READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Important Thing to know a Country’s

REVIEWER [MIDTERMS] History: Land, People, God

PHILIPPINES
• Pearl of the Orient Seas – nickname of
History
the Philippines given by Fr. Juan Delgado
• Study of the Past and Rizal
• HISTORIA meaning ‘Knowledge • Located at Southeast Asia
acquired through inquiry or investigation. • Archipelago with 7, 107 Islands
• By Aristotle: systematic account of a set • Capital City: Manila
of natural phenomena chronologically
Rice Granary in the Philippines – Region III
arranged.
• By Thucydides and Herodotus: Pampanga and Nueva Ecija – Central Luzon
learning inquiry about the past of
mankind
• By Durant: narrative of events SPOLIARIUM
• By E.H Carr: a never-ending dialogue of
events between the past and present • Created by Juan Luna de San Pedro y
Novicio Ancheta
• First displayed in an exhibit in Rome
PARTS OF A HISTORIAN called Exposicion Nacional de Bellas
Eyes: Study of photos from long ago Artes in April 1884
• It depicts two dead gladiators being
Smart Mind: To understand how past and
dragged by Romans to the center. On the
present is connected.
left, scavengers’ eye the dead men’s
Ears: Listening to stories possessions while a roman beside them
Mouth: Sharing important lessons raises a fist to protest. A woman mourns
Feet: Working in the shoes of others a loved one on the right while an old man
Kind Heart: Having empathy. searches for a body amid the smoky
haze.
• Represents how the people of the
Primary Sources – firsthand, original, unfiltered Philippines suffered during Spanish
information control.
Secondary Sources – used primary sources to • Symbolizes the despair and the
produce this. countless deaths of Filipinos during
Spanish reign.
External Criticism – verifying authenticity of
• Currently displayed at the National
evidence by physical characteristics.
Museum of Fine Arts in Manila.
Internal Criticism – examine of truthfulness.
Looks at the content.
THE MAKING OF THE PHILIPPINE
Credibility – quality or power of inspiring belief
FLAG
Authenticity – proven fact
• Personally conceived by Gen. Emilio
Provenance – sources of information involved Aguinaldo
in producing an artifact.
 • Sewn by Marcela Marino Agoncillo, - Supremo [President]: Deodato
Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa Arellano, Andres Bonifacio next
Natividad in Hongkong. - Comptroller [Intervenor]: Andres
• May 28, 1898 – The Philippine Flag was Bonifacio
first displayed in the battle of Alapan. - Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa
• The flag was formally unfurled during the - Secretary: Teodoro Plata, Emilo
proclamation of independence on June Jacinto next
12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite. - Treasurer: Valentin Diaz
• R.A. 8491 – The Flag and Heraldic Code
of the Philippines which indicates Royal • Katipon [Associate]: first grade.
Blue as the official color. Password is ‘Anak ng Bayan’
• National Flag Day - May 28 • Kawal [Soldier]: second grade.
• 3 Stars – signifies Luzon, Visayas, Password is ‘GomBurZa’
Mindanao • Bayani [Patriot]: third grade. Password
• 8 Rays of Sun – signifies the 8 provinces is ‘Rizal’
that revolted against Spain which are: • Melchora Ramos y Aquino – Ina ng
Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Katipunan
Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas • Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini ng
• White Triangle – signifies the distinctive Katipunan
emblem of the famous society of the • Marina Dizon – cousin of Emilio Jacinto
Katipunan. • Josefa and Trinidad Rizal – Sister of
• Spanish Yellow Rizal
• White – equality, Liberty, and Fraternity • Kartilya ng Katipunan – lays out law
• Royal Blue – peace, freedom, and and principles.
Justice
• Old Glory Red – courage and patriotism
ACT OF DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
KKK AT ANG KARTILYA NG
• The declaration of the Philippine
KATIPUNAN Independence was proclaimed on June
• KKK – Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galang 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite, in the
na Katipunan ng mga anak ng Bayan afternoon.
• Established on July 7, 1892, by Andres • Independence from Spanish Rule
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, • Ambrosio Rianzares: Bautista: Wrote
Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz and prepared the Act of the Declaration
• Katastaasang Sanggunian – Supreme of the Philippines
Council, buong bansa • Marcha Nacional Filipina – The title of
• Sangguniang Bayan – Provincial Philippine National Anthem before
Council, kada probinsiya Lupang Hinirang
• Sangguniang Balangay – Municipal • Apolinario Mabini: Aguinaldo’s
Council, kada bayan unofficial adviser/chief advisor who
• Sangguniang Hukuman – Judicial opposed the plan to declare the country’s
Council ng Katipunan independence on June 12
• First supreme council established on • After Bonifacio died, Aguinaldo gained
August 1, 1892: full control of the revolutionary
government.
 • Primo de Rivera – Spanish Governor • Antonio Pigafetta – served as
General during the signing of treaty of Magellan’s assistant or vice-captain.
Biak na Bato
• Aguinaldo established his headquarters
in Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan Province. THE CAVITE MUTINY
• Constitution of Biak-na-Bato: Is a
provisional constitution for the • Happened on an ‘Arsenal’ or weapon
Philippines drafted by Aguinaldo on factory in Cavite in 1872.
November 1, 1897, was written by Felix • A brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho who copied workers.
Cuban constitution. • Scholars believed that the Cavite Mutiny
• Pedro Paterno – a Spaniard born in the of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino
Philippines who acted as negotiator nationalism, eventually leading to the
between Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo de Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Rivera. • Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez – Governor
• Pact of Biak na Bato: Was made to stop General during the occurrence of Cavite
the armed conflict between the Filipinos Mutiny
and Spaniards. Was signed by Emilio • Poly y Servicio – Required Filipinos to
Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo de Rivera on provide forced labor.
December 14, 1897. This includes CAUSE
Aguinaldo with his generals’ exile in - Filipino Perspective: To remove the
Hongkong in exchange for Philippines’ Spanish government from the
self-rule that will be given in 3 years time. Philippines due to the removal of the
• The truce, however, failed due to privileges by the Filipino workers in
suspicions on both sides, and fighting the arsenal.
resumed in 1898. - Spanish Perspective: Filipinos really
• Treaty of Paris: The agreement between planned and establish to open a
Spain and America to hand over the monarchy government with the leader
possession and control of the Philippines as a Filipino priest as their ‘king’.
to the American hands. It involved a • The GomBurZa pries where falsely
compensation of $20 Million given by the accused of treason and sedition.
US to Spain.

