mar imp

Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10 marks blue backgound-chat gpt
White background- model answer

*mark-repeated
**(a) List two applications of IMPATT diode.
Application –
1. Microwave generators
2. Modulated output oscillators
3. Receiver local oscillators
4. High Q IMPATTs are used in Intrusion alarm network, police radar and low power microwave
transmitters.
5. Low Q IMPATTs are useful in FM transmitters and CW Doppler radar transmitters.
(b) Define cut-off wavelength of a waveguide.

The cut-off wavelength of a waveguide is the maximum wavelength (or lowest frequency) at which a
specific mode can propagate. Beyond this wavelength, the mode becomes evanescent and cannot travel
through the waveguide.
(c) State principle of operation of cassegrain feed antenna.

The principle of operation of a Cassegrain feed antenna is based on reflecting electromagnetic waves
between two mirrors:
1. The primary parabolic reflector collects and focuses incoming signals.
2. The signals are then reflected to a smaller hyperbolic sub-reflector, which redirects them to a feed
located near the back of the primary reflector.
**(d) Draw construction details of Gunn diode and label it.
(e) State the frequency range for following bands : (i) UHF band (ii) Ku band
(iii) X band (iv) S band
· UHF band: 300 MHz to 3 GHz
· Ku band: 12 GHz to 18 GHz
· X band: 8 GHz to 12 GHz
· S band: 2 GHz to 4 GHz
**(f) List two advantages and two disadvantages of Pulse RADAR system.
(a) Define the term w.r.t. waveguide

(i) cut-off frequency
(ii) cut-off wavelength
Cut-off Frequency:
The cut-off frequency of a waveguide is the minimum frequency at which a specific mode of
electromagnetic wave can propagate. Below this frequency, the wave energy is attenuated and cannot
propagate effectively.
Cut-off Wavelength:
The cut-off wavelength of a waveguide is the maximum wavelength (corresponding to the cut-off
frequency) at which a specific mode can propagate. Wavelengths longer than this cannot propagate in the
waveguide.
The two are related as:
*(b) Sketch the field pattern of TE10 mode of rectangular wave guide.
*(c) Draw neat sketch of Bends..
(d) List application of Isolator and circulator. (any one application of each)
Isolators:
Protection of Microwave Components:
Prevention of Signal Reflection:
Improving System Stability:
Radar and Communication Systems:
Measurement and Testing:
Power Handling:
Integration in RF Systems:
Microwave Circuits:
Circulator:
*(e) List any four applications of PIN diode.
(g) Define the term antenna scanning. State its types.

Antenna Scanning refers to the process of changing the direction of the antenna's radiated beam to scan a
particular area or follow a moving target. This can be achieved through mechanical or electronic means and
is typically used in radar, communication, and satellite tracking systems.
Types
*(b) State different types of waveguides.
*(c) Give the applications of RADAR.
*(e) State the frequency for following bands :

(i) C Band
(ii) X Band
(iii) K Band
(iv) Ku Band
a)
*B )
-
(f) Write RADAR range equation. State each term used in equation.
*(g) Draw neat sketches of Magic Tee and label it.

2022 summer
Attempt any THREE of the following :
12 marks
***(a) Compare waveguide with transmission line
**(a) Draw construction diagram of Magnetron and label it. Give two applications.
**(d) Draw block diagram of MTI RADAR and explain function of each block.
**(a) State the working principle of Reflex Klystron and explain applegate diagram.
***(b) State the types of Radar Antenna Scanning and explain spiral scanning.
Spiral scan explanation
**(c) Describe operating principle of Directional Coupler and give two applications.
*(d) Define doppler effect. Draw block diagram and explain principle and
operation of CW Doppler RADAR.
2023 summer
**(c) Sketch & label constructional diagram of TWT & state its working principle. Also state its two
advantages and application
Advantages of TWT:
Wide Bandwidth
High Linearity and Gain
* ( a ) Describe with relevant sketch, the operation of IMPATT Diode.
* (e) Describe with relevant sketch the working principle of A-Scope display
method used in RADAR system
2023 winter
*(b) Explain tunnel diode with neat sketch.
2019 winter
(b) Explain application of Tunnel diode as an amplifier with neat diagram.
*(c) State working principle of sonar system and list four applications.
(d) Draw neat sketches and give one use of following Waveguide Accessories :
(i) Bends (ii) Corners
 H-
Plane Bend:
Used to change the waveguide direction in the horizontal plane without altering polarization
E-Plane Bend:
Used to change the waveguide direction in the vertical plane, affecting the electric field.
H-Plane Corner:
Used for sharp turns in the horizontal plane to redirect signals horizontally.
E-Plane Corner:
Used for sharp turns in the vertical plane to redirect signals vertically.
(d) State the advantages, disadvantages and application of circular waveguide.
Advantages of Circular Waveguide:

Lower Losses
Higher Power Handling
Less Sensitivity to Polarization
Uniform Field Distribution
Disadvantages of Circular Waveguide:

Complexity and Cost
Mode Conversion Issues
Bulkiness
Applications of Circular Waveguide:

Microwave and Radar Systems
Antenna Feed Systems
High-Power Transmission Lines
Particle Accelerators
(b)Compare TE & TM modes (any four points).
*(d) Explain with relevant sketch working principle of the FM CW RADAR. use as
altimeter in aircrafts.
(b) For rectangular waveguides define : TE & TM modes.

*(c) Discuss the use of RADAR tracking antennas and explain any one type of tracking antenna.
*(e) Draw and explain block diagram of basic RADAR system.

