SHORT ANSWER TYPE UESTIONS (3 OR 4 MARKS EACH)

Q.1. What was Satyagraha ? Name any two places where Satyagraha was launched by Gandhiji.
Or
Name the two main `Satyagraha' movements organised by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of
peasants in 1916 and 1917.
Or
Describe any two Satyagraha movements launched by Gandhiji just after his return to India from South
Africa.
Mention the two Satyagrahas of Mahatma Gandhi for the peasantry class before 1920.
Or
Mention the views of Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha.

Ans. Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of
truth and the need to search for truth.
(a)Champaran (1916) Gandhiji launched the Satyagraha to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
(b)Kheda (1917) : He launched the Kheda Satyagraha to support the peasants who were not in a position to pay
the revenue due to crop failure.
Q.2. Who was the writer of the book, 'Hind Swaraj' ? What was the theme of the book?
Or
Explain the ideas of Gandhiji as he expressed in the famous book 'Hind Swaraj' regarding Non-
cooperation.
A n s . Mahatma Gandhi wrote the Hind Swaraj. In the book, Gandhiji declared that the British rule was established in India with the
cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, the British rule in
India would collapse within a year, and Swaraj would be established.

Q.3. Mention any four factors which were responsible in arousing the spirit of nationalism in India.
Ans. (i) Political unification of the country under the Britishers.

(ii)Destruction of India's old social and economic system.

(iii)Development of modern trade and industry.
(iv)Sense of being oppressed under colonialism..
Q.4. What was the impact of the First World War on India ?
Or
Explain new economic and political situations created in India during the First World War.
Or
What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India ?
Or
Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India.
Ans. The War created a new economic and political situation :
(i)It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs
duties were raised, and income tax was introduced.
(ii)During the War years, prices increased -doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme hardships for the
common people.
(iii)Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
Q.5. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nation wide `Satyagraha' against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 ?
Explain any three reasons.
Ans. (i) The Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members of the Imperial Legislative
Council.
(ii)The basic objects of the Act was to repress political activities of the Indians.
(iii)The act was unjust as it allowed detention of political prisoners without trail for two years.
(iv)Mahatma Gandhi had already tested his S a t y a g r a h a m e t h o d o f r e s i s t a n c e i n Champaran, Kheda and
Ahemdabad.
Q.6. "In the Calcutta Session of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi convinced other leaders to start a non-cooperation
movement in support of Khilafat Movement". Examine the reason behind this conviction.
Or
Why did Gandhiji support the Khilafat Movement ? Explain.
Ans. (i) As the Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited to cities and towns. Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more broad based
movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and
Muslims close together. So he took up the Khilafat issue.

(ii) A new generation of Muslim leaders like the Ali brothers, Muhammad All and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with
Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to
bring the Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
Q.7. Mention three main proposals with reference to the Non-cooperation Movement as suggested by
Mahatma Gandhi.
Or
Gandhiji proposed that the Noncooperation should unfold in stages. Explain.
A ns. The Non-cooperation had two aspects, i.e., one relating to the struggle and the other relating to the norms of conduct
and constructive work. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in the following stages :

(i)Surrender of titles, honours and honorary posts,

(ii)Boycott of Legislative Councils,
(iii)Boycott of law courts by the lawyers,
(iv)Boycott of Government schools and colleges, and withdrawal of children from these schools and colleges,
(v) Boycott of British goods,
To get a popular support for the movement, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat All toured extensively
throughout India.
Q.8. How was the Non-Cooperation Movement converted into a national movement by Gandhiji ?
Ans. (i) Hindu-Muslim Unity : Mahatma Gandhi felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. He
was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer
together.

( i i ) M e r g i n g K h i l a f a t i s s u e w i t h t h e movement : To unite both the communities he decided to take up the

Khilafat issue. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh
peace treaty was going to be imposed on Ottoman emperor - the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
(iii) Inclusion of Muslim leaders : A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad All and
Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
Gandhiji saw this an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the
Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-
cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
Q.9. "The effects of Non-Cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic." Analyse the statement.
Or
Explain the effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front.
Or
Explain the impact of Non-Cooperation Movement in the economic field.
Or
Analyse any three economic effects of the Non-cooperation Movement.
Ans. (i) Fall in imports : Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge
bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from 102 crore to 57
crore.

