COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21

The branch of physics which deals with the 2. Centre of curvature: It is the centre C of
study of nature, production and propagation of the sphere of which the mirror forms a part.
light is known as Optics.
3. Radius of curvature: It is the radius (R=AC
When light travelling in one medium falls on the or BC) of the sphere is called Radius of
surface of a second medium, a part of the curvature.
incident light is turned back into the first
medium. This is called reflection of light. 4. Principal axis: The line PC passing through
the pole and the centre of curvature of the
Laws of reflection of light: mirror is called its principal axis.

(i)The angle of incidence is equal to the 5. Angular aperture: It is the angle ACB
angle of reflection, i.e., ∠ = ∠ . subtended by the boundary of the spherical
mirror at its centre of curvature C.
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and
the normal at the point of incidence all lie 6. Linear aperture: It is the diameter AB of
in the same plane. the circular boundary of the spherical mirror.

7. Principal focus: A narrow beam of light

parallel to the principal axis either actually
converges to or appears to diverge from a point
F on the principal axis after reflection from the
spherical mirror. This point is called the
principal focus of the mirror.

8. Focal length: It is the distance (f = PF)

between the focus and the pole of the mirror.
Spherical Mirrors: A spherical mirror is a
9. Focal plane: The vertical plane passing
reflecting surface which forms part of a hollow
through the principal focus and perpendicular to
sphere.
the principal axis is called focal plane.
Spherical mirrors are of two types:
According to the sign convention, the focal
(i)Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror in which length and radius of curvature are negative for
the outer bulged surface is silvered polished a concave mirror and positive for a convex
and the reflection of light takes place the inner mirror.
hollow surface is called a concave mirror.
Relation between f and R:
(ii) Covex mirror: A spherical mirror in which
the inner hollow surface is silvered polished and
the reflection of light takes place from the outer
bulged surface is called a convex mirror.

Some definition for spherical mirrors:

1.Pole: It is the middle point P of the spherical

mirror. According to the law of reflection

∠ =∠
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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind
Arvi Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
As AB is parallel to PC, Or -uR +uv = - uv +vR
+

∠ =∠ Or vR + uR = 2uv

In ∆ BFC, ∠ =∠ Dividing each term by

y uvR,
u we get

Hence CF = FB + = But R = 2f

For a mirror of small aperture,

∴ + =
FB FP ∴ CF FP

Hence CP = CF + FP = FP + FP
F = 2 FP

Or R = 2f or f = R/2
/2

Or focal length = X Radius of curvature

cu

The Mirror Formula:

*Derivation of mirror
ror formula for a
The mirror formula is a mathematica
tical concave mirror whenen it forms a Virtual
relationship between object distance
nce u, image image:
distance v and the focal length f of a spherical
mirror.

+ =

*Derivation of mirror formula for a

concave mirror when it forms a real
r image:

Let Object distance, PA = -u

Image distance, PA = + v
PA’

Focal length, FP = -f

Radius of curvature, PC = -R = - 2f

Now ∆A’B’C ~ ∆ABC

Let Object distance, BP = -u
∴ = = = ......(i)
Image distance, B’P = -v
As ∆A’B’F ~ ∆MNF
Focal length, FP = -f
= = = = = .....(ii)
Radius of curvature, CP = -R = - 2f

Now ∆A’B’C ~ ∆ABC From equation (i) and

d (ii)
(i

∴ = = = ....
......(i) =

As ∆A’B’P ~ ∆ABP =

= = = ......(ii) Or 2 f2 – vf = 2 f2 – 2vf – uf + uv

From equation (i) and (ii) Or uf + vf = uv

= Dividing each term by

y uvf,
u we get
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ashtri Nagar, Ghaziabad Phone: 09350764376
COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind
Arvi Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
The ratio of the heightht of
o the image to that of
the object is called linea
inear or transverse
∴ + = magnification or justt magnification
ma and
represented by m.
!" # $% !)
m= =
!" # #&' (" !*

Concave mirror:

∆A’B’P ~ ∆ABP
*Derivation of mirror formula for a convex
mirror:
=

!)
=
!*

!)
Magnification m= =-
!*

Convex mirror:

Now ∆ A’ B’ P ~ ∆ABP

∴ =

Object distance, PB = -u !)
Magnification, =
!*
Image distance, PB’ = +v
!)
m= =-
!*
Focal length, FP = + f
Linear Magnification
on in
i terms of u and f:
Radius of curvature, PC = +R = +2f

Now ∆ A’ B’ C ~ ∆ABC Mirror formula + =

∴ = = = ......
.......(i) Multiplying both sides by u, we get

As ∆ A’ B’ P ~ ∆ABP +1= or - =1- =

= = .......(ii)
.(ii) m=- =

From equation (i) and (ii) Linear magnification

ion in
i terms of v and f:

= Mirror formula + =

Or - uR + uv = - uv + vR Multiplying both sides

s by v, we get

Or uR + vR = 2uv 1+ = or - =1- =
Dividing both sides by uvR, we get
m=- =
+ = But R = 2f
Spherical aberration:
on:
∴ + =
The inability of a spheric
erical mirror of large
aperture to bring all the ray of wide beam of
This is Mirror formula.
light falling on it to focus
ocus at a single point is
Linear Magnification: called spherical aberratio
ration.

