ES&RTOS

Embedded System
&
Real Time Operating System
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to today’s seminar on embedded systems. We’ll cover the roles

of sensors, actuators, I/O subsystems, communication interfaces, and
embedded firmware, exploring how these components work together to
create efficient, functional systems. Let's dive into the essentials of these
technologies.
Sensors
• Sensors are devices or instruments that detect and measure physical properties or
environmental changes and convert this information into signals or data that can be
read or recorded.
• Examples of sensors include:

Temperature Sensor
Pressure Sensor
Motion Sensor
Actuators
• Actuators are devices that convert energy into physical motion. They perform actions based
on signals received from sensors or controllers, often as part of a feedback loop in various
systems.
• Examples of actuators include:

Electric Motor
Hydraulic Actuator
Pneumatic Actuator:
I/O Subsystem
• In an embedded system, the I/O (Input/Output) subsystem refers to the hardware and
software components responsible for managing the communication between the system
and its external environment.
• Example of IO Sub-system
LED
7-Segment LED
Optocoupler
Relay
Buzzer
Push button switch etc.
• LED - Output device used to indicate status or provide visual feedback.
• 7-Segment Display: Output device used to display numerical information.
• Optocoupler: Interface component used to isolate and transfer signals between different
parts of a circuit.
• Relay: Output device used to switch higher power loads on and off.
• Buzzer: Output device used to produce sound for alerts or notifications.
• Push Button Switch: Input device used to provide user input or control signals.
Communication Interface
• Communication Interface: The hardware and protocols used for exchanging data between
the embedded system and other devices or subsystems.
• Facilitates data transfer within the system (onboard) and with external systems (external).
• Two different aspects of data exchange:

On-Board communication Interface
External communication Interface
Onboard Communication Interface
• Definition: Refers to communication between components within

the same embedded system or on the same printed circuit board
(PCB).
• Purpose: Facilitates data transfer and coordination among the
internal modules and peripherals.
• Characteristics: Typically involves lower complexity and shorter
distances compared to external communication.
External Communication Interface
• Definition: Refers to communication between the embedded

system and external devices, networks, or other systems.
• Purpose: Allows the embedded system to interact with the outside
world, enabling data exchange, control, and connectivity beyond
its internal components.
• Characteristics: May involve various communication protocols
and can operate over longer distances or through wireless means.
Embedded Firmware & Other Components
Embedded Firmware
• Definition: Firmware is specialized software that is programmed into the hardware
to control and manage its operations. It is typically stored in non-volatile memory
like flash memory
• Purpose: Provides low-level control for the hardware components, allowing the
system to execute its functions and interact with external devices
• Characteristics:
Low-Level Operation: Directly interacts with hardware components.
Specific to Hardware: Designed for a specific embedded system or device.
Updates: Can be updated to fix bugs or add new features, although this is
frequent compared to software updates.
Other Components
Using these components helps ensure that embedded systems are

robust, stable, and capable of performing their intended functions reliably under
various conditions.
• Reset Circuit: This circuit ensures that a microcontroller or microprocessor starts in a

known state. It generates a reset signal to initialize the system and clear any previous states
or errors.
• Brown-Out Protection Circuit: This circuit prevents the system from malfunctioning when
the supply voltage drops below a certain level. It temporarily resets the microcontroller or
microprocessor to avoid operation under unstable voltage conditions.
• Oscillator Unit: An oscillator generates a stable clock signal used to drive the timing
functions of a microcontroller or microprocessor. It's crucial for ensuring consistent
operation and timing.
• Real-Time Clock (RTC): An RTC keeps track of the current time
and date, even when the main system is powered off. It uses a
battery to maintain accurate timekeeping.
• Watchdog Timer: Monitors the system’s operation to detect and
recover from malfunctions. If the system fails to reset the
watchdog timer within a set period, the timer triggers a reset or
other corrective action to restore proper operation.
CONCLUSION
We’ve explored the critical roles of sensors, actuators, I/O

subsystems, communication interfaces, and embedded
firmware in building efficient systems. Understanding
these components enhances our ability to design and
optimize embedded solutions.

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Embedded System

Welcome to today’s seminar on embedded systems. We’ll cover the roles

• Examples of sensors include:

• Examples of actuators include:

• Two different aspects of data exchange:

• Definition: Refers to communication between components within

• Definition: Refers to communication between the embedded

Using these components helps ensure that embedded systems are

• Reset Circuit: This circuit ensures that a microcontroller or microprocessor starts in a

We’ve explored the critical roles of sensors, actuators, I/O

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