(ii)Boycott of Foreign goods : In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade.
(iii)Boost for Indian industry : A s t h e boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and
wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
Q.10. Who formed the Swaraj Party ? Why was the party formed ?
Ans. The Swaraj Party was formed by C. R. Das, and Moti Lal Nehru.
The Non-cooperation movement failed to achieve its objective of Swaraj. So within the Congress some leaders were
by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set
up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils,
argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Moti Lal Nehru
formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.
Q.11. What were the factors responsible for the gradual slow down of the Non-cooperation movement ?
Or
Why did the Non-cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities ? Give reasons.
Ans. (i) Expensive Khadi : The Khadi cloth was often more expensive than the mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not
afford to buy it.
(ii)No alternative : The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative
Indian institutions, had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British institutions but these were slow to
come up. So students and teachers had no option except joining back government schools, and lawyers joined back work
in government courts.
(iii)Local movements with different interpretation: Workers, industrialists, peasants, traders had their own
interpretation of Gandhiji's notion of `Swaraj.' They started using violent methods for their demands. All this was not
approved by Gandhiji and the Congress. So the movement started losing its shine.
Q.12. Analyse the impact of Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people.
Ans. (i) As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowd took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
(ii)There were strikes clashes with the police and attack on government buildings .
(iii)Indian leaders and people realised the need to launch a more broad based movement in India.
(iv)Jallianwala Bagh incident had a far reaching impact on the people's minds and the way they looked at the British
Raj.
Q.13. Analyse the circumstances which led to Jallianwala Bagh incident.
Ans. (i) Rowlatt Act : The Rowlatt Act was passed b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t d e s p i t e t h e u n i t e d opposition of the
Indian members. The act gave enormous powers to the police to arrest any one without any trail.
(ii)Rowlatt Satyagraha : Gandhiji decided to launch Rowlatt Satyagraha. Rallies were organised in various cities,
workers went on strike, and shops were closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, British government decided to
arrest Indian leaders. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Delhi.
(iii)Martial Law : Seeing the people's reaction against the arrest of their leaders police imposed Martial law in
Amritsar. On 13' April 1919 General Dyer fired at the people who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh killing many.
Q.14. "Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhiji and the notion
of Swaraj." Support the statement.
Or
"The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and notion of
Swaraj." Support the statement with arguments.
Ans. (i) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which
they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

(ii)The government had passed the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 under which plantation workers were not permitted
to leave the tea estates without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission.
(iii)When the plantation workers heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of them defied the authorities,
left the plantations and headed towards their homes.
(iv)The plantation workers believed that the Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone would be given land in their own
villages
Q.15. Why did the tribal people join the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Or
Explain the conditions of the plantation workers during the Colonial rule in India.
Ans. Most of the tribal people were dependent on forests for their livelihood but under the new Forest Policy, the
government had put several restrictions on the people
(i) Closing large forest area for the tribal people.
(ii)Forcing the local people to contribute begar.
(iii)Preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits.
All these steps enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected, but they felt that their traditional rights
were also being denied. So the people revolted.

Q.16. Explain the circumstances under which Non-cooperation Movement was withdrawn.
Or
Why was the Non-cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji in February 1922 ? Explain the
reasons.
Ans. In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement due to the following reasons -

(i)The movement was turning violent . At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazar turned
into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
(ii)Gandhiji felt that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.
 (iii)Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the
provincial councils, which were set up under the Government of India Act, 1919.
(iv)Industrialists, workers, peasants etc. interpreted the term 'Swaraj' in their own way. At many places like that of Andhra
Pradesh, leaders like Alluri Sitaram Raju asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. But those values
were not approved by the Congress.
Q.17. Why was the Simon Commission constituted? Why was the commission rejected by the Indians ?
Ans. The Indian members of the Central Legislative A s s e m b l y e x p o s e d t h e d r a w b a c k s i n t h e Government of India
Act of 1919 A.D. As a result of it, the Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 A.D. to suggest any further
constitutional reforms. This commission consisted of seven members and its Chairman was Sir John Simon. However
Indians boycotted the commission, because :

( i ) T h e r e w a s n o I n d i a n m e m b e r i n t h i s commission.
( i i ) The terms of the commission's appointment did not give any indication of Swaraj while the demand of the Indians was
only Swaraj.
Q.18. Analyse the circumstances that led to the demand of Purna Swaraj by the Congress.
Or
Mention the main contents of resolution passed in the Lahore Session of Indian National Congress in
December 1929 held under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Or
Explain the reason for the Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929 to be called the historical session.
Ans. (i) The Lahore Congress Session formalized the demand of Purna Swaraj o r full independence for India.

(ii) It was declared that 26th January would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take pledge

to struggle for complete independence.

(iii) Indian leaders pledged to sever the British connection.
Q.19. Why was salt chosen as a weapon by Gandhiji to fight against the Britishers ?
Or
Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive 'salt' as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation ?
Or
"Mahatma Gandhi found in 'Salt' a powerful symbol that could unite the nation." Support the
statement with three arguments.
Ans. (i) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food .

(ii)The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, revealed the most oppressive face of the British
rule.
(iii)Salt was chosen to give the movement a wide base.
Q.20. Why did the poor peasants join the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Why did the relationship between
the poor peasants and the Congress remain uncertain ?
Ans. The poor peasants had their own problems. They were not just interested in lowering of the revenue, but also
demanded remission of rent which they had failed to pay during the depression years.

(ii)In some parts of the country, they launched a `no rent' campaign which was not supported by the Congress because this
might had upset the rich peasants and landlords.
(iii)These poor peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. So the
relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.
Q.21. Why did the business class participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain.
Ans. (i) Great Depression 1929: Due to Great Depression there was a sharp decline in production, exports and fall in

income of the business class. Indian exports and imports nearly halved.

(ii)Colonial restrictions: There were many quantitative and qualitative controls on the Indian industries which was
hindering their growth. Indian markets were being flooded with Manchester' goods whereas Indians were not
permitted free trade.
(iii)Expansion of business : During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and
become powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business
 activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that
would discourage imports.
(iv)Interpretation of Swaraj : Most businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no
longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
Q.22. Who led the business community during the Civil Disobedience Movement ? How did the community
provide a big boost to the movement ?
Or
Explain with examples the role of industrialist in the freedom struggle of India.
Or
Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialist towards the 'Civil Disobedience
Movement'.
Or
Analyse the role of the business class in Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans. The business community was led by prominent industrialists like . Mr. Purshottamdas and Mr. G.D. Birla.

