SYLLABUS AND CURRICULUM

BDS DEGREE COURSE

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI-110025

1
 PREFACE

The Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) course syllabus has been revised by the faculty of the concerned specialties
in order to

1. Make the dental students capable of practicing dentistry independently in both an urban as well as a rural
setting
2. Provide education along with extensive training in clinical dentistry in the dental college hospital as well as in
a community setting.
3. Develop integrated teaching and reduce compartmentalization of specialties so as to achieve horizontal and
vertical integration in the curriculum.
4. Encourage the use of such teaching methodology which encourages the development of clarity of expression,
independent judgment, scientific habits, problem solving abilities, self initiated and self-directed learning.
5. Use of learning methodologies like group discussions, seminars, role play, field visits, demonstrations, peer
interactions etc., which help to improve soft skills through holistic development of students.

The BDS graduates of Jamia Millia Islamia are expected to acquire adequate knowledge, necessary skills and
empathetic attitudes required for general dental practice involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of
anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues.

The students should also understand the concept of community oral health education and be able to participate
in the rural health care delivery programmes existing in the country. (Subject to changes in Amendments in DCI
Regulations and SAB Resolutions)

(Subject to changes and amendments in DCI Regulations)

Prof Sarita Kohli

Dean, Faculty of Dentistry
Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)

Comments / Feedback are welcome if any and mail it to fdn@jmi.ac.in

2
 BDS DEGREE COURSE

S No Subjects Page No
1st year BDS
1 General Anatomy including Embryology and Histology 4-15
2 General Human Physiology 16-25
3 Biochemistry 26-31
4 Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral Histology 32-41
2nd year BDS
5 General Pathology 42-55
6 Microbiology 56-76
7 General and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeuti 77-81
8 Dental Materials 82-99
9 Pre Clinical Conservative Dentistry 100-106
10 Pre Clinical Prosthodontics & Crown & Bridge 107-120
3rd year BDS
11 General Medicine 1 - 9 10. 10 - 16 11 121-123
12 General Surgery 124-129
13 Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology 130-144
4th year BDS
14 Oral Medicine and Radiology 145-156
15 Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry 157-173
16 Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics 174-193
17 Periodontology 194-208
18 Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge 209-216
19 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 217-233
20 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 234-247
21 Public Health Dentistry 248-262

3
 1. GENERAL ANATOMY INCLUDING EMBRYOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

A) GOAL
The students should gain the knowledge and insight into, the functional anatomy of the normal human head and
neck, functional histology and an appreciation of the genetic basis of inheritance and disease, and the
embryological development of clinically important structures. So that relevant anatomical & scientific foundations
are laid down for the clinical years of the BDS course.

B) OBJECTIVES
i) KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING:
At the end of the 1st year BDS course in Anatomical Sciences the undergraduate student is expected to:
1. Know the normal disposition of the structures in the body while clinically examining a patient and while
conducting clinical procedures.
2. Know the anatomical basis of disease and injury.
3. Know the microscopic structure of the various tissues, a pre-requisite for understanding of the disease
processes.
4. Know the nervous system to locate the site of lesions according to the sensory and or motor deficits
encountered.
5. Have an idea about the basis of abnormal development, critical stages of development, effects of teratogens,
genetic mutations and environmental hazards.
6. Know the sectional anatomy of head neck and brain to read the features in radiographs and pictures taken by
modern imaging techniques.
7. Know the anatomy of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation.
ii) SKILLS
1. To locate various structures of the body and to mark the topography of the living anatomy.
2. To identify various tissues under microscope.
3. To identify the features in radiographs and modern imaging techniques.
4. To detect various congenital abnormalities.

C) ATTITUDE
Willingness to apply present understanding of dentistry to the best interests of the patient and also to raise aware
ness and provide potential alternatives to oral health issues across the society.

4
D) INTEGRATION
By emphasising on the relevant information and avoiding unwanted details, the anatomy taught integrally with
other basic sciences & clinical subjects not only keeps the curiosity alive in the learner but also lays down the
scientific foundation for making a better doctor, a benefit to the society. This insight is gained in a variety of ways:
1. Lectures & small group teaching
2. Demonstrations
3. Dissection of the human cadaver
4. Study of dissected specimens
5. Osteology
6. Surface anatomy on living individual
7. Study of radiographs & other modern imaging techniques.
8. Study of histology slides.
9. Study of embryology models and charts
10. Audio-visual aids
11. Knowledge about asepsis – Disinfection and sterilization of instruments, clinical area / personal care in
accordance with universal protection and disposal of medical waste in the suitable manner. Students should be
conscious of the laws and regulations governing the maintenance of clinical facilities and the disposal of waste.
Throughout the course, particular emphasis is placed on the functional correlation, clinical application & on
integration with teaching in other bio dental disciplines.

E) TEACHING HOURS
Lecture Hours - 100 hrs
Practical Hours - 175 hrs
Total -275 hrs

F) TEACHING METHODOLOGY
1. Combination of Lectures
2. Small group seminars, tutorials
3. Dissection and learning from dissected specimens
4. Microscopic demonstration
5. Audio visual aids

5
6. Demonstration of articulated and individual bone specimens.
7. Use of workbook for practical classes
8. Drawing histology diagrams in record notebook
9. Surface anatomy on living individual
10. Study of radiographs & other modern imaging techniques.
11. Study of Histology slides.
12. Study of embryology models.

G) AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE CONTENT

1. General anatomy: Introduction of anatomical terms and brief outline of various systems of the body.
2. Regional anatomy of head & neck with osteology of bones of head & neck, with emphasis on topics of dental
importance.
3. General disposition of thoracic, abdominal & pelvic organs.
4. The regional anatomy of the sites of intramuscular & intra vascular injections, &lumbar puncture.
5. General embryology & systemic embryology with respect to development of head & neck.
6. Histology of basic tissues and of the organs of gastrointestinal, respiratory, Endocrine, excretory systems &
gonads.
7. Medical genetics.

H) FURTHER DETAILS OF THE COURSE

I. General Anatomy
Definitions and interpretation of anatomical terms, anatomical planes, anatomical positions
Bones- Classification, parts, blood and nerve supply, ossification
Joints - Definition and classification, axes of movements
Muscles - Classification according to Structure and action, parts of skeletal muscles
CVS - Types of blood vessels, pulmonary and systemic circulation, venous return, thrombosis and infarction
Lymphatic system - Components and function of lymphatic system
Nervous system - Subdivision of nervous system, somatic and autonomic system, neuroglia

2. Osteology of Head & Neck

Skull – external features seen in norma frontalis, verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis and basalis
Interior - Cranial fossae -subdivisions, foramina and structures passing through them

6
 Individual bones - mandible, maxilla, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid,
vomer, palatine, nasal bones, Hyoid bone, Cervical vertebrae

3. Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck

Scalp - layers, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage
Face – Muscles of facial expression, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, lacrimal apparatus
Neck- Cervical fascia, sternocleidomastoid muscle–attachments, relation, nerve supply & applied
Posterior triangle - boundaries and contents of subclavian and occipital triangle
Anterior triangle - boundaries and subdivision of anterior triangle, contents and boundaries of submental,
digastric, carotid & muscular triangles
Cranial cavity – meninges, dural folds and sinuses, hypophysis cerebri
Orbit - nerves, vessels, extrinsic muscles of eyeball, ciliary ganglion
Parotid region - parotid gland-parts, borders, surfaces, contents, parotid duct, relations and nerve supply
Temporal and infra-temporal fossae - muscles of mastication, Maxillary artery, maxillary and mandibular
nerve, temporo-mandibular joint
Submandibular region - submandibular salivary gland- parts, borders, surfaces, contents, submandibular
duct, relations and nerve supply
Vessels of head & neck - Carotid, subclavian arteries, internal jugular vein, lymphatic drainage of head &
neck
Mouth, Pharynx, Palate - Names, position, actions and nerve supply of muscles of palate and pharynx,
palatine tonsil- Position, relations, blood supply, Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring- Components and their
function, boundaries and clinical significance of pyriform fossa, tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, paratonsillar
abscess, adenoids
Tongue - Names, nerve supply and actions of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue, nerve supply and
lymphatic drainage of tongue
Larynx - Names, nerve supply and actions of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of larynx, cartilages and
ligaments, sensory innervation and blood supply of larynx
Joints of neck - atlanto – occipital &atlanto-axial joint
Deep structures in the neck-Thyroid and parathyroid glands -location, parts, borders, surfaces, relations,
vascular and nerve supply. Trachea- parts, tracheostomy. Oesophagus
Nasal cavity – nasal septum, lateral wall of nose, para-nasal air sinuses, epistaxis.

4. Neuroanatomy:

7
 External features of the brain and spinal cord and its meningeal coverings
Spinal cord - External and internal features, spinal segment and dermatome, organization of
grey matter, ascending and descending tracts and their functions, upper and lower motor neurons,
Brainstem - External and internal features
Cerebellum - Gross features and subdivisions of cerebellum, deep nuclei, afferent and efferent connections,
cerebellar peduncles
Cerebrum - Gross features (gyri and sulci) of the cerebral hemisphere – superolateral, medial and inferior
surface and the subdivisions into lobes. Functional areas and Brodmann’s numerals (motor, sensory, visual,
auditory, speech, frontal eye field, prefrontal cortex)
Horizontal and midsagittal section of cerebrum
Detailed description of cranial nerves - V, VII, IX, X ,XI, XII including their nuclei of origin, intra and extra
cranial courses
Cervical spinal nerves and cervical plexus
Autonomic nervous system of head and neck
Ventricles of the brain
Blood supply of brain and spinal cord

5. Thorax:
Demonstration on a dissected specimen
Thoracic wall, heart chambers, coronary arteries, pericardium, lungs – surfaces, pleural cavity, diaphragm

6. Abdomen:
Demonstration on a dissected specimen
Peritoneal cavity, organs in the abdominal & pelvic cavity

7. Clinical Procedures:
Intramuscular injections: Demonstration on a dissected specimen and on a living person of the following
sites of injection.
1. Deltoid muscle and its relation to the axillary nerve and radial nerve.
2. Gluteal region and the relation of the sciatic nerve.
3. Vastus lateralis muscle.

8
 Intravenous injections & venesection: Demonstration of veins in the dissected specimen and on a living
person.
1. Median cubital vein
2. Cephalic vein
3. Basilic vein
4. Long saphenous vein
Arterial pulsations: Demonstration of arteries on a dissected specimen and feeling of pulsation of the
following arteries on a living person.
1. Superficial temporal
2. Facial
3. Carotid
4. Radial
5. Femoral
Lumbar puncture: Demonstration on a dissected specimen of the spinal cord, cauda equine & epidural
space and the inter vertebral space between L4 & L5 .

8. Embryology:
Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis, uterine and ovarian cycles, fertilisation implantation, germ
layer formation, fetal membranes and placenta. amnion and umblical cord
Development of branchial apparatus, pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts.
Development of face, jaws, oral cavity, tongue, palate, nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses, salivary glands,
thyroid gland, hypophysis cerebri, temporo-mandibular joint, tooth development in brief
Birth defects- facial clefts,Ist arch anomalies,developmental anomalies of tongue, branchial cysts and
fistulae, ectopic thymus or thyroid or parathyroid tissue, thyroglossal cyst

9. Genetics - definitions, Mitosis, meiosis, chromosomes-structural and

classification, karyotyping,
chromosomal aberration, syndromes, gene structure, Mendelism, modes of inheritance

10. Histology:
Introduction of cytology and histology,
The Cell : Basic tissues - Epithelium, Connective tissue cells and fibres, areolar tissue

9
 Epithelium - simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, ciliated columnar Epithelium, pseudo-
stratified ciliated columnar, compound stratified squamous kertinised, stratified squamous non keranised,
transitional
Cartilage hyaline, elastic, white fibro cartilages and bone, Spongy and compact bones
Muscular tissue - skeletal, cardiac and smooth
Nervous tissue : Peripheral nerve, optic nerve, sensory ganglion, motor ganglion,
Skin
Classification of Glands Salivary glands (serous, mucous and mixed gland),
Blood vessels,
Lymphoid tissue - lymph node, palatine tonsil, thymus & Spleen
Tongue, oesphagus, stomach, ,duodenum ,ileum, colon, vermiform appendix Liver, Pancreas,
Lung, Trachea
Endocrine glands - Thyroid gland , para thyroid gland , supra renal gland and pituitary gland,
Kidney, ureter, urninary bladder, ovary and testis.

11.Dissection Topics:
Scalp, Face including deeper dissection, Posterior triangle of neck, Anterior triangles of neck -median region,
digastric, carotid triangles
Deep dissection of neck - Thyroid gland, great vessels of neck,
Parotid region, Infra temporal fossa - Muscles of mastication, Mandibular nerve and its branches, maxillary
artery, temporo-mandibular joint
Sub mandibular region - gland, hyoglossus and its relations, mouth, palate and pharynx
Nasal cavity and paranasal air sinuses, tongue, larynx

12. Surface Anatomy:

Superior sagittal sinus, middle meningeal artery, pterion, facial artery, parotid gland and duct, facial nerve
on face, common, external, internal carotid arteries, palatine tonsil, vocal cords, thyroid gland, External
Jugular vein

13. Radiological Anatomy:

AP & Lateral views of head and neck.

14. Demonstration of specimens:

10
 Thoracic wall, chambers of heart and coronary arteries, pericardium, lungs-pleural cavity, diaphragm
Abdomen, peritoneum, organs in abdominal and pelvic cavities

I) COMPUTER PROFICIENCY:
Basic knowledge of Computers, MS Office, Window 2000, Statistical Programmes Basic operative skills in
analysis of data and knowledge of multimedia. Students should utilize a combination of traditional
classroom courses, and online courses.
J) BIOETHICS:
Bioethics is the application of ethics to the field of medicine and healthcare. Bioethics includes medical
ethics, which focuses on issues in health care, research ethics, which focuses issues in the conduct of
research, environmental ethics, which focuses on issues pertaining to the relationship between human
activities and the environment, and public health ethics.

K) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:
Distribution of marks in University Examination

Theory Practical

University Viva Internal Total University Internal Total Grand

paper voca assessment examination assessment total

70 20 10 100 90 10 100 200

Theory examination (3 Hours)

Question paper shall be of 3 hours duration& divided into two parts – Part A& Part B, carry equal marks of
35 each. There shall be three types of questions with distribution of marks as shown in Table:

Type of question No of Marks of Total

questions questions marks

Long essay type 2 8 16

11
 Short essay type 6 5 30

Short notes 8 3 24
(Enumeration/Clinical
reasoning)

Grand total 70

Practical examination

Internal Assessment
The internal assessment comprises of written & practical tests, maintenance of records, participation in
seminars and group discussions. These will be evaluated objectively and recorded. The weighting provided
to internal assessment is 10 percent of the total marks allocated separately for the theory and practical
examinations.

Record /log book/practical book

The students should maintain the practical file and get it evaluated periodically by faculty

Part A
Head & Neck = 25 Marks.
Other Regions of the body = 05 Marks
(General anatomy, Upper limb, Thorax)

Embryology & Genetics = 05 Marks.

Head and Neck

Scalp - layers, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage
Face – Muscles of facial expression, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, lacrimal apparatus
Neck- Cervical fascia, sternocleidomastoid muscle–attachments, relation, nerve supply & applied

12
 Posterior triangle - boundaries and contents of subclavian and occipital
triangle
Anterior triangle - boundaries and subdivision of anterior triangle, contents and boundaries of submental,
digastric, carotid & muscular triangles
Cranial cavity – meninges, dural folds and sinuses, hypophysis cerebri
Detailed description of cranial nerves - V, VII, IX, X ,XI, XII including their nuclei of origin, intra and extra
cranial courses
Orbit - nerves, vessels, extrinsic muscles of eyeball, ciliary ganglion
Parotid region - parotid gland-parts, borders, surfaces, contents, parotid duct, relations and nerve supply
Vessels of head & neck - Carotid, subclavian arteries, internal jugular vein, lymphatic drainage of head &
neck
Joints of neck - atlanto – occipital &atlanto-axial joint
Deep structures in the neck-Thyroid and parathyroid glands -location, parts, borders, surfaces, relations,
vascular and nerve supply. Trachea- parts, tracheostomy. Oesophagus

Part B
Head & Neck = 20 Marks.
Other Regions of the body = 10 Marks
(Abdomen, Lower Limb, Nervous system)

Histology = 05 Marks

Head & Neck

Skull – external features seen in norma frontalis, verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis and basalis
Interior - Cranial fossae -subdivisions, foramina and structures passing through them
Individual bones - mandible, maxilla, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid,
vomer, palatine, nasal bones, Hyoid bone, Cervical vertebrae
Temporal and infra-temporal fossae - muscles of mastication, Maxillary artery, maxillary and mandibular
nerve, temporo-mandibular joint
Submandibular region - submandibular salivary gland- parts, borders, surfaces, contents, submandibular
duct, relations and nerve supply

13
 Mouth, Pharynx, Palate - Names, position, actions and nerve supply of muscles of palate and pharynx,
palatine tonsil- Position, relations, blood supply, Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring- Components and their
function, boundaries and clinical significance of pyriform fossa, tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, paratonsillar
abscess, adenoids
Tongue - Names, nerve supply and actions of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue, nerve supply and
lymphatic drainage of tongue
Larynx - Names, nerve supply and actions of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of larynx, cartilages and
ligaments, sensory innervation and blood supply of larynx
Nasal cavity – nasal septum, lateral wall of nose, para-nasal air sinuses, epistaxis

L) TEXT BOOKS:
Gross Anatomy
• Gray’s Anatomy 41st Edition 2016 Standring S.
• SNELL (Richard S.) Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Ed. 5, Little Brown &company,Boston.
• RJ LAST’S Anatomy- McMinn, 9th edition.
• ROMANES(G.J.) Cunningham Manual of Practical Anatomy: Head & Neck & Brain Ed.15. VOL. III,
Oxford Medical Publication.
• Clinical Oriented Anatomy 7th edition by Moore KL, Agur AMR and Dalley AF.
• Textbook human anatomy(Head and Neck), Inderbir Singh.
• A Textbook of Human Anatomy, 2000 by T.S. Ranganathan.
• Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, James E Anderson, Williams & Wilkins.

Neuroanatomy
• Clinical Neuroanatomy 7th edition 2009 by Richard S. Snell.
• Essentials of Human Anatomy Neuroanatomy 4th edition 2012 by AK Datta.
• Textbook of Clinical Neuroanatomy 2nd edition Vishram Singh.
• Illustrated Textbook of Neuroanatomy 12th edition by GP Pal

Histology
• Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Histology with Colour Atlas and Practical Guide 7th edition, 2014
by Vasudeva Neelam.
• Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas, 6th Edition by Barbara Young, Geraldine
O'Dowd, Phillip Woodford.
14
 • Textbook of Histology 2008 by GP Pal
Embryology

• Langman’s Medical Embryology 13th edition by T.W. Sadler.

• Larsen’s Human Embryology 5th Edition 2014 by Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Brauerand Francis-West.
• The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology 9th edition, 2012 by Keith L. Moore.
• Human Embryology 10th edition by IB Singh
• Emery Medical Genetics

15
 2. GENERAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

1. GOAL
The broad goal of teaching Human Physiology to undergraduate Dental students is to provide comprehensive
knowledge of the normal functioning of different organs of the body, to facilitate an understanding of health and
diseases of the human beings.

2. OBJECTIVES
a. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
i. Explain the normal functioning of all parts of the human body .
ii. Should be able to understsnd the physiological basis of the underlying pathology and treatment of diseases.

b. SKILLS:
At the end of the course, the student shall be able to :
i. Conduct various experiments to show the normal functioning of the body.
ii. Interpret experimental and investigative data
iii. Distinguish between' normal and abnormal results of tests which are performed and observed in the
laboratory.

c. ATTITUDE:
To develop an attitude of self learning and the importance of deep learning.

d. INTEGRATION:
Student shall acquire an integrated knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry of different systems of
the body.

e. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION IN DENTISTRY

Students should be aware of the rules and regulations pertaining to disposal of waste products in the lab.

3. COMPETENCIES
i. General skills:
16
Apply knowledge& skills in day to day life.
Apply principles of ethics.
Participate and involve in professional bodies
Involvement in simple research projects
Minimum computer proficiency to enhance knowledge and skills
Refer patients for consultation and specialized treatment
Practice within the scope of one's competence
iii. Communication skills
• to improve communication skills by active participation in class rooms , quiz,seminars etc

PATIENT CARE :
• Obtaining patient's .history in a methodical way
• Performing thorough clinical examination
• Ability to order appropriate investigations
• Recognition and initial management of medical emergencies that may occur during dental treatment
• Perform basic cardiac life support

4. TEACHING HOURS

Lecture Hours – 120 hour

- General Physiology - 6 hours
- Blood - 18 hours
- Muscle and Nerve - 8 hours
- Gastrointestinal tract - 10hours
- Excretion, Body temperature and functions of skin - 9 hours
- Endocrinology - 14 hours
- Reproduction - 7 hours
- Cardiovascular system - 12 hours
- Respiratory system - 10 hours
- Central Nervous system - 18 hours
- Special senses - 8 hours

Practical Hours – 60 hours

17
5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY
Teaching of General human Physiology can be achieved by various teaching methods such as:
a) Lectures
b) Demonstrations in Lab
c) Lab experiments
d) Audio visual aids
e) Seminar & Small group discussions with regular feed back from the students
f) Integrated Teaching
g) continuing medical and dental education programmes

6. THEORY SYLLABUS

1. Introduction to Physiology:
• The Cell and General Physiology
• Functional Organization of theHuman Body and Control of the“Internal Environment”
• The Cell and Its Functions

2. Membrane Physiology, Nerve and Muscle

• Transport of Substances Through the Cell Membrane
• Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
• Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
• Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission andExcitation-Contraction Coupling
• Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle

3. The Heart

• Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
• Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
18
 • The Normal Electrocardiogram
• Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
• The Circulation
• Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
• The Microcirculation and theLymphatic System: Capillary FluidExchange,InterstitialFluid, andLymph Flow
• Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow by the Tissues
• Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
• Dominant Role of the Kidney in Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure
and in Hypertension
• Muscle Blood Flow and CardiacOutput During Exercise
• Ischemic Heart Disease
• Cardiac Failure
• Heart Valves and Heart Sounds
• Circulatory Shock and Physiology of Its Treatment

4. The Body Fluids and Kidney

• The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids;

Interstitial Fluid and Edema
• Urine Formation by the Kidneys:
I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal BloodFlow, and Their Control
II. Tubular Processing of the Glomerular Filtrate
• Regulation of Extracellular FluidOsmolarity and Sodium Concentration
• Renal Regulation of Potassium,Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium;Integration of Renal Mechanisms
forControl of Blood Volume andExtracellular Fluid Volume
• Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
• Kidney Diseases and Diuretics

5. Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Clotting

• Red Blood Cells, Anemia, andPolycythemia

19
 • Resistance of the Body to Infection: I.Leukocytes, Granulocytes, theMonocyte-Macrophage System, and
Inflammation II.Immunity and Allergy
• Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation
• Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

6. Respiration

• Pulmonary Ventilation
• Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
• Physical Principles of Gas Exchange;Diffusion of Oxygen and CarbonDioxide Through the
RespiratoryMembrane
• Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
• Regulation of Respiration
• Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, OxygenTherapy
• Deep-SeaDiving Physiology
, High-Altitude Physiology

7. The Nervous System:

• Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses,

“Transmitter Substances”

• Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

• Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses
• Somatic Sensations: II. Pain,Headache, and Thermal Sensations
• The Special Senses
The Eye: I. Optics of Vision
The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina
The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision
The Sense of Hearing
The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell

20
 • Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology
• Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function
• Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control
• Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning and Memory
• Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus
• States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy
• The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla
• Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism

8. Gastrointestinal Physiology

• General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation

• Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
• Secretory Functions of the AlimentaryTract
• Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Metabolism and TemperatureRegulation
• The Liver as an Organ
• Dietary Balances; Regulation ofFeeding; Obesity and Starvation
• Energetics and Metabolic Rate
• Body Temperature, Temperature Regulation, and Fever

9. Endocrinology and Reproduction Introduction to Endocrinology

• Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus

• Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
• Adrenocortical Hormones
• Reproductive and HormonalFunctions of the Male (and Functionof the Pineal Gland
• Insulin, Glucagon, and DiabetesMellitus
• Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin,Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone,and Teeth
• Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones
• Pregnancy and Lactation
21
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

FOR THEORY:

1) Textbook of Medical Physiology – by Guyton & Hall Latest edition

2) Review of Medical Physiology – by Ganong Latest edition
3) Human Physiology for BDS -- by Dr. A K Jain Latest edition

FOR PRACTICAL :

1) Manual of Practical Physiology -- by Dr. A K Jain Latest edition

SCHEME OF TEACHING:

THEORY

1. Lectures
2. Tutorials
3. Group discussions
4. Theory exams and viva

PRACTICAL

1) Instructions before starting the practicals in lab

2) Procedure of the practical
3) Demonstration
4) Students do the practical under the supervision of the teacher
5) Practical exam and viva

HOURS OF TEACHING:

1. Theory: 160 hours per year

2. Practical: 80 hours per year

22
Bioethics
Bioethics is the application of ethics to the field of medicine and healthcare. Bioethics includes medical ethics,
which focuses on issues in health care; research ethics, which focuses issues in the conduct of research;
environmental ethics, which
focuses on issues pertaining to the relationship between human activities and the environment, and public health
ethics.

