intended course of action. In order to
guarantee that the chosen participants comprehended the context
and encouraged to participate, the researchers must take this
important step. The researchers employed a created and validated
Likert scale questionnaire (5-Point Hedonic Scale) to gather
information and data.
The said experimental research started with the drying
process, where oregano leaves will be chopped, that are followed
by exposure to the sun. The duration of the drying process is
five (5) to seven (7) hours, depending on the average heat given
by the sun. After the drying process, the chopped leaves are
expected to be in powdered form. Second, the aforementioned egg
tray undergoes the grinding process using a knife to facilitate
crushing and blending with the said 20% of oregano leaf powder,
5% of charcoal powder, 15% of flour and 20% of the grinded egg
tray. After that, the molding process takes place to form the
said product and undergoes being heated by an alternative oven
using a charcoal (an alternative for oven).

37
In citronella and lemon grass, these two herbs undergo the
grinding process. After the grinding process the two (2) herbs
with a 40% total of contribution will be mix in a 20% egg tray,
15% of charcoal powder and 15% of flour that been followed by
the molding process.
The duration of the heating process of each molded mosquito
coil is one (1) to five (5) hours. After the heating process,
the researchers created a huge transparent box that had been
used for observation. The alternative mosquito coil (AMC) are
placed inside the box together with a mosquito. The said process
is also employed for the observation of the brand-x. The purpose
of this is to observe each products’ effectiveness. The
researchers are the participants that gathered the information
about the effectiveness of the alternative mosquito coil in
terms of its safety, affordability, long-lastingness and
repellency. The researchers are responsible for the testing,
observations and monitoring of the finished organic mosquito
coil that serves as an alternative for traditional coils.
During the observation the researchers will [1] Calculate
the Average Repellency/Mortality Rates: (1) Sum up the total
number of mosquitoes repelled or killed in each treatment group.
(2) Divide the total by the number of observation sessions to
calculate the average repellency/mortality rate for each group.
[2] Compare the Repellency/Mortality Rates: (1) Compare the
average repellency/mortality rates between the organic mosquito

38
killer group and the mosquito coil control group. (2) If the
average rate of repelled or killed mosquitoes is higher in the
organic mosquito killer group, it suggests that the organic
mosquito killer is more effective. [3] Assess Significance: (1)
Use a simple comparison method, such as determining if the
average repellency/mortality rate in the organic mosquito killer
group is significantly higher than that in the mosquito coil
group. (2) If the difference is statistically significant, it
indicates a higher effectiveness of the organic mosquito killer.
[4] Consider the Control Group: (1) Compare the average
repellency/mortality rate of the treatment groups with the
control group. (2) If the average rate of repelled or killed
mosquitoes is significantly higher in either treatment group
compared to the control group, it suggests the effectiveness of
the treatments. [5] Discuss Limitations: (1) Mention any
limitations, such as variations in mosquito behavior,
environmental factors, and the specific organic mosquito killer
used. (2) Consider how these limitations may affect the
interpretation of the results.
39
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
For the accurate interpretation of the outcomes of the
experiment, statistical analysis is a crucial tool in
experimental research. Statistical methodology must be taken
into account from the outset of research work, not only as a
postscript.
ShinStats will be utilized for data analysis purposes. This
software is known for its robust statistical capabilities that
facilitate functions such as data entry, manipulation, and
analysis. It allows for the manipulation of numerous single and
multiple variables. Some of the statistical procedures supported
by the software include descriptive statistics, t-test, and
ANOVA tests. The formula for t-test is:
(𝑥1 − 𝑥 )(𝑛1 − 𝑛2 )
𝑡=
2 2
√ 𝑠11 + 𝑠22
2
𝑛 𝑛
ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO COIL BRAND X
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2
40
4
Total:
Table 1. Dependent Sample T-test
Group Descriptive
Alternative Mosquito Brand-X

Source of
Coil
Variation
5 5
Sample size (𝑁)
summation of score summation of score

Sample Mean 𝑀= 𝛴𝑥1 𝑀= 𝛴𝑥2
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
Sample Variation ∑𝑥12 ∑𝑥12