( i ) By opposing colonial policies : T h e industrial class was keen on expanding their business, so they reacted against
colonial policies that restricted business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-
sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
( i i ) Forming various organisations : To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial
Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
( i i i ) Support to Civil Disobedience Movement : Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D.
Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience
Movement when it was first launched.
( i v ) Financial aid : They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to
see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would
flourish without constraints.
( v ) Role of working class : The industrial working class also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. In 1930
thousands of workers in Chotanagpur participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
Q.23. Why did the industrial working class not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large
numbers ? Mention any two demands of the workers who participated in the movement.
Or
"The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle."
Analyse the reasons.
Ans. The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in
the Nagpur region. This was because industrialists were supporting the Movement and Congress was reluctant to
include workers' demand as part of the Movement.
Demands of workers
(i)They demanded higher wages.
(ii) They demanded proper working conditions.
Q.24. Explain the effects of 'worldwide economic depression' on India, towards late 1920s.
Ans. (i) The depression immediately affected Indian trade. India's exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and
1934.

(ii) The fall in prices had a deep impact on the poor farmers. Though agricultural prices fell sharply but the colonial
government refused to give any relief to the farmers in taxes. Peasants producing for the world market were the worst
hit-
Their indebtedness increased.
They were forced to sell or mortgage their land.
People were forced to sell their assets like gold and silver.
Indian jute producers were the worst affected.
(iii) The unrest created by the Great Depression provided an opportunity to Mahatma Gandhi to launch the Civil
Disobedience Movement in 1931.

Q.25. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement called off by Gandhiji?
Ans. (i) When Indian leaders were arrested, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing
armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.

(ii)A month later, when Gandhiji himself was arrested, industrial workers attacked police posts, government
buildings, law courts and railway stations and all structures that symbolised the British rule.
(iii)A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women
and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.
(iv)To break the deadline between Congress and the government Lord Irwin invited Gandhiji for a peace pact i.e.,
Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
(v)Under such a situation Gandhiji decided to call off the movement.
Q.26. When was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed ? Mention the provisions of the pact.
Ans. Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed on 5th March, 1931. Provisions of the pact
(i) Gandhiji consented to participate in the Second Round Table Conference.
(ii) The government agreed to release the political prisoners.
Q.27. What type of flag was designed during the . `Swadeshi Movement' in Bengal ? Explain its main features.
Ans. (i) It was a tricolour (red, green and white).

(ii) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and
Muslims.

Q.28 Who designed the Swaraj flag? What were the features of this flag ? How was it used as a symbol of
defiance ?
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi
(i)It was a tricolour with red, green and white colour.
(ii)It had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self help.
(iii)People used to carry the flag, holding it aloft, during marches.
Q.29. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension ? Explain.
Ans. (i) Civil Disobedience Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi due to violent clashes.

(ii)At many places people attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations.
(iii) British government also responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women
and children were beaten.
(iv) In December 1931. when negotiations under Gandhi-Irwin Pact broke down Mahatma Gandhi discovered that the
government had began a new cycle of repression.
(v) Ghaffar Khan and Jawahar Lal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal and a series of
measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.

SOME IMPORTANT DATES

Years Events

April 1919 The Gandhian hartal against the Rowlatt Act; the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Jan. 1921 The Non-Cooperation and the Khilafat movement launched.
Feb. 1922 Chauri Chaura; Gandhiji withdraws the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Dec. 1929 Lahore Congress; Congress adopts the demand for 'Puma Swaraj'.
1930 Ambedkar establishes the Depressed Classes Association.
March 1930 Gandhiji begins the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt Law at Dandi.
March 1931 Gandhiji ends the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Dec. 1931 The Second Round Table Conference.
1932 The Civil Disobedience relaunched.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 S 5 MARKS)

Q.1. What was Satyagraha ? Explain some of the Satyagrahas launched by Gandhiji.
Or
"A satyagraha wins the battle through nonviolence." Explain with examples.
Or
"Gandhiji's Satyagraha combines the ideas of truth and non-violence". Explain with three examples.
Or
 Identify any three local issues in which Gandhiji experimented his technique of Satyagraha during the
years 1917-1918. How were these issues resolved ?
Ans. Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The method

suggested that if the cause was true. if the struggle was against injustice, there is no need for physical force to fight the oppressor.

(i) Gandhiji used the Satyagraha technique successfully against injustice in South Africa.
(ii)In 1916 A.D., he fought for justice for the tenants of Champaran, and the Government had to pass an Act for the welfare of the
peasants of Champaran in 1918 A.D.
(iii)He started the Kheda Satyagraha in which Gandhiji asked the people not to pay the taxes due to the failure of crops.
Ultimately, the Government had to bow, and the payment of taxes was deferred to the next year.
(iv) Again in 1918 A.D., Gandhiji intervened in the Mill Workers' Strike at Ahmedabad, and helped them to get their pay
raised, for which he had started a fast unto death.
Q.2 What were the circumstances which led to the Ithilaf,74 acid the Non-Cooperation Movement ?
Or
Why did Mahatma Gandhi feel the need to launch a broad-based movement in 1920 ? Give any three
reasons.
Or
Explain any three causes that led to the Non-cooperation Movement in 1920.
Ans. (i) Conditions created by the First World War : The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918.
.