Uses of concave Mirro

irror:
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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
(i)Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror.

(ii) Doctors use concave mirrors as head mirror.

(iii) A small concave mirror with a small hole at

its centre is used in the doctor’s
ophthalmoscope.

(iv) Concave mirror are used as reflectors in

head-light of car, railway engine, torch light,
etc.

Uses of convex mirror:

(i)A convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror

in automobiles.

Practice Questions:

(1)An object is kept is front of a concave mirror

of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is
three times the size of the object. Calculate the
two possible distance of the object from the
mirror. {Ans. -20 cm, -10 cm}

(2) [NCERT] A square wire of side 3.0 cm is

placed 25 cm away from a concave mirror of
focal length 10 cm. What is the area enclosed
by the image of the wire? (The centre of the
wire is in the axis of the mirror, with its two
sides normal to the axis.)
{Ans. 4 cm2}

(3) [NCERT] An object is placed (i) 10 cm, (ii) 5

cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of
curvature 15 cm. Find the position, nature and
magnification of the image is each case.
{Ans. v=-30 cm, m = -3, magnified, real
and inverted; v= +15 cm, m = 3, magnified,
virtual and erect}

(4) [NCERT] If you sit is a parked car, you

glance in the rear view mirror R = 2 m and
notice a jogger approaching. If the jogger is
running at a speed of 5 ms-1, how fast is the
image of the jogger moving when the jogger is
(a) 39 m (b) 29 m (c) 19 m (d) 9 m away?

{Ans. ms-1, ms-1, ms-1, ms-1}

+, -, ., ,

(5) A this rod of length f/3 is placed along the

optic axis of a concave mirror of focal length f
such that its image which is real and elongated,
just touches the rod. What will be the
magnification? {Ans. 1.5}

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
Refraction of light: The phenomenon of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in
change in the path of light as it passes obliquely the medium.
from one transparent medium to another is
( 45 6 # 7 !" 8 %( $
called refraction of light. μ= =
45 6 # 7 !" 8 $ 6 $

( 9 :;<=>>? :;<=>>?
or μ= = =
9 :?@AB>? :?@AB>?

The refractive index of a medium may be

defined as the ratio of wavelength of light in
vacuum to the wavelength in that medium.

Principle of reversibility of light:

This states that if the final path of a ray of light

after it has suffered several refractions and
reflections is reversed, it retraces its path
exactly.

It is observed that

(i)When ray of light passes from optically rarer

medium to a denser medium, it bends towards
the normal.

(ii) When a ray of light passes from optically

At point B, rarer to denser
denser medium to rarer medium, it bends away
from the normal. 3 X sin = 3 X sin
(iii) A ray of light travelling along the normal /01 F)
= =3 ......(i)
passes un-deflected. /01 2 F*

Laws of refraction of light: At point B, denser to rarer

(i)The incident ray, the refracted ray and 3 X sin = 3 X sin

normal to the interface at the point of incidence
/01 2 F*
all lie in the same plane. = =3 ....(ii)
/01 F)

(ii)When ray of light goes from one medium to Multiplying Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii)
other frequency and phase does not change,
only speed and wavelength of light will change. /01 /01 2
X =3 X3
/01 2 /01
(iii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of
3 X3 =1
incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction
is constant for a given pair of media in contact. Thus the refractive index of medium 2 with
/01 respect to medium 1 is reciprocal of the
i.e. = 3 , a constant refractive index of medium 1 with respect to
/01 2
medium 2.
Refractive Index:
Lateral displacement:
The refractive index of a medium for a light of
given wavelength may be defined as the ratio of When light is incident obliquely on a refracting
slab with parallel faces, then the perpendicular
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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
QR
distance between the incident and emergent % O
Therefore; 3M = SR
=
ray is called Lateral Displacement. QR
TR
P

Expression for Lateral displacement: If angles are small

In the ∆ BEC, we have B shifts to A;

% O G
3M =
P U

G
∴ y= <
FN

%7 6 5"!
Or Apparent depth =
2%(" P86 G

Normal shift: The height through which an

object appears to be raised in a denser medium
is called normal shift.
G
= sin − or x = BC sin − Normal shift = Real depth – Apparent depth
G
From right ∆BFC, we have d = AO – AI = x – y = x - =x(1- )
F F

= cos or BC = Practice Questions:

KL/ 2

BC =
"
; where t = thickness of glass slab 1.A pin is lying on the table. Vertical distance
KL/ 2 from the eye and the pin on the table is 1 m. If
" a glass slab of thickness 12 cm and refractive
Lateral Displacement; x= sin −
KL/ 2 index 1.5 is placed on the pin, what will be the
new distance of the pin and eye now?
Practical application of Refraction: {Ans. 0.96 m)
*Real and apparent depth: 2. A pond is of 20 cm depth is half filled with a
liquid of refractive index 1.5 and other half is
filled with refractive index of 1.33. A pin is lying
at the bottom of the tank. Where will it be seen
when viewed normally?
{Ans. 14.19}

3. The apparent depth of an object at the

bottom of tank filled with a liquid of refractive
index 1.3 is 7.7 cm. What is the actual depth of
the liquid in the tank?
{Ans. 10.01 cm}