7. PRACTICALS

a. Enumeration of Red Blood Cells

b. Enumeration of White Blood Cells
c. Differential leucocyte counts
d. Determination of Haemoglobin
e. Determination of blood group
f. Determination of, bleeding time and clotting time
g. Examination of pulse
h. Recording of blood pressure.

DEMONSTRATION:

a. Determination of packed cell volume and erythrocyte sedimentation rate

b. Determination of specific gravity of blood
c. Determination of erythrocyte fragility
d. Determination of vital capacity and timed vital capacity
e. Skeletal muscle experiments. Study of laboratory appliances in experimental physiology. Frog's gastrocneminus
sciatic preparation. Simple muscle curve, effects of two successive stimuli, effects of increasing strength of stimuli,
effects
of temperature, genesis of fatigue and tetanus. Effect of after load and free load on muscle contraction, calculation
of work
done.
f. Electrocardiography: Demonstration of recording of normal Electro cardiogram
g.General and systemic clinical examination .

23
8. THEORY EXAMINATION

Long question 1 ×8 = 8 marks

Short notes 3 × 5 = 15 marks
Brief Answers 4 ×3 = 12 marks
__________
Total = 35 marks
__________

8. PRACTICAL /CLINICAL EXAMINATION

PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
MAJOR- 20 MARKS

Enumeration of Red Blood Cells.

Enumeration of White Blood Cells.
Differential leucocyte counts.
Recording of blood pressure.
MINOR- 10 MARKS
Determination of Haemoglobin.
Determination of blood group.
Determination of, bleeding time and clotting time.

SPOTTING - 10 MARKS
MANUAL/RECORD BOOK – 5 MARKS
Examination Internal Assessment – 5 MARKS

24
TOTAL PRACTICAL – 50 MARKS

Theory- 35
Grand Viva – 10
Internal Assessment -5
TOTAL THEORY - 50 MARKS

25
 3. BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION

1. Goal
The broad goal of the teaching of undergraduate students in biochemistry is to make them understand the
scientific basis of the life processes at the molecular level and to orient them towards the application of the
knowledge acquired in solving dental oriented clinical problems. Clinical biochemistry is a special branch of
medicine dealing with measurement and interpretation of the physicochemical condition and dynamics in
healthy and diseased humans, thus contributing to a pathophysiological understanding and thereby
to prophylaxis, diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and research of diseases at the cellular and molecular level.
Many diseases show significant changes in the chemical composition of body fluids such as the elevated blood
enzymes due to their release from heart muscles after a heart attack, or a raised blood sugar in diabetes
mellitus due to lack of insulin or defect in some metabolic pathway for the utilization of glucose.
Clinical biochemistry uses a broad range of analytical techniques such as molecular diagnostics, measurement
of enzyme activities, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, separation of molecules based on physical
characteristics and immunoassays for quantitative determination of substrates, enzymes, and electrolytes in
human serum, plasma, or urine. Large amount of knowledge generated by clinical biochemistry is now being
accepted into clinical practice across medical and surgical disciplines. Clinical chemistry and biochemistry also
became an important contributor to the development and monitoring of the nutritional status of an individual
including intravenous nutrition. An important methodological development was also the point-of care testing:
development of a range of portable or small desktop analyzers and dry reagent test strips, which allowed low-
volume emergency testing in hospitals, or through self-testing by patients.

2. Objectives
i. describe the molecular and functional organization of a cell and list its subcellular components;
ii. delineate structure, function and inter-relationships of biomolecules and consequences of deviation from
normal;
iii. summarize the fundamental aspects of enzymology and clinical application in regulation of enzymatic
activity;
iv. describe digestion and assimilation of nutrients and consequences of malnutrition;
v. integrate the various aspects of metabolism and their regulatory pathways;
vi. explain the biochemical basis of inherited disorders and the associated pathology;
vii. describe mechanisms involved in maintenance of body fluid and pH homeostasis;
viii. outline the molecular mechanisms of gene expression and regulation, the principles of genetic

26
 engineering and their application in dentistry
ix. summarize the molecular concepts of body defense and their application in dentistry
x. outline the biochemical basis of environmental health hazards, biochemical basis of cancer and
carcinogenesis
xi. explain the principles of various conventional and specialized laboratory investigations and
instrumentation analysis and interpretation of a given data relevant to dentistry
xii. suggest experiments to support theoretical concepts and clinical diagnosis.

At the end of the course, the student should be able to understand the biochemical basis of the health and
diseases. The student should be able to: make use of conventional techniques/instruments to perform biochemical
analysis relevant to clinical screening and diagnosis; analyze and interpret investigative data; demonstrate the
skills of solving scientific and clinical problems and decision making in dentistry. The knowledge acquired in
biochemistry should help the students to integrate molecular events with structure and function of the human
body. They will also be able to have an idea of bioethics and ethical practices.

3. Teaching and Practicals

Teaching methodology

Lectures, tutorials, seminars, small group discussions, integrated teaching modules, use of charts (paper-based
clinical scenarios), practical exercises and demonstrations. Use of ICT tools such as smart boards, projectors,
powerpoint presentation, etc. are also used by the teachers for academic and teaching purpose.

4. Theory Syllabus in detail:

a) Chemistry of Bio-Organic Molecules: Carbohydrates: Definition, biological importance and classification.

Monosaccharides - isomerism, anomerism. Sugar derivatives, disaccharides. Polysaccharides: structures of
starch and glycogen.
Lipids: Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty acids. Introduction to compound
lipids. Cholesterol. Bile salts. Micelle.
Proteins: Biological importance. Aminoacids: Classification. Introduction to peptides. Simple and conjugated
proteins; globular and fibrous. Charge properties, buffer action. Introduction to protein conformation.
Denaturation.
Nucleic acids: Building units, nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA and RNA. High energy compounds: ATP,

27
 phosphorylamidines, thiolesters, enol phosphates.

b) Macronutrients and Digestion: Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate. Dietary carbohydrates, fibres. Dietary
lipids, essential fatty acids. Nitrogen balance, essential amino acids, protein quality and requirement. Protein
calorie malnutrition. Balanced diet. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates. Mechanism of uptake of
monosaccharides. Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins and
uptake of amino acids.

c) Micronutrients: Vitamins: Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency symptoms.
Brief account of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions. Vitamins A functions including visual
process. Vitamin D and its role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin E. Vitamin K and gamma carboxylation.
Minerals: Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion, function.
Serum calcium regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and transport. Heme and nonheme iron functions; deficiency.
Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions of thyroxine. Fluoride: function, deficiency
and excess.

d) Energy Metabolism: Overview: Outlines of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation
of fatty acids. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphyorylation. Ketone body formation and utilisation.
Introduction to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis. Gluconeogenesis.
Lactate metabolism. Protein utilisation for energy. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Integration of
metabolism.

e) Special Aspects of Metabolism: Importance of pentose phosphate pathway. Formation of glucuronic acid.
Outlines of cholesterol synthesis and breakdown. Ammonia metabolism. Urea formation. Phosphocreatine
formation. Amines. Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon transfer.

f) Biochemical genetics and protein synthesis: Introduction to nucleotides; formation and degradation. DNA
as genetic material. Introduction to replication and transcription. Forms and functions of RNA. Genetic code
and mutation. Outline of translation process. Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication,
transcription and translation. Introduction to cancer, viruses and oncogenes.

28
g) Enzyme and Metabolic Regulation: Enzymes: Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors.
Effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration. Introduction to enzyme inhibitors, proenzymes and
isoenzymes. Introduction to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by
induction/repression.
Hormones: Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion, inositol triphosphate. Mechanism of
action of steroid hormones, epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in brief.

h) Structural Components and blood proteins: Connective tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans.
Bone structure. Structure of membranes. Membrane associated processes in brief. Exocytosis and endocytosis.
Introduction to cytoskeleton. Muscle proteins.
Hemoglobin: Functions. Introduction to heme synthesis and degradation.
Plasma proteins: Classification and separation. Functions of albumin. A brief account of immunoglobulins.
Plasma lipoproteins: formation, function and turnover.

i) Medical Biochemistry: Regulation of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of
glycemic status. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Hyperlipoproteinemias and atherosclerosis, Approaches
to treatment. Jaundice: Classification and evaluation. Liver function tests: Plasma protein pattern, serum
enzymes levels. Brief introduction to kidney function tests. Gastric function tests. Acid base imbalance.
Electrolyte imbalance: evaluation. Gout. Examples of genetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders,
glycogen storage disorders, glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, Inborn errors
of amino acid metabolism and muscular dystrophy. Serum enzymes in diagnosis.

5. Main / Representative Practicals:

1. Safety precautions in a biochemistry laboratory

2. Labwares in a biochemistry laboratory
3. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates
4. Colour reactions of proteins and amino acids
5. Determination of non protein nitrogen substances
6. Normal constituents of urine
7. Abnormal constituents of urine
8. Analysis of saliva including amylase
9. Analysis of milk, quantitative estimations
29
10. Blood glucose estimation
11. Serum total protein estimation
12. Demonstration and Charts: discussion of clinical case scenarios/clinical data evaluation

Practical Record
A practical manual has been developed by the department containing the practicals and protocols to be performed
by the BDS students. It is given to the students at the beginning of the session for their understanding and
reference. The students also make and maintain a record of the practical done in the laboratory class in a separate
practical notebook. It is routinely checked and assessed by the teachers taking the practical classes.

6. Internal Assessment / sessional tests:

The continuing assessment examination (Theory/Practical) is held three times in a particular year and all
examination marks are considered for final evaluation. The marks obtained by students are displayed on the
notice board of the respective department and a copy of the marks are forwarded by the department to the
university at the end of the year to be incorporated with the main university examination

7. Annual and Supplementary Examinations

Theory: 35 marks
Practical: 45 marks

Examination Internal Assessment Viva Total

marks
Theory 35 5 10 50
Practicals 45 5 - 50
Total 100

8. Some Reference and Recommended Books :

1. Biochemistry for Dental Students (Avichal): SK Gupta.

2. Biochemistry for Dental Students (Elsevier): Dinesh Puri.
30
3. Concise Textbook of Biochemistry (All Indian Publishers and Distributers): TN Pattabiraman.
4. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (Lange): Murray, Bender, Botham, Kennelly, Rodwell and Weil.
5. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry (WH Freeman, MacMillan): Cox and Nelson.
6. Lippincotts’ Illustrated Reviews, Biochemistry (Wolters Kluwer)
7. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical/Dental Students (Jaypee): Vasudevan, Sreekumari and Vaidyanathan.
8. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry (Jaypee): Chatterjea and Shinde.

31
 4. DENTAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ORAL HISTOLOGY

1. GOAL

To produce a dental graduate and clinician who is competent in examining, understanding and treating
common oral disorders/diseases using the best available evidence as per current knowledge and
understanding of common oral diseases process; to employ reliable diagnostic modalities.

2. OBJECTIVES

 To acquire an understanding of how cells, tissues, and organs develop and function in order
to gain a clear perspective of these structures as a basis for understanding
oralbiology/ecology
 To develop a comprehension of the principles of embryogenesis and human development with
emphasis on the face and structures of the oralcavity
 To understand, comprehend, describe, compare, and illustrate the histologic characteristics of oral
tissues in health and diseasedstates
 To develop a professional vocabulary of terminology related to the head and neck, the oral complex,
and the teeth so as to apply in clinicalscenario
 To identify, locate, and relate the gross anatomical structures of the head and neck to include various
teeth, the bones of the skull, musculature, major nerves, glands and the circulatory and
lymphaticsystems.
 To identify the histologic and anatomic features of the extra-oral and intraoralstructures.
 To compare and contrast the human dentition in relationship to location, function, andmorphology
 To identify, comprehend, describe the sequence and eruption patterns of primary and permanent
teeth and their implications on future oral and overallhealth
 To understand the oral physiology, unique biochemical basis behind of oral musculature, glands
andmovements
 To be able to clinically apply and incorporate knowledge of tooth morphology, dental occlusion,
head and neck anatomy, histology, and embryology into patient assessment, preventive
management, treatment planning, and patient education in future.

32
3. COMPETENCIES

i. General skills:
 Apply knowledge& skills in day to daypractice
 Apply principles ofethics
 Analyze the outcome oftreatment
 Evaluate the scientific literature and information to decide thetreatment
 Participate and involve in professionalbodies
 Self-assessment & willingness to update the knowledge & skills from time totime
 Involvement in simple researchprojects
 Minimum computer proficiency to enhance knowledge andskills
 Refer patients for consultation and specializedtreatment
 Basic study of forensic odontology and geriatric dental problems

ii. Skills specific to the subject

 Able to carve and reproduce the morphology of human permanent teeth in wax blocks
 Able to identify different oral hard tissues in clinical situations
 Able to differentiate normal from abnormal and diseased states
 Able to identify various types of human teeth based on their morphology
 Able to appreciate the influence of age, gender and race on oral and para-oral structures
 Able to locate the different areas/surfaces of the teeth
 Able to understand the implications of the disease process and ageing on normal oral structures
 Able to appreciate the eruption and shedding pattern of human teeth
 Able to appreciate and integrate the concept of occlusion, range of human jaw movements in
preclinical and clinical situations
 Able to use effectively the terminologies and anatomical terms for clinical and patient
communications

33
 4. TEACHINGHOURS

Lecturehours – 105
hours Practical/clinical
hours – 250hours

5. TEACHINGMETHODOLOGY
I. LECTURE
II. DEMONSTRATION
III. GROUPDISCUSSION
IV. SEMINAR PRESENTATION BY THESTUDENTS

6. THEORY SYLLABUS

TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO NICE TO Hours

KNOW KNOW
Introduction to  Human dentition : types and functions Applied Anatomy. Evolution 8
tooth  Notation systems : Palmer’s, FDI of human
morphology system, Universal and Victor-Haderup Clinical aspects of dentition
system anatomical
 Anatomical landmarks on tooth landmarks
surface
 Basic terminologies in dental
anatomy
 Dental formula
 Trait categories of teeth
 Chronology of tooth
development
 Form and function of oro-facial
complex

34
Morphology  Description of individual teeth, along Applied Anatomy. 16
of with their endodontic anatomy and
permanent including a note on their chronology of Clinical aspects of
teeth development, differences between similar anatomical landmarks
classes of teeth and identification of
individual teeth.
 Variations and anomalies commonly
seen in individual teeth.
Morphology  Difference between deciduous Endodontic anatomy 3
of and permanent teeth (pulpal and root canal
deciduous  Description of individual deciduous anatomy)
teeth teeth, including their chronology and
development
 Identification of individual deciduous
teeth
Occlusion  Definition, factors influencing  Centric relation
 Introdu 6
occlusion – basal bon, arch, individual and centric occlusion – ction to and
teeth, external and internal forces and protrusive, retrusive
classificatio
sequence of eruption and lateral occlusion n of
 Inclination of individual teeth –  Development of malocclusio
compensatory curves Occlusion n
 Importance of Inter-dental spacing  Clinical
and terminal plane relationship in significance
deciduous dentition of normal
occlusion
Oral Brief review of development of face, jaws, General Embryology, Relevant 7
Embryology lips, palate and tongue with applied Facial clefts, including Syndromes and
aspect Cleft Lips and palate, cysts
developmental anomalies
of Tongue

35
Developmen  Epithelial mesenchymalinteraction, Deviation or Molecular basis 7
t of teeth  Detailed study of different stages of aberration in tooth of tooth
development of crown, root and supporting formation. development.
tissue of teeth and detailed study of
formationof calcifiedtissues. Clinical aspects of
 Applied aspects of disorders tooth development
in development of teeth.
 Exposure to microscopic
slides
Eruption of  Mechanisms in tootheruption Clinical aspects of 2
deciduous  Theories and histology of eruption. eruption
and  Clinical or applied aspect of
permanent disorders of eruption.
teeth  Physiological tooth movement –
Preeruptive, Eruptive and Posteruptive
tooth movements
Shedding of teeth  Factors and mechanism of Clinical aspects of Root resorption 2
sheddingof deciduousteeth shedding and resorptive
 Complications of shedding cell

ORAL HISTOLOGY  Detailed microscopic study Forensic significance. Fluoride applications 6

 Age changes Ameogenin, Ameloblastin (Fluorapatite Crystals
Enamel  Applied aspects of Pellice (significance) and Caries Resistance)
histological considerations Etching
Enamel Hypoplasia
Dentin  Detailed microscopicstudy Applied aspects of Forensic significance 6
 Dentinhypersensitivity dentine (specially
 Reaction of pulp tissue translucent Dentine
to varying insults on exposed and dentine Matrix)
dentin
 Clinical significance

36
Cementum  Detailed microscopic study Cemental Pathosis Forensic significance 5
 Clinical significance (Hyper cementosis,
 Hypercementosis Hypophosphatasia,
 Repair Cementicles, Cemental
Spurs)
Pulp  Detailed microscopic study Applied aspects of Pulp Pulp as a source of Stem 5
 Functions anatomy cells
 Age changes and Pulp Forensic significance Stem Cell banking
calcification (including its role as a Pulpal capping agents
 Clinical significance DNA source)
Periodontal  Detailed microscopicstudy  Applied aspects of Current concepts of 8
ligament and  Functions alveolar bone resorption bone remodeling.
Alveolar bone  Age changes  Significance of
Histological changes in Lamina dura in dental PDL Pathosis
periodontal ligament and bone diagnosis
in normal and orthodontic Fenestration and
tooth movement Dehiscence
Oral mucosa  Detailed microscopicstudy Gingival attachment Molecular basis of oral 8
 Variation in and Gingival tissues.
structure in relation to recession
functionalrequirements Black Hairy and
 Mechanisms of Periodontal Pocket Geographic Tongue
keratinisation
 Clinical parts ofgingiva
 Dentogingival and
Mucocutaenous
junctions
 Lingual papillae
 Age changes and clinical
considerations

37
Microscopy and Grossing, hematoxylin and Microscope and Quality control and 2
Laboratory eosin staining, Grams Staining Laboratory standardization of lab
procedures in Oral and PAP staining maintenance. procedures
Pathology
Artifacts in microscopic
sections

Salivary glands  Detailed microscopic Xerostomia Mucoceles 4

study of aciniand
ductalsystem.
 Age changes and
clinicalconsiderations.
TM Joint  Review of basic 2
anatomical aspects,
microscopic study and
clinicalconsiderations.
Tissue processing  Familiarization with 1
the process and techniques
of tissue processing
ORAL  Composition of  Mechanism of 1
PHYSIOLOGY saliva – variations, secretion, salivary
formation ofsaliva reflexes, brief
Saliva  Functions review of
 Role of saliva in dental secretomotor
caries andapplied aspects of pathway
hyper and hyposalivation.
Mastication  Masticatory muscles  Need of Masticatory force and 1
 Masticatory cycle mastication its measurement, neural
 Masticatory reflex control of mastication

38
Deglutition  Review of steps in neural control of 1
deglutition deglutition and
dysphagia
Calcium, Source, requirements, hypocalcemia and 1
phosphorous and absorption, distribution, hypercalcemia, hyper-
fluoride function and excretion, clinical phosphatemia and
metabolism considerations hypophosphatemia
and fluorosis

Theories of Definition, mechanism, Applied aspects of Pathological 1

mineralisation theories and their physiology of considerations –
drawbacks mineralisation calculus formation
Physiology of taste Innervation of taste buds and Physiological basis of Applied aspects – taste 1
taste pathway, taste sensation, age disorders
changes

Physiology of Voice production, 1

speech resonators, production
of vowels and different
consonants – role of
palate, teeth and
tongue.

Effects of dental
prosthesis and
appliances of speech
and basic speech
disorders

39
PRACTICALS:
Drawing and wax carving of permanent teeth except third molars. Microscopic study of tooth germ, enamel,
dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, salivary glands, maxillary sinus and oral
mucosa including papillae and taste buds.

7. THEORY EXAMINATION (3Hours)

I. Write in details : 2x8 = 16 marks

II. Write Notes on:6 x5 = 30marks
III. Write short notes on : 8x3 =24 marks

70marks

8. PRACTICAL / CLINICALEXAMINATIONS
Scheme for practical examination–spotters/carving/microscopic identification of slides - 90 marks.

Carving - 30Marks
Spotters and microscopic identification of slides - 50 Marks
Practical record book - 10 Marks

Total -90 Marks

Viva – 20 marks

Examination Internal Assessment Viva Total

Theory 70 10 20 100
Practicals 90 10 - 100
Total 200

40
9. FORMATIVE / INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
The internal assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) is held 3 times in a particular year. The marks
scored by the students shall be displayed on the Notice board.
Note: An OSCE (i.e. Objective, Structured, Clinical, Examination) type of examination designed to test
applied clinical skill performance and competence is being used for internal assesments. It is a hands-on,
real-world approach to learning and assessment.

Theory - 10
Marks Practicals
- 10 Marks Total
- 20 Marks

10. RECORD BOOK:

Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide adequate
number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the students
during clinical/practical training and examinations.

11. TEXT BOOKS:

(i) Orban’s oral histology and embryology – S.N. Bhaskar10thEd

(ii) Ten Cate’s Oral histology _A Nanci 8thed
(iii) Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology and occlusion – Major.M.Ash
(iv) Textbook of dental anatomy, physiology and Occlusion- Rashmi GS

12. REFERENCE BOOKS:

(i) Sicher and DuBrul’s OralAnatomy.

(ii) Oral Development & Histology - James &Avery
(iii) Dental Anatomy – its relevance to dentistry – Woelfel&Scheid
(iv) Applied Physiology of the mouth –Lavelle
(v) Physiology & Biochemistry of the mouth -Jenkin

41
 5. GENERAL PATHOLOGY

1. GOAL
At the end of the course the student should be competent to:
Apply the scientific study of disease processes, which result in morphological and functional alterations in
cells, tissues and organs to the practice of dentistry without assistance and should be able to refer for
medical conditions wherever needed.

2. OBJECTIVES
a. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:

1. To identify pathological changes at macroscopic and microscopic levels and explain their observations in
terms of disease processes.

2. To have the sufficient knowledge of the subjects learnt in first year and apply it to Pathology

3. To understand scope of morphological Pathology, Hematology and Clinical Pathology, and its limitations in
the diagnosis of disease processes and conditions

4. Choose the relevant investigations needed for the diagnosis of the diseases.

b. SKILLS:

1. Identify the abnormal changes in the organs and tissues with special emphasis to oral cavity and relate it to
basic concepts of pathological processes
2. Carry out certain investigations and ability to interpret lab findings of hematological and biochemical tests

c. ATTITUDE:

1. Willingness of the student to apply the knowledge gained in pathology in the best interest of the patient and
the community.

42
 2. Follow professional ethics in all their activities related to diagnosis and management of dental patients.
3. Willing to update knowledge in pathological conditions and diagnostic investigations from time to time.

d. INTEGRATION

The student must be able to correlate clinical findings and laboratory tests findings with basic concepts of
general pathological processes and integrate the pathological aspects with the diseases so that it helps to
understand the cause, mechanism of pathogenesis of disease and can arrive at a diagnosis and plan
management of the disease.

4. TEACHING HOURS
Lecture hours - 55
Practical hours - 55
Total hours 110 hours

3. TEACHING METHODOLOGY
a. Lectures
b. Demonstrations
c. Practical exercices
d. Audio visual aids
e. Small group discussions with regular feedback from the students
f. Integrated Teaching through Seminars, quizzes and Symposium
g. Digital museum: Digital images of Gross specimen and slides
h. Using social media such as whats app, Google class room for sharing U tube videos, assignments, quizzes.
In addition students are encouraged and guided to use computer-based and web-based information
technology enrich student learning

4. THEORY SYLLABUS : Annexure 1

5. PRACTICALS: Annexure 2

43
 6. THEORY EXAMINATION (TITLE AND QP PATTERN WITH MARKS)

Part A - Pathology:

Essay type question 1 (2+3+3)= 8 Marks

Short notes 5 marks X 3 = 15 Marks
Short Answers 3 marksX4 = 12 Marks
__________
Total = 35 Marks
__________

7. PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS- experiments, slides and OSPE

Lab experiments: Students should be able to perform these without assistance

• HB/TLC/Peripheral smear staining/ DLC - 10 Marks

• Urine analysis - 10 Marks
• OSPE - 5 Marks
• Spotters – (2 marksx10 spots) 20 Marks
_________________
Total 45 marks
_________________
Grand Viva - 10 marks

SPOTTERS: can include i. Histo pathology slides, ii. Haematology slides iii. Gross specimens, and iv. Instruments

Examination: Total 100

Theory Internal Theory Viva Total

Assessment 35 marks 10 marks 50 marks
5 marks
Practical Internal Exercises - Total
Assessment 45 marks 50 marks
5 marks

44
 8. FORMATIVE/INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

The assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at 3times in an academic year.

The Internal Assessment marks of all three examinations are totalled and calculated out of 5 marks and
submitted to the University at the end of academic session. The marks scored by the students shall be
displayed on the Notice board

Formative assessment will also be conducted in the form of class tests and assignments after finishing every
chapter or set of lectures on a topic. Extensive feedback is given on these tests to all the students.

9. RECORD NOTE / LOG BOOK:

Record shall be maintained by the students and assessed during practical class by faculty members.
Institution shall provide adequate number of microscopic slides, gross specimen and instruments, and other
teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the students during practical
training and examinations.

