GROUP 2

PRESENTS

RESERVOIR MODELLING AND SIMULATION:

ADDING WELLS
DELOS REYES GRANADA LUNARIO MAGCALAS NAVARRO SOREBILLO
 RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
RESERVOIR
PROPERTIES
OIL IN PLACE
3695.8049 TH. SM3

MOBILE OIL IN PLACE

3695.8049 TH. SM3

THICKNESS
9M

GRID STATISTICS
NTG RATIO
0.9
BLOCK SIZE BLOCK SIZE BLOCK SIZE
ALONG X ALONG Y ALONG Z
40 M 40 M 1.0135 M
RESERVOIR description

Initial Conditions

PRESSURE AVERAGE PERMEABILITY POROSITY

254 BARSA 100 MD 8% - 20%
 ROCK CHARACTERISTICS
PERMEABILITY ALONG X
The horizontal permeability of the reservoir is
considered good permeability of averaging
55 md. The average vertical permeability of
0.3 mD suggests that it is low which is
advantageous for preventing water
channeling as well as preventing water
PERMEABILITY ALONG Y
coning or breakthrough early in the
production. The porosity, however, is evidently
considered to be entirely homogenous on 8-
20% porosity, as suggested from the given
reservoir model.

PERMEABILITY ALONG Z
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Relative Permeability Curve

The intersection of the Kro (relative

permeability to oil) and Krw (relative
permeability to water) curves at a water
saturation greater than 0.5 generally
indicates a water-wet system.
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Relative Permeability Curve

As water saturation increases, the

relative permeability of water rises while
relative permeability of oil drops. This
shows that more water in the reservoir
makes it easier for water to flow but
harder for oil to flow. Capillary pressure
can affect fluid movement in the
reservoir but appears negligible in this
case.
 Reservoir Fluid Properties
FVF vs Viscosity

As reservoir pressure increases, FVF

decreases and viscosity increases.
This inverse relationship means that
while oil becomes more compact and
occupies less volume at higher
pressures (lower FVF), it also becomes
harder to flow (higher viscosity).
Field development scenario
SCENARIO
Primary Recovery + Secondary (Water
Injection)

DETAILS
10 Production Wells (5 Horizontal Wells + 5
Vertical Wells) + 7 Injection Wells

RECOVERY FACTOR
55.29%
scenario DISCUSSION
All production wells
utilize the slanted
nature of the reservoir
along with porosity,
permeability, and
mobile oil in place cell
values on optimizing
well placement, well
spacing, and the
trajectory of the wells.
 well spacing and placement
Production Wells
Well spacing refers to the distance between individual wells in an oil or gas field which plays a
crucial role in optimizing productivity that gives every well its fair access and share in the
hydrocarbon supply without inferring neighboring wells. Well placed too close together can
affect another well’s zone leading to inefficient extraction and potential resource waste. On
the other hand, valuable resources can be neglected if wells are placed too far apart.
Distance hinders fluid flow towards them leaving some regions untapped.

Choosing between vertical and horizontal wells requires considerations which are influenced
by reservoir geometry and fluid properties. Reservoir geometry includes thickness, for thin
reservoirs horizontal wells are effective as it can cover a larger area and increase contact
with the formation which makes it a great option for a low permeable reservoir. For a thick
homogeneous reservoir which has a high permeability and porosity, a vertical well is effective
in draining the entire formation.
 well spacing and placement
Slanted Reservoir
When wells are drilled in a tilted reservoir, especially if they are aligned with the dip of the oil-
water contact, they may encounter varying pressures and fluid saturations, impacting flow
rates. The inclination can lead to differences in fluid dynamics, affecting how easily
hydrocarbons can be produced.

Porosity
The higher porosity corresponds to a higher oil storage capacity. However, the differences in
porosity distribution within a given reservoir can result in a considerable change in the ideal
arrangement of the well spacing. The more porous sites allowed well placement closer to
them because of their enhanced fluid flow capacity. The very low porosity sites, however,
require much space from other resources without competition.
 well spacing and placement
Permeability along Y
Typically, horizontal permeability (along the x or z axes) is greater than vertical permeability
(along the y-axis). Higher horizontal permeability allows for easier lateral flow of fluids,
meaning that injected water (in waterflooding operations) or produced oil can travel more
efficiently across the reservoir. Having a high horizontal permeability allows fluid to move
faster and farther, which causes it to improve its sweep efficiency. In reservoirs with high
horizontal permeability, wells can be spaced further apart because the fluids can flow easily
between the injection and production wells.