(a) It led to huge i nc re a se i n de fe nc e expenditure which was financed by taxes.

(b) Due to war prices increased many times leading to extreme hardship for common people.
(c) Crops failed in 1918-19 resulting in acute shortage of food.
(d) Many people lost their lives in the war and due to epidemic.
(e) Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger.
(ii)Gandhiji's Return and Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 where he had
successfully fought against the racist regime with his new method of mass agitation and non-violence known as
Satyagraha. In India he launched Satyagraha movements at various places. These satyagrahas provided base to the
Non-Cooperation Movement.
(iii)The Rowlatt Act : The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly. The act provided enormous powers to police.
The police got the power to arrest anyone without any trial for two years. The aim of the act was to repress political activities.
(iv) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre : The Jallianwala Bagh added fuel to the fire. People were already agitating
against the Rowlatt Act. People had gathered to protest against the new act in the Jallianwala Bagh. General Dyer
entered the park and ordered fire killing many people. As the news spread, crowds took to the streets.
(v) United Struggle : The fear of harsh treaty on the Ottoman emperor (the Khalifa) brought the Muslims close to Gandhiji.
A young generation of Muslim leaders like Muhammad All and Shaukat Ali was in favour of a united mass action
against the Britishers.
Q.3. What was the reaction of the people against the Rowlatt Act ?
Or
Explain the reactions of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative
Council in 1919.
Or
What was Rowlatt Act ? How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this Act ?
Ans. (i) Mahatma Gandhi's reaction : Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent Civil Disobedience Movement against the unjust law
which would start with a hartal on 6th April.

(ii)Rallies and strikes: Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed
down.
(iii)Damage to public property : On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking
widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
(iv)Meeting at Jallianwala Bagh : O n 13th April a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla
Bagh. To protest against the government's new repressive measures.
 (v) United struggle : Rowlatt Act had a deep and long lasting impact on the people. Both Hindu and Muslim realised a

need for a united struggle.

Q.4. Explain the course of the Non-cooperation Movement in the towns.
Or
Describe the extent of peoples participation in the Non-cooperation Movement in the towns
Or
How did 'Non-cooperation Movement' spread in cities across the country ? Explain its effects on the
economic front.
Or
How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with participation of middle class in the cities ? Expain its
impact on the economic front.
Ans. (i) The movement in the cities: The Movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students
left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal
practices.

(ii)Boycott of council elections : The Council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras (Chennai).
(iii)Swadeshi : The Non-Cooperation Movement had a great impact on the Indian textile industry. Swadeshi goods,
especially cloth got a great impetus. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in
huge bonfires.

(iv)Impact on industry : In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade. Due to this, the demand of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. The increase in demand
provided a big relief to the vanishing textile industry of India.

(v)Impact on trade : The import of foreign cloth and its value halved.
Q.5. Explain the course of the Non-cooperation Movement in the countryside ?
Or
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside ?
Or
Describe the movement led by Baba Ram Chandra in Awadh against the talukdars and landlords.
Or
How did the peasants of Awadh use different methods to achieve their goal ? Explain.
Or
What were the methods used by peasants of Awadh to achieve their goal ? Explain.
Or
Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation
Movement.
Or
"The Non-Cooperation Movement became wider with the integration of the Awadh Peasants
Struggle ? Explain the statement with three arguments.
Ans. (i) Participants : In the countryside, the movement was led by the peasants, tribals and the local leaders. For
example, in Awadh, it was led by Baba Ramchandra sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.

(ii) Why did the rural people participate ? The movement here was not against the Britishers but against
talukdars and landlords. The problems of the rural people were different from those of the urban people:

The talukdars and landlords were demanding

very high rents and a variety of other taxes.
Peasants had to do begar and work at the landlord's farms without any payment.
The peasants had no security of tenure. They were regularly evicted so that they could acquire no security of tenure.

As the problems of the people were different, their demands were also different. The peasant movement demanded :

Reduction of revenue
Abolition of begar
Redistribution of land
Social boycott of oppressive landlords.
 (iii) Ways of protests : The Movement in the countryside had a different angle. In many places, Nai-dhobi
bandhs were organised by the Panchayats to deprive the landlords of the services of barbers, cobblers,
washermen, etc. Even national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru went to villages in Awadh to know the
grievances of the people. By October, the Oudh Kissan Sabhas were set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba
Ramchandra, and a few others.
When the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked. The movement
turned violent which was not liked by some of the Congress leaders.
Q.6. Analyse any four features of Gudem rebellion of Andhra Pradesh.
Or
Explain the main features of Gudem rebellion.
Or
Describe the contribution made by Alluri Sitaram Raju to the Non-Cooperation Movement in Andhra
Pradesh.
Or
"Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of `Swaraj' in yet another
way". Support the statement with suitable examples.
Ans. (i) The Gudem rebellion spread in response to the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921.