10. TEXT BOOKS

Students are advised to check for the latest edition.

i. Robbins BASIC PATHOLOGY – by Kumar, Abbas et al, 10th Edition, 2017 (Elsevier)
ii. Essential Pathology for dental students By Harsh Mohan , 5th Edition ,2016, Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers
iii. Text book of Pathology for dental students By AK Mandal and Shramana Choudhury , First edition, 2012,
Avichal Publishing Company
iv. Atlas and Text of Hematology by Tejinder Singh 3rd Edition, 2014, Avichal Publishing Company

Practical books
i) Practical pathology for dental students by Harsh Mohan
ii) Practical Pathology and Microbiology for Dental students by Tejinder Singh and CP Baveja

45
 11. REFERENCE BOOKS:
• Robbins – Pathologic Basis of Diseases By Kumar and Kotran 10th Edition.
• Anderson’s Pathology Vol 1 & 2 Editors – Ivan Damjanov & James Linder
• Wintrobe’s clinical Haematolog Lee, Bithell, Foerster, Athens, Lukens

GENERAL PATHOLOGY THEORY SYLLABUS ( ANNEXURE 1)

S. Must know Desirable to know Nice to know

no
.
1. Introduct Terminologies such as: Etiology and Normal cell structure Branches of
ion to pathogenesis of disease , Morphology, Clinical and functions Pathology, Role
Patholog features, signs and symptoms, Lab diagnosis, Importance of of Pathology lab
y Complications, Outcome, Epidemiology, Pathology for Investigations in
Clinicopathological Correlation, Dentistry Practice Diagnosis of
disease, Types of
pathological
samples
2. Cell Types of cell injury, Causes of cell injury Nature and Non alcoholic
Injury (physical, Chemical, Biological, Genetic, demonstration of Fat fatty change and
Reversibl immunological etc) in tissues by special relation with
e Concept of reversible and irreversible injury stains metabolic
Mechanisms of Hypoxic injury, Chemical disorders
injury, Free radical injury, Reperfusion injury
Degenerations: fatty change, hydropic
degeneration, Hyaline change , mucoid
degeneration
3. Cell Cell death, Necrosis- Definition, Causes, Cellular ageing- Necroptosis,
Injury Features and types of necrosis , Gangrene- mechanism and Pyroptosis,
Irreversib types: dry, wet, gas Gangrene cellular changes, autolysis
46
 le Apoptosis-Definition, Mechanism, physiological
and Pathological examples Morphological
changes in apoptosis,
Difference in necrosis and apoptosis
Differences between reversible and irreversible
injury
4. Intracellu Pathological calcifications (metastatic and special stains to
lar dystrophic), Common Pigment deposits demonstrate
accumul (Carbon, hemosiderin, Melanin, lipofuscin) pigments, and
ation in calcification
Tissues
5. Extracell Amyloidosis- Classification, Primary and Lab diagnosis of Significance in
ular secondary amyloidosis, Mechanism, amyloidosis and dental surgery
accumul Pathogenesis, definition, Physical structure and clinical co-relation (Macroglossia)
ation in chemical nature, Morphological changes in
Tissues organs, special stains
6. Inflamma Inflammation- definition, causes, types, Morphological types
tion I Clinical- local and systemic symptoms and of acute inflammation
signs, in Oral cavity
Acute inflammation-vascular response and
cellular response,
Chemical mediators,
Types of Inflammatory cells, fate of
inflammation, Complication of acute
inflammation, Differences between Acute and
chronic inflammation
Morphological types: such as serous, Fibrinous,
Fibrinopurulent, Abscess, Ulcer, Hemorrhagic,
Necrotizing
7. Inflamma Chronic inflammation-definition, non specific, Types of Granuloma
tion II specific, and types of Giant
Granulomatous inflammation-causes, cells
morphology ,Inflammatory cells in chronic

47
 inflammation, Difference in exudates and
transudate, local, systemic effects and sequelae
of chronic inflammation, consequences of
excessive /defective inflammation
8. Healing Healing , regeneration, repair Types of parenchymal Stem cells sites
of cell Differences in regeneration and healing. cells, stem cells and in oral cavity,
injury Mechanism and Component of healing regeneration Therapeutic Role
Healing by primary and secondary intention of stem cells in
Differences of Granuloma and granulation Hypertrophic scar Dentistry
tissue and keloid
Scar formation Role of collagen in
Factor influencing healing process, Causes of healing
delayed healing Wound contracture
9. Specific Tuberculosis Actinomycosis and Changes in
infection - Epidemiology, - Pathogenesis ( Formation of Rhinosporidiosis haematological
s tubercle) - Pathological features of Primary and parameters in
secondary TB, Complications and Fate Type of inflammatory peripheral blood
Syphilis and Typhoid: - Epidemiology, - Types reaction to specific in relation to
and stages of syphilis, - Pathological features, infections infections (Viral,
- Diagnostic criteria Oral lesions, Bacterial, fungal
etc)
-General principles of transmission and
dissemination of microbes, Fungal and
parasitic infections, Pathology of common viral
and bacterial infections(CMV, EBV, HPV,
Viruses, gram negative bacterial infections),
AIDS –Pathogenesis, Modes of transmission,
Clinical picture, Immunity levels in HIV
Infection
10. Hemodyn Disorder of circulation-Hyperaemia, Antemortem and post
amic Congestion, Haemorrhage, Haemostasis mortem clot,
disorders Thrombosis --definition, pathophysiology
-formation, complications & fate, Types of

48
 thrombosis ( arterial, venous, heart), Difference
in arterial and venous thrombus,
Embolism – Definition, Types, Effects,
Derangements of body fluids- Oedema –
pathogenesis, Different types,
Disorders of circulation – Shock- types,
mechanisms, stages
Non progressive, Progressive and irreversible
shock (compensated and decompensated)
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
Ischaemia and Infarction (definition, types,
etiology and organs involved)
11. Hematolo - Anemias – definition, classification Iron Hemoglobin – Development of
gy I deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia, structure, Function, hematopoietic
Hemolytic anemia Normal values cells in bone
- epidemiology aetiology, stages, clinical Red cell indices, marrow, Iron
features , lab diagnosis and blood picture Reticulocyte metabolism
- Leukemia (acute and chronic)- LAP score
classification, aetiology, diagnosis, clinical Philadelphia
features, lab diagnosis, blood picture, chromosome
- leukamoid reaction,
12. Hematolo Bleeding Disorders-, Coagulation cascade tests Normal Coagulation Blood banking,
gy II Coagulation disorders , Haemorrhagic pathways blood
disorders, platelet function & platelet disorders, Components
Lab diagnosis of bleeding disorder
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura,
Thrombocytopenic purpura,
Hemophilia A and B, Von Willbrand Diseases,
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
13. Immunol Humoral & cellular immunity, Types, SLE, Rhuematoid
ogical components of innate and adaptive immunity, arthritis, Sjogren’s
mechanis antibodies, major histocompatibilty complex, syndrome
ms in Primary and secondary immunodeficiency,

49
 disease Graft rejection, mechanisms in Hypersensitivity
& autoimmunity
14. Nutrition Protein energy malnutrition, Common vitamins Obesity and over
al deficiencies (Vitamin A, B complex, C, D and nutrition
disorders K),
15. Neoplasia Adaptive disorders of growth - Atrophy & Precancerous lesions Cancer screening
I Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and of oral cavity for early
Dysplasia, detection
General Aspects of neoplasia, Definition,
terminology, Tumour biology, Precancerous
lesions, Tumour classification, Clinical features
Differences between benign and malignant
Nomenclature, Tumor epidemiology, Host
defence, Tumor antigen, Tumor immunity
16. Neplasia Aetiology and pathogenesis of neoplasia, specific tumors-,
II Carcinogenesis , Oncogenes Carcinogenesis Squamous Papilloma
(Chemical, Viral, radiation) Spread of& carcinoma, Basal
Neoplasia, Diagnosis, prognosis, staging, Lab cell carcinoma,
diagnosis of neoplasia Adenoma &
Adenocarcinoma,
Fibroma &
Fibrosarcoma,
Lipoma &
Liposarcoma
17. LIver Liver function tests, Normal Bilirubin
Overview of Liver diseases, hepatitis, Jaundice metabolism,
Acute and Chronic hepatitis- pathogenesis, Australia antigen
morphology and complication. Lab diagnosis of
hepatitis
18. Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus - Definition, Classification, Normal Glucose Insulin
Mellitus Pathogenesis, Pathology in different organs, metabolism Resistance
complications and Lab diagnosis Insulin function and
regulation

50
 Role of HBA1C
19. oral Diseases of oral cavity, Prenoplastic lesions ( Classification of
cavity, Dysplasia, Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, Oral salivary gland
salivary submucosal fibrosis) tumours
glands Neoplastic dis- Oral cancer, Tobacco harms ,
Screening, Early detection and Diagnosis,

Lichen planus, Stomatitis, Dental caries,

Dentigerous cyst, Ameloblastoma.
Diseases of salivary glands - Pleomorphic
adenoma, adenocarcinoma
20. Cardiova Diseases of Cardiovascular system:Lab diagnosis of Vasculitis,
scular Atherosclerosis, Hypertension :- Definition,Infective and aneurysms,
system classification Pathophysiology, Effects in Rheumatic Stroke
various organs, complications, Morphological endocarditis Diseases of
changes myocardium,
Benign and malignant hypertension Lab diagnosis of diseases of
Myocardial infarction pericardium
Ischaemic heart Disease- Angina, Myocardial Lab diagnosis of
infarction Hypertension
Cardiac failure- causes, morphology, signs and
symptoms

Congenital heart disease - ASD, VSD, PDA,

Tetralogy of Fallot,

Infective and Rheumatic endocarditis- Causes,

predisposing factors, Morphological changes in
heart, complications
21. Bone and Bone fracture and healing, osteomyelitis Metabolic diseases of
Joints Bone Tumours: Osteosarcoma, Osteoclastoma, bone, Classification
Giant cell Tumour, Ewing's sarcoma, Fibrous of Jaw tumours and
dysplasia, Aneurysmal bone cyst other bone tumours,

51
 X ray pictures of
common bone
tumours
22. Kidney - Laboratory tests in
renal diseases with
special emphasis to
Diabetic changes and
hypertensive changes
in Kidney.
23. Lymph Causes of Lymphadenopathy, Non neoplastic Role of lymphatic Diagnostic
node disorders of lymph node, Hodgkin’s and Non- drainage in approach to the
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Metastatic carcinoma in inflammation and patient with
lymph node, Classification of lymphoma, neoplasia, anatomical lymphadenopath
groups of lymph y
nodes especially in
head and neck

GENERAL PATHOLOGY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS ANNEXURE 2

S. Topics Practical exercises New topics added

no
.
24. Introduction to • Instruments in the lab Lab safety
Pathology lab • Structure and Function of Light • Bio waste management
Microscope
• Pathology museum
25. Introduction to • Histopathology Sample
Histopathology collection and transport
and Cytopathology • Tissue processing, Staining
routine and special
26. Histopathology - Acute appendicitis, Granulation Coagulative, caseous & fat necrosis,
slides tissue, fatty liver Chronic cholecystitis, Chronic Gastric
52
 Chronic venous congestion lung & ulcer, Foreign body granuloma, Amyloidosis
liver Kidney amyloidosis tongue, Pigment deposition (carbon,
Tuberculosis, Actionomycosis, hemosiderin), Medial calcification,
Rhinosporidiosis Granulation tissue Edema lung Thrombus ,
Papilloma, Basal cell Ca, Sq cell Ca Atheroma, Lipoma Adenocarcinoma,
Osteosarcoma, osteoclastoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma Leiomyoma, Ewing’s
fibrosarcoma sarcoma Benign nephrosclerosis
Malignant melanoma,
Ameloblastoma, Adenoma
Mixed parotid tumour, metastatic
carcinoma in lymph node
27. Gross Morphology None in DCI curriculum • Museum specimen Preparation
• How to describe gross pathology
specimen
Gross morphology by specimen, digital
museum, models, charts- Acute
appendicitis, Chronic cholecystitis,
Intestinal polyp, Lipoma, Renal cell
carcinoma, Wilm’s tumor ,
Lymphadenopathy, Fibroadenoma, Chronic
cholecystitis with Cholelithiasis, Gastric
ulcer, Malignant ulcer, Infarct kidney,
Barrett’s esophagus, Atherosclerosis,
Hepatocellular carcinoma, Metastasis in
liver, Pulmonary embolism, Carcinoma
stomach, Osteosarcoma, Osteoclastoma,
Fatty liver, Pleomorphic adenoma, Infarct
Kidney, Cardiac hypertrophy
28. Case based Not in DCI curriculum • Inflammation
learning/ • Tuberculosis
Clinical vignettes • Shock, Thromboembolism, Edema fluids
Clinical Scenario • Neoplasia- Squamous cell carcinoma
based learning • Diabetes mellitus, Hepatitis,
53
 • Myocardial infarction, Rheumatic heart
disease
• Oral premalignant lesions- submucosal
fibrosis, Leukoplakia,
• Bone tumors, Osteomyelitis
• Anemia-Iron deficiency anemia,
Megaloblastic anemia
29. Introduction to Blood sample collection Safety precautions while handling blood
Hematology Role of anticoagulants Pipetting types and methods
Types of blood samples
30. Haematology Haemoglobin estimation, Total
experiments leukocyte count, Differential
leukocyte count, Leishman
staining of peripheral blood smear
31. Hematology Demonstration: Bleeding time,
demonstrations Clotting time, Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate, Packed cell
volume
32. Hematology Not in DCI curriculum Anemia: Microcytic hypochromic anemia,
microscopic slides Macrocytic anemia, Hemolytic anemia,
Leukemia: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
Acute myeloid leukemia, Chronic myeloid
leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Reticulocyte,
Megaloblast
Neutrophilia, Lymphocytosis, Eosinophilia
33. Urine examination Urine analysis for Specific gravity,
abnormal constituents:
proteinuria, glycosuria, Ketonuria,
Blood, bile salts, bile pigments,
Pyuria, hematuria

54
34. Lab Instruments Name, uses of the following Bone marrow biopsy & aspiration needle
List: RBC & WBC pipette,
Westergren pipette, Wintrobe’s
tube, Sahli’s Hemoglobinometer,
Blood vials, Neubauer’s chamber,
cover slip,
35. Spotting From any of the above

55
 6. MICROBIOLOGY

1. GOAL

To introduce the students to the world of microbes and to provide an understanding of various branches of
Microbiology, in order to deal with the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, control and
prevention of infections , with special reference to dental practice.

2. OBJECTIVES

a. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:

At the end of the Microbiology course the student is expected to:

i. Understand the basics of various branches of Microbiology and able to apply the knowledge relevantly.
ii. Apply the knowledge gained in related medical subjects like General Medicine and General Surgery and Dental
subjects like Oral Pathology, Community Dentistry, Periodontics, Oral Surgery, Pedodontics, Conservative
Dentistry and Oral Medicine in higher classes.
iii. Understand and practice various methods of sterilisation and disinfection in dental clinics.
iv. Have a sound understanding of various infectious diseases and lesions in the oral cavity.
v. Awareness of health care associated infections and their prevention in dental practice.

56
b. SKILLS
i. Student should have acquired the skill to diagnose, differentiate various oral lesions.
ii. Should be able to select, collect and transport clinical specimens to the laboratory.
iii. Should be able to carry out aseptic procedures in the dental clinic.
iv. Should be able to make right choice of antimicrobials based on antimicrobial susceptibility test report based on
spectrum of infection and ensure appropriate use to avoid antibiotic resistance.

c. ATTITUDE:
i. Should have the good intent to serve humanity within and outside the healthcare unit .
ii Should adopt good laboratory practices as well as good clinical practices to avoid any harm to the patient and/
or environment .
iii. Should cultivate an interest in self directed learning and keep on updating knowledge by book reading , using
library resources , using e-resources .

d. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES .

The student should know about cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation methods, standard precautions, biological
spill management and bio-medical waste management guidelines.

e. COMPUTER PROFICIENCY:
Basic knowledge of Computers, MS Office, Window 2000 .
Students should be able to utilize a combination of traditional classroom courses and online
courses[ through whats app class groups, google classroom ] .

57
3. COMPETENCIES
Essential professional skills :
Diagnosis and preventive measures of infectious diseases , notifiable diseases .

Personal Attributes :
Desire for wellbeing of all, effective communication, ethical approach, teamwork, decision making and leadership
qualities.

4. TEACHING HOURS
Lecture hours 65
Practical hours 50
Total hours 115

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY
The objectives of teaching microbiology can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as :
THEORY

a) Lectures: Didactic as well as using audio visual aids , through power points .
b) Flipped classroom interactive teaching , using what's app class groups
c) Pair Share discussions using notes , books and world wide web as resource.

58
PRACTICAL
a) Practical exercises
b ) Small group ( five -six students) discussions.
c) Group activity :Making charts / preparing power points on topics like Co ntribution of scientists in
Microbiology , Morphology of bacteria ,Culture media, Sterilisation, Lab diagnosis of infectious diseases ,
Standard precautions , Biomedical waste management etc. using text books and world wide web as resource.

6. THEORY SYLLABUS

TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE NICE TO KNOW

TO KNOW

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

Historical 1. Contributions of the following Nobel Laureates in

Introduction scientists in the field of Medicine and
Microbiology : Physiology
• Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
• Louis Pasteur
• Joseph Lister
• Robert Koch
• Alexander Fleming
• Edward Jenner

2. Koch’s Postulates

59
Morphology & 1. General aspects of microscopy,
Physiology of stained preparations, bacterial
bacteria shape and size.
2. Structure of a bacterial cell and
function of each structure
3. Salient features of a bacterial
growth curve.
4. Physiological requirements of
bacteria for growth.

Sterilization and 1. Definition of cleaning, disinfection Testing of

Disinfection. and sterilisation. Disinfectants
2. Various agents of Sterilisation.

Culture media 1. Categories of media

2. Constituents of media
3. Examples of culture media with
their uses.

Culture Methods 1. Indications for culture in a clinical Methods of

laboratory. isolating pure
2. Culture methods in a clinical colonies.
laboratory and their specific
purpose.

Identification of 1. Morphology Gas liquid

bacteria 2. Staining reactions chromatography
3. Cultural characteristics for anaerobes.
4. Metabolism : O2 requirement , Molecular
CO2 requirement , pigment methods, e.g PCR.
60
 formation
5. Production of haemolysis .
6. Fermentation and other
biochemical properties : Sugar
fermentation, Indole, H2S
production , Citrate utilisation ,
Urease , Catalase, Oxidase
,Composite media .

Taxonomy
1. Linnaeus classification Intra-species
2. The species concept in bacteria; typing : Biotypes
Clone, Strain ,Phage types
3. Nomenclature ,Serotypes, Colicin
types
Type cultures in
international
reference
laboratories.

Bacterial genetics 1. Watson - Crick structure of DNA .

2. Extra chromosomal genetic
elements .
3. Genotypic & Phenotypic
variations.
4. Mutation: Definition, types,
survival advantage (streptomycin -
resistant mutant of tubercle
bacilli).
5. Gene Transfer mechanisms:
Transformation, Transduction,
Lysogenic conversion, Conjugation
.

61
 6. Genetic mechanisms of drug
resistance in bacteria: Mutational
& Transferable.

Collection & 1. Principles of collection

Transport of Sites , commensals and
specimen for pathogenic organisms depending
microbiological on the type of specimen ,
examination. precautions to be taken , labelling
of containers ,
2. Specific procedures for collection
of specimen from :Skin, upper
respiratory tract ,gastrointestinal
tract , central nervous system ,
urinary tract , blood stream ,
sinuses , abscesses, lid margins ,
ear .

Antibiotic 1. Significance MIC, MBC Broth dilution

susceptibility 2. Kirby Bauer’s & Stoke’s Disc
Diffusion Test
3. Interpretation

IMMUNOLOGY

Infection- 1. Source of infection

2. Modes of transmission
3. Factors predisposing to microbial
pathogenecity
4. Types of infectious disease.

Immunity 1. Types of immunity

2. Herd Immunity

62
 3. Vaccines

Antigens 1. Definition Super antigens

2. Characteristics of antigens.

Immunoglobulins 1. Definition
2. Classes of immunoglobulins.
3. Important features of each class of
immunoglobulin.

Antigen - Antibody 1. Definition of serological reactions. Coombs test , CFT

reactions 2. Types
(Ag-Ab reactions) 3. General Features
4. Mechanism underlying each Ag-Ab
reaction .
5. Examples of diagnostic tests
utilising principles of various Ag-
Ab reactions.

The Complement 1. General properties and Biological 1. Two types of Deficiencies of

system effect of complement. pathways complement
2. Application system.
of complement
system in
diagnostic test
for Ag-Ab
reaction.

Structure and 1. Organisation of lymphoid system. Importance of

functions of 2. Characteristics and maturation of phagocytic cells
immune system T cell and B cell. and null cells.
3. Constitution and importance of
Human Major Histocompatibility
Complex and HLA antigens.

63
Immune response 1. Types Immunological Theories of
2. Concept of humoral immune tolerance to immune response.
response, primary and secondary immune
response, Ab production, and response with
factors influencing it. reference to
3. Concept of cell mediated immune autoimmune
response , disease.

Immunodeficiency 1. Types : Primary

disorders and Secondary SCID,
MHC (Class I and
II) deficiency,
2. Disorders relevant to dentistry. Ataxia-
Telangiectasia,
Wiskott-Aldrich
Syndrome

Hypersensitivity 1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Mechanism underlying
hypersensitivity reactions and
examples of diseases e.g. TB
Leprosy, Atopy, Contact
Dermatitis

Auto immunity, 1. Definition and examples Mechanisms

classification with underlying
special reference autoimmunity
to autoimmune e.g. Sjogren’s
disorders involving syndrome,
oral cavity. Streptococcal
M, SLE,

64
 Myasthenia
gravis,
Rheumatoid
arthritis,
Graves disease,
Pernicious
anaemia,
autoimmune
orchitis

Immunology of 1. Classification of transplants Graft v/s Host HLA Antigens:3

transplantation reaction Classes
and malignancy

SYSTEMATIC
BACTERIOLOGY

Staphylococcus 1. Morphological & Physiological Treatment, Coagulase

Characteristics of bacteria in the Drug resistance Negative
genus Staphylococcus & Methicillin Staphylococcus
2. Diseases caused by Resistant aureus
Staphylococcus aureus, Lab Staphylococcus Features by which
diagnosis aureus in staphylococcus
nosocomial aureus and
infections staphylococcus
epidermidis can
be identified

Streptococcus spp. 1. Morphological & Physiological Features of Group C, F, G, D

Characteristics of bacteria in the differentiation
genus Streptococcus between

65
 2. Diseases caused by Group A various groups
Streptococcus & lab diagnosis of streptococci
3. Nonsuppurative complications of Bacitracin,
streptococcal infections CAMP Test
4. Viridans group of Streptococci Neonatal
examples with causation of dental Meningitis
caries

Streptococcus 1. Morphological & Physiological 1. Diseases

pneumoniae Characteristics of bacteria in the caused by
genus Streptococcus Streptococcus
2. Differentiation between pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae & with laboratory
Streptococcus viridans diagnosis
2. Quellung
Reaction

Neisseria spp. 1. Morphological & Physiological Non-Gonococcal

Characteristics of bacteria in the Urethritis
genus Neisseria spp.
2. Characteristic features of
Neisseria meningitidis & Neisseria
gonorrhoeae, disease caused and
laboratory diagnosis

66
Corynebacterium 1. Morphological and physiological Active 1. Biotyping
spp. characteristics of Immunisation 2. Diphtheroid
Corynebacterium species with diphtheria s
2. Features by which toxoid specially 3. Other
Corynebacterium diphtheriae can in the wake of species of
be identified and distinguished recent year Corynebacte
from other corynebacteria outbreaks in ria
3. Spectrum of diseases caused by Kerala
Corynebacterium diphtheria. Lab
diagnosis of Diphtheria
4. Pathogenicity
5. Toxigenicity testing

Bacillus spp. Morphological Role in food

and poisoning and bio
physiological terrorism
characteristics
of Bacillus
species
particularly
Bacillus
anthracis .
Spectrum of
diseases
caused by
Bacillus
anthracis &
Bacillus cereus

Clostridium Tetanus and antibiotic induced Gas Gangrene

diarrhoea and botulinum
food poisoning,

67
Mycobacterium 1. M.tuberculosis Atypical M.leprae
2. RNTCP Guidelines Mycobacteria MDR& XDR TB
,

Non sporing Classification ,

anaerobes Pathogenesis, Features of anaerobic
. infection & Laboratory diagnosis

Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli, Klebsiell spp , Proteus (with mention

spp. , Salmonella spp. , Shigella spp. of ESBL’s and
their
significance in
the spread of
drug resistance
)

Pseudomonas Morphology, cultural characteristics, Acinetobacter (

virulence factors, disease caused and role in
importance in burn infections and ventilator
Hospital Acquired Infections associated
pneumonia and
colistin
resistance )

Vibrio cholera Morphology and culture. Disease caused Lab diagnosis Bacteriophage
and classification. Epidemiology and of cholera typing
serotypes. Clinical features and
pathogenesis

Spirochaetes Salient aspects of pathogenesis, clinical Borrelia,

presentation, diagnostic tests and Leptospira
treatment of infections caused by
Treponema

68
Miscellaneous Mycoplasma, Actinomycetes Riickettsiaceae, Gardnerella,
bacteria Chlamydiae, Legionella
Helicobacter

Oral Microbiology Normal flora of oral cavity Dental Endodontic

Plaque, Dental Caries, Acute Necrotizing infections &
Ulcerative Gingivitis Dental abscess

VIROLOGY

1. General properties of Viruses, 1. Pox viruses Emerging and Re-

VIROLOGY resistance, cultivation of viruses, 2. Polio virus emerging viral
host-virus interactions with special 3. Rabies infections:
reference to interferon. virus 1. SARS
2. Laboratory diagnosis of viral 2. Ebola
infections. 3. ZIKA
3. Cultivation of viruses 4. NIPAH
4. Bacteriophage
5. Herpes virus
6. Measles , Mumps and Rubella
7. Hepatitis viruses with special
reference to Hepatitis B and
Hepatitis C virus
8. HIV
9. Influenza A & B

69
MYCOLOGY 1. Introduction 1.Systemic 1.Opportunistic
2. Classification mycoses fungal
3. Laboratory diagnosis 2.Subcutaneou Infections
4. Candidiasis and associated oral s mycoses
lesions
5. Mycetoma
6. Cryptococcosis

PARASITOLOGY

Protozoa 1. Introduction to parasitology Leishmania Toxoplasma spp.