𝑠12 = − 𝑀12 𝑠22 = − 𝑀22
(𝑆 2 ) 𝑁′ 𝑁′
Standard
Deviation
𝑁1 𝑠12 + 𝑁2 𝑠22 𝑁1 + 𝑁2
𝑠𝑀1 − 𝑀2 = √( )( )
(𝑆) 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 − 2 𝑁1 × 𝑁2
t-statistics 𝑀1− 𝑀2
𝑡=
𝑆𝑀1 − 𝑀2
41
(𝒕)
Critical Value ⅆ𝑓 = 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 − 2
(ⅆ𝒇)
Table 2. Descriptive Statistics
Formulate Hypotheses:
𝐻𝑜: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 𝑜
𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 𝑜
Where;
𝑀1 = Mean of Alternative Mosquito Coil
𝑀2 = Mean of Brand-X
𝑀12 = Square difference of Alternative Mosquito Coil
𝑀22 = Square difference of Brand-X
𝑠12 = Standard deviation of Alternative Mosquito Coil
𝑠22 = Standard deviation of Brand-X
𝑁1 = Number of Participants for Alternative Mosquito Coil
𝑁2 = Number of Participants for Brand-X
ⅆ𝑓 = Critical Value
𝑡 = t-statistics
Table 3. Formulation of symbols
42
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
The following statistical techniques were employed to analyze
and quantify the gathered data:
[1] Descriptive Statistics are utilized to summarize the
future trends and variations within the data gathered from
the experiment. This entails determining metrics such as the
mean, median, and standard deviation to provide a
comprehensive overview of the characteristics being analyzed.
[2] Dependent Sample T-test was utilized in the statistical
analysis to ascertain the significance of the observed
disparities in quality attributes between Organic Mosquito
Killer as an Alternative Mosquito Coil and the traditional
coil in the control group.
43
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section of the research study presents how well the
organic mosquito killer works instead of traditional coils at
homes. It talks about what the organic mosquito killer is made
of, how it's made, and how to use it safely. It also discusses
how good the organic mosquito killer is, compares it to regular
coils, and explains why choosing natural ways to control pests
is important.
The study results, including the t-test findings, showed
that the organic mosquito killer is effective in keeping
mosquitoes away compared to traditional coils. The observations
pointed out that the organic mosquito killer is good for the
environment and has the potential to be a good choice for
households looking for safer pest control options.
SOP 1. Reasons why we should exterminate mosquitoes using
organic mosquito killer.
Who is the biggest killer on the planet? No furious or
giant animal, the minuscule mosquito is considered one of the
deadliest animals in the world. Surprisingly, this tiny mosquito
is responsible for more than one million deaths yearly.
Mosquitoes are the most medically significant vector that
44
transmits parasites, pathogens, and arboviruses such as malaria,
filariasis, dengue, and chikungunya. (Parvez et al., 2023)
Arthropods are extremely dangerous vectors of pathogens and
parasites, which may hit as epidemics or pandemic (Benelli,
2016). Mosquitoes represent one of the most significant threats
to human and veterinary health around the world (Norris and
Coat, 2017). They are one of the deadliest animals in the world.
Their ability to carry and spread diseases to humans causes
millions of deaths each year. The worldwide incidence of dengue
fever has increased 30-fold in the past 30 years and more
countries are reporting their first outbreaks of the disease.
(WHO, 2019; Mattos da Silva, 2020). The mosquito bite brings not
only the discomfort of the allergic reaction with pruritus,
edema and local redness, but also the risk of transmission of
many diseases (Lee, 2018).
Mosquitoes need to be exterminated using the right tools
and with a little bit of effort. These blood thirsty beasts
don’t care about boundaries and they can bite you if your
neighborhood are allowing its breeding. The mosquitoes are
horrific, they’re highly aggressive you can be bitten hundreds
of times without protection, it’s torture, impossible to bear
(Patel et al., 2012). The World Health Organizations (WHO) says
global warming is also expanding the range of mosquitoes that
carry malaria, yellow fever, and dengue fever, putting millions
of humans at risk. “The world most dangerous animal is the

45
mosquito,” according to a BBC world service health program.
Clearly, mosquitoes are not just a nuisance, but also
potentially harmful.
In particular mosquitoes should be exterminated using
organic plants or plant-based repellents, because of its
capacity and potential in terms of exterminating mosquitoes. In
addition, the organic mosquito killer shows an excellent
performance during the researchers’ observations.
The Developed Alternative Mosquito Coil
Figure 3. The finished product.
Alternative Mosquito Coil (AMC), as shown in Figure 3, was
the finished product being developed by the researchers. The
development of the Alternative Mosquito Coil (AMC) started with
46
the chopping/cutting process of the organic mosquito killers,
such as Oregano, Citronella and Lemongrass. After that, the
researchers grind the egg tray following the mixing process of
each organic mosquito killer. The Oregano, Citronella and
Lemongrass will have an equal amount of contribution in the
process. 20% of Oregano, 20% of Citronella, 20% of Lemongrass,
20% of the grinded egg tray, 10% of charcoal powder and lastly
10% of flour. After the mixing process the researchers,
proceeded with the molding process using a tradional coil
followed by the heating process using a stove that uses charcoal
with a moderated amount of heat (as an alternative for oven).
SOP 2
a. Significance of using Alternative Mosquito Coil in terms of
safety;
Safety: Smoke Level Rate of the Alternative Mosquito Coil

and Brand-X Data Analysis
Participants Alternative Brand-X

Mosquito Coil
Participant 1 5 3
Participant 2 4 3
Participant 3 4 4
Participant 4 5 4
47
Participant 5 5 3
Total: 4.60 3.40
Table 4. Safety Level Scale Result
Legend:
Very Thin 4.21-5.00
Thin 3.41-4.20
Neutral 2.61-3.40
Thick 1.81-2.60
Very Thick 1.00-1.80
Table 4 Showed that the Alternative Mosquito Coil performed
a much safer smoke than the Brand-X. Furthermore, the AMC showed
how the organic mosquito killer have the ability to repel
mosquitoes and considered as more effective than the Brand-X.
There has been a great interest for safe and healthy biological
control strategies and development of novel interventions to
overcome problems associated with synthetic insecticides
(Canpolat et al., 2022).
Based on the study of the Effectiveness of Plant-Based
repellents against different mosquito species that examines the
possible advantages of plant-based repellents and their effects
on the environment and human health (Azarmi et al., 2019).
Organic agriculture is defined today in various ways, although
48
some common principles exist- to not use synthetic fertilizers
and chemical pesticides (Johansson et al., 2014). Organic
mosquito killer is biodegradable, safe, easily available,
affordable, and exhibit broad-spectrum, target-specific
efficacy against a variety of vector mosquito species (Gosh et
al., 2012).
Despite the considerable progress made in reducing mosquito
borne disease, extensive usage of insecticides has caused
serious health problems to humans and animals, insecticides
resistance or insensitivity in mosqitoes, and environmental
damage (Canpolat et al., 2022). Thus, it is crucial that much
safer and effective mosquito control strategies are developed
(Canpolat et al., 2022).
Plant based bio insecticides are now considered a much
safer and less toxic alternative to synthetic compounds (Demirak
et al., 2022). The use of bio insecticides composed of botanical
or plant based compounds, has been a perfect alternative due to
their minimal hazardous effects on human health environment
(Demirak et al., 2022). Repellents of plant origin do not pose
hazards of toxicity to human and domestic animals and are easily
biodegradable (Sharma et al., 1993). Repellents extracted from
plants are effective in protecting against mosquitoes and
mosquito transmitted diseases (Maia and Moore 2011). Smoke from
plants to repel Anopheles mosquito species was 90.1% effective
by ostostegia intergrifolia (Karunamoorthi et al., 2009). Plant-

