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WITNESS HISTORY
Trading Opium for Tea
AUDIO

SECTION 5 Step-by-Step
Instruction

5
By the 1830s, British merchant ships were
arriving in China loaded with opium to trade
with the Chinese for tea. In 1839, Chinese Objectives
government official Lin Zexu (lin DZUH shoo) As you teach this section, keep students
wrote a letter to Britain’s Queen Victoria focused on the following objectives to help
condemning the practice: them answer the Section Focus Question
and master core content.
“ We have heard that in your own country
opium is prohibited with the utmost
Britain’s Union Jack ■ Describe what trade rights Westerners
strictness and severity—this is strong
sought in China.
proof that you know full well how hurtful
Lin Zexu, it is. . . . Since . . . you do not permit it to injure your own country, ■ Explain the internal problems Chinese
Chinese official you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another reformers tried to solve.
country.
” ■ Understand how the Qing dynasty fell.
Focus Question How did Western powers use diplomacy
and war to gain power in Qing China?

China and the New Imperialism

Objectives For centuries, Chinese regulations had ensured that China had a
Prepare to Read
• Describe what trade rights Westerners sought in favorable balance of trade with other nations. A nation’s balance
China. of trade refers to the difference between how much a country
Build Background Knowledge L3
• Explain the internal problems Chinese reformers imports and how much it exports. By the 1800s, however, Western Ask students to recall the Qing dynasty’s
tried to solve. nations were using their growing power to tilt the balance of trade policies restricting trade with European
• Understand how the Qing dynasty fell. with East Asia in their favor. nations. Have students predict what will
happen when European imperialists turn
toward China.
Trade Between Britain and China
Terms, People, and Places
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign
balance of trade Taiping Rebellion Set a Purpose L3
traders. European merchants were restricted to a small area in
trade surplus Sino-Japanese War southern China. China sold them silk, porcelain, and tea in ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
trade deficit Open Door Policy aloud or play the audio.
exchange for gold and silver. Under this arrangement, China
Opium War Guang Xu
enjoyed a trade surplus, or exported more than it imported. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,
indemnity Boxer Uprising
extraterritoriality Sun Yixian
Westerners, on the other hand, had a trade deficit with China, Trading Opium for Tea
buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them.
By the late 1700s, two developments were underway that would
Ask Why do you think British trad-
transform China’s relations with the Western world. First, China ers introduced opium into China if
Reading Skill: Recognize Multiple Causes As entered a period of decline. Second, the Industrial Revolution cre- it was prohibited in their own
you read, create a flowchart like the one below in ated a need for expanded markets for European goods. At the country? (Sample: Opium addiction
which you can record key events and developments same time, it gave the West superior military power. would guarantee a market.) Ask what
that led to the decline of Qing China. the opium trade says about how the
The Opium War During the late 1700s, British merchants British viewed the Chinese.
Cause Event began making huge profits by trading opium grown in India for
• Decline of Chinese tea, which was popular in Britain. Soon, many Chinese ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus
• Qing China
had become addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in Question and write it on the board.
•
payment for the drug, disrupting the economy. Tell students to refer to this question
as they read. (Answer appears with
Section 5 Assessment answers.)
Vocabulary Builder ■ Preview Have students preview the
Section Objectives and the list of
Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Terms, People, and Places.
Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 68; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 ■ Have students read this
High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence section using the Guided Questioning
stipulate, p. 774 v. to specifically demand something in an agreement strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,
As part of their truce, Jess stipulated that her sister could no longer borrow her have students fill in the flowchart
clothes without asking. listing the multiple causes of the
decline of Qing China.
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 222

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The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug

Teach dealers. They called on Britain to stop the trade. The British refused,
insisting on the right of free trade.
In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering
Trade Between Britain and the Opium War. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower,
China/The Taiping Rebellion bombarded Chinese coastal and river ports. With outdated weapons and
Weakens China L3
fighting methods, the Chinese were easily defeated.