2. Different modes of transmission of donovani & prevention of
parasites . TORCH infections
3. Prevention of parasitic infections. in ante-natal care
4. Entamoeba histolytica, .
Entamoeba gingivalis
5. Giardia lamblia ( with reference to
infections in children )
6. Trichomonas species( T . vaginalis
and T.tenax)
7. Plasmodium vivax
8. Plasmodium falciparum

Nematodes Common helminthic infections:

Intestinal nematodes :
1. Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma
duodenale,
2. Trichuris trichiura
3. Enterobius vermicularis,
Strongyloides stercoralis ( with

70
 special reference to infection in
HIV patients)
Tissue nematode :
1. Trichinella spiralis
2. Wuchereria bancrofti

Cestodes Tape worms Trematodes

1. Taenia saginata 1. Schistosoma

2. Taenia solium ( with special haematobium
reference to neurocysticersosis)
3. Echinococcus granulosus .

Applied 1. Standard precautions & Hepatitis Antibiotic • Air Water and

microbiology B Vaccination for Health care Stewardship milk
providers . Needle stick injury and bacteriology
post exposure prophylaxis. • Bioterrorism
2. Biologicalspill management. • Biosafety levels
3. Bio medical waste management
guidelines.
4. Vaccines
5. Anti microbial susceptibility testing
6. Pre-Test and Post-test Counselling
and Confidentiality in HIV testing
in ICTC ( Integrated Counselling
and Testing Centre )

71
7. PRACTICALS

Topics
1. Instructions for working in laboratory and Microscopy.
2. Glassware, equipments &Sterilisation methods.
3. Universal presence of microbes, Standard Work Precautions, Biomedical Waste management &
Management of biological spill.
4. Observation of Microscopy Slides of Bacteria, Fungi and Parasites.
5. Observation of AST on Mueller Hinton Agar; Kirby Bauer’s Method, Stoke’s Method.
6. Observation of Various culture media with and without culture growth, Bio chemicals & Various
culture methods.
7. Serological Reactions : Observation of VDRL tile , ELISA & Microtitre plate .
8. Demonstration of Hanging drop preparation & Simple staining with Methylene blue and Negative
(India Ink) staining
9. Demonstration of Staining Techniques : Gram’s Staining, Ziehl Neelsons Staining and Alberts
Staining.
10. Hands on practical on Grams Staining, Hanging Drop preparation of Staphylococcus / Streptococcus,
demonstration of Catalase test, Coagulase test. Observation of: Culture of Staphylococcus on BA,
Culture of Streptococcus with α and β - haemolysis on BA, CAMP test and Bacitracin sensitivity.
11. C. diphtheriae & Neisseria spp. Demonstration of Albert Staining of C. diphtheria.Observation of
Loeffler’s Serum slope, Post nasal swab. Observation ofMicroscopy slide of Gram –negative diplococci,
Chocolate agar and Oxidase test.

72
12. Anaerobes .Lab Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections. Observation of Anaerobic Jar, RCM, Gas pak,
Microscopy Slide of Cl. tetani

13. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Lab diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Observation of ZN stained Slide of AFB,
LJ medium without growth, Tuberculin syringe. Hands on ZN staining

14. Observation of Culture of E.coli , Klebsiella spp. on MacConkey’s agar , Proteus spp. on BA
.Biochemicals Indole, Urea, Citrate, TSI . Blood culture bottle. Culture Exercise of Preparation of
Hanging Drop from the culture broth of E.coli, Klebsiella spp. , Proteus spp. preparation of gram
stain from their cultures on Mackonkey’s agar and Blood Agar, observation of their growth of on
ackonkey’s agar and Blood Agar / NA and Final Interpretation.

15. V.cholerae & Pseudomonas :Observation of Alkaline Peptone Water & Mac Conkey’s Agar.
Observation of smear of GNB , Culture of Pseudomonas on Nutrient Agar , Oxidase test. Culture
Exercise : Preparation of Hanging Drop from the culture broth of Pseudomonas spp. , preparation of
gram stain from the culture of Pseudomonas spp , observation of culture growth of Pseudomonas spp
on NA and Final Interpretation.

16. Spirochaetes : Lab Diagnosis of Syphilis. Observation of VDRL tile /RPR tile and microscopy slide of ,
Fontana staining.

17. Observation of microscopy slides of Nocardia & Actinomycetes .

18. Faeces Examination : Concentration techniques. Demonstration of saline & iodine preparation for ova
& cysts. Demonstration of faeces examination for cysts of Entamoeba histolytica & Giardia lamblia.

19. Plasmodium spp : Observation of microscopy slides of malarial parasite , Plasmodium vivax & Pl.
falciparum showing ring forms, schizonts & gametocytes.
73
 20. Intestinal Nematodes: Demonstration of ova of Ascaris lumbricoides in faeces..

21. Tissue Nematodes: Observation of peripheral blood smear for microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti .

22. Viral Cultivation Techniques . Observation of diagram of parts of fertilized egg and egg inoculation ,
tissue culture bottle & microtitre plate -its uses in virology.

23. Mycology : Observation of Gram Stained smear and India Ink preparation of Candida spp. ,
Cryptococcus spp. and culture of Candida spp.

8. THEORY EXAMINATION

Microbiology:
1.LAQ 1X8 = 8 Marks
2.SAQ 3X5 = 15 Marks
3.SAQ 4X3 = 12 Marks

Total = 35 Marks

Note:
1. LAQ from General microbiology , Systematic Bacteriology , Virology.
2. SAQ from General Microbiology, Immunology , Parasitology , Oral Microbiology.
3. SAQ from General Microbiology, Immunology , Parasitology , Virology , Applied microbiology.

9. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Contents Marks Time duration

1. Spotters (10x 2marks each) 20 marks 30mts

2. Culture Exercise : 15 marks 15 mts

74
 Includes gram staining , culture observation and final interpretation .
3. Two Clinical vignettes based on special stains :
2x5 marks = 10 marks 05 mts.

● Theory Viva : 10 marks

To be conducted alternately with General Pathology , in the forenoon .

Examination Internal Assessment Viva Total

Theory 35 5 10 50
Practicals 45 5 50
Total 100

10. FORMATIVE /INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

The formative assessment (both Theory/Practical) shall be held three times in an academic session. Each
formative assessment marks shall be shall be displayed on the departmental Notice board with feedback , within
15 days of the examination . An average of three formative assessment marks shall be considered as final internal
assessment. The Final Internal Assessment marks shall be submitted to the university, once before the summative
examination and it shall be included in the summative examination.
Theory: 5 marks
Practicals: 5 marks
Total : 10 marks ( Gen. Pathology + Microbiology)

75
11. PRACTICAL MANUAL

Practical manual shall be completed by the students topic wise and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD.

12. TEXT BOOKS

i. Text book of Microbiology by R.Ananthanarayan & C.K. Jayaram Paniker.
ii Medical Microbiology by David Greenwood et al.
iii. Textbook of Parasitology by K.D.Chatterjee.
iv. Paniker’s Text book of Medical Parasitology.

13.BOOKS FOR FURTHER READING/REFERENCE.

i. Microbiology by Prescott, etal.

ii. Microbiology by Bernard D. Davis , etal.
iii. Clinical & Pathogenic Microbiologyby Barbara J Howard, etal.
iv. Mechanisms of Microbial diseases by Moselio Schaechter, etal.
v. Immunology by Donald M Weir
vi. Immunology 3rd edition by Evan Roitt , etal.
vii. Oral microbiology and infectious diseases by Burnett and Scherp
viii. Jawetz’ text book of microbiology

76
 7. General and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics

GOAL :To inculcate rational prescribing with scientific basis of therapeutics for future Dentists.

OBJECTIVES

a) KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: At the end of the course the student shall be able to
1. Understand and apply pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of essential and commonly used drugs in
general as well as for dental conditions.
2. List the indications, contraindications, interactions and adverse reactions of commonly used drugs with
rationale.
3. Know the Essential Medical List and its importance and applicability.
4. Applied aspects of clinical pharmacology.
5. Prescribe special care in conditions such as pregnancy, lactation, immunocompromised conditions,
pathological conditions related to liver and kidney.

b) SKILLS:
At the end of the course student shall be able to:
1. Prescribe drugs for common medical and dental ailments.
2. Appreciate adverse reactions and drug interactions of commonly used drugs
3. Observe experiments designed for study of effects of drugs.
4. Critically evaluate drug formulations and be able to interpret the clinical pharmacology of marketed
preparations
5. commonly used in dentistry.
6. Laws governing clinical trials and for promoting drug advertisements.
7. Pharmacovigilance and reporting of Adverse drug reactions and its relevance.

c) ATTITUDE:
To develop the attitude to serve the community as dentist as well as general practitioner in rural areas
subject to unavailability of primary care physician.

77
d) INTEGRATION:
Practical knowledge of use of drugs through integrated teaching and parallel posting in clinical departments.

e) KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION IN DENTISTRY

1. Knowledge about asepsis – disinfection and sterilization of instruments, clinical area / personal care as per
Standard operating procedures and guidelines.
2. Students should be aware of the rules and regulations regarding maintenance of clinical set up and waste
disposal.

f) COMPUTER SKILLS:
Basic knowledge of Computers, MS Office, Windows, Practical simulations, Statistical Programmes.Basic
operative skills in analysis of data and knowledge of multimedia.

g) COMPETENCIES
1. General skills
2. Practice Management
3. Communication and Community Resources
4. Patient Care – Diagnosis
5. Patient Care - Treatment Planning
6. Awareness about adverse drug reaction reporting.

h) TEACHING HOURS
Lecture hours - 70 hours
Practical hours- 20 hours
Total – 90 hours

i) TEACHING METHODOLOGY
The objectives of teaching can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as :
a) Lectures
b) Lecture / Demonstrations
c) Practical Exercises
d) Audio visual aids, simulations
e) Small group discussions on pharmacotherapeutics rationale, with regular feed back from the students
f) Integrated and interactive Teaching
78
 g) Symposium, students quiz and continuing medical education programmes.

j) THEORY SYLLABUS
New drug development- clinical trials, biomedical ethics in brief
Pharmacovigilance & Pharmacoeconomics

SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY
Topic Must Know /Desirable To Know/ Nice To Know
1. General Pharmacology- Must Know
2. National Pharmacovigilance Programme and adverse drug reaction reporting protocol - Must Know
Drugs related to and their implications in dentistry:
3. Cardiovascular System - Desirable To Know
4. Vitamins: Water Soluble, fat soluble vitamins - Must Know
5. Antibiotics- Must Know
6. Drugs Acting On Central Nervous System- Desirable To Know
7. Vaccines- Nice to Know
8. NSAIDs- Must Know
9. Diuretics- Nice To Know
10. Drugs Acting On GI Tract Desirable To Know
11. Drugs Acting On Blood- Must Know
12. Local Anesthetics - Must Know
13. General Anesthetics- Desirable To Know
14. Drugs Acting On Autonomic Nervous System- Must Know
15. Anti-neoplastic Agents- Desirable To Know
16. Insulin And Oral hypoglycaemic Drugs- Desirable To Know
17. Corticosteroids excluding sex steroids
18. Antiseptics And Disinfectants - Must Know
19. Dental Pharmacology (Antiseptics in dentistry, obtundents, mummifying agents, bleaching agents,
styptics, disclosing agents, dentifrices, mouth washes, caries and fluorides & treatment of common
oral conditions in dentistry.) - Must Know
20. Bioethics related to research and clinical trials - Nice To Know

PRACTICALS
1. Procedures and demonstrations:
79
 2. To familiarize the student with prescription writing and dispensing.
3. Rationale of drug combinations of marketed drugs
4. Pharmacotherapeutics
5. Drug induced Clinical Conditions
6. Equipments in Pharmacology & Pharmacy
(Introduction to Pharmacy & instruments, Sources and Nature of drugs, Drug Schedules, Drug Dosage forms,
Prescription writing, Clinical problems & Rational prescribing, Drug dose calculation, Drug advertisements &
Pharmacy preparations.)

k) THEORY EXAMINATION- Total = 100 marks

• Part-A (35 marks): Long question=8 marks, Short notes=15 marks, Rationale/Explain why-12 marks
• Part-B (35 marks): Long question=8 marks, Short notes=15 marks, Rationale/Explain why-12 marks
• Theory viva-voice=20 Marks
• Theory Internal Assessment=10 marks

l) PRACTICAL EXAMINATION- Total = 100 marks

• Dispensing pharmacy Preparation= 30 marks
• Prescriptions (Dental-1, Medical-1): 2x8=16 marks
• Drug Dose Calculation exercise (Minimum-2)=2x5= 10 Marks
• OSPE: Drug induced Clinical Condition/ Identify of equipment/glassware: Spot (1)= 4 Marks
• Analysis of Drug Advertisement as per standard checklist (1)=10 marks
• Practical viva-voice=20 Marks
• Practical Internal Assessment=10 marks

Students are required to achieve at least 50% marks in theory and practical separately to get through the
subject successfully.

m) FORMATIVE / INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3 times including sent up
examination.
The Internal Assessment marks to be submitted to the university, once after sent up examination including 3
annual assessments.

80
The marks scored by the students shall be displayed on the Notice board and a copy forwarded by HOD shall be
sent to the University before annual university examination whenever asked by authorities.
Theory Internal Assessment: 10 marks
Practical Internal Assessment: 10 marks
Total Internal Assessment= 20 marks

n) RECORD NOTE / LOG BOOK

• Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide
adequate number of cases/ teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the
students during clinical /practical training and examinations.
•
o) BOOKS (Theory & Practical)
1. S.K.Srivastava- Pharmacology for Dental Students
2. K.D. Tripathi – Essentials of medical pharmacology
3. Tejinder S, K Uma Chaturvedi, C.P Baveja, Deep Inder- Practical Pathology Microbiology and
Pharmacology (Dental Students)

p) REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Bertam G Katzung- Basic and clinical pharmacology
2. Goodman and Gilman- The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics.
3. Lauerence D.R. Clinical Pharmacology

81
 8. DENTAL MATERIALS

1. GOAL

The dental graduates during training in the institutions should acquire adequate knowledge, necessary
skills and such attitudes which are required for carrying out all the activities appropriate to general dental
practice involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth,
jaws and associated tissues. Aim of the course is to present basic chemical and physical properties of
dental materials as they are related to its manipulation to give a sound educational background about the
various materials. The broad goal of the teaching of undergraduate students in Dental Materials aims at
providing adequate fundamental knowledge about the materials available in the Dental science. .

2. OBJECTIVES

The objectives are dealt under three headings namely (a) knowledge and understanding (b) skills and (c)
attitudes.

a. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:

The graduate should acquire the following during the period of training --- Adequate knowledge of the
scientific foundations on which dentistry is based and good understanding of various relevant scientific
methods, principles of biological functions and should be able to evaluate and analyse scientifically
various established facts and data. To understand the evolution and development of science of dental
materials. To know about the manipulation technique of various restorative materials.

b. SKILLS:

A graduate should be able to demonstrate the following skills necessary for practice of dentistry. To
develop skills in the management of various materials in dentistry. Students should know about the
physical and chemical properties of the dental materials

c. ATTITUDE:
A graduate should develop during the training period the following attitudes. Willing to apply current

82
knowledge of dentistry in the best interest of the patients and the community. Maintain a high standard of
professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all aspects of professional life. Seek to improve
awareness and provide possible solutions for oral health problems and needs throughout the community.
Willingness to participate in the continuing education programmes to update knowledge and professional
skills from time to time. To help and to participate in the implementation of National Health Programmes.

d. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION IN DENTISTRY:

Knowledge about asepsis – disinfection and sterilization of instruments, clinical area / personal care as
per universal protection, and disposal of medical wastes in the appropriate modes. Students should be
aware of the rules and regulations pertaining to maintenance of clinical set up and waste disposal.

3. TEACHING HOURS

Teaching hours for first and second years- Theory and Practical are shown in
the Tables-I TABLE - I Subjects and Hours of Instruction (B.D.S Course)

TOTAL TEACHING HOURS FOR FIRST AND SECOND B.D.S

Sl No Subject Lecture Practical Clinical Total

Hours Hours Hours HOURS
1. Dental 80 240 - 320
Materials

Subjects and Hours of Instruction for First year B.D.S

Sl No Subject Teaching Practical Clinical Total
Hours Hours Hours
1. Dental 20 40 _ 60
Materials
Subjects and Hours of Instruction for Second year B.D.S

83
 Sl No Subject Lecture Practical Clinical Total
Hours Hours Hours Hours
1. Dental 60 200 -- 260
Materials

4. TEACHING METHODOLOGY
The objective of teaching can be achieved by various teaching tech such as
a. Lecture
b. Demonstration
c. Practical exercises
d. Audio Video aids
e. Group discussion
f. Integrated teaching

Titles of subjects of study

First Year: Dental Materials.

Second Year: Dental Materials.

84
 5. THEORY SYLLABUS

TOPICS MUST KNOW DESIRA LE NICE TO KNOW

TO KNOW
Introduction Brief History of the development of the science of Dental
Materials. Aim of studying the subject of Dental
Materials. Scope and requirements of Dental materials.
Spectrum of materials - Classification Clinical and
laboratory applications
Change of state, inter atomic primary bonds, inter
Structure atomic secondary bonds, inter atomic bond distance
of matter, and bonding energy, thermal energy, crystalline
and structure, ,non crystalline structures, diffusion,
principles adhesion and bonding and adhesion to tooth
of adhesion structures.,

Hue, value, chrome. and translucency physical

Important properties based on laws of optics, dealing with
Physical phenomena of light, vision and sight. Thermal
properties conductivity & coefficient of thermal expansion,
applicable physical properties based on 'laws of thermodynamics.
to dental Stress, strain, proportional limit, elastic limit yield
material strength, modulus of elasticity, flexibility, resilience,
s impact, impact strength, permanent deformation,
strength, flexure strength fatigue, static fatigue,
toughness, brittleness, ductility & malleability,
hardness, abrasion resistance, relaxation, rheology,
Thixotropic, creep, static creep, dynamic 6reep, flow,
colour, three dimensional colour - hue, values,
chrome., Munsell system, metamerisim, fluorescence.
Micro
leakage,
Classification of materials from perspective of Thermal

85
 biological compatibility changes, Biological
Galvanism, evaluation for
toxic effect systemic toxicity,
of materials skin irritation,
mutagenicity and
Gypsum - its origin, chemical formula. carcinogenicity.
Dental plaster, Dental stone, Die stone, high strength,
high expansion stone.
Biological
Application and manufacturing procedure of each,
consideratio
macroscopic and microscopic structure of each. Disinfection of
ns in use of
Commercial names. dental materials
dental
Chemistry of setting, setting reaction, theories of for infection
materials.
setting, gauging water, Microscopic structure of set control.
material.
Gypsum &Setting time: working time and Measurement of setting
time and factors controlling setting time.
gypsum Setting expansion, Hygroscopic setting expansion Any recent
products Factors affecting each Strength: wet strength, dry advancements in
strength, factors affecting strength. material and
ADA classification of gypsum products Description of mixing devices
impression plaster and dental investment Manipulation
Disinfection : infection control, liquids, sprays,
radiation
Method of use of disinfectants Storage of material -
shelf life Visible light
cure
polyether
Impression plaster, Impression compound, Zinc oxide urethane
eugenol impression paste & bite registration paste dimethacrylat
incl., non eugenol paste, Hydrocolloids, reversible e,
and irreversible, Elastomeric impression materials.
Polysulphide, Condensation silicones, Addition
silicones, Polyether. Historical
background ,
86
 Impression Definition of impression ., Purpose of making development
materials impression, Ideal properties required and application of Of each
used in material, Classification as per ADA specification, impression
dentistry general & individual impression material. Application material,
and their uses in different disciplines,

Type of impression trays required, Adhesion, to Tray,

manipulation, instruments &equipment’s required.
Techniques of impression, storage of impression,
Working time, setting time, flow, accuracy, strength,
flexibility, tear strength, dimensional stability,
compatibility with cast & die materials incl.,
electroplating, Biological properties:.tissue reaction
Shelf life & storage of material, Infection control -
disinfection, Advantages and disadvantages of each
material.

Synthetic Classification of resins, Dental resins. Historical Short term and long-term
resins used Requirements of dental resins, background soft- liners, temporary
in dentistry. applications, polymerisation, and, crown and bridge, resins,
polymerisation mechanism. development of Resin impression trays, Tray
material. materials, Resin teeth,
Stages in addition polymerisation, inhibition of materials in maxillofacial
polymerisation, copolymerisation, molecular Miscellaneous prosthesis, Denture
weight, crosslinking, plasticisers. resins & cleansers.
Physical properties of polymers, polymer techniques: Repair
structures types of resins. resins, Relining and Composites of posterior
ACRYLIC RESINS: Mode of polymerisation: rebasing. teeth, Prosthodontics resins
Heat activated, Chemically activated, Light for veneering.
activated, Mode of supply, application, Infection control
composition, polymerisation reaction of each. in detail, Repair of composite.
Physical properties of denture base Biological

87
resin. Composite properties and Extended application for
RESTORATIVE RESIN: Mode of supply, allergic composites: Resins for
Composition, Polymerisation mechanisms: 'reactions. restoring eroded teeth, Pit
Chemically activated, Light activated, Dual and fissure sealing, Resin
cure: Degree of conversion, Polymerisation Measurement of inlay system
Shrinkage Classification of Composites: bond strength
Application, composition arid properties of and micro Indirect & direct, Core
each. leakage build up,
Biocompatibility ,-- micro leakage, pulpal
reaction, pulpal protection Manipulation of Amalgam Bonding Orthodontic applications.
composites: Pit and
Techniques of Insertion of Chemically activated, fissure
light, activated, dual cure Polymerisation, sealants. Restorative Resins
Finishing and polishing of restoration, Direct Curing
Bonding: Need for bonding, Acid' etch Restorative lamps Depth
technique,, Enamel bonding, Dentin bonding Resins Depth of of cure
agents. Mode of bonding, Bond strength, cure Reduction of residual
Sandwich technique its indication and Degree of stresses
procedure. conversion,
Dual Cure
resins

88
Metal and Structure and behaviour of metals, Historical
alloys background,
Classification of casting alloys: By function & desirable
description. properties of An alternative to metal
casting alloys casting process. Cad-cam
Alloys for crown & bridge, metal ceramic & Factors affecting process for metal &
removable partial denture. Composition,, success of ceramic inlays
function, constituents and application. amalgam

Dental Amalgam Composition, Manufacturing

of alloy powder, Amalgamation, Dimensional
Stability, Strength, Creep, Clinical performance,
Proportioning, Trituration, Condensation, Side effects of
Carving and finishing, Dimensional Change, mercury
Direct Mercury hygiene Repair of amalgam
filling gold restoration
Properties of pure gold Classification and forms Alternatives to. cast metal
of DFG Removal of surface impurities technology: direct filling
Dental History, Compaction gold, amalgam, mercury
casting Direct gold free, Condensable
alloys Classification of casting alloys: By function & restoration intermetallic compound -
description. an alternative to metal
Recent classification High noble (HN); Noble (N) casting process. CAD-
and predominantly base metal (PB). Historical CAM process for metal &
Alloys for crown & bridge, metal ceramic & background, ceramic inlays - without
removable partial denture. desirable need for impression of
Composition,function, constituents and properties of teeth or casting Procedure.
application, each alloy both noble and' base casting alloys. Another method of making
metal. Propertiesof alloys: Melting range, copings - by copy milling
mechanical properties, hardness, and (without casting Procedures
elongation, modulus ofelasticity, tarnish and
corrosion.
Casting shrinkage and compensation of casting
89
shrinkage. Biocompatibility – Handling hazards.
& precautions of base metal alloys, casting
investments used.
Heat treatment :Softening & hardening heat
treatment

90
Dental waxes Introduction and importance of waxes. Sources Manipulation of inlay
including of natural waxes and their chemical nature. wax: Instruments &
inlay casting Classification of Waxes: Properties of Dental wax, equipment required.
wax Inlay wax.
Mode of supply composition, Ideal Impression wax for
requirements. Properties: melting range, corrective impressions,
thermal expansion, mechanical properties, flow Bite registration wax.
& residual stresses, ductility. Dental Wax: Inlay
wax: Mode: Classification & composition, Ideal
requirements: Properties of inlay wax: Flow,
thermal properties Wax distortion & its causes.
Dental
casting Casting procedure,
investments Definition, requirements, classification Gypsum Preparation of die, Wax
. bonded - classification. Phosphate bonded, pattern, spruing, investing,
‘Silica bonded'. and control of shrinkage
Mode of Supply:,Composition, application , compensation, wax burnout,
setting mechanism, setting time & factors and heating the invested
controlling it. ring, casting. Casting
Expansions :Setting expansion, Hygroscopic machines, source of heat for
Setting expansion, & thermal expansion : melting the alloy. Defects in
Soldering, Factors affecting. Properties: Strength, porosity, casting.
brazing and fineness & storage. Technical considerations:
and
welding Need of joining dental appliances, temperature, Technique of
and application. Mode of supply of solders, Soldering & Brazing Weld decay – causes and how
Composition and selection, Properties. : free hand to avoid it. Laser Welding.
Tarnish & corrosion resistance mechanical soldering and
properties, Microstructure of soldered joint investment, steps
Fluxes & Anti fluxes: Definition, Function, and Procedure.
Types, commonly used fluxes & their selection
Welding: Definition, application, requirements,
and procedure.
91
 Applications and different alloys used mainly for Titanium alloys,
Wrought orthodontics purpose application, composition,
base metal
1. Stainless steel properties, welding,
alloys 2. Cobalt chromium nickel Corrosion resistance
3. Nickel titanium
4. Beta titanium
Properties required for orthodontic wires,
working range, springiness, stiffness, resilience,
Formability, ductility, ease of joining, corrosion
resistance, stability in oral environment,
biocompatibility Stainless steels: Description,
type, composition & properties of each type.
Sensitisation &stabilisation, Mechanical
properties - strength, tensile, yield strength,
KHN. Braided & twisted wires their need
;Solders for stainless steel, Fluxes, Welding
1.Wrought cobalt chromium nickel alloys,
composition, allocation, properties, heat
treatment, Physical properties
2. Nickel - Titanium alloys, shape, memory & Historical
super elastic background
.
Methods of
Dental
Application, classification (general and strengthening Modifications and recent
cements individual ), setting mechanism, mode of . advances, Principles of
supply, Properties, factors affecting setting, Metal Ceramics cementation.
special emphasis on critical procedures of (PFM). Metal
manipulation and protection of cement, mode of Ceramic Bond. Special emphasis on cavity
adhesion, biomechansim of caries inhibition. Metal Ceramic liners and cement bases
Agents for pulpal protection. Bond - Nature of and luting agents.
bond. Bonding
Definition & Ideal requirements. Fluoride using electro
92
 releasing cements Luting cements, Agents for deposition, foil
pulp protection Zinc Phosphate cement, Zinc copings, bonded
Polycarboxylate Cement, Glass ionomer cement, platinum foil,
Resin Cements, Zinc oxide eugenol cement, swaged gold alloy Recent advances - all
Dental Calcium Hydroxide foil coping. porcelain restorations,
ceramics Technical Manganese core, injection
considerations of moulded, cast able
porcelain and ceramics, glass infiltrated
porcelain fused alumina core ceramic (In
General applications. Dental ceramics: metal restorations. ceram), ceramic veneers,
properties definition, classification,application, inlays and on lays, and
mode of supply, manufacturing procedure, CAD - CAM ceramic.
methods of strengthening.Properties of fused
ceramic:. Strength and factors affecting,
Technical
modulus of elasticity, surface hardness, wear
consideration -
resistance, thermal properties, specific gravity, Material and
chemical stability, aesthetic properties, procedure used for
biocompatibility, technical considerations. Metal abrasion and
Ceramics (PFM): Alloys - Types and composition polishing,
of alloys. Ceramic - Type and Composition.

