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    Lecture 3a Renewables

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    Global Energy Market and Systems

    in Transition (ME2083), 6 credits


    Dr Vladimir Kutcherov
    Department of Energy Technology
    Department of Industrial Economics and Management, KTH

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 1
    Lecture 3a. Renewable energy,
    hydrogen and e-fuels

    • Renewables
    • Hydrogen without illusion
    • e-fuel

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 2
    Renewables – challenges and solutions

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •3
    Electricity generation by fuel
    1973 2022
    28.7% from renewables
    Other* Renewables
    Hydro
    Hydro 0.6% 13.7% Coal/peat
    Coal/peat 15%
    21% 36%
    38.3%
    Nuclear
    3.3%

    Nuclear
    Natural gas 9.7%
    12.1% Oil Natural gas
    Oil
    24.7% 22.9%
    2.6%
    6 131 TWh 105 Exajoules=29 165 TWh
    KTH, 13.11.2023 https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review 4
    Renewables classification
    Bioenergy: from biomass, heat, electricity or liquid fuels (ethanol and
    biodiesel).
    Geothermal energy: is derived from the heat of the Earth itself.
    Hydropower: the kinetic energy of flowing rivers is converted into
    hydroelectricity.
    Hydrogen: fuel for the future (?).
    Ocean: thermal energy from the sun’s heat and mechanical energy from the
    motion of tides and waves.
    Solar: photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar cells to convert sunlight into
    electricity. Thermal solar systems use mirror-covered dishes that are focused to
    boil water in a conventional steam generator to produce electricity.
    Wind: wind flow can be captured by turbines and converted into electricity.
    http://businessfeed.sunpower.com/lists/7-types-of-renewable-commercial-energy

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •5
    Electricity generation

    Geotherm 1%
    Biofuel 8%

    Renewables 28.7%
    Solar 13%
    29,165 8,370
    TWh
    TMh

    Non-renewables 71.3% Wind 23%


    Hydro 55%

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •6
    Hydropower

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •7
    Hydropower potential
    Annual electricity production in 2021: 28 466 TWh

    Maximum
    Continent Hydro in 2021 Theoretical Technically Economically
    Potential Possible Possible
    TWh/yr TWh/yr TWh/yr TWh/yr
    Africa 153 3,884 1,852 > 200
    North America 673 8,054 3,012 > 1,500
    South America 660 7,121 3,036 > 2,000
    Asia Pacific 1852 16,780 5,523 > 2,500
    Europe (incl CIS) 916 4,945 2,714 > 1,000
    Middle East 20 418 168 > 100

    Total World 4,274 41,202 16,302


    BP Statistical Review World Energy 2022

    KTH, 13.11.2023 8
    % in total domestic electricity generation

    Country %

    Norway 96.2

    Brazil 65.8

    Venezuela 60

    Canada 58

    Sweden 44

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •9
    EIA. Key world energy statistics 2018
    Three Gorges, China
    Production: 93,5 TWh (3978)
    Length: 2,335 m
    Height: 180 m
    Cost: 28 bil US dollars

    photo from nipic.com


    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •10
    Wind

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •11


    Production in countries 2015 % in total domestic el. prod
    Country % of total world Country %
    USA 23 Spain 17.6
    China 22.2 Germany 12.2
    Germany 9.5 UK 11.9
    Spain 5.9 Sweden 10.0
    India 5.1 USA 4.5
    … … … …
    World total 838 TWh

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •12


    EIA. Key world energy statistics 2017
    Walney Wind Farm, UK
    Capacity: 367 MW
    Area: 73 sq. km (Malmö)
    102 turbines
    320 000 houses (192 sq. km)
    Investment: 1.2 billion Euro

    •KTH, 13.11.2023
    •13
    Tides energy

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •14


    Main barriers for renewables

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •15


    Cost of electricity generation

    IRENA. Renewable power generation costs in 2022


    KTH, 13.11.2023 16
    Main barriers for renewables
    ❑ commercialization barriers: new technologies competing
    with mature technologies
    ❑ commercial barriers: long period return on investment
    ❑ market barriers: renewables projects and companies are
    generally small
    ❑ psychological barriers: artificial contradiction between
    fossil fuels technologies and renewables

    KTH, 13.11.2023 •17


    Commercialization barriers
    Standards: the optimal spacing of wind turbines is different on
    New England ridgelines than on agricultural land in the
    Midwest.
    Undeveloped infrastructure: developing new renewables
    require large initial investments to build infrastructure.
    Problems with integrating renewable energy into existing
    grids.

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •18


    Commercial barriers

    A few years ago, oil supermajors Chevron, BP and Shell


    advertised their clean energy holdings. Now most of those
    ventures are gone. Why?
    If you do have a business model that is profitable, why
    change it to a less profitable model?
    KTH, 13.11.2023 19
    Market barriers
    Small projects
    • high transaction costs at many stages of the development
    cycle
    • high financing costs - renewables developers may have
    difficulty obtaining financing at rates of ‘fossil’ projects
    • high transmission costs - wind farm produces, on average,
    only about a third of the time, it could have to pay three
    times more per kilowatt hour transmitted than a
    conventional plant

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •20


    Psychological barriers
    Most of the customers do not think about renewable electricity
    generation, even though they could be receiving benefits of
    clean air, fuel diversity, price stability etc.

    Artificial contradiction between fossil fuels technologies and


    renewables -neck or nothing

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •21


    Hydrogen without illusion

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •22


    Hydrogen production
    75 MtH2/yr as pure hydrogen + 45 MtH2/yr as part of a
    mix of gases.
    There are four main sources for the commercial production of
    hydrogen:
    • natural gas (48%)
    • oil (30%)
    • coal (18%)
    • electrolysis of water (4%) of the world's hydrogen production
    respectively.
    ‘Green’ hydrogen – from electrolysis
    ‘Grey’ hydrogen – from steam reforming
    ‘Blue’ hydrogen – steam reforming + CO2 utilization
    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •23
    Steam reforming (SMR)

    Calorific value: H2 = 39.4 kWh/kg, 39.4 x 0.089 = 3.5 kWh/m3


    CH4 = 15.4 kWh /kg, 15.4 x 0.71 = 11 kWh/m3
    Input: 15.4 x 2.2 + 6.2 = 40.1 MWh
    Output: 39.4 x 1.1 = 43.34 MWh
    Delta: 3.24 MWh (8%)
    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •24
    Electrolysis process

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •25


    Electrolysis

    Price: 1 ton H2 costs USD 1,360


    1 ton oil cost USD 600

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •26


    Economical barrier

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •27


    Hydrogen storage and transportation

    • сompressed or liquified
    in volume of 62 m3 1 kg of H2 can be stored (200 bar)
    in volume of 62 m3 50 kg of petrol (normal pressure)
    different in energy 17.3 times!
    • in metal hydrides
    H2 + metal = hydride + heat hydride = H2 + metal - heat
    • chemically bound
    H2 to NH3 and NH3 to H2

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •28


    e-fuels

    •KTH, 13.11.2023 •29


    Thank you for attention

    Vladimir.Kutcherov@indek.kth.se
    •KTH, 13.11.2023 30

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