06-09-2022

Prof (Dr) Karamjit Singh Chahal,

Dept of Architecture, GNDU, Amritsar

Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 2

Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 3 Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 4

Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 5 Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 6

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Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 7 Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 8

Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 9 Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 10

Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 11 Dr. Karamjit Singh Chahal 9/6/2022 12

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IN STRUCTURES:
A DAMPER is a device that deadens, restrains, or depresses structures that are  Structural damping is critical parameter for all structures that are or may be
or may be subjected to dynamic loading.. subjected to dynamic loading.
 Structural dampers are implemented in buildings to deal with the dynamic
 A device that damps oscillation in RADIO MASTS AND Buildings for excitation.
better protection against storms.  Dampers are efficient in the sense that they dampen the energy input due to
dynamic loading through various mechanisms.
 A device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage or structural
failure by vibration. (tuned mass dampers)  The energy gained due to dynamic loading is dissipated through the various
mechanism as heat or as deformation i.e elastic strain energy.
 There are many types of dampers such as the frictional dampers, metallic dampers,
viscoelastic dampers, Tuned Mass Dampers, Tuned Liquid Dampers.
 A recent development has lead to damping by magnetic induction.

 The seismic waves caused by an earthquake will make buildings

EARTHQUAKES sway and oscillate in various ways depending on the frequency and
direction of ground motion, and the height and construction of the
building.
MECHANICAL HUMAN SOURCES
 Seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building
which may lead to structural failure.
WIIND

o Masses of people walking up and down stairs at once, or great

numbers of people stomping in unison, can cause serious  The force of wind against tall buildings
problems in large structures like stadiums if those structures lack can cause the top of skyscrapers to move
damping measures. more than a metre.

o Vibration caused by heavy industrial machinery, generators and

diesel engines can also pose problems to structural integrity,
especially if mounted on a steel structure or floor.  This motion can be in the form of swaying
or twisting, and can cause the upper
floors of such buildings to move
o Large ocean-going vessels may employ tuned mass dampers to
isolate the vessel from its engine vibration.

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 The building has 60 floors above ground, including a podium which connects the
two towers, and 5 basement levels for parking, and are considered one of the most
 The St. Francis Shangri-La Place, also prestigious residential buildings in the Philippines.
known as The St. Francis Towers 1 & 2  Due to the tower's location being close to an active fault in a highly seismic region
are twin-tower residential and also subjected to typhoon winds, the St. Francis Shangri-La Place was the first
condominium skyscrapers in building in the world to feature a revolutionary ‘damping’ system designed by an
Mandaluyong City, Philippines. international engineering company Ove Arup & Partners.

 The towers are the 3rd tallest building

in Metro Manila and in the Philippines,
and are currently the tallest residential
skyscraper and tallest twin towers in
the Philippines surpassing Pacific
Plaza Towers with a height of 212.88
metres from the ground to its The first ever building to use the STRUCTURAL DAMPERS
architectural spire

 Minimizing the effects of wind –induced vibrations and

earthquake shaking on tall buildings as well as non structural
architectural elements and mechanical components.
ACTIVE DAMPING SYSTEM:
 Requires power for motors sensors and computers control.
 Constant external power is required and may be undependable
during a seismic event on disruption of power supply.
 more suitable for tall buildings: where wind induced loading
rather than the unpredictable cyclic loading caused by
earthquake.
SEMI ACTIVE DAMPING SYSTEM:
 Use of controlled resistive force to reduce motion
• More useful in reducing sway
 They are fully controllable yet require little input power during storm.
• Less satisfactory for building
deflections during seismic event

 Absorb a portion of wind

induced or seismic energy
 reducing the need for primary
structural elements to dissipate
energy.
 A metallic yielding damper (MYD) is a  Damping using frictional dampers is considered to be the most effective and economical
type of hysteretic damper made of solution for seismic upgrade
metal that utilizes the plastic  In the late seventies, frictional dampers were developed inspired by the principle of friction
deformation of hysteretic brakes in automobiles.
materials, such as mild steel, to  Nowadays, several frictional dampers are being used. They are available for tension cross
dissipate the input seismic energy bracing, single diagonal bracing and chevron bracing.
 They consist of a series of steel plates specially treated to develop the most reliable friction.
The plates are clamped together with high-strength steel bolts.