Abrasion
&
polishing
agents

Mechanics of
cutting
93
 Definition of abrasion and polishing. Need of
Dental abrasion and polishing. Types of abrasives:
implants Finishing, polishing & cleaning. Types of
abrasives: Diamond, Emery, aluminium Evolution of dental
oxides garnet, pumice, Kieselgurh, tripoli, implants, - types and
rouge, tin oxide, chalk, chromic oxide, sand, materials.
carbides, diamond, zirconium silicate, Zinc
oxide

Desirable 'characteristics of an abrasive, Rate

of abrasion, Size of particle, pressure, Grading
of abrasive & polishing agents. Binder,
Polishing materials & procedures.

Types - Gypsum products, Electroforming, Epoxy

resin, Amalgam. Burs and points.

6. PRACTICAL
Practical Exercises: 240 Hours Demonstration of manipulation of all materials Exercises to be done by each
student:
a. Manipulation of Gypsum- Materials and Alginate - identify setting time and working time and working
time with reference to proportion, water temp, and spatulation time.
b. Self-cure and heat cure acrylic resin manipulation and curing.
c. Cements - manipulation and studying setting time and working time for luting, base & restoration. Zinc
oxide eugenol,zinc phosphate,glass ionomer .
d. Silver Amalgam - manipulation, trituaration.

94
7. THEORY EXAMINATIONS:
(3 Hours) (Two parts each of 35 marks)

Elaborate on 2X8 = 16 marks

Write Notes 6X 5 = 30 marks
Short Notes 8X3 = 24 marks
Total 70 marks

2 Exercise to be done by each FIRST B.D.S student:

a. Impression material Manipulation - 20 hours

b. Gypsum products - 20 hours

8. PRACTICAL / CLINICAL EXAMINATIONS:-

I. i. Spotters: Identify and write the composition and two important uses:
ii. Spotters – 10 Nos. 10 X 3 = 30
marks Time – 2 Minutes each

II. Exercise No.1

Any one exercise of the following 20 Marks
i. Manipulation of Dental plaster and/or dental stone
ii. Manipulation of alginate impression material
iii. Manipulation of Zinc Oxide Eugenol impression paste
iv. Manipulation of heat cure acrylic resin

III. Exercise No. 2 20 Marks

Manipulation of any one of the following Dental Cements.
a. ZOE (Luting and Filling consistency)
b. Zinc Phosphate Cement (Luting and Base consistency)
c. Glass lonomer Cement Type I/II (Luting/Filling consistency)
d. Silver Amalgam
95
Trituration TIMING FOR
MANIPULATION
2-5 Minutes may be allotted for each mixing
exercises

Practical Viva-voce 20 Marks

Examinatio Internal Assessment Viva Total

n
Theory 70 10 20 100

Practicals 90 10 - 100

Total 200

9. FORMATIVE / INTERNAL ASSESSMENT:

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3 times in a particular year.
The marks scored by the students will be displayed on the Notice board and a copy forwarded by HOD will
be sent to the authorities.

10. RECORD NOTE / LOG BOOK:

Record will be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution will provide adequate
number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the students
during clinical/practical training and examinations.

96
 11. TEXT BOOKS/ REFERENCE BOOKS

Name of the Book & Author Edn Yr. of Publ. Publ.'s Name Place
Title of Publ.
Kenneth J. 11th 2007 W.B. Sunder's
Science of Dental Anusavice Company, USA
Materials
Notes on Dental E.C. Combe 06th 1992 Churchill
Materials Livingstone, UK
Applied Dental Material John. F. Mc. 07th 1992 Oxford Blackwell
Cabe Scientific pub.
London
Text Book of Dental Craig. O. Brien 06th 1996 Mosby, USA
Material
Restorative Dental Craig. 11th 2002 Mosby, USA
Materials used in S. Mahalaxmi 2nd 2018 Wolter Kluwer (India)
Dentistry Pvt.Ltd.

LIST OF SPOTTERS CONSERVATIVE SPOTTERS:

1. Amalgam Alloy Powder
2. Mercury
3. Amalgam Capsule
4. Acid Etchant
5. Dentin Bonding Agent
6. Cavity Varnish
7. Dentin Conditioner
8. Composite Resin
9. Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement
10. Modified Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement (Irm – Intermediate Restorative Material)
11. Zinc Phosphate Cement
12. Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement
13. Glass Ionomer Cement Type I
14. Glass Ionomer Cement Type Ii

97
15. Calcium Hydroxide
16. Inlay Wax
17. Base Metal Alloy Pellets
18. Casting Ring
19. Gypsum Bonded Investment
20. Phosphate Bonded Investment
21. Dental Bur
22. Wooden Wedges
23. Gutta Percha Points
24. Gutta Percha Sticks
25. Motor And Pestle
26. Glass Slab
27. Cement Spatula
28. Agate Spatula

Prosthodontics spotters
1. Dental plaster
2. Die Stone
3. Dental Stone
4. Gypsum Bonded Investment
5. Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Paste
6. Rubber Base Materials
7. Alginate
8. Impression Compound
9. Low Fusing Compound
10. Sticky Wax
11. Shellac Base Plate
12. Modelling Wax
13. Heat Cure Resin
14. Self Cure Resin
15. Metal Pellets
16. Casting Ring
17. Stainless Steel Wire
18. Acrylic Trimmers
98
19. Separating Media
20. Acrylic Teeth Set
21. Cotton Puff
22. Wollen Puff
23. Metal Ceramic Bridge

Miscellaneous

1. Infection control
2. Artificial tooth material.
3. Separating media
4. Die spacers
5. Tray adhesives
6. Petroleum jelly
7. Articulating paper
8. Pressure indicating paste
9. Endodontic materials
10. Comparative studies between metallic and nonmetallic denture base Bioglass
11. Sprues
12. Setting expansion, hygroscopic expansion, thermal expansion
13. Dentifrices.

99
 9. PRE CLINICAL CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY

OBJECTIVES:

A. Knowledge and understanding

B. Skills and

C. Attitudes

A). Knowledge and understanding:

The graduate should acquire the following knowledge during the period of training.

i. To diagnose and treat simple restorative work for teeth.

ii. To gain knowledge about aesthetic restorative material and to translate the same to patients needs.

iii. To gain the knowledge about endodontic treatment on the basis of scientific foundation.

iv. To carry out simple endodontic treatment.

v. To carry out simple luxation of tooth and its treatment and to provide emergency endodontic treatment.

SKILLS:

He should attain following skills necessary

i) To use medium and high speed hand piece to carry out restorative work

100
ii) Poses the skills to use and familiars endodontic instruments and materials needed for carrying out simple
endodontic treatment

iii) To achieve the skills to translate patients esthetic needs along with function.

ATTITUDES:

i). Maintain a high standard of professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all aspects of professional life.

ii). Willingness to participate in CDE programmes to update the knowledge and professional skill from time to
time.

iii). To help and participate in the implementation of the national oral health policy.

iv). He should be able to motivate the patient for proper dental treatment at the same time proper maintenance of
oral hygiene should be emphasized which will help to maintain the restorative work and prevent future damage.

COMPETENCIES
• Competent to diagnose all carious lesions
• Competent to perform class 1 and class 2 cavities and restoration with amalgam
• Competent to perform class 3 and class 4 cavities and restoration with glass ionomer cement
• Competent to perform anterior root canal treatment.

101
4. TEACHING HOURS
Subject Lecture Hours Practical Clinical Hours Total Hours
Hours

Pre Clinical Conservative 25 200 225

Dentistry

BDS IInd year

TEACHING METHODOLOGY
• To be more interactive
• Student should come with sufficient information to be able to receive the applied concepts and skills
better.
• Student should be keen to learn and demonstrate

The objectives of teaching Conservative dentistry can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as:
a) Lectures

b) Lecture Demonstrations

c) Practical exercises

102
MARKS DISTRIBUTION:

Practical and Viva Voce Only in University Examination

Internal Assessment - 20

Practical - 60

Viva Voce - 20

Total 100

Must Know Desirable To Know

• Identification and study of hand cutting instruments chisels,

gingival margin trimmers, excavators and hatchet.
• Identification and use of rotary cutting instruments in contra
angle hand pieces burs.
• Preparation class I and extended class I and class II and
MOD’s and class V amounting to 10 exercises in plaster
models.
• Exercises in mounted extracted teeth of following class I, 4 in
number class I extended cavities 2, class II 4 in number and
Class V 2 in number. Cavity preparation base application
matrix and wedge placement restoration with amalgam.

103
• Exercises on phantom head models which includes cavity
preparation base and varnish application matrix and wedge
placement followed by amalgam restoration.
• Class I - 5
• Class I with extension - 2
• Class II - 10
• Class II Mod - 2
• Class V and III for glass ionmers - 4
• Class V for amalgam - 2
• Polishing of above restorations.
• Demonstration of Class III and Class V cavity preparation for
composites, on extracted teeth completing the restoration.
o Polishing and finishing of the restoration of composites.
• Identification and manipulation of varnish and bases like
Zinc Phosphate, Poly carboxylate, Glass Ionomers, Zinc
Oxide, Eugenol cements.
• Identification and manipulation of various matrices, tooth
separators and materials like composites and modified glass
ionomer cements.
• Cast restorations
• Preparation of Class II inlay cavity
• Fabrication of wax pattern

104
 • Sprue for inner attachment
• Investing of wax pattern
• Finishing and cementing of class II inlay in extracted tooth.
Endodontics
• Identification of basic endodontic instruments
• Coronal access cavity preparation on extracted upper central
incisiors
• Determination of working length.
• Biomechanical preparation of root canal space of central
incisor
• Obturation of root canal spaces
• Closure of access cavity

FORMATIVE/INTERNALASSESSMENT

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3times in a particular year
and best of two examinations should be considered. The Internal Assessment marks to be submitted to the
University, once in every three months. The marks scored by the students shall be displayed on the Notice
board and a copy forwarded by HOD shall be sent to the University once in every 3months.
Internal assessment: 10

105
5. RECORDBOOK
Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide
adequate number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the
students during clinical/practical training and examinations.

6. TEXTBOOKS
CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS
1. The Art & Science of Operative Dentistry, Sturdevant, MosbyU.S.A
2. Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry
3. Principle & Practice of Operative Dentistry, Charbeneu, Varghese Publishing, Mumbai.
4. Grossman’s Endodontic Practice, B. Suresh Chandra &V. GopiKrishna, Wolters Kluwer
5. Textbook of Operative Dentistry. Sikri Vimal K, CBS Publishers & Distributors Private Limited

REFERENCEBOOKS

1) Introduction to Dental Materials, VanNoort,

2) Applied Dental Materials, McCabe,
3) Ingle’s textbook ofendodontics
4) Cohen’s Pathways of Pulp

106
 10. PRE CLINICAL PROSTHODONTICS

1. GOAL

The dental graduates during training in the institutions should acquire adequate knowledge, necessary
skills and reasonable attitudes which are required for carrying out all activities appropriate to general dental
practice involving prevention, diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of oral
function, comfort, aesthetic and health of individual with loss of missing teeth/ oral structure using
biocompatible substitutes.

2. OBJECTIVES

a. KNOWLEDGE

i) Adequate knowledge of the scientific foundations on which dentistry is based and good understanding of
various relevant scientific methods, principles of biological functions, ability to evaluate and analyse
scientifically various established facts and deals.

ii) Adequate knowledge of the development, structure and function of the teeth, mouth and jaws and
associated tissues both in health and disease and their relationship and effect on general state of health
and also bearing on physical and social well being of the patient.

iii) Adequate knowledge of clinical disciplines and methods which provide a coherent picture of anomalies,
lesions and diseases of the teeth, mouth and jaws and preventive diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of
dentistry.

iv) Adequate clinical experience required for the general dental practice.

v) Adequate knowledge of the constitution, biological functions and behaviour of persons in health and
sickness as well as The influence of the natural and social environment on the state of health in so far as it
affect dentistry.

107
b. ATTITUDE

A graduate should develop during the training period the following attitudes.

i. Willingness to apply the current knowledge of dentistry in the best interest of the patient and community.

ii. Maintain a high standard of professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all aspects of professional
life.

iii. Seek to improve awareness and provide possible solutions for oral health problems and needs throughout
the community.

iv. Willingness to participate in the CPED programmes to update knowledge and professional skill time to
time.

v. Help and participate in the implementation of the national oral health policy.

c. SKILLS

A graduate should be able to demonstrate the following skills necessary fro practice in dentistry.

i. Diagnose and mange various common dental problems encountered in general dental practice keeping in
mind the expectations and the right of the society to receive the best possible treatment available
wherever possible.

ii. Prevent and manage complications if encountered while carrying out various surgical and other
procedures.

iii. Carry out certain investigative procedures and ability to interpret laboratory findings.

iv. Promote oral health and help prevent oral disease where possible.

v. Control pain and anxiety among the patients during dental treatment.

108
d. INTEGRATION

Integrated knowledge about all the divisions in Prosthodontics (CD,RPD,FPD,IMPLANTS etc)

e. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION IN DENTISTRY

Knowledge about asepsis – disinfection and sterilization of instruments, clinical area / personal care as per
universal

protection, and disposal of medical wastes in the appropriate modes. Students should be aware of the rules and

regulations pertaining to maintenance of clinical set up and waste disposal.

3. COMPETENCIES

1. General skills

2. Practice Management

3. Communication and Community Resources

4. Patient Care – Diagnosis

5. Patient Care - Treatment Planning

6. Competencies Specific to the Subject

4. TEACHING HOURS

During 1st Year BDS - 100 Practical hours

109
During 2nd Year BDS - Lecture 25 hours + Practical 200 hours = Total 225 hours

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY

The objectives of teaching microbiology can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as :

a) Lectures

b) Lecture Demonstrations

c) Practical exercises

d) Audio visual aids

e) Small group discussions with regular feed back from the students

f) Integrated Teaching

g) Symposium and continuing medical education programmes and Computer Aided Study

6. THEORY

I. Introduction to Prosthodontics - Scope and Definition

A. Masticatory apparatus and function:

1. Maxillae & Mandible with & without teeth.

2. Muscles of mastication and accessory muscles of mastication.

3. Brief anatomy of TMJ.

110
4. Mandibular movements.

5. Functions of teeth.

B. Various branches of Prosthodontics and prosthesis:

1. Scope & limitation.

2. Appliances v/s prosthesis.

3. Dental prosthesis v/s non-dental prosthesis.

C. Effect of loss of teeth:

1. On general health.

2. On masticatory apparatus.

3. Need of replace lost teeth.

D. Outline of Prosthodontics:

1. Types of Prosthesis.

2. Requirements of prosthesis- Physical, biological, esthetic considerations.

111
II. Introduction to components of Prosthesis

A. Complete Denture Prosthesis:

1. Various surfaces (Border and surface anatomy).

2. Components - Base and Teeth.

B. Removable Patial Denture:

1. Classification.

2. Major and minor Connectors.

3. Direct retainers.

4. Rests.

5. Indirect retainers.

6. Denture base.

7. Artificial teeth.

C. Fixed Partial Denture:

1. Classification.

2. Retainers.

3. Pontics.

4. Connectors.
112
III. All related definitions and terminologies from glossary

1. Model

2. Cast

3. Impression

4. Occlusion rim

5. Temporary denture base

6. Permanent denture base

7. Occlusion

8. Face Bow & Articulator

9. Jaw relation - orientation, vetical and centric

10. Christensten's phenomenon

11. Key of occlusion

12. Balanced occlusion

13. Abutment etc…

113
IV. Introduction to mouth preparation - in brief

A. Complete Dentures

1. General considerations

2. Pre-prosthetic surgery

B. Removable partial dentres

1. General considerations

2. Occlusal rest preparation

3. Modifying conours of the abutments

4. Guide planes

5. Elimination of undercuts

C. Fixed Partial Dentures

1. Principles of tooth preparation - in brief

2. Retainers in brief

V. Introduction to all steps involved in fabrication of Prosthesis

Clinical Steps in brief and laboratory steps in detail

114
A. Impression Making

1. Definition and requirements and types of impressions

2. Various materials used for different impressions

3. Different theories of impression making

B. Impression Trays

1. Definition, classification, materials, advantages and disadvantages

2. Selection of trays

3. Special trays

4. Spacer design

C. Introduction to jaw relation record

1. Definition and type

2. Temporary denture base - Indications, Advantages, Disadvantages,materials used

3. Occlusion rims - materials, shape, dimensions

4. Clinical procedures of jaw relation recording in brief

D. Articulators and Face bow

115
1. Basic out line

2. Need for articulators

3. Definition, classification, parts, advantages, disadvantages of articulators

4. Definitions, classification, parts, advantages, disadvantages and purpose of face bow transfer

5. Demonstration of face bow transfer to an articulator on a dummy

E. Selection of Teeth

1. Various guidelines for selection of teeth including dentogenic concept

2. Arrangement of teeth in detail with various factors of esthetics, overjet, overbite etc

F. Occlusion

1. Balanced Occlusion - need and advantages

2. Various factors of balanced occlusion

G. Try in Procedures

1. Anterior try - in

2. Posterior try - in

3. Waxing, carving, polishing and final try - in

116
H. ProcessingProcedures

1. Flasking

2. Dewaxing

3. Packing

4. Curing

5. Finishing and polishing of acrylic dentures

VI.Casting Procedures

1. Preparation of die

2. Wax pattern

3. Investing

4. Burnout

5. Casting

6. Finishing and polishing

7. PRACTICAL EXCERCISES

1. Preparation of special trays

117
2. Preparation of temporary and permanent denture bases

3. Preparation of occlusion rims

4. Orientation of occlusion rims on articulator

5. Arrangement of teeth

6. Processing of complete dentures

1. Arrangement of teeth - Must Know

2. Surveying of partially edentulous models and preparing modified master cast - Desirable to Know

3. Preparing of was patterns spruing, casting and finishing - Desirable to Know

4. Preparation of plaster models of various preparation of teeth to receive retainers for FPD - Desirable to Know

5. Prepare wax patterns for minimum of 3 unit FPD and investing, casting and porcelain facing - Desirable to Know

Note:

1. Students shall submit one processed denture mounted on an articulator to present on university practical exam
along with record book.

2. Exercises of RPD and FPD to be submitted in groups along with the record book

8. Theory Examination

No Theory Examination
118
9. Practical Examination:

A. Practical Exercise: (Duration-3 hrs) : 60 Marks

Arrangement of teeth in class I relation, Waxing, Carving, Polishing

B. Viva-Voce 20 Marks

C. Internal Assessment 20 Marks

10. FORMATIVE / INTERNAL ASSESSMENT:

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3 times in a particular year. The
marks scored by the students will be displayed on the Notice board and a copy forwarded by HOD will be sent to
the authorities.

11. RECORD / LOG BOOK:

Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide adequate
teaching number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the students
during clinical/practical training and examinations.

12. TEXT BOOKS

1. Essential of Complete Denture Prosthodontics - Winkler

2. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentluous Patients - Zarb Bolender

119
3. Clinical Removable Partial Denture - Stewart

4. Fundamentals of Fixed Prosthodontics - Shillingburg

5. Text Book of Prosthodontics - Deepak Nallaswam

13. REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Impression Techniques for Complete Denture - Bernard Levin

2. Removable Partial Prosthodontics - Mc Cracken

3. Contemporary Fixed Partial Denture - Rosenstiel

4. Syllabus of Complete denture by – Charles M. Heartwell Jr. and Arthur O. Rahn.

5. Boucher’s “Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients”

6. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics by – Sheldon Winkler

7. Maxillofacial prosthetics by – Willam R. Laney

8. McCraken”s Removable partial prosthodontics

120
 11. GENERAL MEDICINE

Goal: The goal of teaching General Medicine to BDS students is to impart knowledge about the holistic approach
in the treatment.

Objectives:
At the end student shall be able to

1. Describe physiology and pathology of different organs and organ systems.

2. Manage common disorders.
3. Identify common medical emergencies and their management.
4. Take history and do general and systemic examination.
5. Interpret reports of common laboratory investigations.
6. Effectively communicate with compassion and empathy.

TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO KNOW

Aims of Medicine Purpose, Scope, Definitions, Epidemiology,

Etiology, Pathogenesis, Pathology,
Symtomatology, Treatment, Management,
Prophylaxis, Prognosis

Infections Malaria, Dengue, Influenza, Enteric Fever, Chikungunya, Ebola,

Measle, Mumps, Diphtheria, Rubella, Herpes Zika, Nipah
Simplex and herpes Zoster, HIV

Respiratory System COPD, Bronchial Asthma, Pulmonary Lung Abscess,

Tuberculosis, Pneumonia Bronchiectasis, Pleural
Effusion, Pneumothorax,

121
Cardiovascular System Systemic Hypertension, Heart Failure, Pulmonary
Coronary artery Disease, Acute Myocardial Hypertension, Cor
Infarction, Acute Rheumatic Fever, Valvular pulmonale, Congenital
Heart Disease (MS, MR, AS, AR ), Infective heart Disease
Endocarditis, Arrythmias

Nephrology Acute Kidney Injury, Chronic Kidney Disese, Urinary Tract infection,
Nephrotic Syndrome, Nephritic Syndrome Nephrolithiasis

Neurology Facial pain, Facial Nerve Palsy, Epilepsy, Chronic Meningitis,

Headache ( Primary and Secondary), Acute Cerebrovascular
Meningitis Accidents

Endocrinology Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications, Calcium Metabolism,

Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Parathyroid Diseases,
Acromegaly, Cushings Syndrome Thyroid storm,
Myxedema Coma

Hematology Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Agranulocytosis, Splenomegaly

Bleeding Disorders, Leukemia, Lymphoma,
Lymphadenopathy, Oral Manifestations of
Hematological Diseases

Gastroenterology Peptic Ulcer and its Complications, Dysphagia, Malabsorption

Syndrome, Diarrhea,
Dysentry

Hepatology Acute and Chronic Viral Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Autoimmune Hepatitis,

Ascitis, Complications of Cirrhosis, Portal Upper GI bleeding
Hypertension

122
 Emergency Medicine Shock, Syncope, Sepsis, Cardiac Arrest, CPR Pulmonary Edema

Others Vitamin Deficiencies, Balanced diet, Protein

energy malnutrition

Teaching Hours
Lecture 60 hours
Practical 150 hours

Theory Examination ( 3 hours)

2 Long Questions of 8 marks each
6 Short Questions of 5 marks each
8 short Questions of 3 marks each
Total= 70 marks

Practical Examination
1 Long Case of 50 marks
1 Short Case of 30 marks
Spotting 10 marks

Viva -- 20 marks

Internal Assessment
Theory 10 marks ( Average of 3 internal examinations)
Practical 10 marks ( Average of 3 internal examinations)

123
 12. GENERAL SURGERY

GENERAL SURGERY THEORY SYLLABUS 2019 - 20

NICE TO
Sl No. TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO KNOW
KNOW
1 History of Surgery Brief introduction

• History taking and compilation,

• Examination of a surgical
General Principles of patient,
2 • investigation, diagnosis and
Surgery
consent of a surgical patient.
• Pre operative preparation and
post operative management.
• Definition and classification
• Pathophysiology and stages of
wound healing
• Wound management and its
3 Wounds
complications
• Ulcers, Sinuses and fistulae;
Gangrene.