(ii)In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrila movement spread in the early 1920s under the leadership of
Alluri Sitaram Raju against forest laws.
(iii)The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God as he could make correct astrological predictions
and heal people.
(iv)Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi and was inspired by Non- Cooperation Movement, and persuaded
people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by
the use of force.
(v)The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for
achieving swaraj. Raju was arrested and executed in 1924.
Q.7. Under what circumstances the Civil Disobedience or the Salt Movement was launched? Explain.
Or
Describe the main events leading to Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.
A n s . ( i ) F a i l u r e o f t h e S i m o n C o m m i s s i o n : The Simon Commission was constituted in response to the nationalist
movement. But the Commission failed to satisfy the Indian people and the leaders.

(ii) Purna Swaraj : In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the
demand of 'Puma Swaraj' or full independence for India. It was declared that 26th January, 1930, would be
celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
But the celebrations attracted very little attention. So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea
of freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life.

(iii) Rejection of Gandhi's Eleven Demands : On 31st January, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi, in a statement, put forw6rd
Eleven Demands to correct the wrongs done to the Indians.

He assured t he Vi c e roy t ha t he woul d withdraw the Civil Disobedience on British Government's acceptance
of these demands. However, Gandhi's demands were declared to be unrealistic by the Viceroy.

(iv)Economic Causes : The Great Depression of 1929 had a deep impact on the Indian economy, especially on
agriculture. Prices of agricultural produce began to fall from 1926, and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for
agricultural goods fell and export declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest, and to pay their revenue.
(v)Support from business class : The business class was keen on expanding their business and were against the colonial
policies that restricted business activities. They decided to provide financial support to the Civil Disobedience
Movement when it was launched.
Q.8. Explain the course of the Salt March.
Ans. (i) On January 31st, 1930, Gandhi wrote a long letter to the Viceroy, communicating his decision to start the Civil
Disobedience Movement
(ii)On 12th March, Mahatma Gandhi began his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the
Gujarat seacoast.
(iii)He was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers, but as Gandhiji advanced, others joined the party.
 (iv)On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the salt laws by picking up some salt from the sea water. Gandhiji's
campaign against the salt laws was a signal to disobey the Government laws.
The Programme of the Movement: The Civil Disobedience campaign involved defiance of salt laws, boycott of liquor,
boycott of foreign cloth and British goods of all kinds.

Q.9. ‘Large sections of Muslims did not respond to the call for a united struggle during the Civil Disobedience
Movement.' Explain.
Or
"Some of the Muslim political organisations in India, were lukewarm in their response to the 'Civil
Disobedience Movement'." Examine the statement.
Ans. (i) Association of Congress with Hindu Mahasabha : After the decline of the Noncooperation Khilafat
movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s, the Congress came
to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.

(ii)Communal Clashes : As relations between the Hindus and the Muslims worsened, each community organised
religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every
riot deepened the distance between the two communities.
(iii)Issue of demand for separate electorates : Some of the Muslim leaders demanded a separate electorate for
the Muslims which was not supported by the Congress leaders.
(iv)Status of Muslims in Hindu majority state : Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about
the status of Muslims as a minority within India. 1 hey feared that the culture and identity of minorities
would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
(v)Issue of reserved seats in the Central Assembly : M u s l i m L e a g u e l e a d e r Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded
reservation of seats for the Muslims in the Central Assembly but this was not acceptable to the Congress
leaders. So Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.
Q.10. Explain the progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the countryside.
Or
Why did the rich peasants of Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat join the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Describe any three features of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.
Or
Evaluate any three features of the peasant movement during Civil Disobedience Movement in India.
Or
Mention three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active part in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Or
Describe the participation of the rich and poor peasant communities in the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
Ans. (i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities-like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active

participants.

(ii) T h e y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e M o v e m e n t because they suffered the most due to the economic depression. As their

cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government's revenue demand.
(iii) They demanded a reduction in revenue but the government refused to do so. This led to a widespread resentment. These

rich landlords participated in the boycott programmes, and refused to pay revenues. For them, the fight for Swaraj was a
struggle against high revenues.
(iv) But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being
revised. So when the movement was , restarted in 1932, many of them did not participate.
(v) The poor peasantry also participated on a large scale in a hope that their unpaid rent to the landlords will be
remitted.
Q.11. Why for a long time, the Congress had ignored the dalits ? What role did Gandhiji play in uplifting them?
Or
How did Gandhiji view the Details ? What did he do for them ?
Ans. For long, the Congress had ignored the dalits, for the fear of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative high-caste
Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not
eliminated. Under his constructive programme he laid stress on the removal of untouchability.

He called them (untouchable) the harijans — meaning the children of God. He also organised satyagraha to
secure their entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself toured their colonies,
and even lived there. He even cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers.

Q.12. Appraise the role of Dr B. R. Ambedkar in uplifting the dalits.

Or
Explain the role of Ambedkar in uplifting the dalits or the depressed classes.
Or
Who had organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 ? Describe his
achievements.
Ans. (i) Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar was of the opinion that only political empowerment would resolve their problems of social

injustice.