Unequal Treaties In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of

Instruct Nanjing (NAHN jing). Britain received a huge indemnity, or payment for
■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder losses in the war. The British also gained the island of Hong Kong. China
Have students read the Vocabulary had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China
Builder term and definition. Ask them extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws and be tried
to predict how the Western powers in their own courts.
obtained treaties with China that The treaty was the first of a series of “unequal treaties” that forced
stipulated favorable conditions. China to make concessions to Western powers. A second war, lasting from
(threat of force) Vocabulary Builder 1856 to 1858, ended with France, Russia, and the United States pressur-
stipulate—(STIP yuh layt) v. to ing China to sign treaties stipulating the opening of more ports to foreign
■ Teach Write trade surplus, trade defi- specifically demand something in trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in China.
cit, and balance of trade on the board an agreement
and ask students to define them. Ask How did British trade with China trigger the Opium
students What did British traders Wars?
hope to achieve by continuing to
trade opium? (They hoped to end the The Taiping Rebellion Weakens China
trade deficit and create huge profits.) By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. Irrigation systems and canals
What were the results of the were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang valley. The
Opium War? (China signed the first of population explosion that had begun a century earlier created hardship
several unequal treaties with Europe
powers.) How did European powers
take advantage of the Taiping
Rebellion? (They continued to push for
more influence in China.)
INFOGRAPHIC Imperialism in China
■ Quick Activity On the board, create
three columns, labeled Causes, Events, Spheres of Influence Miller Projection
0 500 1000 mi
and Effects of the Taiping Rebellion. British Occupied by Russia,
1897–1905
Then have students use the Infographic French
Occupied by Japan
0 500 1000 km
German
on the Taiping Rebellion and the text to Japanese
by 1905
Main area of R US S I A
supply information for each column. Taiping Rebellion leader Hong Xiuquan (at Russian Taiping Rebelliion
Sakhalin
right), was a village schoolteacher. Inspired by Manchuria
Independent Practice religious visions and Christian missionaries, he Outer Mongolia
go
li a
on
Have students access Web Code nap- wanted to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom of rM
Inne Lüshun Vladivostok

2451 to take the Geography Interac- Peace”—the Taiping. Hong endorsed ideas Beijing
(Port Arthur) 40°N
KOREA
tive Audio Guided Tour and then that Chinese leaders considered radical, Qingdao JAPAN
CHI NA Huang
e
H

answer the map skills questions in the including community ownership of property (Tsingtao)
Shanghai Nagasaki
and the equality of women and men. Chongqing
.
text. BHUTAN
gtz
iR Ningbo
NEPAL Yan Xiamen
Guangzhou (Amoy) Fuzhou
䉳 Chinese coins c.1850 B R I T I S H I NDI A (Canton)
Taiwan N
Monitor Progress 20°N
Burma
Macao
(Portuguese) Hong Kong
(British) W E

As students fill in their flowcharts, circu- SIAM F R E NC H Pa c ific S

B ay of
late to make sure they understand how Bengal
I NDO C HI NA O cean
the population explosion was a factor in 120°E 140°E

the decline of the Qing dynasty. For a

completed version of the flowchart, see
Note Taking Transparencies, 164
History Background
Lin Zexu and the Opium Tea Party Although not to import opium. They refused to sign but were
China outlawed opium in 1729 and again in 1796, the released when they turned over twenty thousand
British East India Company used its monopoly on chests of opium. Lin dumped some 3 million pounds
opium growing in India to make enormous profits in of opium into the sea and wrote a letter to Queen
China, where opium had ruinous effects. In 1838, Lin Victoria. The British, outraged, sent gunships, which
Answer Zexu, a humane and just administrator, tried to stop quickly overwhelmed China’s antiquated defenses. Lin
The British introduced opium; when the Chi- the opium trade. Lin confined 350 foreign merchants was blamed at first but later revered with monuments
nese tried to stop the opium trade, the British in their trading houses until they signed an agreement across China.
responded with gunboats.

