1.

IMPORTANT HISTORICAL Proclamation of Philippine

FIGURES Independence (June 12, 1898)
Andrés Bonifacio (1863-1897)  Declared by Emilio Aguinaldo in
Kawit, Cavite.
 Founder of the *Katipunan  Organized, writted and read by
(KKK)*, a secret society that Ambrosio Bautista
aimed to overthrow Spanish
rule. Site of the First Mass (March 31, 1521)
 Known as the “Father of the
Philippine Revolution.”  Debate between Limasawa
 Executed in 1897 by Emilio (Leyte) and Butuan (Mindanao).
Aguinaldo’s forces due to  Officially recognized as
internal conflicts within the Limasawa, where Magellan’s
revolutionary government. crew held the first Christian
Mass in the Philippines.
Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964)
The Philippine flag was waved for the
 First President of the Philippines first time, and the Marcha Nacional
(1899-1901). Filipina (Lupang Hinirang) was played.
 Declared Philippine
Independence on June 12, 1898,  Marcha Filipina Magdalo
in Kawit, Cavite.  Stars: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
 Later captured by the  White Triangle: Equality
Americans in 1901, ending the Fraternity
First Philippine Republic.  Eight Rays: Manila, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac,
José Rizal (1861-1896) Laguna, Batangas, Cavite)
 Red: Patriotism, favor
 A writer, doctor, and nationalist,  Blue: Truth, justice
he wrote Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, exposing Spanish The Cry of Rebellion (August 19, 1896)
abuses.
 Advocated peaceful reforms but  Filipinos led by Andrés Bonifacio
was falsely accused of inciting tore their cedulas (residence tax
rebellion. certificates) as a symbol of
 Executed on December 30, defiance against Spanish rule.
1896at Bagumbayan (now Rizal  Historians debate whether this
Park). happened in Balintawak or
Pugad Lawin
Corazon Aquino (1933-2009)  Marked the official start of the
Philippine Revolution
 First female president of the  Guillermo Masangkay (MOST
Philippines (1986-1992). CREDIBLE)
 Led the People Power Revolution  BALINTAWAK, August 26,
(EDSA P eoples power in 1986) 1896, Describe Bonifacio
that removed Ferdinand Marcos leading tom people tear
from power. cedulas
 Symbol of restoring democracy  Pio Valenzuela
in the Philippines.  PUGAD LAWIN, Agust 23,
 September 18, 1896 went to 1896, Over 1,000
U.S. Katipuneros gathered at
2. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS & DATES the house and yard of
 Juan Ramos, son of  BAYANI – red masks with white
Melchora Aquino triangle with maroon sash. Pass:
(Tandang Sora)., shouted Rizal
“Mabuhay ang Pilipinas”  KAWAL – Green hood with white
 Four Locations Identified: triangle. Pass: GomBurZa
 Balintawak, Kangkong,  KATIPON – Black hood with
Pugad Lawin, Bahay Toro white triangle. Pass: Anak ng
 August 23, 24, 25, 26, Bayan
1896
4. SPANISH COLONIAL POLICIES
The Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872)
Forced Labor (Polo y Servicios)
 A failed uprising by Filipino
soldiers and workers at Fort San  All Filipino men aged 16 to 60
Felipe in Cavite. were required to work for 40
 Francisco La Madrid days a year for public projects
 Spanish authorities used this as (roads, churches, ships, etc.).
an excuse to execute Gomburza  1884 LESSED TO 15 DAYS
(Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose  FALLA + 1 ½ real
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora).  Many Filipinos suffered from
 The execution of Gomburza abuse, starvation, and death.
inspired Rizal to fight for Spanish Governance
reforms.
 The Philippines was ruled by a
Rizal Ritraction Controversy Governor-General, the highest
 Father Vicente Balaguer, eye official representing Spain.
witness  Spanish friars controlled local
 Father Pio po, copied, improved governance and land, often
the retraction document, later abusing their power.
gave the document to the Religious Influence
Secretary of archbishop
 Christianity was used to
3. KATIPUNAN AND ITS CODE maintain control over Filipinos.
The Katipunan (KKK) was founded by  Friars controlled education and
Andrés Bonifacio in (July 7, 1892) preached that loyalty to Spain
was a religious duty.
 Its members followed the
Kartilya ng Katipunan, written
by Emilio Jacinto, which outlined
moral and nationalistic duties.
 Impact: The Katipunan’s 5. RIZAL’S EXECUTION ISSUE
discovery by Spanish authorities
on August 19, 1896 led to the  Before his execution, a
Philippine Revolution. document surfaced stating that
 1st Group (1-7) makes an upright Rizal retracted his beliefs and
individual, 2nd Group (8-14) how returned to Catholicism
a katipunero treats his  Arguments Supporting
fellowmen Retraction:
 A signed document exists.
Herarkiya ng Katipunan
  Some witnesses claim Rizal López de Legazpi,
married Josephine Bracken surrounded by other
before dying. conquistadors.