4. The velocity of light in the glass is 2 X 108

Let x = Real depth
ms-1 and that in air is 3 X 108 ms-1. By how
And y = Apparent depth much would an ink dot appear to be raised,
when covered by a glass plate 6.0 cm thick?
At point B; {Ans. 2 cm}

3M . sin = 3% . sin 5. A light of wavelength 6000 Å in air enters a

medium with refractive index 1.5. What will be
FN /01 2
= the frequency and wavelength of light in that
F< /01
medium?
{Ans. 5 X 1014 Hz, 4000 Å}
In the ∆ABC; sin =
O

In the ∆IBC; sin =

P

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
*Relation between critical angle and
refractive index:
Apparent shift in the position of the sun at
sunrise and sunset: μ2 sin = μ1 sin

Where μ2 is the refractive index of denser

medium and μ1 is the refractive index of rarer
medium.
F) /01 2 /01 2
= ; 3 =
F* /01 /01

When i = C, r = 900.
/01 V,
3 = =3 =
/01 /01
Due to the atmospheric refraction, the sun is
visible before actual sun rise after actual sun If the rarer medium is air, then 3 = 1 and 3 = μ
set. With altitude, the density and refractive (say)
index of atmosphere decrease.
∴ μ=
/01
When ray goes from the sun to earth, it bends
towards the normal and reaches at the eye of Hence refractive index of any medium is
observer even the actual position of the sun is equal to the reciprocal of the sine of the critical
below the horizon. Due to which sun appears to angle.
rise early by about 2 minute and for the same
reason it appears to set late by 2 minute. Application of total internal reflection:
Hence apparent day is longer by 4 minute then
the actual day. 1.Sparkling of diamond: The brilliancy of
diamond is due to total internal reflection. As
**Total internal reflection (TIR): the refractive index is very large (2.42), its
critical angle is very small, about 24.40. The
faces of diamond are so cut that the light
entering the surface repeats total internal
reflection. Hence the diamond sparkles when
seen in the direction of emerging light.

2. Mirage: It is an optical illusion observed

in desert or over hot extended surface like a
coal-tarred road, due to which a traveller sees a
shimmering pond of water some distance ahead
of him and in which the surrounding object like
The phenomenon in which the ray of light is tree, etc, appear inverted.
travelling at an angle of incidence greater than
the critical angle from denser to rarer medium
is totally reflected back into the denser medium
is called Total Internal Reflection.

The angle of incidence in the denser medium at

which angle of refraction in the rarer medium is
900 is called critical angle and it is denoted as C
or ic.

**Necessary condition for total internal

reflection:

1.Light must travel from optically denser

medium to optically rarer medium. 3. Totally reflecting prism: A right-angled
isosceles prism, i.e., a 450-900-450 prism is
2. Angle of incidence in the denser medium called a totally reflecting prism.
must be greater than the critical angle.
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Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
0
(i) To deviate a ray through 90 . (i)Core: The central cylindrical core is made of
glass/ silica/plastic of refractive index μ1 and
has a diameter about 10 to 100 μm.

(ii) Cladding: In the optical fibre core is

surrounded by a glass/plastic of refractive index
μ2 (μ2< μ1) and is known as cladding.

(iii) Buffer coating: For providing safety and

strength, the core cladding of optical fibre is
enclosed in a plastic jacket, known as buffer
coating.

(ii) To invert an image with deviation of ray A bundle of optical fibre is called a light pipe.
through 1800.
Application of optical fibres:

1.As a light pipe, optical fibre are used in

medical and optical examination.

2. They are used in transmission and receiving

electrical signal in telecommunication.

3. In the form of photometric sensors, they are

used for measuring the blood flow in the heart.

(iii) To invert an image without deviation of 4. They are used for transmitting optical signals
rays. (Erecting prism) and two dimensional pictures.

Practice Questions:

1.A point source of light S is placed at the

bottom of a vessel containing a liquid of
refractive index 5/3. A person is viewing the
source from above the surface. There is an
opaque disc of radius 1 cm floating on the
surface. The centre O of the disc lies vertically
4. Optical Fibres: The working of optical fibre
above the source S. The liquid from the vessel
is based on the phenomenon of total internal
is gradually drained out through a tap. What is
reflection.
the maximum height of the liquid for which the
An optical fibre is a hair-thin long strand source cannot be seen at all?{Ans. 1.33 cm.}
of glass or quartz surrounding by a glass
2. Calculate the speed of light in a medium,
coating of slightly lower refractive index. It is
whose critical angle is 300.
used as a guided medium for transmitting an
{Ans. 1.5 X 108 ms-1}
optical signal from one place to another.
3. Find the value of critical angle for a material
of refractive index √3 .{Ans. sin-1(0.5773)}

4. A luminous object S is located at the bottom

of a big pool of liquid of refractive index μ and
depth h. The object S emits rays upward in all
directions, so that a circle of light is formed at
the surface of liquid by the ray which is
refracted into the air. What happens to the ray
beyond the circle? Determine the radius and the
An optical fibre consists of three main parts: area of the circle. {Ray beyond the
circle are totally reflected into the liquid, Radius
! Z !)
= , Area = }
YF ) F)

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
F* F* F) F)
Refraction at a spherical surface: + = -

Assumption used: F*
+
F)
=
F)
-
F*

1.Object taken as a point placed on the F* F) F) F*

principal axis. + =

2. Aperture is small. This is required relation.

3. The incident and refracted ray make small *(ii) Object lie in denser medium (Real
angles with the principal axis, so as sin i and Image):
sin r.