49
based products are believed to be safer than synthetic
insecticides (Regnault-Roger et al., 2012; Wendimu and Tekalign,
2020).
b. Significance of using Alternative Mosquito Coil in terms of

affordability;
Affordability of Alternative Mosquito Coil and Brand-X Data
Analysis
Mosquito Coil
Participant 1 5 4
Participant 2 5 4
Participant 3 5 4
Participant 4 5 4
Participant 5 5 4
Total: 5.00 4.00
Table 5. Affordability Scale Result
Legend:
Very Affordable 4.21-5.00
Affordable 3.41-4.20
Neutral 2.61-3.40
50
Expensive 1.81-2.60
Very Expensive 1.00-1.80
Table 5 Showed that the Alternative Mosquito Coil (AMC) is
much more affordable than Brand-X, during the conducted
observations of the participants. Through this, consumers can
easily create their own mosquito coil that is more affordable
than the Brand-x. Additionally the AMC will benefit the
consumers not only for its affordability but can also benefit
them to lessen their expenses every year.
Despite effective use of insecticide-based mosquito control
strategies for decades, their prolonged usage is challenged by
high cost, toxicity and more importantly the development of
resistance to the synthetic insecticides (Demirak et al., 2022).
Organic mosquito killer is biodegradable, safe, easily
available, affordable, and exhibit broad-spectrum, target-
specific efficacy against a variety of vector mosquito species
(Gosh et al., 2012).
Cost and Benefit Analysis
Cost:
Items Quantity Total Cost
Materials
51
Tray 1 60.00
Gloves 4 20.00
Aluminum Foil Roll 1 40.00
Molder (Coil) 4 20.00
Match 5 16.00
Charcoal 2 Kg 15.00
Traditional Stove 1 200.00
Small Aluminum Basin 2 120.00
TOTAL COST: 491.00
Table 6A. Cost Analysis
Cost:
Items Quantity Total Cost
Ingredients
Oregano Leaves 100+ pieces 0
Citronella Grass 100+ pieces 0
Lemon Grass 100+ pieces 0
Flour 1 Kg 42.00
Charcoal Powder ½ Kg 0
52
Egg Tray 1 50.00
Water 1 Galloon 0
TOTAL COST: 583.00
Table 6B. Cost Analysis
Benefits:
Items’ Benefits Estimated Benefit per
Year
Lessen the expenses of buying 1,000.00
Synthetic Coils.
Lessen the environmental
impact by the efficacy of AMC.
Lessen the risk impact of 5,000.00
chemicals on our health.
Everyone can afford the needed 500.00
materials.
Everyone can afford the needed 500.00
ingredients.
Lessen the risk of going to 10,000
hospital for check-ups because of
having bitten by a mosquito.
53
TOTAL BENEFIT COST: 17,000.00
Table 7. Benefit Analysis
Table 6A,6B and 7. Showed how the Alternative Mosquito Coil
(AMC) can be so affordable as well as the present benefits are
also illustrated to further explain the alternative products’
efficacy. The Cost and Benefit Analysis stated that by using the
Alternative Mosquito Coil(AMC), the consumers, homeowners,
barangay and the community can lessen the total harm impact to
the environment. By using organic mosquito killer, we can reduce
the production of synthetic products that affects each
individuals’ health and the environment.
As stated from the theory of the “Natural Capitalism” by
Paul Hawken et., (1999). “Natural resources are valued and
managed wisely”. It tells that we should be more open minded to
do some experiments using natural resources to conserve the
environment for future generations. Additionally, the Pest
Management Theory as cited by Raymond Cloyd et al., (1960).
Tells that “Ecological balance, economic viability and minimal
environmental impact are prioritized. “This explained the
minimal environmental impact should be prioritized, therefore,
by using organic plant we, the community, the country and the
world can minimize the environmental impact.
54
c. Significance of using Alternative Mosquito Coil in terms of
Long lastingness;
Long-lastingness of Alternative Mosquito Coil and Brand-X
Data Analysis
Alternative
Participants Brand-X
Mosquito Coil
Participant 1 3 5
Participant 2 3 5
Participant 3 4 4
Participant 4 3 5
Participant 5 4 5
Total: 3.40 4.80
Table 8. Long-lastingness Scale Result
Legend:
Very Long-Lasting 4.21-5.00
Long-Lasting 3.41-4.20
Neither 2.61-3.40
Not Long-Lasting 1.81-2.60
Not Long-Lasting at all 1.00-1.80
55
Table 8 showed that the long lastingness of the AMC is
neither, therefore the long-lastingness of AMC is shorter than
the Brand-X. However, the alternative mosquito coil (AMC) at
least last for 20 minutes. The Alternative mosquito coil
performed an effective and long-lasting solution to prevent
mosquito from biting our skin.
d. Significance of using Alternative Mosquito Coil in terms of
repellency;
Repellency Rate of Alternative Mosquito Coil and Brand-X Data
Analysis
Mosquito Coil
Participant 1 5 5
Participant 2 5 4
Participant 3 5 5
Participant 4 5 5
Participant 5 4 4
Total: 4.80 4.60
Table 9. Repellency Scale Result
Legend:
High Repellency Rate 4.21-5.00