 Arguments Against Retraction:  The Death of Cleopatra 1881
 Some historians argue the  Sold in spain for 5,000
document was forged by Pesetas
Spanish friars.  Not for sale,
 Rizal’s final letters and actions  Espana y Filipinas, 1886
did not indicate regret for his  “enduring pieces of
nationalist beliefs. legacy”
 25.88 M Hongkong dollars
6. HISTORICAL SOURCES AND  Most expensive painting
PERSPECTIVES  Center piece at Luma Hall
of Lopez Memorial
Primary Sources: Original documents, Museum
eyewitness accounts (e.g., First  2 female Colonial
Voyage Around the World by Antonio relationship between
Pigafetta). spain and Phil
 Las Damas Romanas 1882
Secondary Sources: Historians’  Richness of life and
interpretations based on primary harmony between human
sources. and nature
Historical Interpretation: Events can  Missing for century
be understood differently depending  4.7M hongkong dollars
on who writes history (e.g., Spanish  The Parsisian Life 1892
vs. Filipino perspectives on  Currently undesplayed at
colonization). national m,useum of fine
arts in the phil,
 6M 674 Thou 100
Hongkong dollars
7. FILIPINO ARTISTS AND WORKS
 La Batalla de Lepanto, 1887
Juan Luna’s Spoliarium (1884)  Not available, considered
treasure,
 Famous painter, political activist  at National Museum Phil.
of the Philippine revolution  Hymen, oh Hymenee! 1886-
ARTWORKS 1887
 Long lost masterpiece
 Spoliarium 1884 last seen 133 years
 National Museum Phil,  Roman wedding empire
$1.6 M  12MB 15 M 6HUNDRED
 Oppression of the filipinos THOUSAND PESSOS
under Spanish rules
 First art that greets Fernando Amorsolo’s Art
visitors  Known for bright, peaceful
 EL Pacto de Sangre 1885 depictions of Filipino
 Malacanang Palace, $1M countryside life.
 1565 Sandugo (blood  Promoted nationalism and
compact ritual) appreciation of Filipino culture.
between Datu Sikatuna  Influential artist
of Bohol and Miguel
 ARTWORKS  Introduced public education
(using English as the medium of
 Leyendo el Periodico, 1908 instruction).
 Fisrt artwork that win  Established a democratic
 Second place at bazar government system.
escolta art competition  Modernized infrastructure, but
 Two people dancing also suppressed independence
tinikling movements.
 Dalagang Bukid, 1928
 A young filipina woman Spanish Influence on Filipino Culture
wearing barot saya,
represent ideal rural  Brought Christianity, which
beauty remains the dominant religion
 $30,000-$50,000 today.
 El Ciego (The Blind Man), 1929  Introduced new governance
 HKD 4,300,000 at auction structures and legal systems.
in 2018
 Blind man playing the 9. REVOLTS AND EXECUTIONS
guitar and connection of
women Major Filipino Revolts:
 Private collection in
 Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829) –
Germany
Longest revolt in Philippine
 The Burning of Manila, 1942
history (85 years), led by
 $30,000-$50,000
Francisco Dagohoy in Bohol.
 Distruction during world
 Diego Silang Revolt (1762-1763)
war 2, based on the
– Allied with the British to fight
photograph of bombing
Spanish rule in Ilocos.
of intendencia
 Palaris Revolt (1762-1765) – An
 The Making of the Philippine
uprising against increased taxes
Flag, 1955
in Pangasinan.
 Marcelo Mariano de
Agoncillo Execution of José Rizal (December 30,
 The Filipino Family, 1961 1896)
 Fisherman coming home
from work to his family  Arrested for inspiring the
 P2,,000,000- 2,600,000 revolution through his writings.
 Shot by a firing squad in
Bagumbayan (now Luneta
8. FOREIGN INFLUENCE AND Park).
TREATIES
How Spain Suppressed Revolts:
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
 Public executions to scare
 Ended the Spanish-American Filipinos (e.g., Gomburza, Rizal).
War.  Exile of leaders (e.g., Rizal was
 Spain sold the Philippines to the exiled to Dapitan).
United States for $20 million.  Military force to crush
rebellions.
U.S. Influence on the Philippines
10. FAMOUS QOUTES AND  Officially recognized as
SAYINGS Limasawa, where Magellan’s
crew held the first Christian
José Rizal: ”Ang hindi marunong Mass in the Philippines.
lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi
makararating sa paroroonan.” 3. Political Caricatures in History
 Meaning: Those who forget their  Political cartoons were used to
history will not succeed in the criticize Spanish and American
future. colonial rule.
 Example: “La Solidaridad”
Andrés Bonifacio’s Revolutionary published satirical images to
Speeches expose Spanish abuses.
 Encouraged Filipinos to fight for 4. Kartilya ng Katipunan (Emilio
independence. Jacinto, 1896)
Corazon Aquino’s Speech (1986)  A guidebook for Katipuneros on
 Advocated for democracy and proper conduct, nationalism,
freedom after Marcos’ and virtues.
dictatorship.  Emphasized equality, freedom,
and love for the country.
Fernando Amorsolo
 The basic desire to identify with
what is good is what people KEYPOINTS
inherently have in common with Island of Thieves – Islas de los
the artist Ladrones
Shipwrecked – Happende to Santiago
Mactan – Magellan died
ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS ( President Reagan – first met of
1. First Voyage Around the World Corazon
(Antonio Pigafetta’s Account) Alfred McCoy – Author of Philippine
 Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
(1519-1522) was the first to Americamn Era (1900-1941)
circumnavigate the world. Political Caricature – Editorial cartoon
 Magellan was killed by Lapu- contains opinion toward issues
Lapu in the Battle of Mactan
(April 27, 1521). Ninoy Aquino – brave and selfness act,
 Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan’s whole nation honored him
chronicler, documented the
expedition, including early Antonio Pigafetta – Italian nobleman,
Filipino customs. good servant and assistant to
Ferdinand Magelan
2. Site of the First Mass (March 31,
1521) Ferdinand Magellan – first portugesse
circumnavigate in 1519
 Debate between Limasawa
(Leyte) and Butuan (Mindanao).