Lecture 3

ED 2103
Educational Resources,
Media & Technology
Course Instructor
Said A. S. Yunus
ED 2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

Lecture #3
Historical Development
Of Educational Media And Technology
In Education
ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

2
Objective
ILO
At the end of this lecture, student should be able to:
Trace the historical development of educational media
and technology in education.

3
Historical Development of Educational
Media and Technology
• The first use of educational media and technology cannot
be attributed to a specific person or time.
• Many histories of educational technology start in the early
1900s, while others go back to the 1600s.
• This depends on the definition of educational technology.
• Definitions that focus on a systems approach tend to reach
further back in history, while those definitions focused on
devices ( such as computers, TV, radio, etc) are more
recent.

1600s & 1700s
Quill Pens and Slates (1600s)
• Early one-room schoolhouses in the 1700s and 1800s used
these materials to teach students how to write and cipher.
Primers (1700s)
• The New England Primer remained the basic school text
for 100 years after its publication.

1800s
Wall charts (1826)
• To save the cost of individual books, passage were
sometimes printed in large letters and hung for all to
see in Lancastrian schools.
Models (1855)
• With the introduction of kindergarten in Wisconsin,
models and materials were given to students to
manipulate and to learn from.

1900s
Manipulatives (1901)
• Maria Montessori’s kinesthetic approach offered a
variety of manipulatives from which students could
learn.
Educational Museums (1904)

• The visual-education movement resulted in
educational museums with abundant visual displays.

1910s
Films (1910)
• Edison declared after inventing motion pictures that book
would soon be obsolete. Public schools in New York City
implemented films for instruction for the first time.
Education as a Science
• Edward Thorndike's influence of laws of learning, his
advocacy of social engineering, his advocacy of educational
measurements, led to establish education as a science.
Behaviorism Theory (1914)
• John Watson helped establish behaviorism, which became
one of the theoretical foundations for learning.
8
1920s
AECT (1923)
• The Association For Educational Communications and
Technology was created to help improve instruction
through technology.
Radio (1929)
• The Ohio “School of the Air” broadcast instruction to
homes.

1930s
Objectives in Education (1933)
Ralph Tyler’s at Ohio State University developed and refined
the procedures for writing instructional objectives;
recognizing the cyclical nature of evaluation within the
process of creating instruction designed to produced specific
outcomes, i.e. the recognition of the formative evaluation
process.

1940s
Instructional Technologists (1940-1945)
• With the role of technology in learning increasing, the
need for expertise in both education and technology grew,
and professional instructional technologists emerged.
Multiple Media Used by Military Armed Forces (1945)
In World War II, a large number of psychologists and
educators were called on to conduct research and develop
training materials for the military services. Training used
films, sound, graphics, models, and print to help prepare
recruits for war.
ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology 11
1950s
ITV (1953)
• The University of Houston launched KUHT, the first
noncommercial education station.
Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956)

• A team led by Benjamin Bloom identified and
articulated level of cognition.
Programmed Instruction (1957)

• Programmed instruction materials based on Skinner’s
behaviorism were used at Mystic School in
Winchester.

1960s
Instructional Design System (1965)
• Robert Gagné introduced a model for a systems
approach to designing instruction.
PBS and NER (1967)

• The Public Broadcasting Act established the Public
Broadcasting Service and National Educational Radio.

1970s
Cognitive Approach (1970)
• Cognitivists including Ausubel, Bruner, Gagné, and
others dominated thinking learning.
Personal Computers (1977)

• The first microcomputer, the apple, was created by
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs.

1980s
CAI
• Computer-assisted instruction on personal computers
reached its peak of popularity.
• The instructional applications of microcomputers
have come to dominate.

1990s
Constructivist Approach
• The influence of Dewey, Piaget, Vygotsky, and others
lead to the emergence of the constructivist view of
learning.
Computer-Based Technologies
• Video discs, CD-ROMs, multimedia, digital
presentations, interactive video, teleconferencing,
compressed video, and the internet combined to
greatly increase the technologies available to enhance
teaching and learning.
11/4/14 ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology 16

1990s
World Wide Web (1991)
The internet become accessible to all with the creation
of the Web by Tim Berners- Lee.

2000s
Mobile Devices (2003)
• Cell phones, tablet PCs, and other devices joined with
wireless networking to make mobile computing
commonplace everywhere, including in the
classroom.
Online Life (2008 and beyond)
• The internet expands to include “live” audio and
video, leading to instruction anytime, anywhere.

Educational Media &
Technology Timeline

References
▪ Lever-Duffy, J. & McDonald, J. B. (2009). Teaching and
Learning with Technology. Pearson Education, Inc. New
Jersey, USA.
▪ Newby, T. J., Stepich, D. A., Lehman, J. D., & Russell, J. D.
(2006). Educational Technology for Teaching and Learning.
Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey, USA.
▪ Reiser, R. A. (2001). A history of instructional design and
technology: Part II: A history of instructional design.
Educational Technology, Research and Development, 49
(2), 57-67.
▪ Seels, B. B., & Richey, R. C. (1994). Instructional
technology: The definition and domains of the field.
Washington, D. C.: Association of Education
Communications and Technology.
Thank You

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ED 2103

ED 2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

Educational Museums (1904)

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956)

Programmed Instruction (1957)

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

PBS and NER (1967)

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

Personal Computers (1977)

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

11/4/14 ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology 16

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

ED2103 - Educational Resources, Media and Technology

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