• Classification
• Pathophysiology, and clinical
4 Inflammations features,
• Systemic inflammatory response
syndrome.

124
 • Introduction,
• Classification, presentation;
• Local infections – abscess –
erysipelas;
5 Infections • Systemic infections – tetanus –
Tuberculosis;
• Toxemia and Septicemia.
• Transmissible viral infections:
Hepatitis, HIV.
• Definition, classification, and
Blood and blood products Blood
path physiology,
6 Shock groups and Blood
• clinical presentation,
Transfusion
assessment, and evaluation
• Principles of Oncology
• Difference between benign and
malignant tumors
Tumours, Ulcers, • Benign tumours of skin and
7 Cysts, Sunus and subcutaneous tissue
Fistulae • Cysts of skin and subcutaneous
tissue
• Benign and malignant cutaneous
conditions

Diseases of • Tuberculosis,
8 Lymphoma, Lymphoedema
Lymphatic System • Secondaries

• Infective
• premalignant and malignant
Diseases of the Oral • Diseases of Larynx and
9 conditions
Cavity Nasopharynx; Tracheostomy.

125
 • Development of face
10 Face • Cleft lip
• Cleft palate

• Anatomy of neck and cervical

lymph nodes
• Common causes of cervical
11 Neck
Lymphadenopathy,
• Brief description of different neck
dissections

• Introduction and classification,

12 Salivary Glands
• Salivary gland neoplasms.
• Anatomy, Physiology
13 Thyroid Gland
• Benign and Malignant lesions
• Anatomy, Physiology (Calcium
14 Parathyroid glands metabolism)
• Benign and Malignant lesions
15 Jaw Swellings • Swellings and tumours of the jaw
• Injury and recovery of the cranial
nerves
16 Nervous System
• Facial palsy
• Trigeminal neuralgia.
• Classification and general
17 Fractures principles of management
• Maxillofacial fracture.

126
 • Triage, Basic Life Support
• Primary and Secondary
assessment.
18 ATLS
• Trauma to Thorax, Abdomen
• Head injury with Traumatic Brain
injury and care of Cervical Spine

• General Principles
19 Anaesthesia • Types of anesthesia – local,
regional, and general anesthesia

• Asepsis, antisepsis, Sterilisation

Principles of
20 • Minor surgical procedures
Operative surgery
• Biopsy

GENERAL SURGERY CLINICAL SYLLABUS

The students of III BDS are taught to take proper history taking and perform a physical examination with a
surgical perspective including examination of lymph nodes, oral cavity, and thyroid, swellings in the neck,
systemic examination of the chest, abdomen, and limbs. They are also taught the basics of sterilization and the
ways to keep them safe while examining the patients. Basics of BLS and ATLS are taught to the students all
throughout.

127
 GENERAL SURGERY : GOAL OF THE PRESCRIBED SYLLABUS

The aim of general surgery classes for III BDS students in the faculty of Dentistry is to acquaint the student to
take proper surgical history and clinical examination needed for proceeding with any of the surgical procedures
more related to Dentistry. For this purpose special emphasis is given to the topics of head and neck region apart
from other general surgical chapters. At the end of the training the student is able to employ his basic general
surgical training in managing patients needing any of the invasive procedures in the treatment of both dental and
maxillofacial ailments in elective and emergency situations including benign and malignant lesions.

TEACHING HOURS
Total Lecture hours: 60 hours
Total clinical hours: 150 hours

PLAN OF MARKINGS

Theory Examination: (3 Hrs) :

Elaborate on: 2x8 = 16 Marks

Write notes on:5x6 = 30 Marks
Write briefly :3x8 = 24 Marks
Total Marks = 70 Marks

Practical Examination :

Long case: one: 1x50 = 50 Marks

Short case: one: 1x30 = 30 Marks
OSCE : two stations: 2x5 marks =10 Marks
Total Marks: = 90 Marks

128
Viva Voce Examination:

Questions on Theory and Clinical subjects

Total Marks: =20 Marks

SUMMARY OF GENERAL SURGERY MARKINGS:

Main Internal
Paper Viva Total
Examination Assessment
Theory 70 10 20 100
Practical 90 10 NA 100

129
 13. ORAL PATHOLOGY AND ORAL MICROBIOLOGY

1. GOAL

The dental graduates during training in the institutions should acquire adequate knowledge, necessary
skills and positive attitudes which are required for carrying out all activities appropriate to general dental
practice involving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases, of the teeth, mouth,
jaws and associated tissues. The graduate also should understand the concept of community oral health
education and be able to participate in the rural health care delivery programmes existing in the country.

2. OBJECTIVES
 Adequate knowledge of the scientific foundations' on which dentistry is based and good
understanding of various relevant scientific methods, principles of biological functions; ability to
evaluate and analyse' scientifically various established facts anddata.
 Adequate knowledge of the development, structure and function of the teeth, mouth and jaws and
associated tissues both in health and disease and their relationship and effect on general state of health
and also bearing On physicaland Social well-being of thepatient.
 Adequate knowledge of clinical disciplines and methods which provide a coherent picture of
anomalies, lesions and diseases of the teeth, mouth and jaws and preventive diagnostic and
therapeutic aspects ofdentistry.
 Adequate clinical experience required for general dentalpractice
 Adequate knowledge of the constitution, biological function and behavior of persons in health and
sickness as well as the influence of the natural and social environment on the state of health in so far
as it affect dentistry.
 Willingness to apply the current knowledge of dentistry in the best interest of the patient and
community.
 Maintain a high standard of professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all aspects of professional
life.
 Help and participate in the implementation of the national oral health policy.

130
3. COMPETENCIES

A graduate should be able to demonstrate the following skills necessary for practice of dentistry.
 Diagnose and manage various common dental problems encountered in general dental practice keeping in
mind the

expectations and the right of the society to receive the best possible treatment available wherever possible.
 Prevent and manage complications if encountered while carrying out various surgical and other
procedures.
 Carry out certain investigative procedures and ability to interpret laboratory findings.
 Promote oral health and help prevent oral diseases where possible.
 To understand the process of disease mechanism and consequential outcome.
 To interpret radiological and/or laboratory features to make reliable pathological diagnosis, and
thereby, tomanage human health anddisease.
 In addition by integration of sound basic knowledge into clinical practice will enable students to
develop and advance their skills for the better men to f patient care by applying scientific method either
for critical appraisal of evidence based medicine or to pursue independent research relevant to
medical/dental practice.

4. TEACHINGHOURS
A) Lecture hours 25 hours (2ndBDS)

120 hours (3rd BDS)

---------------
Total 145hours
----------------

131
 B) Practical/clinical hours 50 hours (2ndBDS)

80 hours (3rd BDS)

--------------

Total 130hours

-------------

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY

i. Class room lecture

ii. Slide demonstration
iii. Small group learning
iv. Problem based learning
v. Case based discussion
vi. Student seminars

6. THEORY SYLLABUS

Topic Must know Desirable to know Nice to know Hours

Introduction: An overview of the different 2

pathological processes involving
the oral cavity & oral cavity
involvement in systemic diseases
to be brought out.
Interrelationship between General
Medicine, General Surgery and
Oral Pathology.

132
Developmental • Developmental • Associated Obturators and 10
disturbances of disturbances of teeth- syndromes treatment basis of
teeth, jaws and soft Etiopathogenesis,clinical features, Cleft lip and palate.
tissues of oral and radiological features and
paraoral region : histopathological features as
appropriate.
• The size, shape, number,
structure and eruption of teeth and
clinical significance of the anomalies
to be emphasized.
• Developmental
disturbances of the jaws-size and
shape of the jaws.
• Developmental disturbances
of oral and paraoral soft tissues-lip
and palate-clefts, tongue, gingival,
mouth, salivary glands and face
Dental caries Definition Caries preventive Caries vaccines 6
• Clinical features measures. (including GV Blacks
• Clinical types chemical measures) Classification of
- Diagnosis Immunology of dental Dental Caries
- Caries microbiology caries based on treatment
Aetiopathogenesis- Theories of and restoration
caries with emphasis on ecologic design.
plaque hypothesis, specific and
non-specific plaque hypothesis.
• Histopathology
• Complication/sequelaeof
dental caries.
Caries activity/susceptibility tests

133
Pulp and • Aetiopathogenesisand Cracked tooth syndrome Clinical staging of 8
periapical their interrelationship. Osteomylitis
pathology and Clinical features Aetiopathogenesis and
Types ofpulpitis
osteomyelitis. Microbiology microbiology of
Radiology Osteomylitis
Histopathology
Periapicaldiseases
• Definition, classification,
clinical features and diagnosis of
osteomyelitis.
• Sequelae of periapical
abscess–summary of space
infections, systemic complications
and significance.
• Spread of oral Infections
(including Cellulitis and Ludwig’s
Angina)

Periodontal disease • Aetiopathogeneis and Basic 6

interrelationship immunological
• Clinicalfeatures mechanisms of
• Radiology periodontal disease
• Microbiology
• Histopathology
• Gingivitis
• Desquamative gingivitis
• Gingival enlargements
• Periodontitis

134
Microbial Including immunological aspects, Relevant deep mycosis 8
infection of soft oral manifestation Microbiology,
tissue defense mechanisms, Spread of oral infections
Histopathology and laboratory
diagnosis of common bacterial,
viral and fungal infections namely:
BACTERIAL
Tuberculosis, syphilis, ANUG and
its complications, Cancrum Oris.
Actinomycosis
VIRAL
• Herpes Simplex infections
• Varicella Zoster
• Measles
• Mumps
• Epstein-Barrvirus
• HIV infection
FUNGAL
• Relevant superficialmycosis

Cysts of oral and Cysts of odontogenic, non Associated syndromes. Genetic basis of 7
maxillofacial region odontogenic origin, pseudocysts relevant cysts.
And soft tissue cysts or oral and
paraoral structures:

• Epidemiology
• Classification
• Histogenesis
• Aetiopathogenesis
• Definition
• Clinicalfeatures
• Radiology
• Histopathology

135
 Laboratory features

Oral Precancer Epidemiology Aetiology Clinical and Recent advances in Histochemistry 6

Histopathological features of oral diagnosis, and frozen
epithelial dysplasia management and sections in
prevention of oral diagnosis of oral
Potentially malignant disorders precancer diseases.

Tumors of the oral • Epidemiology Associated syndromes Genetic basis of 7

cavity • Classification relevant neoplasms
• Histogenesis
• Aetiopathogenesis Tumor markers
1. Odontogenic • Definition
tumors • Clinical features
• Radiology
• Histopathology
• Laboratory features

136
 Detailed study of following Associated syndromes Genetic basis of 8
features of relevant neoplasms relevant neoplasms.
2. Epithelial Basics and
tumors • Epidemiology implementation of
• Classification National Tobacco Control
• Histogenesis Programme.
• Aetiopathogenesis
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Radiology
• Histopathology
• Laboratory features
Detailed study of following Associated syndromes Genetic basis of 8
features of relevant neoplasms relevant neoplasms
3. Mesenchymal
tumors • Epidemiology
• Classification
• Histogenesis
• Aetiopathogenesis
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Radiology
• Histopathology
• Laboratory features

137
 Detailed study of following Associated syndromes Genetic basis of 7
features of relevant neoplasms relevant neoplasms
4. Salivary gland
tumors • Epidemiology
• Classification
• Histogenesis
• Aetiopathogenesis
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Radiology
• Histopathology
• Laboratory features
Detailed study of following Associated syndromes Genetic basis of 8
features of relevant neoplasms relevant neoplasms
5. Bone tumors
• Epidemiology
• Classification Metastatic tumors
• Histogenesis to and from oral
• Aetiopathogenesis cavity and their
• Definition routes of
• Clinical features metastasis.
• Radiology
• Histopathology
• Laboratory features
Disease of bones All relevant diseases under the Associated syndromes 8
and joints following heads
1. Fibro-osseous lesions
2. Hereditary bone disorders
3. Langerhan cell histiocytosis
4. Diseases of TMJ

138
Allergic and Brief overview of Brief overview Mechanism of 4
immunological relevant lesions such as of relevant autoimmunity
diseases of oral : lesions such
cavity • Recurrent Apthous stomatitis as :
• Behcet’s syndrome • Sarcoidosis
• Reiters syndrome
• Midline lethal
granuloma
• Contact stomatitis

Regressive Clinical features, aetiology and 5

alteration of applied aspects of Attrition,
teeth: abrasion, erosion, Abfraction
bruxism, hypercementosis,
dentinal changes, pulp
calcifications and resorption of
teeth.

Healing of oral Wound healing factors, Exfoliative cytology 4

wounds and complications Advanced biopsy
complications procedures including
Dry socket brush biopsy

Biopsy

139
Physical and summary of physical and chemical Basics of radiation 4
chemical injuries injuries therapy
of the oral cavity
Radiation effects of oral cavity

Occupational injuries to the oral

cavity

Pigmentation of oral and paraoral

region and discolouration of teeth.
Non neoplastic Relevant disorders and knowledge 5
salivary gland about their
diseases. • Definition
• Classification
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinicalfeatures
• Histopathology

Systemic diseases Brief review 6

involving oral oral manifestations
cavity: diagnosis
significance of
• common blood
• nutritional
• hormonal
• metabolic diseases of oral
cavity.

140
Mucocutaneous Knowledge about the clinical Basics of Autoimmunity Immunohistochemis 8
lesions. features, histopathology, try of
differential diagnosis and vesiculobullous
management of : lesions
• Relevant genodermatoses
• Relevant vesiculobullous
lesions
Diseases of • Trigeminal • Causalgia 2
nerves: Facial • Glossopharyngeal • Psychogenic
neuralgias • VII nerveparalysis facial pain
Burningmouth
syndrome.
Diseases of Traumatic injuries to 1
maxillary sinus: sinus, sinusitis, cysts
and tumors involving
antrum.

Principles of Introduction, definition, aims and Determination of sex Dental importance 7

Basic Forensic scope. and blood groups from of poisons and
Odontology. buccal mucosa/saliva. corrosives
Skeletal and dental profiling

Age estimation from teeth

DNA methods.

Bite marks, rugae pattern and lip

prints.

Bioethics for ICMR Guidelines for Biomedical Historical background 1

Research Research of research ethics

141
Jurisprudence Legislative measures by 1
Govt. of India for tobacco
control

7. PRACTICALS:
a)Procedures– Histopathological slides of relevant diseases.
b)Demonstrations– Spotters/specimens/radiographs
c) Forensic exercises pertaining to Cheiloscopy, rugoscopy, age estimation, tooth metrics
d) Preparation and study of ground sections of carious teeth

8. THEORY EXAMINATION: (3Hours)

Write in details: 2x8 = 16 marks

Write Notes on: 6 x5 = 30marks
Write short notes on: 8x3 =24 marks

70marks

9. PRACTICAL/ CLINICALEXAMINATIONS
MCQ’s - 30Marks
Spotters and microscopic identification of slides - 50 Marks
Practical record book - 10 Marks

Total- 90 Marks

142
 Viva ---- 20 marks

Examination Internal Assessment Viva Total

Theory 70 10 20 100

Practicals 90 10 - 100

Total 200

10. FORMATIVE/INTERNALASSESSMENT
The internal assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) is held 3times in a particular year. The marks
scored by the students shall be displayed on the Notice board.
Note: An OSCE (i.e. Objective, Structured, Clinical, Examination) type of examination designed to test
applied clinical skill performance and competence is being used for internal assesments. It is a hands-on,
real-world approach to learning and assessment.

Theory Internal Assessment – 10 marks

Practical Internal Assessment – 10marks
---------------
Total 20marks
----------------

11. RECORD/LOGBOOK
Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide
adequate number of cases/teaching material as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the
students during clinical/practical training and examinations.

143
12. TEXTBOOKS
i. A Text Book ofOralPathology – Shafer, Hine &Levy.
ii. Oral&MaxillofacialPathology - Neville, Damm, Allen & Chi.
iii. OralPathology - Regezi&Sciubba.

13. REFERENCEBOOKS
i. Oral Pathology –Soames &Southam.
ii. Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial pathology–Sapp, Eversole,Wysocki.
iii. Oral Pathologyintrophics - Prabhu, Wilson, Johnson &Daftary.
iv. MedicalEthics -Francis.
v.Oralpathology - Soames &Southam

14. CRI POSTING SCHEDULE AND ORIENTATION

Period of Postings:

Oral Pathology & Microbiology - 15 days

144
 ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
FACULTY OF DENTISTRY
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
BDS: III year and IV year
AIMS

(1) To train the students to diagnose the common disorders of oro-facial region by clinical examination and with
the help of such investigations as may be required and medical management of oro-facial disorders with drugs and
physical agents.

(2) To train the students about the importance, role, use and techniques of radiographs/digital radiograph and
other imaging methods in diagnosis.

(3) To train the students about the basic principles of clinical and radiographic aspects of forensic odontology.

COURSE CONTENT

The syllabus in ORAL MEDICINE & RADIOLOGY is divided into two main parts:

(I) Diagnosis, Diagnostic methods and Oral Medicine

(A) Diagnostic methods.
(B) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

145
 (C) Oral Medicine & Therapeutics.
(D) (D) Behavioural sciences and ethics.

(II) Oral Radiology.

The students should have knowledge regarding the following

• Able to identify precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity, treat them medicinally and refer to
the concernedspeciality for their management.
• Should have an adequate knowledge about common laboratory investigations and interpretationof their
results.
• Should have adequate knowledge about medical complications that can arise while treatingsystemically
compromised patients and take prior precautions/ consent from the concernedmedical specialist.
• Have adequate knowledge about radiation health hazards, radiations safety and protection.
• Competent to take intra-oral radiographs and interpret the radiographic findings.
• Gain adequate knowledge of various extra-oral radiographic procedures, TMJ radiography, OPG
andsialography.
• Be aware of the importance of intra- and extra-oral radiographs in forensic identification and ageestimation.
• Should be familiar with jurisprudence, ethics and understand the significance of dental recordswith respect
to law.

THEORY HOURS: 90 hours

• BDS Third year -15 hours.

• BDS Final year -70 hours.
146
PART-I ORAL MEDICINE AND DIAGNOSTIC AIDS

TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO KNOW

DIAGNOSTIC 1. Methodology for Clinical examination- Forensic odontology

METHODS a) Detailed case history and General physical
examination by inspection and palpation.
Diagnosis, provisional
b) Evaluation of normal clinical anatomical
diagnosis, differential
landmarks.
diagnosis and final
c) Thorough and detailed examination of oro-
diagnosis with
facial region.
emphasises on the
d) Saliva as a diagnostic aid.
importance of history
e) Detailed examination of lesions such as
taking, clinical
swellings, growth, ulcers, erosions, sinus,
examination and
fistula, pigmented lesions, red and white
investigations in
lesions.
eliciting the diagnosis.
f) Lymph node examination and elaborate
discussion on causes of lymphadenopathy.
g) Differential diagnosis of orofacial
pathologies and lesions
2. Investigations-
(a) Chair side investigations including
electric pulp testing.

147
 (b) Interpretation of intraoral radiographs
and OPG under supervision of faculty
member.
(c) Advanced imaging techniques.
(d) Biopsy and exfoliative cytology.
(e) Haematological, Microbiological and
other investigations necessary for
diagnosis and prognosis.

DIAGNOSIS AND 1. Potentially malignant disorders and oral 1. Developmental

DIFFERENTIAL cancer of oral cavity. abnormalities of hard
DIAGNOSIS 2. Odontogenic and non-odontogenic orofacial and soft tissues.
pain. 2. Diseases of bone and
3. Diagnosis of oral pathologies in systemic osteodystrophies.
diseases. Knowledge regarding the 3. Metabolic diseases.
management of medical complications of 4. Endocrine diseases
systemically compromised patients. Fitness 5. Oro-facial
/ clearance consent for dental procedures granulomatous
from the concerned specialist. diseases.
4. Diagnosis of pulpo-periapical pathologies. 6. Miscellaneous disorders
5. Inflammatory and infectious lesions a. Burkitts
affecting the jaws. lymphoma

148
 6. Salivary gland disorders. b. Sturge weber
7. Temporomandibular joint disorders syndrome
8. Common cysts and tumors: c. CREST syndrome.
(a) Pseudo cysts (mucocele and ranula), bony d. Orofacial
cysts (odontogenic and non-odontogenic) syndromes.
(b) Tumors-
i) Soft tissue- Epithelial (papilloma, carcinoma,
melanoma), connective tissue (Fibroma,
lipoma, fibrosarcoma), vascular
(haemangioma, lymphangioma), nerve tissue
( neurofibroma, traumatic neuroma), salivary
glands ( pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid
cystic carcinoma, warthin’stumor)
ii) Hard tissue- non-odontogenic (osteoma,
osteosarcoma, chondroma, chondrosarcoma,
central giant cell granuloma, and central
haemangioma) and odontogenic (enameloma,
ameloblastoma, calcifying epithelial
odontogenic tumor).
9. Gingival and Periodontal diseases.

149
ORAL MEDICINE AND 1. Infections of oral and paraoral structures: 1. Pain arising due to CNS
THERAPEUTICS Bacterial: Streptococcal, tuberculosis, disease
syphillis, vincents, leprosy, actinomycosis, 2. Pain due to intracranial
diphtheria and and extracranial
tetanus involvement of cranial
Fungal: Candida albicans nerves.
Virus: Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, 3. Neuralgic pain due to
ramsay hunt syndrome, measles, unknown cause.
herpangina, mumps, AIDS and hepatitis-B 4. Altered sensation:
Oral mucosal lesions: Cacogeusia, halitosis.
a. White lesions: Chemical burns, leukodema, 5. Forensic odontology
leukoplakia, fordyce spots, stomatitis including :
nicotinapalatinus, white sponge nevus, a) Medicolegal aspects of
candidiasis, lichenplanus, discoid lupus orofacial injuries
erythematosis. b) Identification of bite
b. Red lesions: Erythroplakia, stomatitis marks
venenata and medicamentosa, erosive lesions c) Determination of age
and denture sore mouth. and sex
c. Vesiculo-bullous lesions: Herpes simplex, d) Identification of
herpes zoster, herpangina, bullous lichen cadavers by dental
planus, pemphigus, cicatricial pemphigoid appliances, Restorations
erythema multiforme. and tissue remnants

150
d. Ulcers: Acute and chronic ulcers
e. Pigmented lesions: Exogenous and
endogenous.
f. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral
cavity.
g. Refer to the concerned speciality for the
management of cancerous lesions.

2. Cervico-facial lymphadenopathy
3. Oro-facial pain
(a) Organic pain – Pain arising from the
diseases of orofacial tissues.
(b) Referred pain
4. Tongue in local and systemic disorders
5. Oral manifestations of systemic disease
6. Diseases of salivary glands.
7. Dermatological diseases with oral
manifestations.
8. Foci of oral infection and their ill effects on
general health.
9. Management of dental problems in
medically compromised patients.

151
 10. Oral cancer including radiotherapy.
11. Nerve and muscle diseases.

12. Therapeutics – Drugs commonly used in

oral medicine and emergency drugs.
BEHAVIOURAL Knowledge regarding jurisprudence, ethics and
SCIENCES AND the significance of dental records with respect
ETHICS to law.

Part II ORAL RADIOLOGY

TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO

KNOW

ORAL RDAIOLOGY 1. Subject scope and history of origin.

1. Magnetic resonance
2. Radiation physics :
imaging.
a) Nature and types of radiation.
2. Nuclear medicine
b) Properties of X-rays.
imaging.
c) Production of x-rays including power supply.
d) Factors controlling the x-ray beam.
3. Dosimetry and radiation measuring units.
4. Biologic effects of radiation including complications of
radiotherapy.

152
5. Radiation safety and protection including infection
control.
6. Projection geometry.
7. X-ray film, intensifying screens and grids. Radiographic
accessories.
8. Processing x-ray film including faulty radiographs.
9. Digital and Manual radiographic technique
Intra-oral-
a) Periapical technique( Bisecting angle and
paralleling technique).
b) Bitewing radiographs.
c) Occlusal radiographs.

Extra – oral
a) OPG
b) Skull projections.
c) TMJ imaging.
10. Normal radiographic anatomy

11. Panoramic imaging including landmarks

12. Advanced imaging techniques-

(a) Computed tomography.

153
 (b) Cone beam computed tomography.
(c) Ultrasonography.
(d) Sialography.
13.Interpretation of radiographs in various abnormalities of
teeth, bones and other orofacial tissues.