56
Average Repellency Rate 3.41-4.20
Neutral Repellency Rate 2.61-3.40
Below Average Repellency 1.81-2.60
Low Repellency Rate 1.00-1.80
Table 9 showed that the repellency rate of AMC and the
Brand-X are having the same range, therefore their ability to
repel mosquitoes are just the same. The alternative mosquito
coil performed that using organic mosquito killer can repel
mosquitoes without the use of synthetic ingredient.
In the past, people have been using plants in traditional
ways to protect themselves against these hematophagous insects
and other pests (Rehman et al., 2014). In many parts of the
world, plant-derived natural products have traditionally been
used as repellents against insects, primarily to avoid annoying
biting (Curtis et al., 1991).
The interest in using plants as mosquito repellents has
increased significantly (Mattos da Silva and Eduardo, 2020). A
repellent is generally defined as a substance that discourages
arthropods from landing or stinging human skin (Lee, 2018). An
insect repellent is a substance that acts locally or at a
distance to prevent insects from biting human or animal skin.
The repellent provides a vapor barrier to prevent insects from
coming into contact with the skin surface (Legeay et al., 20180
57
SOP 3. Differences level of the effectiveness organic mosquito
killer in exterminating the mosquitoes.
Differences on the efficacy of organic plant data analysis
Cymbopogon Cymbopogon Oreganum

Citratus Nardus Vulgare
Participants
(Lemon Grass) (Citronella
(Oregano)
Grass
Participant 1 5 5 5
Participant 2 5 5 5
Participant 3 5 5 4
Participant 4 5 5 5
Participant 5 5 5 5
Total: 5.00 5.00 4.8
Table 10. Efficacy of Organic Plants
Legend:
Very Effective 4.21-5.00
Effective 3.41-4.20
Normal 2.61-3.40
Not Effective 1.81-2.60
Not Effective at all 1.00-1.80
58
Table 10 showed that the effectiveness of organic mosquito
killer is the same with each other. There efficacy rate shows
how good to use organic plants to repel mosquitoes without the
use of synthetic ingredients. It also explains that organic
mosquito killer is very effective in terms of exterminating
mosquitoes.
Oregano oil is considered as an excellent antiseptic and
insect repellent (Changlu Wang et al., 2018). According to N.
Trongtokit et al., (2018). Oregano is regarded as a highly
effective insect repellent and antiseptic. Certain active
components, including carvacrol, thymol, x-terpinene, have been
found to be particularly effective in deterring mosquitoes.
Compared to commercial insect repellent sticks containing 33%
DEET, oregano oil (40%), demonstrated more repellency
(Trongtokit et al., 2018).
During our experimentation the researchers formulated a
mosquito coil containing just one ingredient of organic plant
which is the oregano leaves. The purpose of this is to assess
the oregano effectiveness in exterminating mosquitoes. However,
the researchers did not conduct any test for the Oregano mosquito
coil.
59
Based on the study of “Mosquito Repellent Activity of
Cmbopogon citratus (lemongrass)” by George et al., (2016)
Cybopogon citratus in several countries shows high applicability
as a standard tea, medicinal supplement, insect repellent,
insecticide, in flu control, and as anti-imflammatory and
analgesics. Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) oil can repel
mosquito for about 4 hours and 30 minutes at high concentration.
Lemon grass extracts could be used for the production of potent
chemical free and safe mosquito repellent and insecticide for
vector control in the fight against mosquitoes.
Found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100%
repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11 hours
(Ansari et al, 2005). Reported that citronella could repel
Anopheles Stephensi and Anopheles virus for 8 hours and 6 hours
respectively (Amer et al., 2001; Tawatsin et al., 2006).
Another study that anchored the present results is the
"Plant-based insect repellents". This study requires plants in
the Phocaea family, which includes the citronella genus, are
frequently utilized as extracts to make plant-based insect
repellents. Repellants containing citronella only keep host-
seeking mosquitoes away. Citronella application to deter
mosquito bites may offer significant defense against disease-
carrying insects (M. Pavela et al., 2011).
60
The researchers utilized the Paired t-test or the Dependent
sample t-test to determine the significant difference set of
scores from the Brand-X (controlled group) and the Alternative
Mosquito Coil (experimental group):
Efficacy of Alternative Mosquito Coil compared to the
effectiveness of the Brand-X.
Getting the mean of the two groups.
AMC Brand-X
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2
Participant 1 9 81 8 64
Total= 41 347 39 319
Mean= 8.2 7.8
Table 11. Dependent Sample T-test
Getting the Standard variation of the two groups.
AMC Brand-X
61
∑𝑥12 ∑𝑥12
𝑠12 = ′ − 𝑀12 𝑠22 = ′ − 𝑀22
𝑁 𝑁
347 319
𝑠12 = − 8.22 𝑠22 = − 7.82
5 5
𝑠12 = 69.4 − 67.24 𝑠22 = 63.8 − 60.84
𝒔𝟐𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝒔𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔
Table 12. Standard Variation
Computing the Standard deviation of group 1 and group 2.
𝑁1 𝑠12 + 𝑁2 𝑠22 𝑁1 + 𝑁2
𝑠𝑀1 − 𝑀2 = √( )( )
𝑁1 + 𝑁2 − 2 𝑁1 × 𝑁2
5(2.16) + 5(2.96) 5 + 5
𝑠𝑀1 − 𝑀2 = √[ ]( )
5+5−2 5× 5
10.8 + 14.8 10
𝑠𝑀1 − 𝑀2 = √[ ]( )
5 + 5 − 2 25
25.6 10
𝑠𝑀1 − 𝑀2 = √[ ]( )
8 25
= √(3.2)(0.4)
=√1.28
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟓
Table 13. Standard Deviation
Computing the t-statistics.