Permeability along Z
Low vertical permeability acts like a constriction mechanism versus fluid flow, responsible for
a non-uniform drainage process, and more than this, can lead to hydrocarbon losses. On the
contrary, in low vertical permeability reservoirs, even more spacing might be necessary so
that each well drains its service area without interfering with the hydrocarbon supply of the
other wells.
 well spacing and placement

Mobile Oil in Place

For large amounts of mobile oil within sandstones, it may be reasonable to consider tighter
well spacing, provided that it does not result in harmful interference among the wells. On the
other hand, it may require wider spacing in areas with smaller concentrations of mobile oil to
ensure that each well adequately drains its assigned area.
 well spacing and placement
Injection Wells
Gravity Drainage
A slanted reservoir enhances gravity drainage because the natural slope helps guide the movement
of fluids more efficiently. In a reservoir with a good gravity drainage, it should not be waterflooded if
attempting to obtain maximum recovery. For a good to fair gravity drainage reservoirs, water
injection should only be used to increase producing rates because it would be substituting an inferior
recovery mechanism for a more efficient recovery mechanism.
Targeting High Oil Saturation
High oil saturation area is the region with largest volumes of movable oil that can be displaced by
the injected water. The higher the oil saturation, the greater the chance that the injected water will
effectively push the oil toward the production wells. Focusing on high oil saturation zones will reduce
the chance of water breakthroughs.
Avoiding Low Permeability Zones
Permeability refers to the ability of reservoir rocks to transmit fluids. Low permeable zones hinder the
flow of both injected water and the movement of displaced oil. Water flooding in low permeable
zones may prevent the flow of water that is pushing the oil to the production wells, thereby blocking
the conduct of water flooding.
 well PROFILE AND SETTINGS
Perforations for the horizontal and vertical wells are located in the reservoir zones. Production wells
are controlled using the default setting using Bottom hole pressure of 50 barsa and well efficiency
factor of 1. Additionally, the injection wells are set to inject water and the default control mode using
bottom hole pressure of 450 barsa. Injection rates of the wells are controlled to 80 to 200 sm3/day
depending on how the injection well sweeps the oil and prevents the injected water from reaching
the producing wells.
 well trajectories
Producers - Horizontal Wells

Well Trajectory of Well PH1

Well Trajectory of Well PH3

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Producers - Horizontal Wells

Well Trajectory of Well PH5

Well Trajectory of Well PH2

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Producers - Horizontal Wells

Well Trajectory of Well PH6

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Producers - Vertical Wells

Well Trajectory of Well PV1

Well Trajectory of Well PV18

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Producers - Vertical Wells

Well Trajectory of Well PV11

Well Trajectory of Well PV12

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Producers - Vertical Wells

Well Trajectory of Well PV16

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Injectors - Vertical Wells

Well Trajectory of Well IV11

Well Trajectory of Well IV19

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Injectors - Vertical Wells

Well Trajectory of Well IV1

Well Trajectory of Well IV18

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Injectors - Vertical Wells

Well Trajectory of Well IV16

Well Trajectory of Well IV10

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 well trajectories
Injectors - Vertical Wells

Well Trajectory of Well IV9

Property Presented in the Cross-Section is Mobile Oil in Place

 field development timeline
primary secondary
recovery recovery
10 Production Wells (5 Horizontal 10 Production Wells (5 Horizontal Wells + 5
Wells + 5 Vertical Wells) Vertical Wells)

7 Vertical Injection Wells

11/01/2019
12/01/2021 12/01/2024
Streamlines

11/01/2019
Streamlines

05/01/2020
Streamlines

05/01/2021
Streamlines

12/01/2021
Streamlines

07/01/2022
Streamlines

04/01/2023
Streamlines

02/01/2024
Streamlines

12/01/2024
Streamlines

11/01/2019 - 12/01/2024
Results
Oil Rate
The oil rate exhibits a sharp decline
in the early stages, which is typical
in most reservoirs due to initial
pressure drawdown and reservoir
depletion.
The decline rate appears to slow
down after a certain period, forming
a plateau or a gentler slope. This
might indicate that the reservoir is
reaching a stabilized production
phase
Results
Fluids-in-Place

3695.8049 th. sm3

Initial OIP

1651.94 th. sm3

After 5 Years

Recovery Factor
55%
Results
Average Pressure

254 barsa
Initial Pressure

82 barsa
After 5 Years
 conclusion
With the presented field development scenario, a total of
2043.8649 th sm3 of oil was produced. Effective and accurate
reservoir characterization is vital in establishing prior knowledge
to the reservoir model. Additionally, understanding the concepts
of well placement and spacing, on both production and injection
wells, given a set of parameters such as reservoir qualities
(slanted reservoir), porosity, permeability and mobile oil in place
improves oil production.
recommendations
Not enough time to do many simulations

Short timeframe for field development

Limiting oil production rate is not advisable due to time

frame

No to little initial tests done for base case

Number of wells should not be limited nor fixed to account

for a better production strategy (ie. doing five spots
technique)
what did you learn from the activity?
Delos Reyes, Niel Allen M. Granada, Woodrow Stephen B.