*Convex spherical refracting surface:

*(i) Object lie in rarer medium (Real

Image):

Draw perpendicular NM to principal axis.

Let , [ and \ be the angles as shown in figure.

At point N; μ2 X sin = μ1 X sin

As angles are small; μ2 i = μ1 r ...(1)

Draw perpendicular NM to principal axis. In the ∆ NOC; exterior angle is the sum of
opposite interior angle;
Let , [ and \ be the angles as shown in figure. \ =i+ ; i=\-

At point N; μ1 X sin = μ2 X sin In ∆ NCI; r=\+[

As angles are small; μ1 i = μ2 r ...(1) Using equation (1);

In the ∆ NOC; exterior angle is the sum of μ2 (\ - ) = μ1 (\ + [ )

opposite interior angle;
i= +\ tan = ; similarly [ = and \ =
O P

In ∆ NCI; \ = r + [ ; hence r = \ – [ μ2 _ − a = μ1 _ + a
O P
Using equation (1);
since aperture is small; M point shifts to P.
μ1 ( + \) = μ2 (\ – [ )
μ2 _ − a = μ1 _ + a
O P
tan = ; similarly [ = and \ =
O P
Putting; PO = -u; PC = +R, PI = +v
μ1 _ + a = μ2 _ – a
O P μ2 _ − a = μ1 _ + a
since aperture is small; M point shifts to P. F) F) F* F*
+ = +
μ1 _ + a = μ2 _ – a F) F* F* F)
O P
+ = -
Putting; PO = -u; PC = +R, PI = +v F) F* F* F)
+ =
μ1 _ + a = μ2 _ – a
This is the required relation.

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
*Concave spherical refracting surface: 1.[NCERT] Light from a point source in air falls
on a convex spherical glass surface (μ=1.5,
*(i) Object lie in denser medium (Virtual radius of curvature = 20 cm). The distance of
Image): light source from the glass surface is 100 cm.
At what position is the image formed?
{Ans. +100 cm}

2. A glass dumbbell of length 30 cm and

refractive index 1.5 has ends of 3 cm radius of
curvature. Find the position of the image
formed due to refraction at one end only, when
the object is situated in air at a distance of 12
cm from the end of the dumbbell along the
axis. {Ans. 18 cm}

3. The diameter of glass sphere is 15 cm. A

Draw perpendicular NM to principal axis. beam of light strikes the sphere, which
converges at point 30 cm behind the pole of the
Let , [ and \ be the angles as shown in figure. spherical surface. Find the position of image if μ
= 1.5. {Ans. +15 cm}
At point N; μ2 X sin = μ1 X sin
4. What curvature must be given to the
As angles are small; μ2 i = μ1 r ...(1) bounding surface of μ = 1.5 for virtual image of
an object in the medium of μ = 1 at 10 cm to
In the ∆ NOC; exterior angle is the sum of
be formed at a distance of 40 cm. Also calculate
opposite interior angle;
power of the surface and two principal focal
i = +\ F F
lengths of the surface. [Hint P = ) * ;
F* F)
In ∆ NCI; r=[+\ f1=- ; f2= ]
F) F* F) F*

Using equation (1); {Ans. R = 8 cm, P = 6.25 D; f1 = -16

cm; f2 = 24 cm}
μ2 ( + \ ) = μ1 ([ + \ )
5. An empty spherical flask of diameter 15 cm
tan = ; similarly [ = and \ = is placed in water of refractive index 4/3. A
O P
parallel beam of light strikes the flask. Where
does it get focused, when observed from within
μ2 _ + a = μ1 _ + a
O P the flask? { -22.5 cm}

Since aperture is small; M point shifts to P. 6. A sunshine recorder globe of 30 cm diameter

is made of glass of refractive index μ=1.5. A
μ2 _ + a = μ1 _ + a ray enters the globe parallel to the axis. Find
O P
the position from the centre of the sphere
Putting; PO = -u; PC = +R, PI = - v where the ray crosses the axis.
{Ans. 22.5 cm}
μ2 _ + a = μ1 _ + a
7. An object is placed 50 cm from the surface of
F) F) F* F* a glass sphere of radius 10 cm along the
+ = +
diameter. Where will the final image be formed
F) F* F* F) after refraction at both the surfaces? Refractive
+ = -
index of glass = 1.5. {Ans. 20 cm}
F) F* F* F)
+ =

This is the required relation.

Practice Questions:

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 2020-21
_ − a = ( 3 - 1 )_ − a
* )

When lens is placed in air, 3 = 1, and 3 = 3

** Lens Maker’s Formula: (For double
convex lens) − = (3 - 1 )_ − a
* )

This formula relates the focal length of a lens to If object is placed at ∞ ( u = ∞ ), the image will
the refractive index of the lens material and be formed at the focus, i.e. v = f.
radii of curvature of two surfaces.
− = ( 3 - 1) _ − a
Assumptions are d * )

(i)Object is a point object lies on the principal = ( 3 - 1) _ − a

* )
axis.
This is lens maker’s formula.
(ii) Aperture of the lens is small.
Lens maker’s Formula: (For double
(iii) Lens is thin so as that the distance concave lens)
measured from its surface may be taken equal
to those measured from the optical centre.