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 During severe seismic excitations, friction dampers slip at a  Simple and foolproof in construction.
predetermined optimum load before yielding occurs in other structural
members and dissipate a major portion of the seismic energy. This  Friction dampers possess large rectangular hysteresis loops, with
allows the building to remain elastic or at least yielding is delayed to be negligible fade over several cycles of reversals. For a given force and
available during maximum credible earthquakes. displacement in a damper, the energy dissipation of friction damper is the
largest compared to other damping devices.
 The maximum force in a friction damper is pre-defined and remains the
 Another feature of friction damped buildings is that their natural period
same for any future ground motion. Therefore, the design of bracing and
varies with the amplitude of vibration. Hence the phenomenon of connections is simple and economical. There is nothing to yield and
resonance is avoided. damage, or leak. Thus, they do not need regular inspection, maintenance,
repair or replacement before and after the earthquake.
 Friction dampers are also compact in design and can be easily hidden
within drywall partitions.

 Metallic damper is a popular (and

inexpensive) choice for an energy
dissipation device because of its
relatively high elastic stiffness, good
ductility and its high potential for
dissipating energy in the post-yield
region.

X-SHAPED METALLIC PLATE DAMPER:

Single round hole metallic damper and double X shaped
metallic damper are commonly used.  IT is used where two braces meet.
SINGLE ROUND HOLE DAMPER  One type, the X-shaped Plate Damper, is used where two braces meet.
 As the building vibrates, the braces stretch and compress, pulling and
pushing the damper sideways and making it deform. They are designed
to deform so much when the building vibrates during an earthquake
that they cannot return to their original shape.
 This permanent deformation is called inelastic deformation, and it uses
BEFORE DEFORMING AFTER DEFORMING

DOUBLE X SHAPED DAMPER

some of the earthquake energy which goes into building.

BEFORE DEFORMING AFTER DEFORMING

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 The typical viscoelastic damper consists of viscoelastic layers bonded with steel plates or
solid thermoplastic rubber sheets sandwicthed between steel plates .
 These are inexpensive.
 The viscoelastic solid materials are used as a means to dissipate energy in viscoelastic
 No complicated technology is required to manufacture them. dampers.The viscoelastic materials generally used are co-polymers or glassy substances .
 They can easily be integrated into structures; they show stable  The energy is dissipated through shear deformation of the viscoelastic layers . Its
behavior in earthquakes. behaviour depends upon vibration frequency , strain levels and temperature.
 While in active state , the relative motion between central and outer plates gives rise to
 No environmental factors (like temperature, humidity etc.) affect shear deformations in the viscoelastic fluid between these interfaces and consequently
their performance. the energy is dissipated leading to seismic response mitigation.
 These dampers increase the stiffness of structures in addition to
increasing energy dissipation capacity in them. After earthquakes,
these dampers can easily be replaced to strengthen the structure for
future earthquakes.

The force generated in the viscoelastic damper comprises of two components : elastic force
and damping force.
 When carrying out dynamic analyses using commonly used linear analysis , the
1. The elastic force is proportional to the relative displactement between the connected resulting force-deformation relationship of the VE damper is linear without any
floors of a building in which it is used . phase lag and its peak force value is less than the maximum damper force .
2. The damping force is esentially proportional to the relative velocity of the piston head  Viscoelastic (VE) dampers are dependent on both relative velocity and
with respect to the damper casing . displacement to dissipate energy.
 VE damping system in Twin Towers is a double-layer shear damper using a 3M
material, which is a rubber derivative, glued to steel plate and angle irons.
 This material will carry some load (which is temperature-dependent and would be
less than the two-bolt connection as shown) as it displaces.