+-------------------------+
| Transmitter |
+-------------------------
|
+----------------------------+
| Antenna |
+----------------------------+
|
+----------------------------+
| Duplexer |
+----------------------------+
|
+----------------------------+
| Receiver |
+----------------------------+
|
+----------------------------+
| Signal Processor |
+----------------------------+
|
+----------------------------+
| Display Unit |
+----------------------------+
Explanation of the Components:
Transmitter:
1. The transmitter is responsible for generating the high-frequency electromagnetic signals (RF waves), which are
typically in the microwave or radio frequency range.
2. These signals are modulated (frequency modulation, pulse modulation, etc.) to carry information about the
target.
Antenna:
1. The antenna is responsible for both transmitting the RF signal and receiving the reflected signals (echoes) from
the target.
2. The antenna directs the transmitted signal towards the target and receives the reflected signal from the target
to be analyzed.
Duplexer:
1. The duplexer is a switch that allows the same antenna to be used for both transmission and reception.
2. It ensures that the transmitted and received signals do not interfere with each other.
Receiver:
1. The receiver detects the reflected signal (echo) from the target and converts it into an intermediate frequency
(IF) signal or baseband signal for further processing.
2. The receiver amplifies the weak received signals to a level suitable for processing.
Signal Processor:
1. The signal processor filters and analyzes the received signal to extract meaningful information, such as the
time delay (which indicates the distance of the target) and the Doppler shift (which indicates the velocity of
the target).
2. It performs crucial tasks like noise reduction, signal amplification, and filtering to enhance the quality of the
signal.
Display Unit:
1. The display unit shows the processed information, such as the target's location, distance, and velocity, on a
screen (often a radar scope).
2. It allows the operator to track and visualize targets.
(a) Draw & explain TEM wave.

TEM Wave (Transverse Electromagnetic Wave)
A TEM wave is a type of electromagnetic wave where both the electric field and magnetic field are
transverse to the direction of propagation. In this mode, there are no components of the electric or magnetic
fields along the direction of wave propagation.
Characteristics of TEM Wave:

 The electric field (E) is perpendicular to the magnetic field (H).
 Both the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
 There is no component of the electric or magnetic fields in the direction of wave propagation, hence the name
"transverse".
 The wave propagates with the same velocity as the speed of light in the medium (assuming it’s a non-dispersive
medium).
 TEM waves can only exist in certain structures, such as coaxial cables, microstrip lines, and waveguides with specific
configurations. In general, TEM waves do not propagate in rectangular or circular waveguides, as these waveguides
only support TE or TM modes.
(b) Explain the working principle of H-plane Tee with constructional sketch
2019 winter
Attempt any TWO of the following : 12- Total Marks

***(a) Sketch the construction of Gunn diode.
**(b)Compare with neat sketches Gyrator, Isolator and Circulators (any four points).
(c) (i) Compare TWT and Klystron (any 4 points)
(ii) Write any two applications of corners and twist section of waveguide
1. Waveguide Corners (Bends):
Applications:
 Microwave Circuit Desig
 Radar Systems
2. Waveguide Twist Sections:
Applications:
 Polarization Control
 Radar and Communication Systems
(a) Compare the performance of Klystron, Magnetron and TWT (4 points each).
*(a) Derive the maximum Radar range equation. Also state significance of each
term.
(b) Describe with neat sketch the RADAR used for automatic target detection.
(b) A rectangular waveguide has a cross-section of dimensions a = 10 cm, b = 2.5 cm.
The waveguide is air-filled and operated at frequency 4 GHz.
(a) Calculate the maximum range of a radar system (in km and nautical miles),
which operates at 3 cm with a peak pulse power of 600 kW, if its antenna is
5 m2 , minimum detectable signal is 10–13 W and the radar cross-sectional area
of the target is 20 m2 .
(b) A rectangular waveguide has a = 4 cms; b = 3 cms as its sectional dimensions.

Find all the modes which will propagate at 5000 MHz.
(a) Calculate the cut-off wavelength, guide wavelength, characteristic wave

impedance of a wave guide whose internal diameter is 6 cm for a 14 GHz signal propagated in it in the TE11
mode.
(a) Explain with the help of neat diagram the working principle, construction of multi cavity klystron
amplifier.

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Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10 marks blue backgound-chat gpt

White background- model answer

(b) Define cut-off wavelength of a waveguide.

(c) State principle of operation of cassegrain feed antenna.

**(d) Draw construction details of Gunn diode and label it.

(a) Define the term w.r.t. waveguide

The two are related as:

*(e) List any four applications of PIN diode.

(g) Define the term antenna scanning. State its types.

*(c) Give the applications of RADAR.

*(e) State the frequency for following bands :

*(g) Draw neat sketches of Magic Tee and label it.

(d) State the advantages, disadvantages and application of circular waveguide.

Advantages of Circular Waveguide:

Disadvantages of Circular Waveguide:

Applications of Circular Waveguide:

(b) For rectangular waveguides define : TE & TM modes.

*(e) Draw and explain block diagram of basic RADAR system.

(a) Draw & explain TEM wave.

Characteristics of TEM Wave:

Attempt any TWO of the following : 12- Total Marks

(c) (i) Compare TWT and Klystron (any 4 points)

(b) A rectangular waveguide has a = 4 cms; b = 3 cms as its sectional dimensions.

(a) Calculate the cut-off wavelength, guide wavelength, characteristic wave

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