(ii)Due to his efforts, Dalits began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions and
separate electorate that would choose the dalit members for legislative councils.
(iii)In 1930, Ambedkar entered national politics. In the same year, he organised the Depressed Classes Association to make
them politically more strong.
(iv) He was nominated as a delegate of the oppressed classes for the Second Round Table Conference. In that
Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
(v) He demanded a separate electorates for dalits. To give them political power he signed Poona Pact. The Poona Pact gave

the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
Q.13. When and why was the Poona Pact signed?
Or
Examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932 in the light of differences between Gandhiji and Dr
B.R. Ambedkar.
Or '
Examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932.
Or
Describe the main features of 'Poona Pact'.
Ans. (i) Dr Bhim Pao Ambedkar was nominated as a delegate of the oppressed classes for the Second Round Table
Conference.
(ii)In that Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by demanding separate electorates for the dalits.
(iii)When the British government accepted Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed
that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. The issue was
eventually resolved through the Poona Pact of September 1932.
(iv)It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central
legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
Q.14. Analyse the circumstances which led Gandhiji to choose abolition of salt tax as the most important
demand of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Or
Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31
January 1930 ? Why was abolition of 'salt tax' most stirring demand ? Explain.
Ans. On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these
were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was
to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could
be brought together in a united campaign.

(i) The most stirring of all demands was to abolish salt tax. Salt an essential item was something consumed by the rich and
the poor alike. Salt tax revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt the most powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
 (iii) The demands were not fulfilled. So on 12th March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march along
with 78 volunteers from his Ashram in Sabarmati.

(iv) On 6th April he reached Dandi and violated the laws by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

Q.15. "Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore." Explain.
Or
How did the idea of nationalism develop a movement to revive Indian folklore ? Give three points.
Ans. (i) History and fictions, folklore and songs popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism.

(ii) In the late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards, and they toured villages to gather
folk songs and legends.

(iii) This was done to promote the traditional culture that had been corrupted, and damaged by the western forces.

(iv) To revive the folklore, Rabindranath Tagore himself collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the
movement for the folk revival.
(v) A massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India was published by Natesa Sastri.
He believed that the folklore was national literature; it was 'the most trustworthy manifestation of people's real thoughts and
characteristics.'
Q.16. "Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation." Justify the

statement.
Or
How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in
India ? Explain with examples.
Or
How did people belonging to different communities, regions or languages group develop the sense of
collective belonging in India during the freedom struggle ? Explain.
Or
Explain the major factors which promoted the sense of nationalism in the Indians.
Ans. (i) United struggle : The most important factor responsible for arousing the sense of nationalism among the Indians
was the united struggle against the Britishers.

(ii) Cultural processes : History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in
the making of nationalism.
(iii)Bharat Mata : The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata, which was
created in 1870 by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the
Motherland. Inspired by the Swadeshi Movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat
Mata.
(iv) Revival of Indian Folklore : The idea of nationalism was also developed by reviving the Indian Folklore. In late-
nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather
folk songs and legends. This was done to promote the traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged
by western forces.

(v) Reinterpretation of History : By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a
sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as
backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to
discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times.
Q.17. Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement ? How was the Civil
Disobedience Movement different from Non-Cooperation Movement?

Ans. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi, and violated the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This
marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Difference are :
 Non-Cooperation Civil Disobedience
Year The movement was launched in 1921. The movement was launched 1930.
Causes The conditions created by the First World The conditions created by the Great Depression of
War, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh incident 1929, failure of Simon Commission and rejection of
mistreatment of Khalifa were the basic Gandhiji's eleven demands were the major factors
cause behind the movement. responsible for the movement.
Participator In the cities the middle class participated on a In the cities the movement was supported by
s large scale. In the countryside, peasants businessmen because they were hard hit by the
launched the movement against the talukdars, Great Depression of 1929. In the countryside, rich
landlords whereas in the plantation peasant communities actively participated.
(Assam) people launched the movement
against estate owners and fought against
Inland Emigration Act.
Muslims Due to Khalita issue Muslims community From the mid 1920's the Congress came to
participated on a large scale. be more visibly associated with openly Hindu
religions nationalists groups so Muslims did not
participate in the movement on a large scale. Q.18.
Withdrawal The movement was withdrawn by Gandhi The movement was withdrawn in 1931 when
in 1922 due to a violent incident at Chauri Describe
Gandhiji signed Gandhi-Irwin pact.
Chaura in which 22 policemen were killed.
Course of The movement started with middle-class Gandhiji ceremonially violated Salt Act on 6'"
various
movement participation in the cities. Thousands of April by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. problems in
students left government-controlled schools and Thousands in different parts of the country broke
colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, the Salt Law, manufactured salt and
unifying
and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops
demonstrated in front of Government salt people in
factories. As the movement spread, foreign
picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were India by the
bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and
between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping end of the
chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in
from 102 crore to 57 crore. 19th
many places forest people violated forest laws —
going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and
graze cattle. century.
Participatio Women did not participate on large scale. Large-scale participation of women was an Or
n of women important feature of the Civil Disobedience
Movement. During Gandhiji's salt march, thousands What were
of women came out of their homes to listen to him. the limits of
They participated in protest marches, manufactured
salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. the Civil
Disobedience Movement?
Or
What are the limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain.
Or
Explain any four limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.
Or
Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of `Swarar. Support the statement in the light
of Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930's.
A n s . ( i ) Problem of depressed classes : F o r long, the Congress had ignored the dalits or depressed classes for fear
of offending the conservative high caste Hindus. Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the
Depressed Class Association clashed with Gandhiji at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding
separate electorates for dalits.