 It develops continuity moment at the end of joist girder, that is, the joist girders will behave
as partial continuous members under Dead and Live load. It is partially restrained under
Wind load.
 It restrained the lower chord of the joist girder (in the direction perpendicular to the plane
of the joist). Therefore it stabilizes the concrete diaphragm. Note that for a 4-inch thick
concrete slab spanning 60 feet, it would buckle if there were no joist girder. It also transfers
compression load through bottom chord.
 Joist girder-column connection is a moment connection.
 It reduces the energy to be absorbed by the joist girder and the columns under Wind load.


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Instrumented Dampers

 The excess energy that is built up in the structure can be transferred to a

secondary mass and is dissipated by the TMD.
 By specifying the mass ratio of the secondary mass to the primary body,
Tuned Dampers the optimum frequency ratio between the two masses and the optimum
 Tuned Mass Dampers damping ratio of the secondary mass can be obtained.
 Tuned Liquid Dampers  This secondary mass can be made of any material such as concrete or
 Tuned Liquid Column Dampers steel, while damping is generally provided by viscous damping devices.

 It is a passive damping system.

 Utilizes a secondary mass attached to a main structure through
spring and dashpot.
 Secondary mass system has a natural frequency closed to the
primary structure which depends on its mass and stiffness.

• During an earthquake, TMD will move against the direction of main

structural vibration and an inertia force will be acted on the
 It is also known as “Taipei 101 Tower”.
structure to reduce the response of the structure.
• One TMD can attenuate only the first mode response of a structure  Its height is 508 meters which is the tallest building in the world
with its frequency tuned to the fundamental frequency of the
structure.
• First several modes of a high rise structure are primary and the
anticipated response reduction cannot be achieved if only the first
mode is controlled.
• Li and Wang presented the method of
using multiple TMDs to control multiple
modes of structures and got obvious
results of vibration reduction.

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 The mass of TMD pendulum type is 660 tons

TMD
 The mass of two TMDs Pinnacle type weighs Pendulum
4.5 tons each which was installed in 2002. type
 Furthermore, the passive TMD systems were
installed in many structures such as
Bloomberg Tower in New York, Gran Canyon
Skywalk in Arizona, USA and Shenzhen
Bridge in Hong Kong, China.

Pinnacle
TMD

 Consist of a huge mass of concrete or steel suspended

from a cable-like pendulum mounted on tracks in the
upper stones of a building.
 Lateral force -> swaying in the building - > computer
senses the motion and signals the motor to move the
weight in an opposing direction and neutralize the motion.
ACTIVE TENDON DAMPING SYSTEM:
 Uses a conceptualized controller that responds to the
building moment
 Adjust member which is connected to an array of steel
tendons disposed of adjacent to the structure’s main
support members.

 To increase the energy dissipation of the sloshing liquid, flow-damping devices

such as screens or posts in the container are required.
 A dynamic vibration absorber proposed for existing water tanks on the building in  Different shapes of containers, such as rectangular or circular can be used as TLD
particular.
implementations.
 TLD utilizes the motion of shallow liquid in a partially filled container to dissipate the  The tank moves back and forth in the opposing direction transferring its
vibration energy. momentum to the building and counteracting the effect of wind vibration.
 The configuration of the TLDs is also designed to have a frequency close to the  Note: Unlike a circular type, a rectangular type has two different frequencies in two
fundamental frequency of the structures. orthogonal directions.
 The frequency of the liquid is determined by their length and depth of the liquid.
 When the TLDs are excited, the liquid inside sloshes and energy is dissipated from the
viscous action and wave-breaking.
 If the frequency of the sloshing motion is properly tuned to the natural frequency of a
dominant mode of vibration of the structure, the sloshing motion imparts an inertia
force that acts against the structural vibration. This effect leads to a reduction in the
structural response, and, consequently an increase in the effective damping of the
structure.

