Lecture 4Eng

Mechanics
Dr. Yasmin Mohamed Yousef Bakier

• Physics Department - Faculty of Science - Assiut
University - Egypt
𝟓𝒕𝒉 floor, Room no. 510
Motion in two Dimension
The position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
Position and Displacement Vectors
The position vector of a particle in the x-y plane is a vector drawn from the origin ( 0,0) to the
location of the particle.
A particle moves from point Ⓐ to point Ⓑ in the x-y plane
Particle Time Position vector


Initial Ⓐ ti ri

Final Ⓑ tf rf

The displacement vector r is defined as the
difference between the final and the initial position
  
vectors. r = rf − ri
Average velocity v
The average velocity, v of a particle during the time interval
∆t is defined as: 
 Note : r is a vector quantity
r
v= ∆t is a scalar quantity
t v is a vector quantity x

The instantaneous velocity v
 
 r dr
It is defined as v = limt =
t →0 t dt
Note that:
• Velocity is the derivative of the displacement vector w. r. t time.
• Velocity is a vector quantity.

• The direction of v at any point of the path is along the tangent to the path at this point.
• The magnitude of the velocity is called the speed.
Average Acceleration a
  
is defined as a = f
v − v v
=
i
t f − ti t

a is a vector quantity directed along the direction of v

Instantaneous Acceleration a
 
 v dv
is defined as a = limt =
t →0 t dt
Conceptual Questions
1) Can an object accelerate if it is speed is constant ? Yes , Why ?

2) Can an object accelerate if its velocity is constant? No, Why ?
Two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration
(i) Position vector
The position of a particle moving in the x-y plane can be determined by the
position vector

r
x, y, and r change with time as the particle moves

(ii) Velocity vector v

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ 
v= = i + j v = vx iˆ + v y ˆj
dt dt dt
vx, vy, and v change with time as the particle moves

(iii) Acceleration vector a

 dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ 
a= = i + j a = a x iˆ + a y ˆj
dt dt dt
Equations of kinematics in two dimensions
A particle is moving with a constant acceleration
One dimensional motion in The kinematic equations thus become:
x-direction   
ax = with constant acceleration v f = vi + a t
const
a = const vxf = vxi + axt
INDEPENDENT Velocity vector as
ay = a function of time
const
One dimensional motion in v yf = v yi + a y t
y-direction
   12
with constant acceleration
rf = ri + vi t + 2 at
The motion in two dimensions with constant acceleration x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2
Position vector as
can be considered as two independent motions: a function of time
y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2
1- One along x-direction with constant acceleration (ax)
2- One along y-direction with constant acceleration (ay)
Equations of kinematics in two dimensions
Example:
A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with vxi = 20 m/s, vyi = -15 m/s. The particle moves in the x-y
plane with an x-component of acceleration only, ax = 4.0 m/s2.
a) Determine the velocity vector at any time?
 ˆ ˆ 
vi = 20 i − 15 j a = 4 iˆ + 0 ˆj
  
v f = vi + a t v f = (20 iˆ −15 ˆj ) + (4 iˆ + 0 ˆj )t

v f = [(20 + 4t )iˆ − (15 ) ˆj ] m s

b) Calculate the magnitude of v (speed) and its direction after 5s?

v f = (20 + 4  5) iˆ − (15) ˆj = [40iˆ − 15 ˆj ] m s
 −1 v y
speed | v f |= (40) 2 + (−15) 2 = 43 m s  = tan vx
= tan −1 −4015 = −21o
θ = 339 o w. r. t. positive x-direction , Why ?
Projectile Motion
The motion of the projectiles near the surface of the earth is an example of two-dimensional
motion with constant acceleration.
Assumptions
1. The constant acceleration is directed vertically downward and equal g. a y = − g

2. The effect of air resistance is negligible. a x = 0
3. The particle start the motion from the origin.

at t = 0 ⇒ xi = 0 and yi = 0
4. The initial velocity vector makes an angle θi with the horizontal.
v xi = vi cos  i v yi = vi sin i
Projectile Motion
Trajectory Equation
Being a motion with constant acceleration in two dimensions, the position components become:
x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2 y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2
 xi = 0 , yi = 0 and ax = 0 , a y = − g
x f = vi t = vi cosi t → (1) y f = v yit − 12 gt 2 = vi sin i t − 12 gt 2 → (2)
Eliminating “t” form eqs. (1) and (2), one gets
xf xf xf
t= y f = vi sin  i  − g(
1
)2
vi cos i vi cos i 2
vi cos i
g
y f = tan  i x f − x 2
2v i2 cos 2  i
f
This expression is of the form: y = ax – bx2

⇒The trajectory is a parabola
Projectile Motion

The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with a velocity . vi
No acceleration in x-direction ax = zero vx= vxi
The x-component of the velocity remains constant.
Acceleration due to gravity ay = - g vy= vyi - gt
The y-component of the velocity changes its magnitude and direction with time.
R: is called the Range of the projectile.

