Mathematics Division, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages

VIT Bhopal University

Interim Semester 2024 - 25
MAT3002-Applied Linear Algebra
Practice Set-1
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Notations:
𝛼𝛼1
𝛼𝛼2
1. ℝ𝑛𝑛 = {(𝛼𝛼1 , 𝛼𝛼2 , … , 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) ∶ 𝛼𝛼1 , 𝛼𝛼2 , … , 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℝ} = � � ⋮ � ∶ 𝛼𝛼1 , 𝛼𝛼2 , … , 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℝ�
𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛
2. ℝ𝑛𝑛 [𝑥𝑥] = {𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥): 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)is a polynomial of degree atmost 𝑛𝑛 with real coefficients}
3. 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 (ℝ) = {𝐴𝐴 ∶ 𝐴𝐴 is a square matrix of size 𝑛𝑛 × 𝑛𝑛 over ℝ}
4. 𝑄𝑄 denotes the set of rational numbers

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑥𝑥
1. Let V be the set of all pairs �𝑦𝑦� of real numbers, and let ℝ denotes the set of real numbers. Define
vector addition and scalar multiplication in ℝ2 as following
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥
(i) �𝑦𝑦� + �𝑦𝑦 � = �𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦1 �
1 1
𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
𝑐𝑐 ⋅ �𝑦𝑦� = �𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦�
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥1
(ii) �𝑦𝑦� + �𝑦𝑦 � = � �
1 0
𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
𝑐𝑐 ⋅ �𝑦𝑦� = � �
0
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥1 0
(iii) �𝑦𝑦� + �𝑦𝑦 � = � �
1 0
𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
𝑐𝑐 ⋅ �𝑦𝑦� = �𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦�
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1
(iv) �𝑦𝑦� + �𝑦𝑦 � = �𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �
1 1
𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
𝑐𝑐 ⋅ �𝑦𝑦� = �𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦�

Is V a vector space over ℝ with respect to given addition and scalar multiplication?
2. Rather than using the usual addition and scalar multiplication in ℝ2 use the following vector addition
and scalar multiplication to check whether ℝ2 is a vector space over ℝ . Justify your answer.
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
(a) �𝑦𝑦 � + �𝑦𝑦 � = �𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 � and 𝑐𝑐 ⋅ �𝑦𝑦� = � 𝑦𝑦 �
1 2 1 2
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
(b) �𝑦𝑦 � + �𝑦𝑦 � = � � and 𝑐𝑐 ⋅ �𝑦𝑦� = �𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦�
1 2 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 + 1
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 √𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥
(c) �𝑦𝑦 � + �𝑦𝑦 � = �𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 � and 𝑐𝑐 ⋅ �𝑦𝑦� = � �
1 2 1 2 √𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦

3. Determine whether the set 𝑊𝑊 is a subspace of ℝ3 with the standard operations. Justify your answer.
0
(a) 𝑊𝑊 = ��𝑥𝑥2 � ∶ 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑥3 ∈ ℝ�
𝑥𝑥3
 𝑥𝑥1
(b) 𝑊𝑊 = ��𝑥𝑥2 � ∶ 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ ℝ�
4
𝑎𝑎
(c) 𝑊𝑊 = ��𝑎𝑎 − 3𝑏𝑏� ∶ 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ�
𝑏𝑏
𝑠𝑠
(d) 𝑊𝑊 = �� 𝑡𝑡 � ∶ 𝑠𝑠, 𝑡𝑡 ∈ ℝ�
𝑠𝑠 + 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥1
(e) 𝑊𝑊 = �� 𝑥𝑥2 � ∶ 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ ℝ�
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2
𝑥𝑥1
1
(f) 𝑊𝑊 = �� 𝑥𝑥 � ∶ 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ ℝ & 𝑥𝑥1 ≠ 0 �.
1
𝑥𝑥2
1 𝑝𝑝
4. Let V be the set of all matrices of the form � � where 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 ∈ 𝑅𝑅. Determine whether or not the set
𝑞𝑞 1
V is a vector space under standard addition and scalar multiplication of matrices.

𝑥𝑥 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑤𝑤
5. Consider ℝ2 with addition defined by �𝑦𝑦� ⊕ � � = � 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 � and scalar multiplication defined
𝑧𝑧
𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎
by 𝑎𝑎 ⊙ �𝑦𝑦� = �𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑎�. Determine whether ℝ2 is vector space or not? If yes, find additive
identity and inverse.

