Mechanics

Dr. Yasmin Mohamed Yousef Bakier

• Physics Department - Faculty of Science - Assiut
University - Egypt
𝟓𝒕𝒉 floor, Room no. 510
Motion in two Dimension
 The position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
Position and Displacement Vectors
The position vector of a particle in the x-y plane is a vector drawn from the origin ( 0,0) to the
location of the particle.

A particle moves from point Ⓐ to point Ⓑ in the x-y plane

Particle Time Position vector


Initial Ⓐ ti ri

Final Ⓑ tf rf


The displacement vector r is defined as the
difference between the final and the initial position
  
vectors. r = rf − ri
 The position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
Average velocity v
The average velocity, v of a particle during the time interval
∆t is defined as: 
 Note : r is a vector quantity
r
v= ∆t is a scalar quantity
t v is a vector quantity x

The instantaneous velocity v
 
 r dr
It is defined as v = limt =
t →0 t dt
Note that:
• Velocity is the derivative of the displacement vector w. r. t time.
• Velocity is a vector quantity.

• The direction of v at any point of the path is along the tangent to the path at this point.
• The magnitude of the velocity is called the speed.
 The position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
Average Acceleration a
  
is defined as a = f
v − v v
=
i

t f − ti t

a is a vector quantity directed along the direction of v

Instantaneous Acceleration a
 
 v dv
is defined as a = limt =
t →0 t dt
Conceptual Questions

1) Can an object accelerate if it is speed is constant ? Yes , Why ?

2) Can an object accelerate if its velocity is constant? No, Why ?
 The position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
Two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration
(i) Position vector
The position of a particle moving in the x-y plane can be determined by the
position vector

r
x, y, and r change with time as the particle moves

(ii) Velocity vector v

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ 
v= = i + j v = vx iˆ + v y ˆj
dt dt dt
vx, vy, and v change with time as the particle moves

(iii) Acceleration vector a

 dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ 
a= = i + j a = a x iˆ + a y ˆj
dt dt dt
 Equations of kinematics in two dimensions
A particle is moving with a constant acceleration
One dimensional motion in The kinematic equations thus become:
x-direction   
ax = with constant acceleration v f = vi + a t
const
a = const vxf = vxi + axt
INDEPENDENT Velocity vector as
ay = a function of time
const
One dimensional motion in v yf = v yi + a y t
y-direction
   12
with constant acceleration
rf = ri + vi t + 2 at
The motion in two dimensions with constant acceleration x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2
Position vector as
can be considered as two independent motions: a function of time
y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2
1- One along x-direction with constant acceleration (ax)
2- One along y-direction with constant acceleration (ay)
 Equations of kinematics in two dimensions
Example:
A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with vxi = 20 m/s, vyi = -15 m/s. The particle moves in the x-y
plane with an x-component of acceleration only, ax = 4.0 m/s2.
a) Determine the velocity vector at any time?
 ˆ ˆ 
vi = 20 i − 15 j a = 4 iˆ + 0 ˆj
  
v f = vi + a t v f = (20 iˆ −15 ˆj ) + (4 iˆ + 0 ˆj )t

v f = [(20 + 4t )iˆ − (15 ) ˆj ] m s

b) Calculate the magnitude of v (speed) and its direction after 5s?

v f = (20 + 4  5) iˆ − (15) ˆj = [40iˆ − 15 ˆj ] m s
 −1 v y
speed | v f |= (40) 2 + (−15) 2 = 43 m s  = tan vx
= tan −1 −4015 = −21o
θ = 339 o w. r. t. positive x-direction , Why ?
 Projectile Motion
The motion of the projectiles near the surface of the earth is an example of two-dimensional
motion with constant acceleration.
Assumptions

1. The constant acceleration is directed vertically downward and equal g. a y = − g

2. The effect of air resistance is negligible. a x = 0

3. The particle start the motion from the origin.

at t = 0 ⇒ xi = 0 and yi = 0

4. The initial velocity vector makes an angle θi with the horizontal.

v xi = vi cos  i v yi = vi sin i
 Projectile Motion
Trajectory Equation
Being a motion with constant acceleration in two dimensions, the position components become:
x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2 y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2
 xi = 0 , yi = 0 and ax = 0 , a y = − g
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃𝑖 𝑡 → 1 y f = v yit − 12 gt 2 = vi sin i t − 12 gt 2 → (2)
Eliminating “t” form eqs. (1) and (2), one gets
xf xf xf
t= y f = vi sin  i  − g(
1
)2
vi cos i vi cos i 2
vi cos i
g
y f = tan  i x f − x 2

2v i2 cos 2  i
f

This expression is of the form: y = ax – bx2

⇒The trajectory is a parabola
 Projectile Motion
The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with a velocity 𝑣Ԧ𝑖
No acceleration in x-direction ax = zero vx= vxi
The x-component of the velocity remains constant.
Acceleration due to gravity ay = - g vy= vyi - gt
The y-component of the velocity changes its magnitude and direction with time.

