FE1001 – Physics 1

A/P YAP Fook Fah

School of Mechanical & Aerospace
Engineering (MAE)
E-mail: mffyap@ntu.edu.sg
Tel: 6790-4724
Office: N2-1B-49
 LECTURES of FE1001
Over 13 Weeks (39 hrs):
I. Dynamics (22 hrs)
II. Static Equilibrium and
Elasticity (6 hrs)
III. Fluid Mechanics (3 hrs)
IV. Thermodynamics (8 hrs)
 TEXTBOOK

Textbook:
• R. A. Serway and J W Jewett, Jr,
Physics for Scientists and Engineers,
6th Ed, Vol 1, Thomson, 2004.
 CONTENTS of LECTURES

Weeks 1 – 8:
• Chapters 2 to 11
 edveNTUre COURSE SITE

COURSE DOCUMENTS:
• Teaching Plan shows Lecture and Tutorial
Progress;
• Lecture Slides and Tutorial Sheets

DISCUSSION BOARD:
• Take advantage of it for group discussions
of tutorial problems
Chapter 2

Motion in One Dimension

Kinematics
„ Describes motion while ignoring the
agents that caused the motion
„ For now, will consider motion in one
dimension
„ Along a straight line
„ Will use the particle model
„ A particle is a point-like object, has mass
but infinitesimal size
Position
„ Defined in terms of
a frame of
reference
„ One dimensional, so
generally the x- or y-
axis
„ The object’s position
is its location with
respect to the frame
of reference
 Displacement vector
initial xA – xB = 6
B A final
– +
x
-2 O 4

final B xB – xA = – 6 A initial
• represented as ∆x = xf - xi
• + or – is generally sufficient to indicate
direction for one-dimensional motion
 Displacement y

• Measures the change in position ∆y

– Vector quantity represented
as an arrow ∆x (if horizontal)
or an arrow ∆y (if vertical)
– In 1-D motion, sign (+ or –) of ∆x is ∆x
sufficient to describe the direction of
∆x , that is why scalar approach can
be used. 0 x

– Units are meters (m) in SI.

 “Distance” means in daily life

„ Length of blue curvilinear line gives the distance

of traveling from P to Q.
„ Length of red arrow shows the displacement P to Q
Average Velocity from A to D

∆x x f − xi 40
vaverage = = =
∆t ∆t 3.0
= 13.3 m/s
Average Speed
„ Speed is a scalar quantity
„ same units as velocity
„ total distance / total time
„ The average speed is not (necessarily)
the magnitude of the average velocity
 Example 2.1
Find the displacement, average velocity and average
speed of the car between positions A and F.
Fig. 2.1b, p.25
Instantaneous Velocity
„ The limit of the average velocity as the
time interval becomes infinitesimally
short, or as the time interval
approaches zero
„ The instantaneous velocity indicates
what is happening at every point of
time
Instantaneous Velocity,
equations
„ The general equation for instantaneous
velocity is
∆x dx
v x = lim =
∆ t → 0 ∆t dt
„ The instantaneous velocity can be
positive, negative, or zero
Instantaneous Velocity, graph
„ The instantaneous
velocity is the slope
of the line tangent
to the x vs. t curve
„ This would be the
green line
„ The blue lines show
that as ∆t gets
smaller, they
approach the green
line
Instantaneous Speed
„ The instantaneous speed is the
magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
„ Remember that the average speed is
not the magnitude of the average
velocity
 Example 2.3
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with
time according to the expression x = −4t + 2t 2.
Determine the displacement of the particle in the time
intervals t = 0 to t = 1 s and t =1 to t = 3 s.
 Example 2.3
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with
time according to the expression x = −4t + 2t 2.
Calculate the average velocity during these two time
intervals.
 Example 2.3
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with
time according to the expression x = −4t + 2t 2.
Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 2.5 s.
Average Acceleration
„ Acceleration is the rate of change of the
velocity
∆v x v xf − v xi
ax = =
∆t ∆t
„ Dimensions are L/T2
„ SI units are m/s²
Average Acceleration
Average
acceleration is
f the slope of the
line connecting
i the initial and
final velocities
on a velocity-
time graph
Instantaneous Acceleration
„ The instantaneous acceleration is the
limit of the average acceleration as ∆t
approaches 0