𝑀1− 𝑀2
𝑡=
𝑆𝑀1 − 𝑀2
62
8.2 − 7. .8
𝑡=
1.13137085
0.4
𝑡=
1.13137085
𝑡 = 0.3553391
𝑡 =0.35
Table 14. t=statistics
Determining the Critical Value.
ⅆ𝑓 = 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 − 2 𝒂 = 0.05
ⅆ𝑓 = 5+5-2
ⅆ𝑓 =10-2
ⅆ𝒇 = 𝟖
Table 15. Critical Value
Level of Significance for Two-Tailed Test (𝑎)
df 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.941
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.859
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.405
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587
Table 16. Two-Tailed test

63
𝑡 = 0.05
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 2.306
Hypothesis: 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 𝑜
There is NO significant difference on the effectiveness of
the Brand-X (Controlled Group) and the Alternative Mosquito Coil
(Experimental Group).
64
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study particularly focused on the experimentation to
present the effectiveness of herbal/organic plant as mosquito
killer; the oregano (oreganum vulgare), lemon grass (cymbopogon
citratus) and citronella (cymbopogon nardus). This experimental
research aimed to (a) formulate an effective alternative
mosquito coil (AMC) that is affordable and non-toxic to our
health (b) the formulation of the alternative mosquito coil
(AMC) will benefit the consumers in terms of its affordability
that are indicated in the cost and benefit analysis (c) discuss
the average repellency of the formulated alternative mosquito
coil (AMC) using herbal/organic plant that can exterminate
mosquitoes (d)explain the long-lastingness of the alternative
mosquito coil (AMC).
This study utilized the three method which are the
monitoring, observation and experimentation for the development
of the alternative mosquito coil (AMC), the purpose of this
methods is to proper explain the products’ quality and served
as the foundation of the present study. There were selected
organic plants that have been involved such as oregano,
lemongrass, and citronella. The researchers themselves also
served as the participants and the one who formulated the said
65
ingredients. The Paloma residence is selected to be the locale
of the study, located at Zone 7, Planza, San Fernando, Camarines
Sur.
Problem 1:
What are the reasons why we should exterminate mosquito using
organic mosquito killer?
1.1 FINDINGS
The study on the causes leading to elimination of
mosquitoes using organic mosquito killers highlighted that
mosquitoes are dangerous to human health because they transmit
diseases like Dengue fever and malaria. The negative impact on
the environment by chemical mosquito killers reveals why it is
necessary to choose organic substitutes which make for a safer
and more sustainable option. Organic mosquito killer has proven
to be effective in providing long lasting defense against
mosquitoes as well as ensuring safety to people.
1.2 CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, it can be seen that this study stresses the
utmost necessity of giving preference to usage of organic
mosquito killers for efficient manipulation of mosquito
populations. Organic methods result not only from a secure side
but also gives people protection against mosquito-transmitted
diseases over a long duration. Therefore, by picking natural

66
substances instead of chemical-based products, individuals can
work towards a sounder surrounding and reduce the hazards
related with these commodities.
1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
To make mosquito control safer and greener, people must be
informed about the advantages of organic mosquito killers.
Getting house owners and communities to embrace organic mosquito
control methods can result in a healthier living environment.
More studies need to be conducted to improve the effectiveness
and accessibility of natural mosquito repellents. In order to
achieve a safer and environmentally sensitive manner of managing
mosquitoes, it is necessary to pass legislation that encourages
the use of organic mosquito killers as well as engage communities
in their formulation and usage.
Problem 2:
Is there any significance of using organic mosquito killer in
terms;
2.1 FINDINGS
a. Safety: Plant-based repellents have been traditionally
used and are perceived as safe by consumers. However, some
misconceptions exist as not all plant-based repellents are
thoroughly tested following standard guidelines.
67
b. Affordability: Commercial repellent products containing
plant-based ingredients are gaining popularity due to the
perception of safety compared to synthetic repellents.
c. Long-Lastingness: Many plant extracts and oils repel
mosquitoes for varying durations, from several minutes to
several hours.
d. Repellency: Plant-based repellents have shown efficacy in
repelling mosquitoes, with some providing high protection
percentages against different mosquito species.
2.2 CONCLUSIONS
a. Safety: While plant-based repellents are generally
perceived as safe, further standardized studies
following WHO guidelines are needed to evaluate repellent
compounds properly for consumer safety.
b. Affordability: The affordability of organic mosquito
killers, especially those using plant-based ingredients,
is a significant factor contributing to their increasing
popularity.
c. Long-Lastingness: The duration of protection varies
among plant-based repellents, with some offering longer-
lasting effects, which is recommended for use in disease-
endemic.
d. Repellency: Plant-based repellents have shown promising
results in repelling mosquitoes, with some compounds
68
providing high protection percentages against various
mosquito species.
2.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
[a] Conduct further standardized studies following WHO
guidelines to evaluate the safety and efficacy of plant-based
repellents thoroughly. [b] Develop new products that offer high
repellency while ensuring consumer safety. [c] Promote the use
of plant-based repellents like disease-endemic areas due to its
proven clinical efficacy and long-lasting protection against
mosquito bites.
PROBLEM 3:
Are there any differences on the effectiveness of organic
mosquito killer in exterminating the mosquitoes?
3.1.1 FINDINGS
The Oregano Leaves (Origanum vulgare) illustrates a very
effective efficacy based on the likert scale that rated by the
participants. The effectiveness level shows a total of an
efficacy score of 4.8 which interpreted as Very Effective in
repelling Mosquitoes.
3.1.2 CONCLUSIONS
69
The effectiveness of organic mosquito killer is the same
with each other. The efficacy rate of Oregano Leaves (Origanum
vulgare) shows how good to use organic plants to repel mosquitoes
without the use of synthetic ingredients. It also explains that
organic mosquito killer is very effective in terms of
exterminating mosquitoes.
3.1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Investigating several approaches to maximize the
effectiveness of oregano leaves as a mosquito repellent is
necessary to improve its efficacy. This could entail
experimenting with different doses to find the most effective
formulation or improving the extraction procedures used to
extract the active components from the leaves.
The best way to encourage the usage of oregano leaves as a
natural repellent is through consumer education. People may get
the best results in mosquito control by educating consumers
about its advantages and efficacy and offering advice on how to
use it correctly. It's critical to take into account how mosquito
repellents affect the ecosystem and to encourage the usage of
organic substitutes like oregano leaves. By highlighting their
negligible effect on non-target creatures and ecosystems,
ecologically friendly pest management techniques can be
promoted.