R: is called the Range of the projectile.

h : is called the Maximum height of the projectile.
h

R
 Projectile Motion
Maximum Height of a Projectile

At the max height point (A)

 v yf = v yi + a y t

 0 = vi sin  i − g t A
vi sin  i
tA =
g
 y f = v yi t + 12 a y t 2
y f = vi sin i t − 12 gt 2
At point A ⇒ yA = h
vi sin  i 1 vi sin  i 2 vi2 sin 2  i
h = vi sin  i  − 2 g( ) ⇒ h=
g g 2g
 Projectile Motion
Horizontal Range of a Projectile
The range is the distance travelled in the x-direction in twice the time it takes to reach maximum height.
vi sin  i
tB = 2  ( )
g
 x f = xi + vxit  x f = 0 + vi cosi t
2vi sin  i
R = xB = vi cos  i t B R = vi cos  i 
g
2v cos  i sin  i
2 vi2 sin( 2 i )
R= i
⇒ R=
g g
Maximum Range
vi2
For  i = 45  sin 2 i = sin 90 = 1 ⇒ Rmax =
The range is maximum g
 Projectile Motion

Example:
A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0° above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
a) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction? (Assume his motion is equivalent to that of a
particle)
vi2 sin( 2 i ) (11) 2 sin( 2  20)
R = R =
g 9.8
R = 7.93 m
b) What is the maximum height reached?

vi2 sin 2 ( i ) (11) 2 sin 2 (20 o )

h = h =
2 g 2  9.8
h=0.722 m
 Projectile Motion
Example:
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0° to the horizontal with an initial speed
of 20.0 m/s. If the height of the building is 45.0 m:
a) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
vi = 20 m / s & i = 30o
v xi = vi cos  i vxi = 20 cos 30o = 17.3 m / s

v yi = vi sin i v yi = 20 sin 30o = 10.0 m / s

The stone reaches the ground after it falls a vertical distance yB = -45m during a time tB
y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2
t = t B : unknown  y f = yB = − 45 m
B
1
− 45 = 10  t B −  9.8  t B2
2

4.9 t B2 − 10 t B − 45 = 0
tB = 4.22 sec (positive root)
 Projectile Motion

b) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?

vxB = vxi : do not change during the motion

vxB = 17.3 m / s
 v yf = v yi + a y t
 v yf = v yi + a y t = 10.0 − 9.8  4.22
v yB = − 31.356 m / s
B
| vB |= v + v
2
xB
2
yB = (17.3) + (−31.356)
2 2

|vB| = 35.81 m/s

 Projectile Motion
Example:
A plane drops a package of supplies to a party of explorers, as shown. If the plane is traveling horizontally at
40.0 m/s and is 100 m above the ground, where does the package strike the ground relative to the point at
which it is released?
At the origin xi = 0, yi = 0

v xf = v xi : do not change during the motion

v xf = 40 m / s a x = 0

x f = xi + vxit + 12 axt 2 x f = vxit

y f = yi + v yit + 12 a y t 2 y f = v yit − 12 gt 2

y f = − 12 gt 2 − 100 = − 12 gt 2

− 100 = − 12 (9.8) t 2 t = 4.52 s

x f = vxi t = (40)(4.52) = 181 m

 Uniform Circular Motion
• Motion of an object in a circular path with constant speed, is called uniform
circular motion .

• Even though the object moves at a constant speed in a circular path, it still has
an acceleration due to change of the direction of the velocity.
• This acceleration is called centripetal acceleration and points toward the center .
 Uniform Circular Motion
Centripetal acceleration
By definition, the average acceleration is given by
  
v f − vi v
a = =
t f − ti t
∆θ is small, and so ∆r and ∆t
     
 vi = v f = v v
=
r
 v

= v
r

 r 
v r r
v r v
v
r = 
a = =
t t r t
If t → 0  v v2
 a = a = .v =
r dr r r
= =v
t dt
 v2
v
=
dv
=a ac =
t dt r
 Uniform Circular Motion
Period of circular motion Example:
What is the centripetal acceleration of the Earth as it
• In many situations, it is convenient to moves in its orbit around the Sun? (r = 1.496 x1011 m,
describe the motion of a particle T = 1 Year)
moving with constant speed in a circle
of radius r in terms of the period T v2
Centripeta l acceleration ac =
,which is defined as the time required r
to complete one revolution.
2 r 2 r
Period T = v=
T
2 r
v
T=  2r 
2

v   4 2 r
v2  T  ac = 2
ac = =
r r T
4 2 (1.496 1011 m)
ac = = 5.93 10 −3 m / s 2
((1)(365)(24)(60)(60)) 2
 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
Consider the motion of a particle along a smooth curved path where the velocity changes both in direction and
in magnitude. In this situation, the velocity vector is always tangent to the path and the acceleration vector is at
some angle to the path.