∆v x dv x d x 2
a x = lim = = 2
∆t → 0 ∆ t dt dt
Instantaneous Acceleration
∆v
a = lim
∆t →0 ∆t Instantaneous
B acceleration
f
at instant B is
the slope of
i
the tangent to
the curve of
the velocity-
time graph
Acceleration and Velocity, 1
„ When an object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the same direction,
the object is speeding up
„ When an object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the opposite
direction, the object is slowing down
Acceleration and Velocity, 2

„ The car is moving with constant positive

velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining
the same size)
„ Acceleration equals zero
Example 2.5 Average & instantaneous acceleration
The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies in
time according to v x = (40 − 5t 2 ) m/s.
Find the average acceleration in the time interval t = 0 to t =
2.0 s.
Example 2.5 Average & instantaneous acceleration
The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies in
time according to v x = (40 − 5t 2 ) m/s.
Determine the acceleration at t = 2.0 s.
Kinematic Equations --
summary
Kinematic Equations, specific
„ For constant a, v xf = v xi + a x t
„ Can determine an object’s
velocity at any time t when we
know its initial velocity and its
acceleration
„ Does not give any information
about displacement
Kinematic Equations, specific
„ For constant acceleration,
v xi + v xf
vx =
2
„ The average velocity can be expressed
as the arithmetic mean of the initial and
final velocities
Kinematic Equations, specific
„ For constant acceleration,
x f = xi + v t = xi + (v xi + v xf )t
1
2
„ This gives you the position of the
particle in terms of time and
velocities
„ Doesn’t give you the acceleration
Kinematic Equations, specific
„ For constant acceleration,

1 2
x f = xi + v xi t + a x t
2

„ Gives final position in terms of velocity

and acceleration
„ Doesn’t tell you about final velocity
Kinematic Equations, specific
„ For constant a,
v = v + 2a x (x f − xi )
2
xf
2
xi

„ Gives final velocity in terms of

acceleration and displacement
„ Does not give any information about
the time
Graphical Look at Motion –
displacement – time curve
„ The slope of the
curve is the velocity
„ The curved line
indicates the velocity
is changing
„ Therefore, there is
an acceleration
 Example 2.8
A car traveling at a constant speed of 45.0 m/s passes a
trooper hidden behind a billboard. One second after the
speeding car passes the billboard, the trooper sets out from
the billboard to catch it, accelerating at a constant rate of
3.00 m/s2.
How long does it take her to overtake the car?
 45.0 m
B
t=0 t=?
A
A

B
t=0
Initial (t=0): XAi = 45.0 m, VAi = 45.0 m/s , aA = 0
XBi = 0 m, VBi = 0 m/s , aB = 3.00 m/s2
Final (t=?): XAf = XBf

XAf = XAi +VAit + 0.5 aA t2

XBf = XBi +VBit + 0.5 aB t2 x

0
xAi xAf

VBf = aBt x
0
xBi xBf
„ Try graphical approach to solve
above example
x A

B
XA0

0 t
Freely Falling Objects
„ A freely falling object is any object
moving freely under the influence of
gravity alone.
„ It does not depend upon the initial
motion of the object
„ Dropped – released from rest
„ Thrown downward
„ Thrown upward
Acceleration of Freely Falling
Object
„ The acceleration of an object in free fall is
directed downward, regardless of the initial
motion
„ The magnitude of free fall acceleration is g =
9.80 m/s2
„ g decreases with increasing altitude
„ g varies with latitude
„ 9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface
Acceleration of Free Fall, cont.
„ We will neglect air resistance
„ Free fall motion is constantly
accelerated motion in one dimension
„ Let upward be positive
„ Use the kinematic equations with
ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
Free Fall Example
„ Initial velocity at A is upward (+)
and acceleration is g (-9.8 m/s2)
„ At B, the velocity is 0 and the
acceleration is g (-9.8 m/s2)
„ At C, the velocity has the same
magnitude as at A, but is in the
opposite direction
„ The displacement is –50.0 m (it
ends up 50.0 m below its starting
point)
Hammer and Feather Experiment
Motion Equations from
Calculus
„ Displacement equals
the area under the
velocity – time curve
∑v
tf
lim xn ∆tn = ∫ v x (t )dt
∆t n → 0 ti
n

„ The limit of the sum

is a definite integral
Kinematic Equations – General
Calculus Form
dv x
ax =
dt
t
v xf − v xi = ∫ a x dt
0

dx
vx =
dt
t
x f − xi = ∫ v x dt
0
Kinematic Equations –
Calculus Form with Constant
Acceleration
„ The integration form of vf – vi gives
v xf − v xi = a x t

„ The integration form of xf – xi gives

1
x f − xi = v xi t + a x t 2