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for China’s peasants. An extravagant imperial court, tax evasion by the rich,
and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. As pov-
Launching Reform
erty and misery increased, peasants rebelled. The Taiping Rebellion Efforts L3
(TY ping), which lasted from 1850 to 1864, was probably the most devas-
tating peasant revolt in history. The leader, Hong Xiuquan (hong shyoo Instruct
CHWAHN), called for an end to the hated Qing dynasty. The Taiping rebels ■ Introduce Point out that China’s Con-
won control of large parts of China and held out for 14 years. However, fucian ideals had resulted in a success-
with the help of loyal regional governors and generals, the government ful government for more than 2,000
crushed the rebellion. years. Ask Why do you think China
The Taiping Rebellion almost toppled the Qing dynasty. It is estimated was so resistant to Western influ-
to have caused the deaths of between 20 million and 30 million Chinese.
ence? (Sample: China’s system had
The Qing government survived, but it had to share power with regional
worked successfully for a very long time;
commanders. During the rebellion, Europeans kept up pressure on
they did not value new industry or mer-
China, and Russia seized lands in the north.
chants; and individualism and technol-
How did the Taiping Rebellion and other internal ogy threatened Confucian ways.) What
problems weaken the Qing dynasty? pushed China toward change?
(losses in war)
Launching Reform Efforts ■ Teach Ask Who won the First Sino-
By the mid-1800s, educated Chinese were divided over the need to adopt Japanese war, and why? (The Japa-
Western ways. Most saw no reason for new industries because China’s nese won because of its modern army.)
wealth and taxes came from land. Although Chinese merchants were Using the Think-Write-Pair-Share
allowed to do business, they were not seen as a source of prosperity. strategy (TE, p. T23), ask students to
Scholar-officials also disapproved of the ideas of Western missionaries, respond to this question: How did
whose emphasis on individual choice challenged the Confucian order. efforts at reform both help and
They saw Western technology as dangerous, too, because it threatened hurt China? (Reforms led to some
Confucian ways that had served China successfully for so long. improvements, but also to more internal
For: Audio guided tour
Web Code: nap-2451
conflict.)
■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans-
parency 148: The Great Powers
Divide China. Ask students to iden-
䉲 Battle scene of the
Taiping Rebellion
tify the powers portrayed and explain
what situation the cartoon is referring
to. Then ask how the cartoonist views
the great powers in China.
Color Transparencies, 148

Independent Practice
Primary Source To help students bet-
ter understand Chinese views on reform,
have them read the excerpt from “Exhor-
tation to Study” by Chang Chi-tung and
Thinking Critically complete the worksheet.
1. Recognize Cause and Effect How did
Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 74
conditions in China lead to the Taiping
Rebellion?
2. Map Skills Which regions were most Monitor Progress
greatly affected by the Taiping To review this subsection, ask students to
Rebellion?
describe the viewpoints of conservatives
such as Ci Xi and of reformers such as
Guang Xu.

Answers
Connect to Our World
Years of turmoil, as well as power given to
Civic Responsibility Britain’s actions in India standing may vote for representatives who then elect regional leaders, weakened the Qing dynasty
were debated in Britain’s Parliament, and sometimes members of the National People’s Congress. However, and made China vulnerable to European
actions were taken to curb abuses. In China in the candidates must be approved by the leaders of the encroachment.
1800s, there was no representative assembly to Communist Party of China, who hold the real power. Thinking Critically
discuss the need for reforms, and a strong-willed The government keeps tight control over the media and 1. Living conditions for peasants worsened causing
emperor or empress could easily ignore the plight of discourages dissent. In 1989, the government responded them to finally rise up under Hong Xiuquan’s
peasants—even when they erupted into a rebellion to student demonstrations for democracy by turning the leadership.
that killed millions. In China today, citizens in good army on the demonstrators, killing thousands. 2. areas of southeastern China

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The Qing Dynasty Falls L3

By the late 1800s, the empress Ci Xi (tsih shih) had gained power. A
strong-willed ruler, she surrounded herself with advisors who were
Instruct deeply committed to Confucian traditions.