Radial Component
ar arises from the change in direction of
The direction of the total
a the velocity vector 
acceleration vector a change
Total acceleration Tangential Component from point to point.
at arises from the change in the speed of
the particle
  
a = ar + at : Vector Summation
 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
Radial component
v2
ar = − centripetal acceleration = −ac = −
r
 v2 The negative sign is because :
ar = − rˆ 
r ar is in a direction opposite to the radial unit vecto r rˆ
d
at = . | v |
Tangential component
dt

d at is paralel to the instantane ous velocity vector
at = . | v |
dt

a is paralel to the instantane ous velocity vector
Totalt acceleration
Magnitude Direction
   d ˆ v 2
a = ar + at = | v |  − rˆ  ar
dt r a = ar2 + at2  = tan −1

at
 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
Example:
A car exhibits a constant acceleration of 0.300 m/s2 parallel to the roadway. The car passes over a rise in the
roadway such that the top of the rise is shaped like a circle of radius 50 m. At the moment the car is at the top
of the rise, its velocity vector is horizontal and has a magnitude of 6.00 m/s. What is the direction of the total
acceleration vector for the car at this instant?
v2 (6.0) 2
ar = − ar = − = − 0.0720 m / s 2
r 50
at = 0.30 m / s 2

Magnitude
 
a = ar2 + at2 a = (−0.072) 2 + (0.30) 2 = 0.309 m / s 2

Direction
 − 0.072 
a  = tan −1   = −13.5

 = tan −1 r  0.30 
at
Quick Quizzes
Quick Quizzes

Fig. 4.8
Quick Quizzes
Quick Quizzes
Answer to Quick Quizzes
Answer to Quick Quizzes
 Problems
Problem1:
A golf ball is hit off a tee at the edge of a cliff. Its x and y coordinates as functions of time are given by the following
expressions: x = (18.0 m/s)t and y = (4.00 m/s)t – (4.90 m/s2)t2
(a) Write a vector expression for the ball’s position as a function of time, using the unit vectors and .
(b) By taking derivatives, obtain expressions for the velocity vector v as a function of time and
(c) the acceleration vector a as a function of time.
(d) Next use unit-vector notation to write expressions for the position, (e) the velocity, and (f) the acceleration of
the golf ball, all at t = 3.00 s.
 Problems
Problem2:

A fish swimming in a horizontal plane has velocity vi = (4iˆ + 1 ˆj ) m/s at a point in the ocean where the

position relative to a certain rock is ri = (10iˆ − 4 ˆj ) m. After the fish swims with constant acceleration for

20.0 s and its velocity is v f = (20iˆ − 5 ˆj ) m/s.
(a) What are the components of the acceleration?
(b) What is the direction of the acceleration with respect to unit vector i ?
(c) If the fish maintains constant acceleration, where is it at t = 25.0 s, and in what direction is it moving?
(a) (b)
 m ay
 ˆ ˆ
a = (0.8i − 0.3 j ) 2 tan   =
vi = (4iˆ + 1 ˆj ) v f = (20iˆ − 5 ˆj )
s ax
 
v = v f − vi = (16iˆ − 6 ˆj ) ms − 0 .3
   = tan −1   = −20.55
v (16iˆ − 6 ˆj ) s
m
m 0 .8
a= = ˆ ˆ
 a = (0.8i − 0.3 j ) 2
t 20 s s  = 360 − 20.55 = 239.45o
m
a x = 0.8 m Measured form + iˆ direction
2 a y = − 0.3 2
s s
 Problems

(c)
 Problems
Problem3: Problem4:
An astronaut on a strange planet finds that she can A projectile is fired in such a way that its horizontal
jump a maximum horizontal distance of 15.0 m if her range is equal to three times its maximum height.
initial speed is 3.00 m/s. What is the free-fall What is the angle of projection?
acceleration on the planet?
 Problems
Problem5:
A ball is tossed from an upper-story window of a building. The ball is given an initial velocity of 8.00 m/s at an angle of 20.0°
below the horizontal. It strikes the ground 3.00 s later. (a) How far horizontally from the base of the building does the ball
strike the ground? (b) Find the height from which the ball was thrown. (c) How long does it take the ball to reach a point 10.0
m below the level of launching?
 Problems
Problem6: Problem7:
A tire 0.500 m in radius rotates at a constant rate of The figure represents the total acceleration of a
200 rev/min. Find the speed and acceleration of a particle moving clockwise in a circle of radius 2.50
small stone lodged in the tread of the tire (on its m at a certain instant of time. At this instant, find
outer edge). (a) the radial acceleration, (b) the speed of the
particle, and (c) its tangential acceleration.