6. Let ℝ+ denotes the set of positive real numbers. Determine whether ℝ+ forms a vector space over ℝ
under the addition ⊕ and scalar multiplication ⊙, where 𝑥𝑥⨁𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 and 𝑐𝑐 ⊙ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 .
7. Let 𝑉𝑉 = ℝ. Define addition ⊕ and scalar multiplication ⊙ by a ⊕ b = 2a + 2b and 𝑘𝑘 ⊙ a = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.
Show that addition is commutative but not associative.
8. Let 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 (ℝ) be a set of square matrices of size 𝑛𝑛 × 𝑛𝑛 over ℝ and let 𝐴𝐴 ∈ 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 (ℝ) be a fixed matrix. Define a
set 𝑆𝑆 = {𝐵𝐵 ∈ 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 (ℝ)| 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵}.
Is 𝑆𝑆 a subspace? Explain.
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎
9. Let 𝑉𝑉 = ℝ2 and define �𝑏𝑏� + �𝑑𝑑� = � 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑐𝑐 � and 𝑘𝑘 ⋅ �𝑏𝑏� = �𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�.
𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Determine whether 𝑉𝑉 is a vector space. Also, find additive identity and additive inverse.
10. Verify that the set 𝑀𝑀2 (ℝ) of 2×2 matrices with real number entries is a vector space under the
natural entry-by-entry operations:

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
� � + � 𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧 � = � � and 𝑘𝑘 ∙ � �= � �.
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 + 𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝
11. Let 𝐻𝐻 = �� 0� ∶ 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are real numbers�. Show that 𝐻𝐻 is a subspace of ℝ3 .
𝑞𝑞
2𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽
12. Let 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 be real numbers. Is the set 𝑊𝑊 of all matrices of the form � � a subspace of
3𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 3𝛽𝛽
the vector space 𝑀𝑀2 (ℝ)? Explain.
13. Show that the subset W = {A ∈ Mn (ℝ) | Trace(A) = 0} is a subspace of vector space Mn (ℝ).
14. Let ℝ be the set of real numbers. Which of the following are subspaces of ℝ3 (ℝ).
𝑥𝑥
(i) ��3𝑦𝑦� ∶ 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 ∈ ℝ�
5𝑧𝑧
 𝑥𝑥
(ii) �� 𝑦𝑦 � : 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 ∈ 𝑄𝑄�
2𝑧𝑧
15. Let V be the vector space of all 2 × 2 matrices over ℝ. Show that W is not a subspace of V, where
W contains all 2 × 2 matrices with zero determinants.
16. Check whether the following vectors are linearly independent or dependent.

3 2 4
𝑣𝑣1 = �4� , 𝑣𝑣2 = �9� and 𝑣𝑣1 = �18�
5 2 4
3 2 3 2
17. Determine whether the set {x − x, 2x + 4, −2x + 3x + 2x + 6} is linearly independent or
linearly dependent in ℝ3 [x].
18. Find a basis of 𝑊𝑊1 ∩ 𝑊𝑊2 , where 𝑊𝑊1 and 𝑊𝑊2 are the subspaces of 𝑅𝑅 4 generated by
(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, −1, −1), (1, −1, 1, −1) and (1, 1, 0, 0), (1, −1, 1, 0), (2, −1, 1, −1), respectively.
19. Let W be a subspace of ℝ5 spanned by the vectors (1, 1, 2, 1, −2), (2, 3, 8, 1, −1) and
(−1, 1, 6, −3, 8). Find a basis of W.
20. In ℝ3 (ℝ) , where ℝ is the set of real numbers, examine each of the following set of vectors for
linearly dependent:
(i) {(1, 2, 0), (0, 3, 1), (−1, 0, 1)}
(ii) {(−1, 2, 1), (3, 0, −1), (−5, 4, 3)}
21. Show that the vectors 𝛼𝛼 = (1, 0, −1), 𝛽𝛽 = (1, 2, 1), 𝛾𝛾 = (0, −3, 2), form a basis for ℝ3 . Express
each of the standard basis vectors as a linear combination of 𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽, 𝛾𝛾.
22. Find the row rank, column rank, rank, and nullity of the matrix
1 2 0 2 1
−1 −2 1 1 0
� �
1 2 −3 −7 2
1 2 −2 −4 3
23. Find a basis for row space, column space, and null space for the following matrix:
1 2 0 2 5
𝑀𝑀 = �−2 −5 1 −1 8�
0 −3 3 4 1
3 6 0 −7 2