(iv) Angles are small so as sin i, sin r.

For refraction at surface ABC,

F* F) F) F*
+ = ......(i)
* *

For refraction at surface ABC, Where u = distance of object, v1 = distance of

intermediate image for refracting surface ABC,
F* F) F) F*
+ = ......(i) R1= Radius of curvature of curved surface ABC.
* *

For refraction at surface DEF,

Where u = distance of object, V1 = distance of
intermediate image for refracting surface ABC, F)
+
F*
=
F* F)
....(ii)
R1= Radius of curvature of curved surface ABC. * )

For refraction at surface ADC, Where v1 = distance of object for refracting

surface DEF, v = distance of final image for
F) F* F* F)
+ = ....(ii) refracting surface DEF, R2= Radius of curvature
* )
of corves surface DEF.
Where v1 = distance of object for refracting
Adding equation (i) and (ii)
surface ADC, v = distance of final image for
refracting surface ADC, R2= Radius of curvature F*
+
F*
=
F) F*
+
F* F)
of curved surface ADC. * )

Adding equation (i) and (ii) 3 _ + a = (3 − 3 )_ − a

* )
F* F* F) F* F* F)
+ = +
* ) _ − a = ( 3 - 1 )_ − a
* )

3 _ + a = (3 − 3 )_ − a When lens is placed in air, 3 = 1, and 3 = 3

* )

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
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− = (3 - 1 )_ − a
* )

If object is placed at ∞ ( u = ∞ ), the image will

be formed at the focus, i.e. v = f.

− = (3 - 1 )_ − a
d * )

= (3 - 1 )_ − a
* )

This is lens maker’s formula.

Practice Questions:

(1)A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and

made of glass (μ = 1.5) is immersed in water (
μ = 1.33). Find the change in the focal length of
the lens. {Ans. 58 cm}

(2) If the refractive index from air to glass is

3/2 and that from air to water is 4/3, find the
ratio of focal lengths of glass lens in water and
in air. {Ans. 4:1}

(3) An equiconvex lens of focal

length 15 cm is cut into two
equal halves as shown in figure.
What is the focal length of each
half?

{Ans. 2f i.e. 30 cm}

(4) Find the radius of curvature of the convex

surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal
length is 0.3 m and the refractive index of the
material of the lens is 1.5.

{Ans. 0.15 m}

(5) [NCERT] The radii of curvature of the faces

of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm.
If focal length is 12 cm, what is the refractive
index of the glass? {Ans. 1.5}

(6) A biconvex lens has a focal length 2/3 times

the radius of curvature of either surface.
Calculate the refractive index of lens material.

{Ans. 1.75}

(7) A converging lens has a focal length of 20

cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive
index 1.6. If it is immersed in a liquid of
refractive index 1.3, what will be its new focal
length? {Ans. 52 cm}

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= - or - =

This is Lens formula for a convex lens when it

forms Real Image.

Convex lens (Virtual Image):

∆ ABO and ∆ A’B’O are similar,

O
Thin lens formula: Thin lens formula is a = ......(i)
O
mathematical relation between the object
distance u, image distance v and focal length f ∆
of a spherical lens. This relation is:

- =

Derivation of thin lens formulae:

Convex lens (Real Image):

MOF and ∆ A’B’F are similar,

∆ ABO and ∆ A’B’O are similar,

O
= ......(i)
O

∆ MOF and ∆ A’B’F are similar, O

=
O

= But MO = AB
O O

But MO = AB ∴ = .......(ii)
O

∴ = .......(ii) From Equation (1) and (2)

O
O O O
From Equation (1) and (2) = =
O O O

O O O
= = Put OB = -u, OB’ = - v, OF = f
O O O

Put OB = -u, OB’ = v, OF = f = or =

= Or vf = -uv + uf

Or vf = -uv + uf Or uv = uf – vf

Or uv = uf – vf Dividing both side by uvf, we get

Dividing both side by uvf, we get = - or - =

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This is Lens formula for a convex lens when it O
∴ =
O
forms Real Image.
!) !)
Concave lens (Virtual Image): = or =
!* !*

gh j
∴ Magnification m = =
gi k

Concave Lens:

∆ AOB ~ ∆ A’OB’
O
∴ =
O

!) !)
= or =
∆ ABO and ∆ A’B’O are similar, !* !*

gh j
=
O
......(i) ∴ Magnification m = =
gi k
O

∆ MOF and ∆ A’B’F are similar, Practice Question:

1.Where should an object from a converging

=
O O lens of focal length 20 cm, so as to obtain a real
image of magnification 2?
But MO = AB
{Ans. 30 cm}

∴ = .......(ii) 2. A convex lens is used to throw on a screen

O
10 m from the lens, a magnified image of an
From Equation (1) and (2) object. If the magnification is to be 19, find the
focal length of the lens.
O O O
= = {Ans. 0.5 m}
O O O

Put OB = -u, OB’ = - v, OF = - f 3. A screen is placed at a distance of 100 cm

from an object. The image of the object is
= or = formed on the screen by a convex lens for two
different locations of the lens separated by 20
cm. Calculate the focal length of the lens used.
Or -vf = - uf + uv
{Ans. 24 cm}
Or uv = uf – vf
4. A screen is placed 80 cm from the object.
Dividing both side by uvf, we get The image of the object on the screen is formed
be a convex lens at two different locations,
= - or - = separated by 10 cm. Calculate the focal length
l) 6)
of the lens used. [Hint. Use f= ]
ml
This is Lens formula for a convex lens when it {Ans. 19.7 cm}
forms Real Image.
5. From the ray diagram shown below, calculate
Linear magnification: the focal length of the concave lens.