14. Implant radiology

PRACTICALS/CLINICAL

The prescribed number of hours for Practical- As per regulation

1. Students are trained to arrive at proper diagnosis by following a scientific and systematic procedure of
history taking and examination of orofacial region.
2. Training is also imparted in management of orofacial pathologies.Saliva diagnostic check as routine
procedure.
3. Training is imparted on various radiographic procedures and interpretation of radiographs.
4. Each student shall maintain a record of work done (Third year and Final year).
i) Recording of detailed case histories of interesting cases – 10.
ii) Routine OPD Cases : 100.
iii) Intra-oral radiographs interpretation in manual– 25.
iv) Routine intraoral radiographs: 100.
v) OPG interpretation: 2

154
THIRD YEAR

1. Students attend didactic theory lectures which are on ppt.

2. Assignment work in form of definitions, differential diagnosis of ulcerative lesions, pulpo-
periapical pathologies, periapical radiolucencies, periapical radiopacities, multilocular
radiolucencies and intraoral radiographic technique.
3. Student project in form of posters.
4. Routine OPD patients.
5. Recording at least two cases in the manual.
6. Intraoral radiographs and its interpretation.

FINAL YEAR

1. Students attend didactic theory lectures which are on ppt.

2. Student project in form of seminars(ppt).
3. Routine OPD patients.
4. Recording special cases in the manual.
5. Intraoral radiographs and OPG interpretation.
6. Chair-side procedures like exfoliative cytology, incisional/excisional biopsy, pulp testing.
7. Physiotherapy of patients with oro-facial pain

155
BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Burket’s – Oral Medicine.

2. Kerr, Ash and Millard – Oral diagnosis.
3. Shafer’s Oral pathology.
4. White and pharaoh – Oral radiology.
5. Wood and Goaz - Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions.
6. Langland and Langlais – diagnostic imaging of jaws.
7. Eric Whaites - Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology.

SCHEME OF TEACHING

Theory and Practical examination : Maximum of 200 marks.

• THEORY : 100 marks.

 University written exam 70
 Viva Voce 20
 Internal assessment (Written) 10
• PRACTICAL /CLINICAL: 100 marks.
 University Exam 90
 Internal assessment (Practical) 10

156
 15. PAEDIATRIC AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY

1. GOAL

The dental graduates during training in the Faculty of Dentistry should acquire adequate knowledge,
necessary skills and reasonable attitudes which are required for carrying out all dental procedures
appropriate to general dental practice involving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and
diseases, of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues. The graduate also should understand the
concept of community oral health education and be able to participate in the rural health care delivery
programmes existing in the country.

2. OBJECTIVES

a. Knowledge and understanding:

• Adequate knowledge of the scientific foundations on which dentistry is based and good
understanding of various relevant scientific methods, principles of biological functions; ability to
evaluate and analyze scientifically various established facts and data.
• Adequate knowledge of the development, structure and function of the teeth, mouth and Jaws and
associated tissues both in health and disease and their relationship and effect on general state of
health and also bearing on physical and social well being of the patient.
• Adequate knowledge of clinical disciplines and methods which provide a coherent picture of
anomalies, lesions and diseases of the teeth, mouth and jaws and preventive diagnostic and
therapeutic aspects of dentistry.
• Adequate clinical experience required for general dental practice
• Adequate knowledge of the constitution, biological function and behaviour of persons in health and
sickness as well as the influence of the natural and social environment on the state of health in so
far as it affects dentistry.

157
b. Skills:
A graduate should be able to demonstrate the following skills necessary for practice of dentistry:
• Diagnose and manage various common dental problems encountered in general dental practice keeping
in mind the expectations and the right of' the society to receive the best possible treatment available
wherever possible.
• Prevent and manage complications if encountered while carrying out various surgical and other
procedures.
• Carry out certain investigative procedures and ability to interpret laboratory findings.

• Promote oral health and help prevent oral diseases where possible.
• Control pain and anxiety among the patients during dental treatment.

c. Attitude:

A graduate should develop during the training period the following attitudes:
• Willingness to apply the current knowledge of dentistry in the best interest of the patient and
community.
• Maintain a high standard of professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all aspects of
professional life.
• Seek to improve awareness and provide possible solutions for oral health problems and needs
throughout the community.
• Willingness to participate in the CPED programmes to update knowledge and professional skill from
time to time.
• Help and participate in the implementation of the national oral health policy

d. Integration: Holistic approach

A graduate should have good knowledge and should be able to apply the different concepts and manage the
patient as a whole.

158
e. Knowledge about Infection and cross infection in dentistry:

Knowledge about asepsis – disinfection and sterilization of instruments, clinical area/ personal care
as per universal protection, and disposal of medical wastes in the appropriate modes. Students
should be aware of the rules and regulations pertaining to maintenance of clinical set up and waste
disposal.

f. Computer proficiency:
Basic knowledge of Computers, MS Office, Window 2000, Statistical Programmes. Basic operative skills in
analysis of data and knowledge of multimedia. Students should utilize a combination of traditional
classroom courses, and online courses. The following validation is required and must be completed:
i. Technological Requirements for all Graduate Students
ii. A laptop or desktop computer that supports the following requirements
a. Operating system requirements
b. Internet browser requirements
c. Reliable and consistent access to the internet
d. Antivirus software which is current and consistently updated
e. Microsoft Office
f. Adobe Reader (or equivalent to view PDF files)

3. COMPETENCIES
1. General skill
2. Practice Management
3. Communication and Community Resources
4. Patient Care –Diagnosis& Treatment Planning
5. Competencies specific to the subject
• Able to instill a positive attitude and behaviour in children towards oral health and
understand the principles of prevention and preventive dentistry- right from birth
to adolescence.
• Able to guide and counsel the guardian/parents with regard to various treatment
modalities including different facets of preventive dentistry.
• Able to treat dental diseases occurring in the child patient.
159
 • Able to manage the physically and mentally challenged/disabled children
effectively and efficiently, tailored to the needs of individual requirement and
conditions.

4. TEACHINGHOURS
Lecture Hours Clinical Hours
Third BDS 20 70
Fourth BDS 45 100
Total 65 170

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY

• Academic teaching with supportive aids- Power Point presentations, Interactive sessions with students
in the lectures and during Clinical postings
• Conduction and supervisions of Seminars of few selected topics
• Evaluation of Pre-clinical and Clinical skills during their practical hours, Case histories & Clinical cases
presentations
• Workshops, lectures, and exposures to CDE program

6. THEORY SYLLABUS

TOPIC MANDATORY TO KNOW RECOMMENDED TO KNOW

1. Introduction to • Definition, Scope, Objectives and • Special role of Pediatric Dentistry in

Pedodontics And Importance managing special children
Preventive • Significance of the Pediatric
Dentistry. Dentistry as a separate specialty

160
2. Growth and • Importance of study of growth • Implications and correlation of the
Development and development in Dental age and chronological age
Pedodontics
• Prenatal and postnatal
factors in growth and
development
• Theories of growth and development
• Development of maxilla and
mandible and related age changes
3. Development of • Study of Variations and • Able to detect Chronological and
Occlusion from Birth Abnormalities dental discrepancies
Through • Occlusal changes occurring with
Adolescence the age
4. Dental Anatomy • Development of teeth and • Implications of difference in the types
and Histology associated structures of dentitions on dental procedures
• Eruption and shedding of teeth
• Teething disorders and
their management
• Chronology of eruption of teeth
• Differences between deciduous
and permanent teeth
• Importance of first permanent
molar

5. Dental Radiology • Dental radiology related to • Behaviour modifications and patient

Related to Pedodontics Pedodontics management during radiography
• Techniques and Radiological
Protocols
6. Oral Surgical • Indications and contraindications • Suturing techniques
Procedures in of extractions of primary and • Emergency management in bleeding
Children permanent teeth in children disorders.
• Knowledge of local and • Advanced Oral surgical
general anesthesia considerations in young child
• Minor surgical procedures in
161
 children
7. Dental Caries • Historical background • Dental Caries prevalence and
• Definition, etiology and incidence.
pathogenesis
• Caries pattern in primary,
young permanent and
permanent teeth in children
• Rampant Caries, Early Childhood
Caries and extensive caries:
definition, etiology, pathogenesis,
clinical features, complications and
management
• Role of diet and nutrition in
dental caries
• Dietary modifications and
diet counseling
• Caries activity tests, caries
prediction, caries susceptibility
and their clinical application
8. Gingival and • Normal Gingiva and • Gingival Indices, OHI
Periodontal Periodontium in Children • Prevalence and incidence of gingival
Diseases in • Definition, Etiology and disorders in children
Children Pathogenesis
• Prevention and Management of
Gingival and Periodontal Diseases
9. Child Psychology • Definition • Implications of Theories in routine
dental practices and procedures

162
 • Theories of Child Psychology • Desensitization
• Psychological development of
children with age
• Principles of psychological growth
and development while managing
child patient
• Dental fear and its management
• Factors affecting child’s reaction
to dental treatment
10. • Definitions • Able to induce conscious sedation
Behaviour • Types of behavior encountered in • Advanced behavior management
Managemen the dental clinic strategies
t • Non-pharmacological and • Dental Treatment under sedation
pharmacological methods of
behavior management
• Conscious Sedation
• General Anesthesia
• Premedications

11. Pediatric • Principles of pediatric

Operative operative dentistry • Complete Dental rehabilitation of
Dentistry • Modifications required for grossly carious cases/ ECC& rampant
cavity preparation in primary caries management
and young permanent teeth • Delivery of Stainless Steel,
• Various isolation procedures Polycarbonate and Resin Crowns
• Restorations of decayed primary,
young permanent and permanent
teeth in children using various
restorative materials Like Glass
Ionomer, Composites and Silver
Amalgam.
• Manipulation and Properties
and compositions of various
163
 dental materials
12. • Principles and diagnosis of Various • Management of complicated
Pediatric pulp pathologies Endodontic cases.
Endodontic • Classification of pulpal
s pathology in primary, young
permanent and Permanent teeth
• Management of pulpally involved
primary, young permanent and
permanent teeth:
• direct and indirect pulp capping,
pulpotomy, pulpectomy,
Apexogenesis and apexification
• Obturation techniques and
materials used for primary,
young permanent and
permanent teeth in children

13. Traumatic • Classification and Importance • Emergency management in traumatic

Injuries in • Sequelae and Reaction of Teeth injuries.
Children to Trauma • Suturing techniques
• Management of Traumatized Teeth
14. Preventive • Definitions • Model analysis
and Interceptive • Problems Encountered During • Fabrication of Removable and Fixed
Orthodontics Primary and Mixed Dentition space maintainers.
Phases and their Management • Dental cross bite correction
• Myofunctional Therapy • Modifications of space maintainers
• Serial Extractions and space management in children
• Space Management

164
15. Oral Habits • Definition, etiology and classification • Psychological management and
in Children • Clinical features of Digit Sucking, counselling
Tongue Thrusting, Mouth Breathing • Fabrication of Removable and Fixed
and various secondary habits habit breaking appliances
• Management of Oral Habits in Children

16. Dental Care • Definition, etiology, classification, • Management of cases with physical
of Children with behavioural and clinical features and disabilities without sedation
Special Needs management of children with: • Management of cases with disabilities
physically handicapping conditions, under sedation and general
mentally handicapping conditions, anesthesia
medically compromising conditions and
genetic disorders.
17. Congenital • Definition, Classification, Clinical
Abnormalities In Features and Management
Children

18. Dental • Dental Emergencies in Children • IV management in emergency cases

Emergencies In and their Management
Children and
Their
Management
19. Dental • Dental Materials Used in Pediatric • Properties, manipulation of dental
Materials Dentistry materials
Used in
Pediatric
Dentistry
20. Preventive • Definition • Pit and fissure sealants and topical
Dentistry • Principles and scope fluoride applications
• Types of prevention
• Different preventive measures used
in pediatric dentistry including Pit

165
 and
Fissure Sealants and Caries Vaccine

21. Dental • Dental Health Education and School

Health Dental Health Programs
Education and
School Dental
Health Programs
22. Fluorides • Historical Background
• Systemic and Topical Fluorides
• Mechanism of Action
• Toxicity and Management
• Defluoridation Techniques
23. Case • Outline of principles of • Education & motivation of the
History examination, diagnosis and patients using disclosing agents.
Recording treatment planning • Educating patients about oral
hygiene measures like tooth
brushing, flossing etc.
24. Child • Diagnosis of Various types of • Reporting of a child abuse case
Abuse and Child abuse
Neglect • Management of child abuse
and neglect

25. Setting up of • Dental considerations for a clinic

Pedodontics designing and set up
Clinic • Significance of waiting and play area

166
26. Dental Ethics • Introduction, ethics of an individual,
profession ethics, research ethics,
gathering all scientific factors, gathering
all value factors, identifying areas of
value conflict, setting of priorities and
working our criteria towards decisions
27. Recent • Radical changes in modern pediatric • Role of Genetics in diagnosis of
trends in dentistry including translational dental anomalies
Pediatric research, holistic research, developing • Resin infiltration techniques
Dentistry innovative technologies in early • SDF Breakthrough
detection of the disease, and
contemporary traditional medicines in
oral care

28. Advances in • Pain management

the Treatment • Technologically driven drugs delivery
strategies in systems.
Pediatric • Esthetic pediatric Dentistry (Zirconia
Dentistry crowns)
• Rotary endodontics in Primary teeth
• Applications of lasers in pediatric
Dentistry
• Pediatric dental implants in children

29. Inter • Role of a pediatric dentist in the

professional management of Cleft lip and cleft
dental care in palate cases
complicated • Corrective surgical procedures for
dental diseases children with cleft lip and palate
and syndromes • Orthopaedic appliances for children

167
 30. Regenerative • Tissue engineering and regenerative
dentistry medicine
• Regenerative Endodontics for primary
teeth

7. CLINICAL POSTING SCHEDULE AND ORIENTATION / PRACTICALS

i) FOR BDS III YEAR STUDENTS (Non- Exam Going)

Period of Postings- One month

• During their posting in Pedodontics the BDS III-year students shall be completing the preclinical
exercises
• Preclinical exercises will involve
o Wax Carvings -Permanent teeth-central incisors and First molars (maxillary and mandibular)
Primary Teeth- First and second primary molars (maxillary and mandibular)
o Prepare Casts (Upper and lower-6 each)
o Wire Bending (Adams, C Clasps, Labial Bow, Z-Springs, finger springs, Cribs, Rakes.),
o Class I and II Cavity Preparations on Extracted/ Typodont Teeth,
• They will assist in OPD (Diagnosis and treatment)

ii) FOR BDS FINAL YEAR STUDENTS

Period of Postings- One month

• They will assist in OPD (Diagnosis and treatment)

• During their posting in Pedodontics the BDS Final year students shall perform Restorations,
extractions, oral prophylaxis, pulp protection procedures on the patients
• Record case history (10 patients)
• Fabrication of Removable Appliances (Oral Screen, anti-thumb sucking and anti-tongue thrusting
appliances, Cross bite correction appliance, Catalan’s appliance, Hawley’s retainer)
168
 Following is the recommended clinical quota for under-graduate students in the subject of
pediatric& preventive dentistry,
• Restorations - Class I & II only: (GIC& Others) - 45
• Preventive measures e.g. Oral Prophylaxis- 20
• Fluoride applications - 10
• Extractions - 25
• Case History Recording & Treatment Planning –10
• Education & motivation of the patients using disclosing agents. Educating patients about
oral hygiene measureslike tooth brushing, flossing etc.

8. RECORD LOGBOOK/ Manual

Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide
adequate number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the
students during clinical/practical training and examinations. The candidate will be given credit for
maintaining their records based on the pre-clinical and clinical exercises.

EXAMINATION PATTERN

9. THEORY EXAMINATION (3 Hours)

Elaborate Ques - 2x8= 16 Marks

Write notes on - 6 x 5= 30 Marks
Short notes - 8 x 3= 24 Marks
-------------
70Marks

169
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION- (90marks)

 Spotters - 30 marks ( 10 spotters)

 Management of Child Patient in The Dental Clinic (60Marks)
• Case history - 30
marks
• Diagnosis - 10
marks
• Treatment plan - 10
marks
• Treatment - 10marks

10. MARKS DISTRIBUTION

Examination Internal Viva Total

Assessment
Theory 70 (Part A & B) 10 20 100

Practical 90 10 - 100

Total 200

10. INTERNALASSESSMENT:
• To assess the Theoretical & Clinical knowledge of the student and to understand their ability to manage
child patients efficiently three assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) will be held at fixed dates
in a particular academic year and the mean of all the three assessments will be considered.
• The assessment examination will comprise of a written test, oral viva.
• The third assessment will be sent-up exam, that will be held as per the final exam pattern
• The Internal Assessment marks will be submitted to the university at the end of the academic year.

170
 Theory Internal assessment - 10 Marks
Practical Internal assessment -10 Marks

12. LIST OF INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED BY BDS IV YEAR STUDENTS

Students will bring their own personal instruments sets during the clinical posting .

Miscellaneous Instruments
• Enamel tray-1
• Kidney trays (metal)-2
• Glass slab and spatula-2
• Plastic Spatula-1
• Mulling cloth -1
• Mortar and pestle-1
• Air rotor-1
• Diamond burs-5 each
o Round bur- 010,012
o Cylindrical-010,012
o Taper fissure- 010,012
o Inverted cone-010,012
o Micromotor handpiece
o Steel burs
o Round bur-012,014
o Cylindrical
o Inverted cone- 012,014
• Matrix band holder-(1 and 8)
• Matrix bands (Ivory & Universal)

List of filling / Restorative instruments (5 each)

• Mirror
• Tweezer
• Straight probe
171
 • Explorer (Sickle shaped probe)
• Plastic instrument
• Parallelogram condenser
• Cylindrical condenser
• Ball burnisher
• Spoon excavator
• Diamond carver
• Hollenbeck carver

Hand -Scalers set (5)

Green pouches (autoclavable)-10

Patient’s drapes and trolley drapes (Autoclavable)-2

13. TEXTBOOKS

1) Dentistry for the Child and Adolescence - McDonald.

2) Pediatric Dentistry -Damle S. G.
3) Behaviour Management – Wright
4) Clinical Pedodontics -Finn
5) Pediatric Dentistry -Mathewson
6) Kennedy's Pediatric Operative Dentistry - Kennedy &Curzon.
7) Textbook of Pedodontios – Shobha Tandon
8) Pediatric Dentistry (Infancy through Adolescences) -Pinkham.
9) Clinical Use of Fluorides - Stephen H.Wei.
10) Understanding of Dental Caries – NikiForuk.
11) Management of Traumatized anterior Teeth - Hargreaves.

14. REFERENCE BOOKS

172
1) Occlusal guidance in Paediatric Dentistry -- Stephen H.Wei.
2) Paediatric Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery -Kaban.
3) Paediatric Medical Emergencies - P. S.Whatt
4) An Atlas of Glass lonomer cements - G. J.Mount.
5) Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry – Braham Morris.
6) Primary Preventive Dentistry - Norman 0.Harris
7) Handbook of Clinical Pedodontics –Kenneth.D
8) Preventive Dentistry - Forrester.
9) The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride Garry M.Whitford..
10) Traumatic Injuries –Andreason.
11) Pediatric Drug Therapy –Tomare
12) Contemporary Ortodontics -Profitt.
13) Preventive Dentistry - Depaola.
14) Metabolism &Toxicity. of Fluoride - Whitford. G.M.
15) Endodontic Practice - Grossman.
16) Principles of Endodontics - Munford.
17) Endodontics - Ingle.
18) Pathways of Pulp - Cohen

173
 16. ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS

1. GOAL
Practice respective speciality efficiently and effectively, backed by scientific knowledge and skill;

• exercise empathy and a caring attitude and maintain high ethical standards;
• continue to evince keen interest in professional education in the specialty and allied specialties whether
in teaching or practice;
• willing to share the knowledge and skills with any learner, junior or colleague;
• to develop the faculty for critical analysis and evaluation of various concepts and views and to adopt the
most rationalapproach

2. OBJECTIVES

The objective of the Under graduate training is to train a student so as to ensure higher competence in both
general and special area of interest and prepare him or her for a career in teaching, research and speciality
practice. A student must achieve a high degree of clinical proficiency in the subject and develop competence in
research and its methodology in the concerned field. The objectives to be achieved by the candidate on completion
of the course may be classified as under:
• Knowledge andUnderstanding
• Skills
• Attitude
• Knowledge about infections and cross infections in Dental Practice – HIV and Hepatitscontrol
• Computer Proficiency

a. KNOWLEDGE:

(i) Dental material knowledge

(ii) Craniofacial anomalies
(iii) Sterilisation
(iv) Orthodontic diagnosis
(v) Craniofacial Growth & tissue response
(vi) Etiology of skeletal & dental malocclusions
174
 (vii) Identify social, economic, environmental and emotional determinants in a given case and take them into
account for plannedtreatment;
(viii) Recognise conditions that may be outside the area of speciality or competence and to refer them to
theconcerned

(ix) Knowledge by self study and by attending courses, conferences and seminars pertaining to speciality;
(x) Undertake audit, use information technology and carry out research in both basic and clinical with the
aimof publishing or presenting the work at various scientificgathering.

b. SKILLS:

I. Clinical history, patient examination and essential diagnostic records

II. Orthodontic study models & analysis
III. Orthodontic radiographs including lateral cephalogram & analysis
IV. Comprehensive diagnosis & treatment planning
V. Removable & myofunctional appliance fabrication
c. ATTITUDE:

HUMAN VALUES, ETHICAL PRACTICE AND COMMUNICATION ABILITIES.

I. Dental ethics
II. Academic integrity
III. Professional communication & referrals
IV. Team based approach to patient management & intra-department work.
V. Case to case evidence based discussions.
VI. Patient care irrespective of social status, caste, creed, or religion
VII. Informed consent

d. INTEGRATION:

• Understanding of orthodontic problems

• Delivering comprehensive treatment
• Interdisciplinary approach to treatment

175
 • Knowledge of syndromes and craniofacial anomalies

e. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION IN ORTHODONTICS:

• Universal precautions
• Orthodontic waste management
• Sterilization of orthodontic equipments
• Impression disinfection
• Handling orthodontic sharps
• Biomedical waste disposal

f. COMPUTERPROFICIENCY

i. Technological Requirements for all Graduate Students

a. Basic knowledge of Computers, MS Office Window 2000 , Statistical Programmes
b. Basic operative skills in multimedia
c. Handling e classrooms, online courses & webinars
ii. A laptop or desktop computer that supports the followingrequirements
a. Operating systemrequirements
b. Internet browserrequirements
c. Reliable and consistent access to theinternet
d. Antivirus software which is current and consistentlyupdated
e. MicrosoftOffice
f. Adobe Reader (or equivalent to view PDFfiles)
g. Adobe photoshop or equivalent

3. COMPETENCIES

1. General skills
2. PracticeManagement
3. Patient Care –Clinical Diagnosis

176
 4. Patient Care – Treatment Planning
5. Orthodontic patient referral
6. Handling orthodontic emergencies
7. Soft skills & Communication with patient
8. Handling & fabrication of Basic orthodontic appliance
9. Patient education & awareness
10. Intra-oral & extra-oral photographs- orthodontic proficiency
11. Patient management software proficiency

4. TEACHINGHOURS
Lecture Hours Clinical Hours
3rd Year 20 70
4th Year 30 100

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY

Use of active methods of learning should be encouraged, which would enable students to develop personality,
communication skills and other qualities which are necessary, such as:
1. Group discussions,
2. Seminars
3. Demonstrations,
4. Peer interactions
5. E-classrooms
6. Google quiz for classroom assessment
7. Classroom feedback from students

Make maximum efforts to encourage integrated teaching and de-emphasize compartmentalisation of disciplines so
as to achieve horizontal and vertical integration in different phases

177
 6. THEORY SYLLABUS

Undergraduate program in Orthodontics is designed to enable the qualifying dental surgeon to diagnose, analyse
and treat common orthodontic problems by preventive, interceptive and corrective orthodontic procedures. The
following basic instructional procedures will be adapted to achieve the above objectives.

