Q1.

Scientists found that a compound contained:

22.8% sodium; 21.8% boron; and 55.4% oxygen.

Use the percentages to calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

Relative atomic masses (A r): B = 11; O = 16; Na = 23

To gain full marks you must show all your working.

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Empirical formula = ______________________________

(Total 5 marks)

Q2.
The diagram represents a magnesium atom.

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(a) Use words from the box to answer these questions.

electron neutron nucleus proton

(i) What is the name of the central part of the atom? ______________________
(1)

(ii) What is the name of the particle with no charge? _______________________

(1)

(iii) What is the name of the particle with a negative charge? _________________
(1)

(b) Use the diagram above to help you answer these questions.

(i) Draw a ring around the atomic (proton) number of this magnesium atom.

12 24 36
(1)

(ii) Draw a ring around the mass number of this magnesium atom.

12 24 36
(1)

(c) The diagram shows how magnesium and iodine atoms form magnesium iodide.

Only the outer electrons are shown.

The dots (●) and crosses (×) are used to represent electrons.

Use the diagram to help you to answer this question.

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine to
make magnesium iodide.

To gain full marks you should use the words atom, electron and ion in your answer.

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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q3.
Calcium and magnesium are elements. They are found in the Earth’s crust as compounds,
often carbonates and sulphates. Magnesium is also found as its chloride.

(a) Calcium and magnesium are in the same Group in the Periodic Table.
State which Group this is.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Use the Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.

(i) Write the chemical formula of magnesium chloride.

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(1)

(ii) Name the type of bonding in magnesium chloride.

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(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q4.
The structures of four substances, A, B, C and D, are represented in Figure 1.

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(a) Use the correct letter, A, B, C or D, to answer each question.

(i) Which substance is a gas?

(1)

(ii) Which substance is a liquid?

(1)

(iii) Which substance is an element?

(1)

(iv) Which substance is made of ions?

(1)

(b) Figure 2 shows the bonding in substance C.

(i) What is the formula of substance C?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

SO2 SO2 S2O

(1)

(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

delocalised shared transferred

When a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom bond to produce substance C,

electrons are _____________________________________________

(1)

(iii) What is the type of bonding in substance C?

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 Draw a ring around the correct answer.

covalent ionic metallic

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5.
The hydrogen halides (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and
hydrogen iodide) are important chemicals.

The diagram below represents a molecule of hydrogen chloride.

(i) What type of particles are represented by the crosses (X)?

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(1)

(ii) What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in this molecule together?

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(1)

(iii) Would you expect hydrogen chloride to be a gas, a liquid or a solid, at room
temperature and pressure? Explain your answer.

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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q6.
Chlorine will combine with the non-metal element, carbon, to form this molecular
compound.

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 (a) What is the type of bond in this molecule?

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(1)

(b) Explain how these bonds are formed. (You may use a diagram).

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(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q7.
A student was investigating the reaction of lithium and water.

She added a few drops of universal indicator to water in a trough and added a piece of
lithium.

The word equation for the reaction is:

lithium + water lithium hydroxide + hydrogen

(a) (i) The lithium floated on the water.

State two other observations that the student would see during the reaction.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Balance the symbol equation for the reaction of lithium and water.

2 Li(s) + _____ H2O(l) _____ LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

(2)

(iii) Describe a simple test and the result that would show the gas was hydrogen.

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 ______________________________________________________________

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(1)

(iv) All Group 1 metals have similar reactions with water.

State why, in terms of electronic structure.

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(1)

(b) Lithium and other Group 1 metals have different properties from the transition
metals.

Tick (✔) two properties that are properties of Group 1 metals.

They react with oxygen.

They form coloured compounds.

They are strong and hard.

They have low melting points.

(2)

(c) The electronic structure of a potassium atom is 2, 8, 8, 1

(i) Draw a diagram to show the electronic structure of a potassium ion.

Show the charge on the potassium ion.

(2)

(ii) Potassium is more reactive than sodium.

Explain why, in terms of electronic structure.

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(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Q8.
Potassium reacts violently with cold water.

It forms an alkaline solution of potassium hydroxide and hydrogen.

potassium + water → potassium hydroxide + hydrogen

(a) In what physical state is hydrogen given off?

Choose your answer from the words in the box.

gas liquid solid solution

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(1)

(b) (i) What type of substance will neutralise potassium hydroxide solution?

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(1)

(ii) What is the pH of the neutral solution?

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(1)

(c) In the Periodic Table there are eight main groups.

What is the number of the group that has potassium in it?

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Sodium is in the same group as potassium.

(i) How does sodium react with cold water and what is formed?