RETRACTION OF RIZAL
THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS
• Retraction – a statement saying that
• Was celebrated on March 31, 1521, led something you said or wrote at an earlier
by Father Pedro de Valderrama along the time is not true or correct.
coast of ‘Mazaua’. • First Version: published in La Voz
• Rajah Colambu, Rajah Siagu – Two Espanola and Diaro de Manila on the
kings present during the celebration of very day of Rizal’s execution, December
the first mass. 30, 1896.
• RA 2733 – A bill declaring Limasawa as • Second Version: Came from Fr.
the place where Magellan celebrated the Balaguer who revealed his identity years
first mass. later. Appeared in Barcelona, Spain on
• Francisco Albo – Greek Sailor. Captain February 14, 1897
of one of Magellan’s ship, Trinidad.
• Third Version: Original test, discovered certificate of canonical marriage with
in archdiocesan archives on May 18, Josephine Bracken. - FALSE
1935, after it disappeared for 39 years.
• Fourth Version: appeared in El
Imparcial on the day after Rizal’s THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK OR
execution, a short formula of the PUGADLAWIN
retraction.
REASONS: • Happened in August 1896
- To save his family and town from • Meeting of the Katipuneros, speech of
further persecution Andres Bonifacio, and historical tearing
- To give Josephine bracken a legal of sedula happened, in the house of Juan
status as his wife Ramos.
- To secure reforms from Spanish • Turning point when the Filipinos finally
government. refused Spanish colonial dominion over
• Father Vincent Balaguer – His the Philippine Island.
testimony was based on the affidavit he • Beginning of the formal declaration of the
executed in 1917 when he had returned separation from Spanish rule.
to Spain. • Cry referred to the first clash between the
• Lt. Eloy Moure Gomes – Adjutant of the Katipunan and the civil guards or guardia
Plaza civil.
• Pio Pi – the superior of the Jesuit society • ‘El Grito De Rebellion’ – A Spanish
in the Philippines. phrase for cry, which means a call for
• Josephine Bracken – wife and last revolution.
girlfriend of Rizal • Dr. Pio Valenzuela – claimed that the cry
• Secularization – the policy that allows happened on August 23, 1896, in
the natives to have a say on community Pugadlawin
affairs. • Santiago Alvarez – a katipunero from
• Cuerpo de Vigilancia – a body of Cavite, claimed that the cry happened on
documents in the Philippine revolution August 24
that contains confidential reports, • Gregoria De Jesus – Her version of the
transcript, clippings, and photographs cry was that it happened on August 25,
from Spanish and Philippine newspaper. 1896, in Balintawak
• Rizal’s writings vilify the catholic faith – • Gregorio Zaide – August 26, 1896, was
FALSE his claim.
• The eyewitness account of the last hours • Guillermo Masangkay – claimed that
of Rizal corroborates the existence of the the cry happened on august 26, 1896 in
retraction document – TRUE Balintawak.
• The formula of retraction came from • Teodoro Agoncillo – the most
Archbishop Nozaleda – TRUE prominent proponent of the myth of the
• Rizal opted for the archbishop’s formula cry of pugadlawin. Used his power of
of retraction rather than father pio pi’s – influence and campaigned to change
FALSE both the date and venue of the first cry to
• Rafael Palma was of the firm belief that Pugadlawin, August 23, of 1896.
Rizal was not conciled with the Catholic • The Cry is commemorated as National
church – TRUE Heroes’ Day
• The Rizal family was able to secure a
copy of the retraction as well as the