In developing a field production plan using tNavigator, It may seem easy from adding vertical and
I’ve come to a realization that though adding the horizontal wells, but things get complicated when
vertical and horizontal wells might seem simple developing a field production plan. In this activity, I
enough at first, the complexity emerges in optimizing was able to apply various concepts and techniques
their placement and efficiency to maximize the wells in relation to drilling engineering, reservoir
to its maximum potential. I learned that engineering and petrophysics. When the activity was
understanding reservoir properties like permeability, given, I was already challenged on how to
porosity, and saturation is vital in making informed characterize the reservoir and how important
decisions on well design. Designing optimal well understanding the reservoir properties and initial
placements, trajectories, and spacing was particularly conditions to create a good result. Optimizing well
complex due to the intricate interrelationship of these placements, spacing, and trajectories was very
reservoir properties. Aside from that, the proper timing challenging considering different properties will
of when to place the wells and the injection of water ultimately affect the efficiency of production of the
can also have a great impact on the outcome of the wells. I also learned more about the features and
oil extraction process. capabilities of the tNavigator software and how it
improves one’s skills and understanding about
petroleum engineering.
what did you learn from the activity?
Lunario, Adrian F. Magcalas, Alyssa Rubie L.

Selection of horizontal or vertical wells is influenced by In production planning, reservoir characterization is

various factors, including the permeability, porosity, crucial. Targeting for an optimal oil recovery should
and distribution of the mobile oil. In the case of consider different properties occurring in the
horizontal wells, they excel in highly permeable reservoir. After correlating the properties of the
formations horizontally because they can access a reservoir, one should know that well placements and
higher surface area and improve fluid flow and hence number of wells should be economically viable to
higher production rates. However, vertical wells might consider production operation in the field. Through
be the best option for formations that have marked the simulation, I have learned that more wells does
vertical permeability barriers where horizontal flow is not necessarily means for a greater recovery,
inefficient. Understanding given parameters. I learned especially when considering its economic viability.
how to optimize well design for hydrocarbon recovery
based on the reservoir's geological conditions.
what did you learn from the activity?
Navarro, John Kenneth S. Sorebillo, Vryiell Chled C.

Well placement and selection of the type of well to be Simulating oil and gas extraction using tnavigator
used requires assessment of different considerations from a tilted reservoir using horizontal and vertical
such as the properties of the reservoir that includes its wells with secondary recovery injectors reveals that
permeability, porosity, water saturation and other horizontal wells are effective in maximizing contact
factors. The position of wells must be strategized in with productive zones and delaying water or gas
order to attain better oil recovery. Also, the breakthrough, while vertical wells target specific
importance of incorporating injection well was layers efficiently, while secondary recovery helps
emphasized as it affects oil recovery. TNavigator maintain enough pressure to make the production
provides an accurate simulation of how a reservoir well improve its efficiency. Also, influence of gravity
will behave in the presence of producers and injector affects fluid distribution, with gas rising and water
wells which is beneficial for petroleum engineering as sinking, making the well placement crucial for the
it shows a visualization of what will happen in a formation.
reservoir for a specific duration of time.
 references
Fernandes, B, et al. “Optimal Path Planning for Directional Wells across Flow Units’ Many-Targets.” Journal of Petroleum
Exploration and Production Technology, vol. 14, no. 1, 24 Oct. 2023, pp. 125–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-023-01709-z.
Accessed 4 Oct. 2024.

Sun, Wenjie, et al. “Qualitative Assessment of Optimizing the Well Spacings Based on the Economic Analysis.” Geothermal
Energy, vol. 12, no. 1, 21 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-024-00295-5. Accessed 4 Oct. 2024.

Subsurface Dynamics. “Well Spacing Optimization: Maximizing Productivity in the Oil and Gas Industry - Subsurface Dynamics
Reservoir Engineering.” Ssdynamics, 25 Nov. 2020, www.ssdynamics.com/well-spacing-optimization/.
Puligandla, M. (2021, February 9). TILTED OIL WATER CONTACT. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/tilted-oil-water-contact-p-v-v-
s-murthy

Santana, Beatriz dos Santos, et al. “Understanding the Impact of Reservoir Low-Permeability Subdomains in the Steam
Injection Process.” Energies, vol. 16, no. 2, 5 Jan. 2023, p. 639, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020639. Accessed 6 Mar. 2023.

ZHAO, Jiyong; FAN, Jianming; HE, Yonghong; YANG, Ziqing; GAO, Wei; GAO, Wubin . (2015). Optimization of horizontal well
injection-production parameters for ultra-low permeable–tight oil production: A case from Changqing Oilfield, Ordos Basin,
NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(1), 74–82. doi:10.1016/S1876-3804(15)60008-8

Tarr, C. M., & Heuer, G. J. (1962). Factors Influencing The Optimum Time To Start Water Injection. All Days.
https://doi.org/10.2118/340-ms
‌Well Spacing Optimization: Maximizing Productivity in the Oil and Gas Industry - Subsurface Dynamics Reservoir Engineering.
(2020, November 25). https://www.ssdynamics.com/well-spacing-optimization/
documentation
documentation
 GROUP 2
PRESENTS

RESERVOIR MODELLING AND SIMULATION:

ADDING WELLS
DELOS REYES GRANADA LUNARIO MAGCALAS NAVARRO SOREBILLO