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 The TLD’s configuration of multi-layer stack of 9

circular (2 m dia.) fiber reinforced plastic
 TLD when properly tuned to natural frequency of structure
containers, each 0.22 m high, was installed in
is more effective in controlling the vibration. 1991.
 It was found that the RMS accelerations in each
 The damping effect of TLD is sharply decreases with
mistuning of TLD. direction were reduced 50% - 70% by the TLD at
wind speeds over 20 m/s .
 TLD is more effective when it is placed at the top storey of
 Furthermore, TLDs system was implemented on
the structure.
other structures such as Gold Tower in Kagawa,
Narita Airport Tower in Narita, Japan.

Circular Type TLD Shin Yokohama Prince Hotel

 TLCD are special type of TLD.

 Used for controlling vibration of structure under various dynamic loading.

 The U-shaped tank is configured to have a natural frequency that optimally matches one or
more of the structure’s natural frequencies.
 The natural frequency of the tank is determined by its “effective length”, and this is related
to the geometry of the tank and particularly to the ratio of the cross-section areas of the
 Tuned Liquid Column Dampers (TLCDs), dissipates structural vertical columns and the cross-over duct.
vibration by combined action involving the motion of the
liquid mass in the tube.  Damping is dependent on the opening ratio of the orifice inside the TLCDs tank.
 where the restoring force is due to the gravity acting upon the
liquid and the damping effect as a result of loss of hydraulic
pressure due to the orifice (s) installed inside the container Note: A single TLCD can provide damping along a single building axis.
Structural Features:
 Comprised of two vertical columns of liquid connected by a
horizontal crossover duct of the same width, enclosed in a
custom U-shaped tank.
 A variation of these with a cross-over duct difference in
width is denoted as a liquid column vibration absorber
(LCVA). Cross-sections of One Wall Centre

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• A wide elliptical footprint with a 7:1

slenderness ratio.
 TLCDs are relatively are easy to install in new and existing buildings, because they • Two Tuned Liquid Column Dampers were
can take any arbitrary shape. installed to control wind-induced vibrations.
 They do not interfere with the vertical and horizontal load paths, as other passive • Each TLCD contains 230 tons of water tuned
devices do. to the proper frequencies.
 It’s easy to adjust their frequencies and they can be combined with an active
control mechanism.
 Do not require large space for stroke length.
 The water in the tank can be used for fire fighting.

 Set-up cost, as well as maintenance cost, is comparatively low

One Wall Centre

 Contains the largest TLCD in the world.

 Its height is 297 meters of 57 floors.
 The TLCD water mass is 1,300 tons.

Comcast Center

 MR damper is one of the most promising new devices

 MR dampers uses MR fluids to produce a controllable damping
force
 MR damper is developed from MR fluid for reason that this
microscopic shift can macroscopically induce great changes in the
damping force of the MR damper.

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 Now-a-days there is an increasing trends to construct tall structures, to minimize

the increasing space problems in urban areas.
 These structures are often made relatively light & comparatively flexible,
possessing quite low damping, thus making the structure more vibration prone.
 Besides increasing various failure possibilities, these are also creating problem
from service point of view, due to cladding and partition problem.
 So to ensure functional performance of tall buildings, it is important to keep the
frequency of vibrational motion level bellow threshold.
 Various methods are there to overcome these problems like Aero dynamic design,
structural design, Auxiliary damping device.
 But recently it is found that use of dampers is the best to overcome this problem.

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SOFT STORY
Generally structural or nonstructural walls above.

 During earthquake forces tend to be concentrated in

the weaker floor or at the point of discontinuity.

ACTIONS OF SOFT FIRST STORY SOFT STORY

Gujarat, 2001

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Soft Story & Vertical Discontinuity

SHORT COLUMNS

Unequal height columns along the

slope causes ill effects like twisting and
damage in shorter columns.

Gujarat, 2001

Hammering in Buildings
Short Columns

Northridge, 1994 Kobe, 1995 Loma Prieta, 1989

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