70
3.2.1 FINDINGS
The Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) obtained an efficacy
rating of 5.00 on the Likert scale, indicating that it was
interpreted as Very effective in exterminating mosquitoes by all
participants in the study.
3.2.2 CONCLUSIONS
with each other. The experimental research illustrates that
Lemon Grass is extremely effective in repelling mosquitoes and
shows how good to use the organic plants to repel mosquitoes
without the use of synthetic ingredients with all participants
rating its efficacy as Very Effective. This suggests that Lemon
Grass is a highly encouraging organic mosquito killer for
mosquito control efforts.
It is advised that more validation research be conducted
in a variety of settings to verify lemon grass's efficiency as
a mosquito repellant. Additionally, public awareness campaigns
should be created to highlight lemon grass's benefits and
encourage its use as a substitute for synthetic pesticides.
Further investigation into the particular components in lemon
grass that give it its repellent qualities may result in the
development of stronger formulations or better methods of
application.
71
3.3.1 FINDINGS
The Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) obtained an efficacy
rating of 5.00 on the Likert scale, indicating that it was
interpreted as Very effective in exterminating mosquitoes by all
participants in the study.
3.3.2 CONCLUSIONS
with each other. The experimental research illustrates that
Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) is extremely effective in
repelling mosquitoes and shows how good to use the organic plants
to repel mosquitoes without the use of synthetic ingredients
with all participants rating its efficacy as Very Effective.
This suggests that Citronella is a highly encouraging organic
mosquito killer for mosquito control efforts.
Additional validation research ought to be carried out in
diverse settings to confirm Citronella's effectiveness as a
mosquito repellent in a range of different conditions. To
evaluate Citronella's practical efficacy in mosquito control
programs, field tests are necessary. Public education campaigns
should be launched to promote the use of citronella as an
alternative to synthetic insecticides by raising awareness of
72
its effectiveness as a natural mosquito repellant. Further
investigation into the particular components in citronella that
give it its repellent qualities could lead to the creation of
stronger formulations or better ways to apply them.
73
LITERATURE CITED
Asadollahi et al., (2019) Effectiveness of plant-based
repellents against different Anopheles species
Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy,
development, and testing (2011)
Asadollahi et al, (2022) Plant-Based Bio insecticides for
Mosquito Control: Impact on Insecticide Resistance and
Disease Transmission
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa011699#articl
e_references
Paluch G, Bartholomay L, Coats J. (2010) Mosquito
repellents: A review of chemical structure diversity and
olfaction. Pest Management Sci. Sep;66(9):925-35. doi:
10.1002/ps.1974. Erratum in: Pest Manag Sci.
Oct;66(10):1155. PMID: 20623705.
Asaollahi et al., (2019. Effectiveness of plant-based
repellents against different mosquito species
https://rdcu.be/dyMwB
Helen Pates (2005) Mosquito behavior and vector; Christopher
Curtis Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50, 53-70.
74
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ent
o.50.071803.130439
Anupam Ghosh et al., (2012). Plant extracts as potential
mosquito larvicides, Nandita Chowdhury, Goutam Chandra the
Indian journal of medical research 135 (5), 581, 2012
Robert Evans (1959). The anatomical life of the mosquito Robert
Evans Snodgrass Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.
https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/22961/SM
C_139_Snodgrass_1959_8_1-87.pdf
Parray et al., (2017). Prevention and control strategies to
counter dengue virus infection
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2017.0
0336/full
Scott et al., (2010). Vector dynamics and transmission of dengue
virus: implications for dengue surveillance and prevention
strategies: vector dynamics and dengue prevention Dengue
virus, 115-128,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-
02215-9_9
Okumu (2010). Natural Repellent Theory
75
https://typeset.io/questions/what-is-the-natural-
repellent-theory-4l2ba0ywiy
Hawken et al., (1999). Natural Capitalism Theory
https://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/natcap/
Raymond Cloyd et al., (1960). Integrated Pest Management
https://www.fao.org/3/x5048e/x5048e07.
76
APPENDICES
77
APPENDIX 1
Letter to the Research Adviser
Date:
Ricky Antonio
3I’s Adviser
Sir:
Greetings of Peace and harmony!
Mother Theresa Colegio De Iriga Inc. a standalone senior high school

that advocates passion-driven community, developing passionate,
above-average students in their chosen crafts, allowing them to
embrace their uniqueness and encourage them to strengthen their core
as they bless the world with their gifts.
The Grade 12-Amber STEM Strand of Mother Theresa Colegio De Iriga Inc.
are currently enrolled in Research in Capstone that aims to lead and
produce an innovative solution and environmentally friendly product,
in support of the institution’s attainment of its vision and as part
of the academic track curriculum requirements.
In connection with this, our research team would like to humbly request
your expertise as a research adviser of our research entitled Efficacy
of Organic Mosquito Killer as an Alternative Mosquito Coil. We believe
that your knowledge, expertise, and insights will be valuable to
greatly enrich our work.
We are hoping for your kind consideration and favorable response to

this request. Thank you very much.
Sincerely Yours,
Merry Rose C. Velasco

Research Leader
Noted:
Joanne Claire Buban

Capstone Teacher
Signed:
Ricky Antonio
3I’s Coach/Adviser
78
APPENDIX 2
Letter to the Panel Chair
Date:
Brenalyn Rabi
MTC Faculty
Ma’am:
Greetings of peace and harmony!