■ Introduce: Key Terms Ask students Self-Strengthening Movement In the 1860s, reformers launched
to find the key term Boxer Uprising the “self-strengthening movement.” They imported Western technology,
(in blue) in the text and describe what setting up factories to make modern weapons. They developed shipyards,
it was. Ask What grievances did the railroads, mining, and light industry. The Chinese translated Western
Chinese have against foreigners? works on science, government, and the economy. However, the movement
(opium addiction, the undermining of made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it.
Chinese culture by missionaries, foreign War With Japan Meanwhile, the Western powers and nearby Japan
control, foreign troops, loss of wealth) moved rapidly ahead. Japan began to modernize after 1868. It then
■ Teach Ask How did the Boxer joined the Western imperialists in the competition for a global empire.
Uprising bring about change in In 1894, Japanese pressure on China led to the Sino-Japanese War.
China? (Its failure forced even conser- It ended in disaster for China, with Japan gaining the island of Taiwan.
vatives to agree to institute social and Carving Spheres of Influence The crushing defeat revealed China’s
economic reforms.) What were the weakness. Western powers moved swiftly to carve out spheres of influ-
Three Principles of the People? The Boxer Rebellion ence along the Chinese coast. The British took the Chang River valley.
(Sun Yixian’s principles for a new Suffering from the effects of floods and The French acquired the territory near their colony of Indochina. Ger-
China: nationalism, democracy, and famine, poverty, and foreign aggression, many and Russia gained territory in northern China.
Boxers (below) participated in an anti-
livelihood.) What challenges faced foreign movement. In 1900, some 140,000
The United States, a longtime trader with the Chinese, did not take
Sun Yixian’s new republic? (Sam- Boxers attempted to drive Westerners out of part in the carving up of China. It feared that European powers might
ple: creating conditions for democracy China. An international force eventually put shut out American merchants. A few years later, in 1899, it called for a
and capitalism after thousands of years down the uprising. Why were Westerners policy to keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis. The
and Western influences a source of imperial powers accepted the idea of an Open Door Policy, as it came to
of empire and loss of wealth to Western discontent for the Boxers?
powers) be called. No one, however, consulted the Chinese.

■ Analyzing the Visuals Tell students Hundred Days of Reform Defeated by Japan and humiliated by
to compare the photo of the Boxer rebel Westerners, Chinese reformers blamed conservative officials for not
on this page with the photo of Sun Yix- modernizing China. They urged conservative leaders to stop looking
ian on the next page. Ask students how back at China’s past and to modernize as Japan had.
In 1898, a young emperor, Guang Xu (gwahng shoo), launched
their dress reflects different responses
the Hundred Days of Reform. New laws set out to modernize the
to Western culture.
civil service exams, streamline government, and encourage new
industries. Reforms affected schools, the military, and the bureau-
Independent Practice cracy. Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort. The
Have students create a propaganda emperor was imprisoned, and the aging empress Ci Xi reasserted
poster advocating change and represent- control. Reformers fled for their lives.
ing the ideas of the Boxers, Chinese How did reformers try to solve China’s
reformers, or Sun Yixian. internal problems?

Monitor Progress
Check Reading and Note Taking Study The Qing Dynasty Falls
Guide entries for student understanding. As the century ended, China was in turmoil. Anger grew
against Christian missionaries who threatened tradi-
tional Chinese Confucianism. The presence of foreign
troops was another source of discontent. Protected
by extraterritoriality, foreigners ignored Chinese
laws and lived in their own communities.

Boxer Uprising Anti-foreign feeling finally

exploded in the Boxer Uprising. In 1899, a group
of Chinese had formed a secret society, the Righ-
teous Harmonious Fists. Westerners watching them

Solutions for All Learners

L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners

Answers Form students into pairs and ask them to create a Use the following resources to help students acquire
timeline of the events in China covered in this section, basic skills:
Reformers tried to modernize, incorporate starting with the beginning of the Opium War in 1839. Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Western technology, build industry, and Tell them to approach the task by skimming each Study Guide
streamline government. heading, identifying its main idea, and jotting down ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 222
any dates that are mentioned. They should then ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 223
Caption because they ignored Chinese laws and
assemble their timelines using their notes.
customs