(ii) Wedge between Hindu-Muslims : From the mid 1920's the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly
Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. So a large section of Muslims started keeping away from it.

Each community started blaming each other for the wedge leading to communal clashes.
(iii) Separate electorates and two nation theory : Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League,
demanded separate electorates for the Muslims as he feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be
submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
(iv) Muslim leaders : Many prominent Muslim leaders like Muhammad Iqbal supported separate electorates. They also

proposed a two nation theory under which it was persumed that both communities belong to different nations.
(v) Formation of Muslim league : Muslim L e a gue wa s e st a bl i she d i n 1920 . T he formation of Muslim League gave a
vital blow to the united struggle.
(vi) Non-participation of industrial worker : The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil
Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. This was because industrialists were
supporting the Movement and Congress was reluctant to include workers' demand as part of the Movement.
Q.19. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country ? Explain with

examples.
A n s . ( i ) T h e m o v e m e n t s t a r t e d f r o m D a n d i on 6th April 1930. It was a place where Gandhiji ceremonially
violated the Salt Act by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

(ii)Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law.

(iii)In Peshawar the movement was led by Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
(iv)In the countryside, rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active
in the movement.
(v)Thousands of industrial workers of Nagpur participated in the movement.
(vi)In 1930 thousands of workers in Chhotta Nagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest
rallies and boycott campaigns.
Q.20. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide `Satyagraha' against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919) ?
How was it opposed ? Explain.
Ans. For Answer Refer Q.No. 5 Short Answer type questions.
Ways of opposing :
(i) Mahatma Gandhi's reaction : Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent Civil Disobedience Movement against the unjust
law which would start with a hartal on 6th April.

(ii) Rallies and strikes : Rallies were organised in various cities, workers, went to strike in railway workshops, and
shops closed down.
(iii) Damage to public property : On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking
widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.

NCERT EXERCISE
Q.1. Explain :
(a) Why is the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti-colonial movement ?
(b) How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India?
Or
Explain any four facts to show how did the First World War help in the growth of the National
Movement in India.
(c) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act ?
(d) Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement ?
Ans. (a) (i) In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to
the Anti-colonial Movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.

(ii) The European powers considered their culture more civilised, modern and superior. They forcefully started
imposing their culture on the colonies. This also aroused the feeling of nationalism.

(iii) Gandhiji used `Satyagraha' against the Britishers. This also promoted the spirit of nationalism among the
people.

(iv) The anti-colonial movement was a united struggle by the people against the foreigners. The united struggle was
responsible for arousing the spirit of nationalism.

(b) (i) Economic hardship caused by the First

World War united different classes.

(ii) During the First World War people started using new modes of struggle like Hartals and Satyagraha.

(iii) Harsh treaties imposed on • the Ottoman emperor brought the Muslims into the

national struggle. Muslim community began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass
struggle.

(iv)Conditions created by the war and launching of the Non-Cooperation movement brought peasants, workers, students,
lawyers into the national movement.
(v)The war conditions converted the local issue or struggles into a national movement with `Swaral as the common aim.
(c)Refer Q.No. 5, Short Answer Type Questions.
(d)Refer Q.No. 16, Short Answer Type Questions.
Q.2. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha ?
Or
Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Ans. It was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the Oppressor.

(i) It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search the truth.

(ii)It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, there is no need for physical force to fight the
oppressor.
(iii)People-including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth instead of being forced to accept truth through the
use of violence.
(iv)By this struggle, truth was bound to be victorious.
Q.3. Write a newspaper report on :
( a ) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
( b ) The Simon Commission
Ans. (a) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre : A public meeting was announced for the 13th April, 1919, at Jallianwala

Bagh, Amritsar to protest against the Rowlatt Act. The people were allowed to assemble there. After they had
gathered there in thousands, General Dyer marched there with armoured cars and troops. Without giving
any warning to the people to disperse, he ordered firing on the unarmed, and the peaceful people. The
casualties among the Indians were very heavy. Dyer's purpose in doing so was to 'produce a moral effect', to create
in the minds of Satyagrahis, a feeling of terror and awe. This massacre of innocent people in thousands
converted Mahatma Gandhi into a non-cooperator.

(b) (i) The Indian members of the Central Legislative Assembly exposed the drawbacks in the Government of India
Act of 1919 A.D. As a result of it, the Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 A.D. to suggest any further
constitutional reforms. This commission consisted of seven members and its Chairman was Sir John Simon.

(ii) Why was it boycotted by the Indians? Indians boycotted the Simon Commission because there was no Indian
member in this commission. The terms of the commission's appointment did not give any indication of `Swaraf ,
while the demand of the Indians was only `Swaraf . Therefore, the Indian National Congress, the Muslim
League and other parties decided to oppose the Simon Commission.
(iii) Methods : Indian people organised hartals all over the country. They also held black flag demonstration with the
slogan, "Simon go back", when the Commission reached Bombay (Mumbai). Such demonstrations were held
everywhere it went.
Q.4. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Choose any
three, and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Ans. Social Groups who took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement : In the NonC o o p e r a t o n M o v e m e n t ( 1 9 2 0 -
1 9 2 2 ) , t h e following social groups took part.
(i) Middle-class people in the towns. Refer Long Answer Q. No. 4.
(ii) Peasants in the rural areas. Refer Long Answer Q. No. 5.
(iii)Tribal people. Refer Short Answer Q. No. 15
(iv)Plantation workers. Refer Short Q. No. 14.
Q.5. Discuss the Salt March to make clear it was an effective symbol of resis against colonialism.
Or
Why was the 'Salt March' considered effective symbol of resistance against colonialism ? Explain.
Or
"Mahatma Gandhi found salt as a pou, symbol that could unite the nation.” Support the statement.
Ans. (i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a symbol that could unite the nation. Sal: something consumed by the rich and the
alike, and it was one of the most ec items of food.