The linear magnification produced by a lens is

defined as the ratio of the size of the image
formed by the lens to the size of the object.
4 e # P$% !)
m= =
4 e # O&' (" !*

Convex Lens:

∆ AOB ~ ∆ A’OB’ {Ans. f = - 20 cm}

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6. In the following ray diagram are given the By using lens maker’s formula, the power of a
position of an object O, image I and two lenses lens can be expressed in terms of its refractive
L1 and L2. The focal length of L1 is also given. index 3 and radii of curvature R1 and R2, as
Find the focal length of L2. follows

P= = (3 - 1 )_ − a
* )

Combination of thin lenses:

Equivalent lens: A single lens which forms the

image of an object at the same position as is
formed by a combination of lenses is called as
equivalent lens.
{Ans. -15 cm}
**Equivalent focal length and power of
two thin lenses in contact:

Linear magnification in terms of u and f:

The thin lens formula is
Using lens formula for lens L1
- =
= - ....(1)
*
Multiplying by u, we get
The image I’ acts as a virtual object (u = v’) for
-1= or =1+ = the second lens L2 which finally forms its real
image I at the distance v. Thus
j n
∴ m= =
k n k
= - ....(2)
)
Linear magnification in terms of v and f:
The thin lens formula is Adding equation (1) and (2), we get

- = + = - ....(3)
* )

Multiplying by v, we get If F is the equivalent focal length, then

1- = or =1- = - = ....(4)

j n j From equation (3) and (4)

∴ m= =
k n
i i i
= +
Power of lens: o ni nh

It is the ability to converge or diverge the beam Similarly for n thin lenses in contact
of light. Converge the beam of light in a short
Equivalent focal length
distance means greater is its power.
i i i i i
It is also defined as the reciprocal of the focal = + + +.....+
o ni nh np nq
length is called power of lens.
Equivalent Power
S.I. unit of power is Dioptre.
P = P1 + P2 + P3 +....... + Pn.
,,
P= ; P=
$ ($
Total magnification

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m = m1 X m2 X m3 X........ X mn. 5. [NCERT] Find the position of the image
formed by the lens combination given in figure.
If two thin lenses separated by a small distance
d, then equivalent focal length will be
i i i r
= + -
o ni nh ni nh

In terms of power

P = P1 + P2 – d.P1.P2
{Ans. 30 cm to the right of the third lens}
Practice Questions:
6. A double convex lens of +5 D is made of
1.A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed
glass of refractive index 1.5 with both faces of
coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal
equal radii of curvature. Find the value of
length 20 cm. Determine the power of the
curvature. {Ans. 20 cm.}
combination. Will the system be the converging
or diverging in nature? 7. [NCERT] (i) If f = +0.5 m, what is the power
{Ans. -1 D, diverging} of the lens? (ii) The radii of curvature of faces
of double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. Its
2. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed
focal length is 12 cm. What is the refractive
coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal
index of glass? (iii) A convex lens has 20 cm
length 25 cm. Determine the power of the
foal length in air. What is its focal length in
combination. Will the system be converging or
water? (Refractive index of air-water = 1.33,
diverging in nature?
refractive index for air-glass = 1.5.)
{ +1 D, converging}
{Ans. +2 D, 1.5, +78.2 cm}
3. Two lens of power 10 D and -5 D are placed
8. A glass convex lens has a power of +10 D.
in contact.
When this lens is totally immersed in a liquid, It
(i) Calculate the power of the new lens. acts as a concave lens of focal length 50 cm.
Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
(ii) Where should be an object be held from the Given 3 % = 1.5. {Ans. 1.67}
lens, so as to obtain a virtual image of
magnification 2? {Ans. 5 D, -10 cm} Combination of lens and Mirror:

4. An equi-convex lens with radii of curvature of Concept used: We first find the position of the
magnitude R each, is put over a liquid layer image formed by the lens by using thin lens
poured on top of a plane mirror. A small needle, formula. Taking this image as real (or virtual)
with its tip on the principal axis of the lens, is object for the mirror, we use mirror formula to
moved along the axis until its inverted real locate the position of the final image formed by
image coincides with the needle itself. The the combination.
distance of the needle from the lens is
1.A convex lens, of focal length 20 cm and a
measured to be ‘a’. On removing the liquid
concave mirror, of focal length 10 cm, are
layer and repeating the experiment the distance
placed co-axially 50 cm apart from each other.
is found to be ‘b’.
A beam of light coming parallel to the principal
Given the
axis is incident on the convex lens. Find the
two values of the
position of the final image formed by this
distance measured
combination. Draw the ray diagram showing the
represent the focal
formation of the image. {Ans. -15 cm}
length values in the
two cases; obtain a 2. A convex lens, of focal length 20 cm, is
formula for the placed co-axially with a convex mirror of radius
refractive index of the liquid. of curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15 cm
% &
{Ans. μ = 1 + } apart from each other. A point object is placed
%&
60 cm in front of the convex lens Draw a ray
diagram to show the formation of the image by