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(2)

(ii) How can you prove that an alkaline solution is formed when sodium reacts
with water?

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(2)

(e) Lithium reacts more slowly with cold water than sodium.

State two ways the reaction can be made to go faster.

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
Divide by Ar:

Na = 22.8 / 23

B = 21.8 / 11

O = 55.4 / 16
if student has calculated moles upside down they can score
mp 3 mp 4 and mp 5 as follows:
Na 23 / 22.8
B 11 / 21.8
O 16 / 55.4
1

Values

0.991
1.01

1.98
0.505

3.46
0.289
1

Divide by the smallest

1 : 2 : 3.5
Divide by the smallest (1)
3.5 : 1.75 : 1
1

Whole number ratio

2:4:7
Whole number ratio (1)
14 : 7 : 4
1

Empirical formula

Na2B4O7
Empirical formula (1)
Na14B7O4
if no working shown allow 4 marks for Na2B4O7
1
[5]

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Q2.
(a) (i) nucleus
1

(ii) neutron
1

(iii) electron
1

(b) (i) 12
1

(ii) 24
1

(c) any four from:

sharing / covalent / metallic = max 3

• magnesium (atom) reacts with two iodine (atoms)

• magnesium (atom) loses electrons

• 2 electrons (from each atom)

• Iodine (atom) gains electron(s)

• 1 electron or an electron (to each atom)

• iodide ion formed

allow iodine ion

• iodide has negative charge / is a negative ion / particle

allow iodine
ignore I2–
• magnesium ion formed

• magnesium has positive charge

• oppositely charged ions attract

• a giant structure / lattice is formed

allow 1 mark for unqualified reference to ion formation or
ionic bonding
4
[9]

Q3.
(a) Group 2 / Alkaline Earth Metals
for 1 mark
1

(b) (i) MgCl2/Mg2+ (Cl–)2

(or equation with correct answer)
for 1 mark
1

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 (ii) ionic / electrovalent
for 1 mark
1
[3]

Q4.
(a) (i) C
1

(ii) B
1

(iii) A
1

(iv) D
1

(b) (i) SO2

1

(ii) shared
1

(iii) covalent
1
[7]

Q5.
(i) electrons 1
for 1 mark

(ii) covalent 1
for 1 mark

(iii) made of small molecules:

usually gas or liquid ) dependent on
have low melting points ) having first
have low boiling points ) point above
forces between molecules are weak
any 1 for 1 mark
3
[5]

Q6.
(a) covalent bonds
for 1 mark
1

(b) any reference to shared electrons

gains 1 mark

but idea that bond is shared pair of electrons

gains 2 marks

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 2
[3]

Q7.
(a) (i) any two from:

• bubbles / effervescence / fizzing

ignore hydrogen / gas produced
• lithium disappears / gets smaller
allow dissolves
do not allow melts / burns
• lithium moves on the surface of the water
ignore floats
• (universal indicator) turns blue / purple
2

(ii) 2
left-hand side correct
1

2
right-hand side correct
allow multiples for full credit
1

(iii) light / burn, which will give a (squeaky) pop / explosion

1

(iv) all have 1 electron in their outer shell / energy level

allow have the same number of electrons in their outer shell /
energy level
1

(b) They react with oxygen

1

They have low melting points

1

(c) (i) electronic structure [2,8,8] is drawn

incomplete inner shells scores a maximum of 1 mark
1

charge is +
allow [2,8,8]+ for 1 mark
1

(ii) because (in potassium) the outer shell electron is further away from the
nucleus or because potassium atoms are larger than sodium atoms
it should be clear that the candidate is referring to the outer
shell electron: if this is not clear a maximum of 2 marks can
be awarded
1

therefore the outer shell electron is less strongly attracted to the nucleus
or is more shielded from the attraction of the nucleus and so the outer

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 shell electron in potassium is more easily lost
1
3 marks can be scored for answering the question in terms
of sodium
1
[13]

Q8.
(a) gas
1

(b) (i) acid

ignore any reference to a particular kind of acid
1

(ii) 7
1

(c) 1
credit potassium or K written into Group 1
1

(d) (i) reacts rapidly or quickly or fast

credit melts or fizzes or dissolves or violently or less
violently (than K)
1

sodium hydroxide or hydrogen

credit NAOH or H2
1

(ii) add universal indicator

credit add indicator or litmus or use pH paper
1

turns blue or purple

credit 'it goes purple' providing something has been added to
the water
1

(e) any two from

heat or warm

cut it up or have smaller pieces or larger surface area

do not accept more lithium or less water

stir
2
[10]

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