(ii)By including salt our leaders wanted to the oppressive face of the British role.
(iii)On 6th April 1930, Gandhi after mac' Dandi ceremonially violated the Salt Act . manufacturing salt by boiling sea
water.
(iv)By breaking the salt Act, people were not only refusing cooperation with the British but also breaking colonial laws.
(v)Thousands in different part of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt.
 (vi)As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to
pay revenue chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws - going
into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze centre.
Q.6. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience
meant to your life.
Or
‘Women played a very important role in the Civil Disobedience Movement.' Explain.
Ans. Refer Q,No. 8 Formulating, Creating, analysing Evaluation Based Questions.

FORMULATING, CREATING, ANALYSING AND EVALUATION BASED QUESTIONS

Q.1. Mention any three efforts made by Gandhiji to get Harijans their rights.
Ans. (i)He said that the Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.
(ii)He organised Satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
(iii)He signed Poona Pact with Dr B.R. Ambedkar through which some seats were reserved for them in provincial and
central legislative councils.
Q.2. How did the British government respond to protests, clashes and attacks by the Indians against the
Jallianwala Bagh incident ?
(i) The government responded with brutal repression.

(ii)Seeking to humiliate and terrorise people, Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground.
(iii) They were forced to crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.
(iv) People were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab) were bombed.
Q.3. Explain the contribution of the various social groups in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Or
Various classes and groups of Indians participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement for different
reasons. Choose any four classes and explain their reason to participate in the movement.

( i ) R i c h p e a s a n t s : B e i n g p r o d u c e r s o f commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and
falling prices. As the government refused to reduce revenue demands, they in great numbers participated in the
boycott programmes. For them, the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.

(ii)Women : The women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
Many went to jail. They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
(iii)B u s i n e s s c l a s s : A l a r g e n u m b e r o f merchants and industrialists supported this movement. They reacted
against colonial policies that restricted their business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign
goods.
(iv)T h e i n d u s t r i a l w o r k i n g c l a s s : T h e industrial working class did not participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement in large numbers except in Nagpur. They selectively adopted some of the ideas of Gandhian
programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working
conditions.
Q.4. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans. (i) The poor peasants had their own problems. They were not just interested in lowering of the revenue but also
demanded remission of rent which they had failed to pay during the depression years.

(ii)In some parts of the country, they launched a `no rent' campaign which was not supported by the Congress because
this might upset the rich peasants and landlords.
(iii)These poor peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. So the
relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.
Q.5. What did the image of Bharat Mata painted by Abanindranath Tagore portray ?
Ans. (i) Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure.
(ii)She is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(iii)This mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.
(iv)Mother figure is shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.
Q.6. ‘Some icons and symbols were used for unifying the people and sparking in them the feeling of
nationalism.' Give two evidences to support above statement.
State the icons and symbols that advocated nationalism in India.
Ans. (i) The image of Bharat Mata came to be identified with India, the motherland. She was first painted by
Abanindranath Tagore as an ascetic figure-calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Later the image was painted by many
other artists and acquired different forms. In one image Bharat Mata is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and
behind an elephant, both symbols of power.

(ii)The flag became a symbol of nationalism. During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag was
designed with eight lotus flowers representing eight provinces of the British India and a crescent moon representing
Hindus and Muslims.
(iii) Gandhiji designed the Swaraj Flag. Carrying the Flag holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of
defiance.
Q.7. Explain the impact of Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people.
Ans. (i) Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13th April 1919. On that day, a large crowd had gathered in an enclosed
ground to show their resistance against the Rowlatt Act. General Dyer opened fire killing hundreds of people.

(ii)As the news of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre spread, crowds took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes with the police
and attack on government buildings.
(iii) Indian leaders and the people realised that there was need to launch a united mass action.
Q.8. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation ?
How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain.
Or
Analyse the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of

women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives and for a long time the Congress was reluctant to
allow women to hold any

position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

(i)Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

(ii)During the movement, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji.
(iii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
(iv) Many were put to jail by the police.
(v)Moved by Gandhiji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
Q.9. How had peasants and tribals participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement in different parts of India ?

Explain.
Ans. Refer Q.No. 5 Long Answer Type Questions and Q.No. 15 Short Answer Type Questions.

Q.10. Carefully see the image and answer the following questions :

(i) Identify the image.

( i i ) N a m e a n y t w o a r t i s t s o f t h e 2 0 t h century who created the image.
( i i i ) What was the purpose of creating such images?
Ans. (i) Bharat Mata
(ii)Abanindranath Tagore and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. .
(iii)Indians came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen
as evidence of one's nationalism.