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the combination. Determine the nature and In the ∆ MQR;
position of the image formed.
{Ans. +30 cm} ∠ MQR = i-r ; ∠ MRQ = i’ – r’

3. A convex lens, of focal length 25 cm, and a Exterior angle δ is the sum of two opposite
convex mirror, of radius of curvature 20 cm, interior angle;
are placed co-axially 40 cm apart from each
other. An incident beam, parallel to the δ = i-r + i’ – r’
principal axis, is incident on the convex lens.
δ = (i + i’) – (r + r’) .....(i)
Find the position and nature of the image
formed by this combination. In the ∆ QNR;
{Ans. Virtual image is formed at a
distance 6 cm behind the mirror} r + r’ + ∠ QNR = 1800 .....(ii)

4. An object is placed 15 cm in front of a In quadrilateral AQNR;

convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Find the
nature and position of the image formed. Where A + ∠ QNR = 1800 ......(iii)
a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm
should be placed so that the final image is From Eqn. (ii) and (iii)
formed at the position of the object itself?
{Ans. 50 cm from the lens.} A + ∠ QNR = r + r’ + ∠ QNR

A = r + r’ ......(iv)

Using equation (i);

δ = (i + i’) – A ......(v)
/01
From Snell’s law; μ=
/01 2 2

i = μ r; i’ = μ r’

Refraction through a Prism: Therefore; δ = (μ r + μ r’) – A

Prism: A prism is a wedge shaped portion of a δ = μ ( r + r’ ) – A = μ A - A

transparent refracting medium bounded by two
plane faces inclined to each other at a certain δ = (μ -1) A ......(vi)
angle.
For angle of minimum deviation δm;

The angle A included between the two

refracting faces is called angle of the prism. i = i’ = i (say)

Section of prism perpendicular to refracting Similarly; r + r’ = r (say)

edge is known as principal section.
From equation (v); δm = (i + i) – A
**Derivation of Prism formula:
2 i = δm + A
s?
i=

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and using equation (iv); A=r+r Angular Dispersion (δV – δR):

2r=A

r = A/2

Using Snell’s law;

/01
μ=
/01 2

w yz
tuv_ x a
h
∴ μ= z
tuv It is the angular separation between two
h
extreme colours in the spectrum, i.e. δV – δR.
This is Prism formula.
δV = (μv – 1) A
Dispersion of light:
δR = (μR – 1) A

δV – δR = (μv – 1 - μR + 1) A

δV – δR = (μv - μR) A

Dispersive Power:

Ability of Prism to Disperse of light is called

Dispersive power.
8 7%2 l }5 2} #8
When light goes through prism them emerging Dispersive Power =
%8 l %" #8
light splits in seven colours.
~• ~€
ω=
This phenomenon of splitting of white light into ~
its constituent colour is known as Dispersion. F• F€
ω=
F
These colours are Violet, Indigo, Blue,
•‚ •ƒ
Green, Yellow, Orange and Red; named as ω=
• i
VIBGYOR.
Practice Questions:
Cause of Dispersion:
1.Calculate the angle of minimum deviation for
Dispersion takes place due to for refractive
an equilateral triangular prism of refractive
index is different for different wavelengths for
the medium of prism material. index √3.
{Ans. 600}
For the different wavelength refractive index μ
can be given by the Cauchy’s relation: 2. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass
prism shows minimum deviation of 300.
μ=a+
&
+
&
+ .... Calculate the speed of light through the prism.
:) :{ {Ans. 2.12 X 108 ms-1}
Where a, b, c are constant. 3. Find the angle of dispersion between red and
violet colours produced by a flint glass of
δ = A (μ-1)
refracting angle 600. Refractive indices of prism
Now δv > δR for red and violet colours are 1.622 and 1.663,
respectively. {Ans. 2.460}
μv > μR 4. The refractive indices of flint glass for blue
and red colours are 1.664 are 1.644. Calculate
|V < |R its dispersive power.
{Ans. 0.0305}
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0 O l
5. A glass prism of refractive angle 60 and m= =
O G
refractive index 1.5, is completely immersed in
water of refractive index 1.33. Calculate the l
Or m=
angle of minimum deviation of the prism in this G
situation. [sin-1(0.56)=34.30]
Let f be the focal length of the lens.
{Ans. 8.60}
v=-D

Using thin lens formula,

- =

We get, - =
l G

Or = +
G l

l l
Or =1+
G

Œ
m=1+
n

When the final image is formed at infinity:

Magnifying power: It is the ratio of angle

formed by the image at the eye to the angle
formed by the object at the eye, when situated
at the least distance of distinct vision.

Simple Microscope: A Magnifying glass is

called as simple microscope; it is just a convex
lens of short focal length, held near to eye.

