Notes 3

Geometric
Designs
GEOMETRIC SHAPES
POLYGONS
- closed figures formed by 3 or more line
segments called sides
❖ Polygons are named according to the

number of sides and angles they have.
The most familiar polygons are:
TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS
CONCAVE AND CONVEX
POLYGONS
CONVEX POLYGON has all its angles pointing outward,
which means that all its interior angles are less than 180°.
CONCAVE POLYGON has at least one internal angle

pointing inward, meaning, it measures greater than 180 .
CONVEX CONCAVE
REGULAR and IRREGULAR POLYGONS
A polygon is REGULAR if all angles are equal and
all sides are equal; otherwise, it is IRREGULAR.
❖ Equilateral – having equal sides

Example: equilateral triangle, equilateral hexagon
SOLIDS
SOLID - a three-dimensional (3D) object
The three dimensions are: width, depth,
and height
POLYHEDRON (singular) – union of polygons

➢ POLYHEDRA or POLYHEDRONS (if plural)
Examples of POLYHEDRA
▪ FACES – the flat surfaces or polygons that
bound the polyhedron
▪ EDGES – the intersection of the faces
▪ VERTICES – the intersection of the edges
PRISMS
PRISM – A polyhedron which has identical
(congruent) polygons at the base and top.
➢Prisms are said to be triangular, square,

pentagonal, hexagonal, depending on the
shape of the bases.
PRISM
The lateral faces are the

faces between the bases.
PYRAMIDS
PYRAMID – a polyhedron for which the base is a
polygon and all lateral faces are triangles.
❖ Prisms have two bases; pyramids only have one.

❖ Pyramids are also named according to the shape
of the base.
PYRAMID
lateral face
base
Non-PolyhedrONs
Non-polyhedrons have sides that are
not polygons (the faces are not flat).
What is Geometric Design?
Geometric design is the art of creating
simplistic beauty of mixing certain shapes,
lines, and curves together.
Some ways of creating Geometric designs:
1. Transformations
2. Tessellations
Transformation
- any change that is made in terms
of position or size of an object
The 4 main transformations are:
• Translation (slides)
• Rotation (turns)
• Reflection (flips)
• Dilation (change of size)
transformations where
Translations there are no changes
Rotations in size or shape of an
object being moved
Reflections
transformation where
Dilation the object has the same
shape but different size
TRANSLATION
❖ A translation “slides” an object at a
fixed distance in a given direction.
❖ A translation “slides” an object at a fixed
distance in a given direction.
original image
x y
Translate from x to y
A TRANSLATION IS A CHANGE IN LOCATION.

❖ The original object and its translation have the
same shape and size, and they faces in the
same directions.
Horizontal translation
Vertical translation
ROTATION
❖ A rotation is a transformation that
turns a figure about (around) a fixed
point known as the center of rotation.
A rotation is a transformation that
turns a figure about (around) a fixed
point known as the center of rotation.
center of rotation
A ROTATION MEANS TO TURN A FIGURE

180 rotation
90 rotation
REFLECTION
❖ A reflection is a transformation
that flips a figure across a line.
A reflection is a transformation that
flips a figure across a line.
A REFLECTION IS FLIPPED OVER A LINE.

The line that a shape is flipped over is
called a line of reflection.
Line of
reflection
After an object is reflected, it
looks like a mirror image of itself.
CONCLUSION
Translation, Rotation, and Reflection all
change the position of a shape, while the size
remains the same.
FLIP REFLECTION
SLIDE TRANSLATION
TURN ROTATION
DILATION
❖ Dilation changes the size of the object
without changing the shape.
❖ Enlarge means to make a shape bigger.
❖ Reduce means to make a shape smaller.
TESSELLATIONS
TESSELLATION (or TILING) – a pattern of shapes
that covers a plane without any gaps or overlaps
REGULAR TESSELLATIONS
- tessellations that are made by repeating
a regular polygon
SQUARES
TRIANGLES
HEXAGONS
SEMI-REGULAR TESSELLATIONS
- tessellations that are formed by two or
more types of regular polygons
NON-REGULAR TESSELLATIONS
- tessellations that are made up of polygons
whose sides are not of the same lengths
Who is M.C. Escher?
Maurits Cornelis Escher or M.C. Escher

(1898 - 1972) was a Dutch artist, sometimes
referred to as the “Father of Modern
Tessellations”
Escher obtained a greater variety of patterns
in his tessellations by distorting the basic
shapes to render them into animals, birds,
and other figures.
He created tessellations using

translations, rotations, reflections,
and a combination of these.
TESSELLATIONS IN NATURE
TESSELLATIONS IN MAN-MADE THINGS

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Geometric

❖ Polygons are named according to the

CONCAVE POLYGON has at least one internal angle

❖ Equilateral – having equal sides

POLYHEDRON (singular) – union of polygons

➢Prisms are said to be triangular, square,

The lateral faces are the

❖ Prisms have two bases; pyramids only have one.

Some ways of creating Geometric designs:

A TRANSLATION IS A CHANGE IN LOCATION.

A ROTATION MEANS TO TURN A FIGURE

A REFLECTION IS FLIPPED OVER A LINE.

Maurits Cornelis Escher or M.C. Escher

He created tessellations using

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