advocates passion-driven community, developing passionate, above-
average students in their chosen crafts, allowing them to embrace
their uniqueness and encourage them to strengthen their core as they
bless the world with their gifts.
are currently enrolled in Research in Capstone that aims to lead and
produce an innovative solution and environmentally friendly product,
in support of the institution’s attainment of its vision and as part
of the academic track curriculum requirements.

Sincerely yours,

Research Leader
Noted:
Ricky Antonio Joanne Claire P. Buban

Research Adviser Capstone Teacher
Signed:
Brenalyn Rabi
Panel Chair
79
APPENDIX 3
Letter to the Statistician
Date:
Karen D. Guerra
Statistics Instructor
Ma’am:

are currently enrolled in Research in Capstone that conducted an
experimental study that aims to lead and produce an innovative
solution and environmentally friendly product, in support of the
institution’s attainment of its vision and as part of the academic
track curriculum requirements.

Sincerely yours,

Research Leader
Noted:

Signed:
Karen D. Guerra
Statistics Instructor
80
APPENDIX 4
Letter to the Panel Member
Date:
April San Jose

MTC Faculty/Coach
Ma’am:


Sincerely yours,

Research Leader
Noted:

Signed:
April San Jose

MTC Faculty/Coach
81
APPENDIX 5
Letter to the Language Editor
Date:
[________]
Ma’am:


Sincerely yours,

Research Leader
Noted:

Signed:
[______]
82
APPENDIX 6
Editorial Certificate
To whom it may concern,
I [__________], hereby certify that I have checked the content
and format of the research paper entitled, “EFFICACY OF ORGANIC
MOSQUITO KILLER AS AN ALTERNATIVE COIL” by LANCE B. AGOMAA,
ROCHELLE C. AZUELA, KASSANDRA PEARL M. FENIS, JOHN BENEDICK F.
PALOMA, and MERRY ROSE C. VELASCO in accordance with the format
of Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga Inc.
Language Editor:
83
APPENDIX 7
Application for Research Proposal Defense
Senior High School: Mother Theresa Colegio De Iriga Inc.

Academic Track:STEM
APPLICATION FOR DISSERTATION/THESIS DEFENSE

2nd Semester, SY 2023 – 2024
Please check: (/) Proposal ( ) Pre-Oral (/) Final Defense
Name/s: Lance B. Agomaa, Rochelle C. Azuela, Kassandra Pearl M.
Fenis, John Benedick F. Paloma and Merry Rose C. Velasco
Academic Track, Yr. & Sec: STEM 12 AMBER
Research Title:
Efficacy of Organic Mosquito Killer as an Alternative
Mosquito Coil
Date of Defense: April 12, 2024 Time: 11:12 AM
Mode of Defense:
Face to face ----------- Venue: MTC Pamplona

Online
84
LANCE B. AGOMAA ROCHELLE MAE C.
Signature over Printed Name of AZUELA
Student
Signature over Printed Name of
Contact Number: 09816065341
Student
KASSANDRA PEARL M. JOHN BENEDICK F.

FENIS PALOMA
Signature over Printed Name of Signature over Printed Name of
Student Student
Contact Number: 09763819484 Contact Number: 09919574247
MERRY ROSE C. VELASCO

Signature over Printed Name of Student
Member of the Advisory Committee/Graduate Advisory Committee
JOANNE CLAIRE P. BUBAN RICKY ANTONIO

Signature over printed name of Signature over printed name of
Adviser Adviser
BRENALYN RABI KARREN D. GUERRA

Signature over printed name of Singnature over printed name of
Member (Panel Chair) Member/Statistician
Recommending Approval:
85
Appendix 8
Letter to the school TIC
Date:
NELVIE ALEGRIA
Teacher-In-Charge
Mother Theresa Colegio De Pamplona
Del Rosario Pamplona Camarines Sur
Greetings of peace and glory!


Sincerely yours,

Research Leader
Noted:

Nelvie Alegria
Teacher-In-Charge
86
APPENDIX 9
Documentation
TITLE DEFENSE:
FINAL DEFENSE:
87
CURRICULUM VITAE
88
CURRICULUM VITAE
LANCE BELLO AGOMAA
Personal Information
Age: 18
Birthday: December 28, 2005
Place of Birth: San Ramon, Pamplona, Camarines Sur
E-Mail Address: lanceagomaa@gmail.com
Civil Status: Single
Religion: LDS (Latter-Day Saints)
Address: Zone 2, San Ramon, Pamplona, Camarines Sur
Father’s Name: Allan Pado Agomaa
Mother’s Name: Sarah Pañoso Bello
Educational Attainment
Secondary:
Mambulo Nuevo National High School
Mambulo Nuevo, Libmanan, Camarines Sur
Mother Theresa Colegio De Iriga Inc.
San Roque, Iriga City
Elementary:
San Ramon Elementary School
San Ramon Pamplona Camarines Sur
89
CURRICULUM VITAE
ROCHELLE CARULLO AZUELA
Age: 18
Birthday: November 14, 2005
Place of Birth: Mambulo Nuevo Libmanan Camarines Sur
E-Mail Address: rochellemaeazuela@gmail.com
Religion: LDS (Letter-Day Saints)
Address: Zone 2, Caburas, Mambulo Nuevo, Libmanan,
Camarines Sur
Father’s Name: Joseph Bobis Azuela
Mother’s Name: Rosalyn Carullo Azuela
Secondary:
Mambulo Nuevo National High School
Elementary:
Mambulo Nuevo Elementary School
90
CURRICULUM VITAE
KASSANDRA PEARL MATALOTE FENIS
Age: 18
Birthday: November 1, 2005
Place of Birth: Pamukid, San Fernando, Camarines Sur
E-Mail Address: kassandrapearlf@gmail.com
Religion: Roman Catholic
Address: Zone 1, Pamukid, San Fernando, Camarines Sur
Father’s Name: Jesus Nitura Fenis Jr.
Mother’s Name: Marites Matalote Fenis
Secondary:
Pamukid National High School
Pamukid, San Fernando, Camarines Sur
Elementary:
Pamukid Elementary School
91
CURRICULUM VITAE
JOHN BENEDICK FERNANDEZ PALOMA
Age: 17
Birthday: October 5, 2006
Place of Birth: Planza San Fernando Camarines Sur
E-Mail Address: palomajulie31@gmail.com
Address: Zone 7 Planza San Fernando, Camarines Sur
Father’s Name: Jhovanie Biler Paloma
Mother’s Name: Julie Fernandez Paloma
Secondary:
Pamukid National High School
Elementary:
Planza Elementary School
Planza, San Fernando, Camarines Sur
92
CURRICULUM VITAE
MERRY ROSE CORTEZ VELASCO
Age: 18
Birthday: February 11, 2006
Place of Birth: Macad, Pasacao, Camarines Sur
E-Mail Address: velascomerryrose74@gmail.com
Address: Zone 1, Poocan, Macad, Pasacao, Camarines
Sur
Father’s Name: Noel Oliquino Velasco
Mother’s Name: Lorena Cortez Velasco
Secondary:
Juan F. Trivinio Memorial High School
Caranan, Pasacao, Camarines Sur
Mother Theresa Colegio De Iriga Inc
Elementary:
Macad Elementary school
Macad, Pasacao, Camarines Sur
93

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EFFICACY OF ORGANIC MOSQUITO KILLER AS AN ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO

AZUELA, ROCHELLE MAE C.

FENIS, KASSANDRA PEARL M.

PALOMA, JOHN BENEDICK F.

VELASCO, MERRY ROSE C.

AZUELA, ROCHELLE MAE C.

FENIS, KASSANDRA PEARL M.

PALOMA, JOHN BENEDICK F.

VELASCO, MERRY ROSE C.

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF MOTHER THERESA COLEGIO DE IRIGA

INC. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN RESEARCH

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

The author, Lance Bello Agomaa, is the youngest son of

Allan P. Agomaa and Sarah P. Bello. He was born on December 28

2005, in San Ramon Pamplona Camarines Sur, and currently resides

at Zone 2, San Ramon Pamplona Camarines Sur.

His primary and secondary education was spent at San Ramon

Elementary School and Mambulo Nuevo National High School in

2017-2018 and 2021-2022, respectively. He is currently a senior

high school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.

The author, Rochelle Mae Carullo Azuela, is the third

daughter of Joseph B. Azuela & Rosalyn C. Azuela. She was born

on November 14, 2005, in Mambulo Nuevo Libmanan Camarines Sur,

and currently. resides at Zone 2 Mambulo Nuevo Libmanan

Her primary and secondary education was spent at Mambulo

Nuevo Elementary School and Mambulo Nuevo National High School

in 2017-2018 and 2021-2022, respectively. She is currently a

senior high school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga,

ROCHELLE MAE C. AZUELA

The author, Kassandra Pearl Matalote Fenis, is the youngest

on November 1, 2005, in Pamukid San Fernando Camarines Sur, and

currently resides at Zone 1 Pamukid San Fernando Camarines Sur.

Her primary and secondary education was spent at Pamukid

Elementary School and Pamukid National High School in 2017-2018

and 2021-2022, respectively. She is currently a senior high

school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.

KASSANDRA PEARL M. FENIS

The author, John Benedick Fernandez Paloma, is the only son

of Julie F. Paloma & Jovanie Paloma. He was born on October 5,

2006, in Planza, San Fernando, Camarines Sur, and currently

resides at Planza San Fernando Camarines Sur.

His primary and secondary education was spent at Planza

Elementary School and Pamukid National High School in 2017-2018

and 2021-2022, respectively. He is currently a senior high

school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.

JOHN BENEDICK F. PALOMA

The author, Merry Rose Cortez Velasco, is the sixth

daughter of Lorena C. Velasco & Noel C. Velasco. She was born

on February 11, 2006, in Macad, Pasacao, Camarines Sur, and

currently resides at Zone 2 Poocan, Macad, Pasacao, Camarines

Her primary and secondary education was spent at Macad

Elementary School) and Juan F. Triviño Memorial Highschool in

2017-2018 and 2021-2022 respectively. She is currently a senior

high school student at Mother Theresa Colegio de Iriga, Inc.

MERRY ROSE C. VELASCO

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

AZUELA, ROCHELLE MAE C.

FENIS, KASSANDRA PEARL M.

PALOMA, JOHN BENEDICK F.

VELASCO, MERRY ROSE C.