When final image is formed at the least

distance of distinct vision:

„ †‡1 „
m= = [α, β are small]
… †‡1 …
Magnifying power: The magnifying power of a
simple microscope is defined as the ratio of the
angle subtended by the image and the object at
the eye, when both are at least distance of
distinct vision from the eye. Thus
„ †‡1 „
Magnifying power m = =
… †‡1 …
[α, β are small angles]
/O /O
m= = [‰ŠŠ ‹ŠŠ = AB]
/O /O

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object, when both are at the least distance of
distinct vision.
•
! „ †‡1 „ >@ ! l
tan [ = m= = = • = = mo.me
… †‡1 … ! @
Ž

!
tan = Here m0 =
!
= •
l ! •
!/
∴ m= As the eyepiece acts as a simple microscope, so
!/l

l l l
Or m= me = =1+
@ @

j‘ Œ
Practice Question: m= _i + a
k’ n“

1.A man with normal near point (25 cm) reads

As the objective AB is placed close to the focus
a book with small print using a magnifying
F0 of the objective, therefore, u0 = -f0
glass: a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
Also images A’ B’ is formed close to the eye
(i) What is the closest and the farthest distance
lens whose focal length is short, therefore vo =
at which he can read the book when viewing
L = Length of the microscope tube
through the magnifying glass?
j‘ ”
mo = =
(ii) What is the maximum and the minimum k’ n‘
angular magnification (magnifying power)
” Œ
possible using the above simple microscope? m=- _i + a
n‘ n“
{Ans. -4.2 cm, -5 cm, 6, 5}
(b) When the final image is formed at
**Compound Microscope: infinity:
A compound microscope is an optical device Total magnification when the final image is
used to see magnified images of tiny objects. formed at infinity,
Construction: ” Œ
m = m0 X me = - X
n‘ n“
1. Objective: It is a convex lens of very short
focal length fo and small aperture. It is Practice Questions:
positioned near the objective to be magnified.
1.(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a
2. Eyepiece or ocular: It is a convex lens of compound microscope, showing the formation
comparatively larger focal length fe and larger of image at the near point of the eye. (ii) A
aperture than objective (fe>fo). It is positioned compound microscope uses an objective lens of
near the eye. focal length 4 cm and eye lens of focal length
10 cm. An objective is placed at 6 cm from the
**(a)When the final image is formed at objective lens.
the least distance of distant vision:
(a) Calculate magnifying power of the
Magnifying Power: The magnifying power of a compound microscope, if the final image is
compound microscope is defined as the ratio of formed at the near point.
the angle subtended at the eye by the virtual
image to the angle subtended at the eye by the (b) Calculate the length of the compound
microscope also.
{m=7, 19.14 cm}

2. The total magnification produced by a

compound microscope is 20, while that
produced by the eyepiece alone is 5. When the
microscope is focused on a certain object, the

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distance between objective and eyepiece is 14 **(b) When the final image is formed at
cm. Find the focal length of objective and infinity(Normal Adjustment):
eyepiece, if distance if distinct vision is 20 cm.
{Ans. fe = 5 cm, fo = 2 cm} Magnifying power in normal adjustment:

** Astronomical Telescope: It is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye

by the final image to the angle subtended at
It is a refractive type telescope used to see the eye by the object, when both the image and
heavenly bodies like stars, planets, satellites, the object lie at infinity.
etc.

Construction:

1.Objective: It is a convex lens of large focal

length and a much larger aperture.

2. Eyepiece: It is a convex lens of small focal

length and small aperture.

**(a) When the final image is formed at

Magnifying power;
the least distance of distinct vision:
„ †‡1 „
Magnifying power: It is defined as the ratio of m= =
… †‡1 …
the angle subtended at the eye by the final
/ • O
image formed at the least distance of distinct = =
/O •
vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the
object at infinity, when seen directly. n‘
m=-
n“

Reflecting telescope:

Newtonian reflecting telescope:

„ †‡1 „ / • O
Magnifying power; m = = = =
… †‡1 … /O •

•
∴ m=- .....(i)
@

For eye-lens;

u = -– and v=-D

As - = Cassegrainian Telescope:

- =
l @ @

@
Or = + = _1 + a
@ @ l @ l

Using equation (i);

• @
m=- _1 + a
@ l

Let fo be the focal length of the objective and fe

that of the eyepiece.
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For the final image formed at the least distance
of distinct vision,

• @
m= _1 + a
@ l

For the final image formed at infinity,

• /
m= =
@ @

Advantage of a reflecting type telescope:

1.Final image formed by the reflecting type

telescope is very bright due to its large
aperture.

2. High resolving power.

3. It is free from chromatic aberration.

4. Reduces spherical aberration.

5. A mirror requires grinding and polishing of

one surface only.

6. A mirror of equivalent optical quality weighs

less and can be supported over its entire back
surface.

Practice Questions:

1.The magnifying power of an astronomical

telescope in the normal adjustment position is
100. The distance between the objective and
the eyepiece is 101 cm. Calculate the focal
lengths of the objective and eyepiece.
{Ans. fo = 100 cm, fe = 1 cm}

2. A small telescope has an objective lens of

focal length 150 cm and an eye piece of focal
length 5 cm. If this telescope is used to view a
100 m high tower 3 km away, find the height of
the final image when it is formed 25 cm away
from the eye piece. {Ans. 30 cm}

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