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train in the martial arts dubbed them Boxers. Their goal was to drive out
the “foreign devils” who were polluting the land with their un-Chinese Assess and Reteach
ways, strange buildings, machines, and telegraph lines.
In 1900, the Boxers attacked foreigners across China. In response, the
BIOGRAPHY Assess Progress L3
Western powers and Japan organized a multinational force. This force Sun Yixian
Sun Yixian (1866–1925) was not born to
■ Have students complete the
crushed the Boxers and rescued foreigners besieged in Beijing. The
power. His parents were poor farmers. Section Assessment.
empress Ci Xi had at first supported the Boxers but reversed her policy
Sun’s preparation for leadership came ■ Administer the Section Quiz.
as they retreated.
from his travels, education, and personal
Aftermath of the Uprising China once again had to make conces- ambitions. In his teen years, he lived with Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 67
sions to foreigners. The defeat, however, forced even Chinese conserva- his brother in Hawaii and attended British
■ To further assess student under-
tives to support Westernization. In a rush of reforms, China admitted and American schools. Later on, he earned
a medical degree. standing, use
women to schools and stressed science and mathematics in place of Con-
Sun left his career in medicine to Progress Monitoring
fucian thought. More students were sent abroad to study.
China also expanded economically. Mining, shipping, railroads, bank-
struggle against the Qing government. Transparencies, 103
After a failed uprising in 1895, he went
ing, and exports of cash crops grew. Small-scale Chinese industry devel- into exile. Sun visited many nations,
oped with the help of foreign capital. A Chinese business class emerged, seeking support against the Qing dynasty. Reteach L1 L2
and a new urban working class began to press for rights. When revolution erupted in China, Sun If students need more instruction, have
was in Denver, Colorado. He them read the section summary.
Three Principles of the People Although the Boxer Uprising failed, returned to China to begin his
the flames of Chinese nationalism spread. Reformers wanted to Reading and Note Taking L1 L3
leading role in the new
strengthen China’s government. By the early 1900s, they had introduced republic. How did Sun’s Study Guide, p. 223
a constitutional monarchy. Some reformers called for a republic. background prepare
A passionate spokesman for a Chinese republic was Sun Yixian (soon him to lead? Adapted Reading and L1 L2
yee SHYAHN), also known as Sun Yat-sen. In the early 1900s, he organized Note Taking Study Guide, p. 223
the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the
People.” The first principle was nationalism, or freeing China from foreign Spanish Reading and L1 L2
domination. The second was democracy, or representative government. Note Taking Study Guide, p. 223
The third was livelihood, or economic security for all Chinese.

Birth of a Republic When Ci Xi died in 1908 and a two-year-old boy Extend L4

inherited the throne, China slipped into chaos. In 1911, uprisings in the Today, as China rapidly industrializes, it
provinces swiftly spread. Peasants, students, local warlords, and even is flooding world markets with cheap
court politicians helped topple the Qing dynasty. industrial products. The United States
In December 1911, Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chi-
has a record trade deficit with China.
nese republic. The republic faced overwhelming problems and was almost
Have students research the issues and
constantly at war with itself or foreign invaders.
itemize how the trade deficit affects China’s
What caused the Qing dynasty to fall? relationship with Western countries.

5 Progress Monitoring Online

For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: naa-2451 Answers
The Boxer Rebellion led to greater Western-
Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History
ization, which led to nationalism, which com-
1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Draw Conclusions How did Western Quick Write: Write a Conclusion Before
the beginning of the section, write a powers gain greater trading rights in writing a persuasive essay, make a list of
bined with discontent and a weak emperor
sentence explaining its significance. China? your arguments. In organizing the essay, (a two-year-old) to topple the dynasty.
4. Summarize (a) What internal prob- it’s often a good idea to save your strong- BIOGRAPHY It gave him access to ideas
lems threatened the Qing dynasty? est argument for last. For practice, write a
2. Reading Skill: Recognize Multiple (b) What were the goals of Chinese concluding paragraph for a persuasive
that he may not have otherwise discovered.
Causes Use your completed flowchart reformers? essay that either supports or opposes inter-
to answer the Focus Question: How did 5. Synthesize Information How was the nal reform efforts to Westernize China in
Western powers use diplomacy and war Qing dynasty replaced by a republic? the 1800s.
to gain power in Qing China?

Section 5 Assessment 4. (a) poor administration, overpopulation, ● Writing About History

imperial extravagance and corruption, Responses should include a strong, carefully
1. Sentences should reflect an understanding and tax evasion by the rich (b) Chinese considered argument that clearly supports
of each term, person, or place listed at the reformers sought to modernize and West- or opposes Chinese reform efforts in the
beginning of the section. ernize the economy and government. 1800s.
2. Western powers used victories in several 5. The rise of nationalism and widespread
conflicts to seize more power and control discontent led to the overthrow of the
over China. Qing dynasty and creation of a republic.
3. Western powers gained greater trading For additional assessment, have students
rights by using or threatening to use force. access Progress Monitoring Online at
Web Code naa-2451.

Chapter 24 Section 5 777