h : is called the Maximum height of the projectile.
h
R
Projectile Motion
Maximum Height of a Projectile
At the max height point (A)

 v yf = v yi + a y t
 0 = vi sin  i − g t A
vi sin  i
tA =
g
 y f = v yi t + 12 a y t 2
y f = vi sin i t − 12 gt 2
At point A ⇒ yA = h
vi sin  i 1 vi sin  i 2 vi2 sin 2  i
h = vi sin  i  − 2 g( ) ⇒ h=
g g 2g
Projectile Motion
Horizontal Range of a Projectile
The range is the distance travelled in the x-direction in twice the time it takes to reach maximum height.
vi sin  i
tB = 2  ( )
g
 x f = xi + vxit  x f = 0 + vi cosi t
2vi sin  i
R = xB = vi cos  i t B R = vi cos  i 
g
2v cos  i sin  i
2 vi2 sin( 2 i )
R= i
⇒ R=
g g
Maximum Range
vi2
For  i = 45  sin 2 i = sin 90 = 1 ⇒ Rmax =
The range is maximum g
Projectile Motion
Example:
A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0° above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
a) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction? (Assume his motion is equivalent to that of a
particle)
vi2 sin( 2 i ) (11) 2 sin( 2  20)
R = R =
g 9.8
R = 7.93 m
b) What is the maximum height reached?
vi2 sin 2 ( i ) (11) 2 sin 2 (20 o )

h = h =
2 g 2  9.8
h=0.722 m
Projectile Motion
Example:
A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0° above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
a) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction? (Assume his motion is equivalent to that of a particle)
b) What is the maximum height reached?
Another solution:
vi = 11 m / s v xi = vi cos  i = 11 cos (20 ) = 10.336 m / s Determination of tA and tB
 i = 20o v yi = vi sin i = 11sin (20) = 3.762 m / s
At point A : v y = 0  0 = v yi − gt A
x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2 y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2 0 = 3.762 − 9.8 t A  t A = 0.384 s
 xi = 0 , yi = 0 and ax = 0 a y = − g  t B = 2 t A  t B = 0.768 s
vxf = vxi  R = vxi t B R = v xi t B = 10.36  0.768 = 7.938 m
y f = v yit − 12 gt 2  h = v yi t A − 12 gt A2 1
h = v yi t A − 12 gt A2 = 3.762  0.384 −  9.8  (0.384) 2 = 0.722 m
2
Projectile Motion
Example:
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0° to the horizontal with an initial speed
of 20.0 m/s. If the height of the building is 45.0 m:
a) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
vi = 20 m / s & i = 30o
v xi = vi cos  i vxi = 20 cos 30o = 17.3 m / s
v yi = vi sin i v yi = 20 sin 30o = 10.0 m / s

The stone reaches the ground after it falls a vertical distance yB = -45m during a time tB
y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2
t = t B : unknown  y f = yB = − 45 m
B
1
− 45 = 10  t B −  9.8  t B2
2
4.9 t B2 − 10 t B − 45 = 0
tB = 4.22 sec (positive root)
Projectile Motion
b) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?
vxB = vxi : do not change during the motion

vxB = 17.3 m / s
 v yf = v yi + a y t
 v yf = v yi + a y t = 10.0 − 9.8  4.22
v yB = − 31.356 m / s
B
| vB |= v + v
2
xB
2
yB = (17.3) + (−31.356)
2 2
|vB| = 35.81 m/s

Projectile Motion
Example:
A plane drops a package of supplies to a party of explorers, as shown. If the plane is traveling horizontally at
40.0 m/s and is 100 m above the ground, where does the package strike the ground relative to the point at
which it is released?
At the origin xi = 0, yi = 0
v xf = v xi : do not change during the motion

v xf = 40 m / s a x = 0
x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2 x f = vxit

y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2 y f = v yit − 12 gt 2
y f = − 12 gt 2 − 100 = − 12 gt 2
− 100 = − 12 (9.8) t 2 t = 4.52 s
x f = vxi t = (40)(4.52) = 181 m

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Mechanics

Dr. Yasmin Mohamed Yousef Bakier

A particle moves from point Ⓐ to point Ⓑ in the x-y plane

Particle Time Position vector

1) Can an object accelerate if it is speed is constant ? Yes , Why ?

1. The constant acceleration is directed vertically downward and equal g. a y = − g

3. The particle start the motion from the origin.

4. The initial velocity vector makes an angle θi with the horizontal.

This expression is of the form: y = ax – bx2

R: is called the Range of the projectile.

At the max height point (A)

vi2 sin 2 ( i ) (11) 2 sin 2 (20 o )

vxf = vxi  R = vxi t B R = v xi t B = 10.36  0.768 = 7.938 m

v yi = vi sin i v yi = 20 sin 30o = 10.0 m / s

vxB = vxi : do not change during the motion

|vB| = 35.81 m/s

v xf = v xi : do not change during the motion

x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2 x f = vxit

− 100 = − 12 (9.8) t 2 t = 4.52 s

x f = vxi t = (40)(4.52) = 181 m

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