24. Write the vectors 𝑤𝑤1 = (1, 1, 1) and 𝑤𝑤2 = (1, −2, 2), if possible, as a linear combination of vectors
in the set
𝑆𝑆 = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2), (−1, 0, 1)}.
25. Determine whether the set
(a) 𝑆𝑆 = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2), (−2, 0, 1)} spans ℝ3 .
(b) 𝑆𝑆 = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2), (−1, 0, 1)} spans ℝ3 .
26. Determine whether the set of vectors is L.I. or L.D.:
(a) 𝑆𝑆 = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 , 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 in ℝ2 [𝑥𝑥]
2 1 3 0 1 0
(b) 𝑆𝑆 = �� �,� �,� �� in 𝑀𝑀2 (ℝ).
0 1 2 1 2 0
27. For which value of 𝑡𝑡 is the set linearly independent?
(a) 𝑆𝑆 = {(𝑡𝑡, 1, 1), (1, 𝑡𝑡, 1), (1, 1, 𝑡𝑡)}
(b) 𝑆𝑆 = {(𝑡𝑡, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 3𝑡𝑡)}
28. Determine whether the following 𝑆𝑆 is a basis for the given vector space:
(a) 𝑆𝑆 = {(2, 1, 0), (0, −1, 1)} for ℝ3
(b) 𝑆𝑆 = {(1, 5, 3), (0, 1, 2), (0, 0, 6)} for ℝ3
(c) 𝑆𝑆 = {1 − 2𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑡𝑡 3 , −4 + 𝑡𝑡 2 , 2𝑡𝑡 + 𝑡𝑡 3 , 5𝑡𝑡} for ℝ3 [𝑥𝑥].
 2 0 1 4 0 1 0 1
(d) 𝑆𝑆 = �� �,� �,� �,� �� for 𝑀𝑀2 (ℝ).
0 3 0 1 3 2 2 0
29. Determine whether 𝑆𝑆 = {(4, 3, 2), (0, 3, 2), (0, 0, 2)} is a basis for ℝ3 . If it is, write 𝑢𝑢 = (8, 3, 8) as a
linear combination of the vectors in 𝑆𝑆.
30. Express the polynomial 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 − 3 in ℝ3 [𝑥𝑥] as a linear combination of the polynomials
𝑝𝑝1 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 5, 𝑝𝑝2 (𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥, 𝑝𝑝3 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
31. Find a basis for each of the vector spaces of all 3 × 3 (i) diagonal matrices (ii) symmetric matrices.
What are the dimensions of these vector spaces?
32. Find a basis for the subspace of ℝ3 spanned by
𝑆𝑆 = {(−1, 2, 5), (3, 0, 3), (5, 1, 8)}.
33. Check whether 𝑈𝑈 = {𝑢𝑢1 = (1, 1, 1), 𝑢𝑢2 = (1, 2,3), 𝑢𝑢1 = (2, −1, 1)} form a basis for ℝ3 or not.
34. Determine whether the 𝑣𝑣 = (5, −4, −7) in 𝑅𝑅 3 is a linear combination of the vectors 𝑢𝑢1 = (1, − 1, 0), 𝑢𝑢2 =
(−2, −1, −1), 𝑢𝑢1 = (3, −1, −3).
35. Let W be the subspace of ℝ4 spanned by the vectors 𝑢𝑢1 = (1, −2,5, −3), 𝑢𝑢2 = (2,3,1, −4), 𝑢𝑢3 =
(3,8, −3, −5), . Find the basis and dimension W.
36. The vectors 𝑢𝑢1 =(1, −2) & 𝑢𝑢2 = (4, −7) from a basis S of ℝ2 . Find the coordinate vector [𝑣𝑣] of v
relative to S, where :
(a) 𝑣𝑣 = (5,3) (b) 𝑣𝑣 = (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
1 3 −1 2 0 1
37. Determine whether 𝐵𝐵 = �� �,� �,� �� is a basis for𝑀𝑀2 (ℝ).
2 1 1 0 0 −4

38. For the given matrix,

1 0 −2 1 0
0 −1 −3 1 3
𝐴𝐴 = � �
−2 −1 1 −1 3
0 3 9 0 −12
find
(i) the rank and nullity
(ii) the null space and one of its bases
(iii) a basis of row space
(iv) a basis of column space
(v) whether the rows of 𝐴𝐴 are LI
(vi) whether the columns of 𝐴𝐴 are LI
(vii) a subset of the column vectors of 𝐴𝐴 that forms a basis for the column space of 𝐴𝐴.
39. Determine whether 𝑏𝑏 is in the column space of 𝐴𝐴. If it is, write 𝑏𝑏 as a linear combination of the
column vectors of 𝐴𝐴.
1 3 2 1
𝐴𝐴 = �−1 1 2� , 𝑏𝑏 = �1�
0 1 1 0
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
40. Let 𝑉𝑉 = �� � ∈ ℝ4 ∶ 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑢𝑢 = 0�, and 𝑊𝑊 = �� � ∈ ℝ4 ∶ 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑧𝑧 = 2𝑢𝑢� be two subspaces
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢
of ℝ4 . Find bases for 𝑉𝑉, 𝑊𝑊, 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑊𝑊 and 𝑉𝑉 ∩ 𝑊𝑊.
 1 1 2
⎧ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥⎪
3
5
41. Let V be the subspace of ℝ spanned by ⎢−2⎥ , ⎢−3⎥ , ⎢−1⎥ and 𝑊𝑊 the subspace spanned by
⎨ ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢−2⎥⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 10 ⎦⎭
1 1 2
⎧ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢3⎥ ⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎢5⎥⎪
⎢0⎥ , ⎢−6⎥ , ⎢3⎥ . Find a basis for 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑊𝑊 and 𝑉𝑉 ∩ 𝑊𝑊.
⎨ ⎢2⎥ ⎢ 6 ⎥ ⎢2⎥⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎣1⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎣1⎦⎭
42. Find a polynomial 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 3 that satisfies 𝑝𝑝(0) = 1, 𝑝𝑝′(0) = 2, 𝑝𝑝(1) = 4,
𝑝𝑝′(1) = 4.