S. NO. TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO NICE TO

KNOW KNOW
1. Introduction & Scope of -Definitions & divisions of orthodontics: -History of
Orthodontics -Preventive orthodontics
-interceptive -psychosoatic
-Corrective paradigm
-Surgical orthodontics
-Goals of orthodontics:
-Jackson’s triad

2. Development of - Physical Development in Preschool years Stages of Embryonic

Dentition: Early stages - Maturation of Oral Functions Development
of Development - Eruption chronology of Primary and - Late Fetal
Permanent teeth Development and
- Normal Characteristics of Deciduous, Birth
Mixed ands Permanent Dentition -Preemergent and
Post-emergent
eruption of teeth
3. Development of -First transitional period: Theories of tooth Chronology of
Dentition: Later Stages Eruption of first permanent molar eruption teeth
of Development Eruption of incisors Factors affecting
Incisor liability eruption of teeth
Incisor labiality
Inter-transitional period
Ugly duckling stage
Second transitional stage

178
 Leeway space
Late mesial shift
Eruption of teeth
Clinical applications of growth &
development:
Arch expansion
Ugly duckling
Overbite
Molar relation

4. Occlusion- Basic Definition of occlusion Types of cusps

Concepts Andrews six keys of occlusion Types of curves
Typesof occlusion
5. Classification of Individual tooth malpositions, malrelation of Bennettte’s
Malocclusion dental arches,skeletal malocclusions,Angle’s classification,Skeleta
classification ,Dewey’s l
modifications,Lischers modification,simons classification,incisor
classification,Ackerman-Profitt system of classification,Katz’s
classification premolar
classification
6. Indices IOTN PAR index TPI index
Aesthetic component ICON index
Dental health component

7. Growth and -Definition of Growth and Development Growth Pattern,

Development : In -Growth Pattern, Variability And Timing: Variability And
General, Basic tenets of Cephalocaudal Gradient, Scammons Growth Timing: Standard
Growth, Growth Rhythm Curve Growth Charts
& Spurts, Terminologies - Methods of Studying Growth
related to Growth, - Growth Sites versus Growth Centres
Interpretation of Growth
Data

179
8. Post natal Growth Cortical Drift and Remodelling Sphenooccipital
Cranial base & maxilla Elongation of sutures synchondrosphenoet
Sutural growth hmoidal
Displacement synchondrosis
Growth at Sutures intersphenoidalsync
Surface remodelling hondrosis
Timing of growth

9. Post natal Growth Post natal growth of Mandible,primary and Rotation of Jaws
mandible secondary displacement,drift,Expanding V during Growth
principal
10. Growth theories Classification Controlling factors of servosystem
Genetic theory craniofacial growth:
Suutural theory Site vs center
Functional matrix theory Van limborgh theory
Cartilagenous theory
11. Aetiology of -Skeletal Growth Disturbances -Percentage
Malocclusion - Disturbances in Dental Development - Environmental prevalence of
- Genetic Influences Influences All
malocclusion
s
-Teratogens
12. Normal and Abnormal Stomatognatics definations and various
Function of components,Trajectorial theory of bone
Stomatognathic System formation/Wolff’s law,Trajectories of
force/Benninghoff’s lines,Buccinator
mechanism,various functions of
stomatognathic
system,Masticatio,Deglutination,Speech and
malocclusion,
13. Habits - Infantile swallow and Mature Swallow -Equilibrium Theory -
-Retained Infantile Swallow:Causes, Clinical and Dental Cranioverebr
Features and Management. Development al Angle

180
 - Thumb-sucking and Digit Sucking: - Buccinator - Obstructive
Causes, Clinical Features and Management. mechanism Sleep Apneoa
- Mouth Breathing: Causes, Clinical - Biting Force and
Features and Management. Eruption of teeth:”
- Bruxism: Causes, Clinical Features and Short face and Long
Management. Face
-Respiratory pattern
and Adenoid facies
14. Genetics in Twin studies Pattern of genetic Mendel’slaw
Orthodontics Butler’s field theory transmission of inheritance
Malocclusion influenced by genetics Genetic mutation Phenotype
Hapsburg jaw family and disorders genotype
Homeobox genes
15. Orthodontic Diagnosis: Essential and non essential diagnostic aids Consent forms & its
Diagnostic Aids & Case classification types
History Case history details
Body, head and facial types
Physiological & functional assessment
Symmetry analysis
Examination of TMJ

16. Orthodontic Diagnosis: -Extra-Oral: Head form, Facial Form, Facial - Macro/Mini and -Nose
Extra-Oral Examination Proportions, Profile Examination, Micro-esthetics examination
Intra-Oral Examination Divergence, Growth Pattern - Throat Form -
- Intra-Oral: Classification of Malocclusion -Golden Proportions
in all 3 planes, Soft tissue abnormalities, - Gingival
Palate examination Proportions
- Functional Examination of TMJ, Speech, -Smile Analysis
Respiration, Deglutition.

17. Importance of photography in orthodontics Preparation of Camera

Orthodontic
Standard views of intra- oral & extra-oral powerpoint for specifications
Photography
photographs display of photos

181
 Components to be examined in different
views and their clinical significance
18. Orthodontic Study Impression technique Details of plaster 3 D casts
Models:-Importance, Parts of study casts casts & base Wax bite
Preparation and Importance / uses of study casts dimensions records &
preservation. Clinical significance Cast finishing significance
Classification of model analysis Gnathostatics’s Tanaka
Mixed dentition: Moyer’s analysis Johnson
Permanent Dentition analysis: Linderhearth Staley Kerber
Bolton’s tooth size analysis Radiographic
Ashley Howe’s Kesling
Pont’s diagnostic set
Carey’s Clinical significance of each analysis -up
Occlusogram
& its clinical
significance
19. Analysis of Orthodontic Have covered your part
Study Models:
Mixed Dentition &
Permanent Dentition
20. Skeletal Maturity Requirements for an ideal Maturity
Indicators indicator,clinical importance,Maturity
indicators,radiological methods of
assessment and prediction of skeletal
growth
21. Cephalometrics in Cephalometric landmarks Typesof Derived
General: Types, Uses, Anatomic and soft tissue landmarks Cephalograms and landmarks
Lateral Cephalometric Lines and planes in Cephalometrics their uses
Landmarks & Planes
22. Cephalometric Analysis: Down’s analysis,Steiner’s analysis,tweeds Rickett’s s line
Downs, Steiner’s, analysis,Wits appraisal of jaw disharmony.
Tweeds Analysis,
Rickett’s-E-line, Wit’s

182
 Appraisal.

23. Changes on force application Summary of Histology of

Optimum orthodontic force biochemical tooth
Biology of Tooth Hyalinization reactions movement
Movement Forward resorption backward resorption Physiologic tooth
Phases of tooth movement movement
Theories of tooth movement
24. Biochemical reactions to orthodontic tooth Role of arachidonic
movement acid
Messengers of tooth
First messenger Role of cytokines
movement
Second messenger

25. Centre of resistance Compression

Centre of rotation Tension
Moment force Shear force
Mechanics of Tooth Couple Bauschinger effect
Movement Spring characteristics
Types of tooth movement
Moment ot force ratio in each type of tooth
movement
26. Anchorage in Classification of Anchorage,Sources of Anchorage
Orthodontics anchorage,Anchorage loss,Intraoral
planning,Classifying
anchorage,Extraoral anchorage,muscular Anchorage
anchorage,Implant as anchorage unit
requirements,Tweed
Absolute anchorage, sClassification of
anchorage
prepration
27. Arch Expansion in Indications Types of RME Applied
Orthodontics Typesof expansion expanders and slow anatomy of
Difference between slow maxillary expansion expanders palate
and rapid maxillary expansion Retention follow up Diagnostic
Skeletal and dental effects of RMEand SME after expansion aids used
Timing of expansion Tissue response to
183
 Activation schedule expansion
Containdications of Rme

28. Rationale Chairside

Early diagnosis techniques for all
Classification of preventive orthodontic fixed space
procedures maintaining
Management of preventive procedures appliances
without appliances
Space control in deciduous & mixed
Preventive Orthodontics
dentition
Space retaining appliances:
Removable
Fixed
Fixed non functional, their uses & contra-
indications
Mouth guards
29. Definition Interception of Different type
Procedures such as serial extraction- skeletal malrelations of appliances
Indications, contraindications, advantages, Difference between for space
diagnostic procedure dental,skelatal and regainers
Interceptive
Correction of developing crossbite functional crossbite
Orthodontics.
Control of abnormal habits
Space regaining
Muscle exercises

30. Proximal stripping(Reproximation),Arch Choice of teeth for

Methods of Gaining Expansion,Distalisation of extraction,
Space & Extraction in molars,Uprighting of molars,Derotation of
Orthodontics posterior teeth,proclination of anterior
teeth,extractions,
31. General Principles in Indications for orthodontic treatment Orthodontic triage
Orthodontic Treatment Sequence in treatment planning

184
 Planning of Dental and Clinical significance
Skeletal Malocclusions Age considerations in treatment planning
Transient malocclusions
Functional appliance
Adult treatment
Clinical significance

32. Classification of orthodontic appliances

Advantages, Disadvantages of removable
Orthodontic Appliances : appliances
General - Ideal requirements of an orthodontic
appliancePassive and active appliance
Mechanical and myofunctional appliances
33. Advantages and disadvantages of removable Case selection (Ideal
appliances,general principals of removable cases of removable
Removable Orthodontic
appliances,Parts of removable appliances orthodontic
Appliances- Types &
(Active components,retentive appliance treatment)
Components
components,base plate),instructions to the
patients
34. Definitions
Indications
Uses
Ideal requisites
Removable Appliances- Clinical management
Limited Corrective Problems encountered in removable
Orthodontics appliance
Different types of removable appliances
Retractors, spring, bows
Factors governing the force

35. Fixed Orthodontic Advantages Archwire & types Direct &

Appliances Limitations Springs indirect

185
 Orthodontic band Elastics bonding
Fabrication of bands Lock pins
Separators
Clinical significance of of bands
Bonding attachments
36. Definition Mode of action of Skeletally
Basis for orthopaedic appliances orthopaedic Anchored
Types of orthopaedic appliances appliances Facemask
Orthopaedic Appliances Headgears- indications, components types of
headgears
Facemask- indications, types, parts
Chincup- types
37. Intoduction Clinical Techniques
Newer Techniques in Indications management of such as
Orthodontics- TADs, Advantages TADS Invisalign
Invisalign, Lasers, Disadvantages uses Lingual
Lingual Orthodontics Basic of TADs Lasers

38. Definition Bite registration of History of

Classification functional functional
Principles appliances appliances
Effects of functional appliances:
Functional Appliances- Dentoalveolar, skeletal effects
I- General Principles How functional appliances work
Advantages & limitations
Indications
Ideal requirements of functional appliances
Instructions on giving functional appliances
39. Case selection Fabrication
Functional Appliances- Visual treatment objective of all
II- Appliances Vestibular screen - indications, Principle functional
Lip bumper- uses appliances
40. Management of Class I Arch length deficiency management Extractions in Factors

186
 malocclusion: Procedures to treat midline diastema, deep orthodontics influencing
Management of Midline bite, open bite- removable appliances Procedures to treat alignment in
Diastema, Deep Bite, midline diastema, fixed
Open Bite & Cross Bite deep bite, open bite- treatment
fixed appliances Ideal
Methods of requirements
retraction of arch wires
Segmented
technique of
treatment
41. -Clinical Diagnosis Early vs Late Class II Bone
Management of Class II - Growth Modification Correction Anchorage
malocclusion - Class II Camouflage for Class II
- Surgical Correction Correction
42. Clinical features,etiological Surgical treatment Envelope of
considerations,Correction of Class III options Discrepancy
Management of Class III
Malocclusion,Treatment of preadolescent
malocclusion
child,Treatment options for adolescent
child,treatment during adulthood.
43. Definitions Indications for Presurgical
Major surgical procedures surgery orthodontics
Minor surgical procedures Serial extractions Post surgical
Principles of Surgical Surgical treatment options of common Pericision orthodontics
Orthodontics deformities frenectomy-
Distraction osteogenesis techniques

44. Orthodontic
Management of Cleft Lip
and Palate
45. Definition Multidisciplinary Factors
Adult Orthodontics Difference between adult and children approach in affecting
Indications treatment treatment

187
 Contraindications Treatment aspects
Biomechanical considerations Adjunctive
Diagnosis comprehensive

46. Causes of Relapse,need for

Retention,Schools of
Retention & Relapse thought/philosophies,riedel’s theories of
retention,classification /types of
retainers,Length of retention period
47. -Impression Materials -Newer Wire Sytems -Clear
Materials in orthodontic -Wrought Metal Alloys- Properties and use -Newer Bracket Aligners
tooth movement -Orthodontic Wires Systems -Lasers in
-Acrylics-Composition and Manipulation Orthodontics
48. Smile Considerations in Assessment of smile Typesof smile Smile design
Orthodontics Eight components of balanced smile
49. Ethical considerations in practice Plagiarism in
Ethics in Orthodontics
Patient Consent form writing
50. Importance of orthodontics in screening, Cephalometric Screening
diagnosis & management of OSA measurements, questionnaire
extraoral features for for OSA
OSA
Obstructive sleep apnea
Removable
appliances for OSA

188
7. PRACTICAL TRAINING

1. Discussion of 5 Clinical Cases – Each Of DifferentTypes:

Dentoalveolar Malocclusion: Class I/II/III Malocclusion With: Proclination/Spacingdeep Bite/Open
Bite,Etc Skeletal Class II: Growing Individuals Requiring GrowthModification Skeletal Class II: Non
Growing Requiring Surgical Correction Skeletal Class III: Growing Individuals Requiring Growth
Modification Skeletal Class III: Non Growing Requiring Surgical Correction
2. Fabrication And Delivery Of 5 Removable Appliances
3. Mixed Dentition Analysis
4. Permanent Dentition Space Analysis
5. Demostration Of Welding AndSoldering
6. Demostration Of Cephalometric Tracing & analysis
7. Demostration Of Fixed appliance

PROCEDURES: practical exercises required to be proficient about as given below

DEMONSTRATION: Teaching faculty should demonstrate each of the exercises and guide students to understand
the properties of the components, their use and method of activating and adjusting them when incorporated in the
orthodonticsappliances.

PRACTICAL EXERCISES REQUIRED TO BE PROFICIENT ABOUT:

 Basic wire bending exercise Gauge 22 or0.7mm
1. Straightening of wire (4Nos)
2. Bending of a equilateraltriangle
3. Bending of arectangle
4. Bending of asquare
5. Bending of acircle

Bending of U.V. Labialbows:

1. Short labialbow
2. Long labialbow
3. Robert’sretractor
4. Split labialbow
5. High labial bow with apron spring CLASPS:
6.
189
  Construction of clasps (Both sides upper / lower) Gauge 22 or0.7mm
 ¾ clasp(C-Clasp)
 Full clasp (Jackson’s Crib)
 Adam’sclasp
 Triangularclasp

Construction of springs ( on upper both sides) Gauge 24 or 0.5mm

A. Fingerspring
B. Single cantileverspring
C. Double cantilever spring (Z-spring)

• Construction of canineretractors
A. Buccal canineretractor
B. Helical canineretractor
C. U loop cnine retractor
D. Palatal canineretractor Appliances:
A. Upper hawley’sappliance
B. Upper hawley’s appliance with anterior biteplane
C. Upper hawley’sappliance
D. With tonguespikes
E. Upper hawley’s retainerappliance

8. THEORYEXAMINATIONS

Elaborateon 2 X 10 = 20Marks
Write Notes on 10 X 5 = 50Marks
--------------
70 Marks
--------------

190
9. PRACTICALEXAMINATIONS

Marks Total
1. Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE): 40 marks including workstations for spotters and clinical
case simulation. 60 (6x10 ) marks
2. Working Skill Wire Bending
Skill
Adam’s Clasp : 10 Marks
LabialBow : 10Marks
Spring : 10 Marks
30Marks
----------------
90 Marks
----------------
Examination Internal Assessment Viva Total

Theory 70 10 20 100

Practicals 90 10 - 100

Total 200

10. FORMATIVE/INTERNALASSESSMENT

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3times in a particular year and best
of two examinations should be considered. The Internal Assessment marks to be submitted to the University, once
in every three months. The marks scored by the students shall be displayed on the Notice board and a copy
forwarded by HOD shall be sent to the University once in every 3 months.

IA will be based on:

1) wire bending exercise/ assignment completion
2) Attendance in Lab classes andclinical
3) clinical assignment completion ontime
4) patient care – ethics , communication, behaviour ,responsibility
191
11. RECORD NOTE / LOGBOOK

Record shall be maintained as per University norms and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution
shall provide adequate number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for
the students during clinical/practical training and examinations.

12. TEXTBOOKS

1. Essentials Of Orthodontics By Neil TReske

2. Removable Orthodontic Appliances By PhilipAdams
3. Text Book Of Orthodontics By Samir EBishara
4. Wire Bending ByDickson
5. Dental Materials By AnuSavice
6. Understanding Orthodontics ByPerry
7. Orthodontic Notes By Walter &Houston
8. Handbook Of Facial Growth By Enlow&Hans
9. A Text Book Of Orthodontics By Wjb Houston , Stephans,Tilley
10. Removable Orthodontic Appliance ByIsaacson
11. Principles And Practice Of Orthodontics By J R EMills

13. ReferenceBooks

1. ContemporaryOrthodontics - WilliamProffit
2. Orthodontics ForDentalStudents - White AndGardiner
3. HandbookOfOrthodontics - Moyers
4. Orthodontics – PrinciplesAndPractice - Graber
5. Design, Construction And Use Of Removable Orthodontic Appliances - C. PhilipAdams
6. Clinical Orthodontics : Vol 1&2 - Salzmann

192
14. CRI POSTING SCHEDULE AND ORIENTATION

A. The internees shall observe the following procedures during their posting in Orthodontics:

1. Detailed diagnostic procedures for 5patients

2. Laboratory techniques including wire-bending for removable appliances, soldering and processing of myo-
functional appliances.
3. Treatment of plan options anddecisions.
4. Making of bands, bonding procedures and wireinsertions.
5. Use of extra oral anchorage and observation of forcevalues.
6. Retainers.
7. Observe handling of patients with oral habits causingmalocclusions.

The dental graduates shall do the following laboratory work:-

1. Wire bending for removable appliances and space maintainersincluding

weldoing and heattreatmentprocedure. -5Cases
2. Soldering exercises, banding&bondingprocedures -2Cases
3. Cold-cure and heat-cure acrylisation of simpleOrthodonticsappliances -5Cases

Period of Postings
Orthodontics - 1 Month

193
 17. PERIODONTOLOGY
1. GOAL:

To educate and impart the optimum knowledge about the subject of Periodontology to the students as per the
latest DCI Regulations for the BDS course under the “Must know” category. To sensitize them about the latest and
the current innovations and researches going on in the field of Periodontics under the “Desirable to know and
“Nice to know” category.

2. OBJECTIVES:
a. Knowledge and understanding:
Students should have adequate knowledge and understanding about the periodontal tissues in health
and disease, the etiopathogenesis of various periodontal diseases, diagnosis, treatment planning, and
management of various periodontal diseases and conditions.

b. Skill:
To be able to record complete and systematic clinical history, perform thorough clinical examination,
choose appropriate diagnostic procedures, to advise necessary laboratory and radiographic
investigations and interpret the findings, to reach to a provisional diagnosis of the periodontal disease
or condition.
To be able to acquire and apply optimum skills while performing various treatment procedures.
To be able to communicate well with the patients so as to develop a positive attitude towards his/ her
oral hygiene care.
c. Attitude:
To develop an attitude in the student to perform the periodontal treatment after following the ideal
principles of instrumentation and infection control, to perform the procedure in a minimally invasive
manner, to avoid creating any iatrogenic diseases and conditions, to educate and motivate the patient
about the optimal home care and reinforce the concept of regular follow-ups by the patient. To
understand the importance of interdisciplinary care and seek expert consult and referral wherever
required.

194
 d. Integration:
To deal and study the body as a whole and understanding the implications of various systemic
conditions on the oral health. To have a wider perspective about treating a patient as a whole rather
than having a localized view in the oral cavity so as to diagnose or pick certain conditions and
diseases much before developing into full blown diseases and disorders.
e. Knowledge about infection and cross infection in dentistry:
A thorough knowledge about the Sterilization and disinfection of the instruments, and the operatory.
Technical knowledge about the functioning of autoclaves and various equipments; qualitative and
quantitative assessment of the same. To know all the means of personal infection control and methods
of cross-infections. To have knowledge about the ideal methods of biomedical waste disposal and
management, special care about the protocol to be followed in case of accidental contaminated sharp
needle injury and its registry.
f. Computer proficiency:
To have a knowledge about accessing the e-journals and the scientific literature. To have basic
knowledge about power-point presentations for seminar and scientific poster presentations. To have
basic knowledge about Statistics softwares.

3. COMPETENCIES:
1. General clinical skills backed with thorough theoretical knowledge.
2. Good communication and motivational skills
3. To be able to diagnose the periodontal disease/ condition correctly
4. To be able to plan an appropriate treatment plan and execute the same
5. To be competent enough to successfully perform thorough oral prophylaxis, root planning and minor
surgical procedures
6. To give proper post treatment instructions and do periodic recall and evaluation
7. To be familiar with basics of concepts of osseointegration and basic surgical aspects of Implantology

195
4. TEACHING HOURS
Lecture Classes:
BDS III rd Year - 30 Hrs
BDS IVth Year - 50 Hrs
Total – 80 hours

Clinical Hours:
BDS III rd Year - 70 Hrs
BDS IVth Year - 100 Hrs
Total – 170 hours

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY

TUTORIALS

BDS 3RD YEAR

1. Students are taught and instructed to maintain strict Infection Control in the Clinics
2. Students are taught about the various Periodontal instruments- their design, usage, applications,
cleaning, washing and sterilization.
3. Detailed demonstrations are given about the various chair positions while working and the principles of
Instrumentation is demonstrated. Main emphasis is given about the ergonomics.
4. Maintenance of Instruments (sharpening) is taught.
5. Case history taking, determination of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan of gingivitis and
periodontitis cases
6. Motivation of patients- oral hygiene instructions are given to every patient. Patients are demonstrated
the correct brushing method on a dental model on the first visit as per individual needs. On the second
visit or the day of appointment, professional brushing is demonstrated.
7. Scaling and root planing is demonstrated on patients.
8. Demonstration of Periodontal Abscess drainage.
9. Demonstration of Gingival curettage

196
BDS 4th YEAR

1. Students are taught and reinforced strict Infection Control in the Clinics
2. Ultrasonic scaling-demonstration of technique.
3. Diagnosis of advanced periodontal disease, determination of prognosis and treatment planning.
4. Radiographic and Laboratory investigations’ interpretation.
5. Education and Motivation of patients about oral hygiene reinforced.
6. Patients are instructed and demonstrated the proper use of Mechanical and chemical Plaque control
methods as per the needs.
7. Proper method of usage of Local drug delivery systems, Gum paints and desensitizing agents are
demonstrated and taught as per the clinical case.
8. Detailed periodontal case history taking, determination of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan of
Periodontal Surgical cases.
9. Assistance of major and minor periodontal surgical procedures like, gingivoplasty, frenectomy,
frenotomy, vestibuloplasty, and flap surgeries.

DEMONSTRATIONS:

BDS 3RD YEAR

1. History taking and clinical examination of patients.
2. Recording different clinical Periodontal indices.
3. Methods of using various scaling and surgical instruments.
4. Demonstration to the patients about different oral hygiene aids.
5. Demonstration of periodontal abscess drainage and irrigation.

BDS 4th YEAR

1. History taking and clinical examination of patients.
2. Recording different clinical periodontal indices.
3. Methods of using various scaling and surgical instruments.

197
 4. Demonstration to the patients about different oral hygiene aids.
5. Root planning and curettage.
6. Follow-up procedures, post operative care and supervision.
7. Surgical procedures: Gingivectomy, Gingivoplasty, frenectomy, frenotomy, vestibuloplasty, and flap
surgeries.
8. Applications of Soft tissue Lasers and Electrocautery.

REQUIREMENTS:

List of instruments required

S. no. Instrument Quantity

Diagnostic instruments
1
(Mouth Mirror, Explorer, William’s graduated probe, 4 each
Tweezer)

2 Naber's probe 1

3 Supral and Sub- Ginigival Scalers (API) 4 sets

4 Kidney tray 4

5 Instrument tray (steel) 1

6 Cotton holder and receiver 1 each

7 Dappen dish 2

8 Patient’s drape 4

198
 9 Hu-friedy U 15/30 Scaler
2
10 Hu-friedy Universal curette-2R-2L and 4R-4L 2
11 Towel clips
2

12 Face mirror 1

13 Model, toothbrush and disclosing solution 1 each

14 Green cloth (2 ft. by 2 ft.) 6

Clinical Quota for BDS Third Year

1. Written Work in the manual is to be Completed

2. Motivation, Education And Supragingival Scaling of 20 Patients
3. Case History of Gingivitis for 2 Patients
and Periodontitis for 2 Patients

Clinical Quota for BDS Final Year

1. Supragingival and Subgingival Scaling- 25 Patients

2. Surgical Case preparation – 4 patients having periodontal disease in which student has to do the
following –
a. Case History taking
b. Make study models
c. Clinical photographs – Pre-scaling and Post - scaling and Root planing
d. Scaling and Root planning
e. Gingival curettage.

199
6. THEORY SYLLABUS
TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO KNOW NICE TO KNOW

THIRD BDS
Lecture 1. Introduction to Periodontology,
classes: Periodontics, brief historical background
2. Micro-structural anatomy, biology
and development of periodontal tissues:
Gingiva, periodontal ligament,
Cementum, Alveolar bone
3. Age changes in periodontal
structures and their significance in
Geriatric dentistry
4. Classification of Periodontal diseases: • Classification
need and significance of classification, of Gingival and
classification of gingival and periodontal Periodontal
diseases as described in World diseases as
Workshop 1999 and the latest described in World
Classification of Periodontal and Peri- Workshop 1989
Implant Diseases and Conditions 2017
5. Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases:
Definition of Index, Incidence,
Prevalence, epidemiology, various
Periodontal Indices, Detailed
understanding of Silness & loe Plaque
Index, Loe & Silness Gingival Index,
CPITN index; prevalence of periodontal
deiseases in India and other countries.
6. Defensive mechanisms in the oral • Significance of
cavity: role of epithelium, Gingival GCF and saliva as
crevicular fluid, saliva and other diagnostic aids and
defensive mechanisms in the oral cavity disease predictors

200
7. Gingival inflammation: etiology,
pathogenesis
8. Clinical features of Gingivitis: stages
of Gingivitis
9. Gingival enlargement: classification
and differential diagnosis
10.Acute Gingival conditions

11.Gingival diseases in childhood

12.Desquamative Gingivitis

13.Extension of Inflammation from

Gingiva: Periodontal Pocket- definition,
signs and symptoms, classification,
etiopathogenesis, histopathology, root
surface changes, and the contents of the
pocket
14.Bone loss and patterns of bone
destruction
15.Periodontal response to external
forces: definitions, types, histopathologic
changes, role in periodontal disease,
measures of management in brief.
16.Chronic Periodontitis

17.Necrotizing Ulcerative Peridontitis

18.Aggressive Periodontitis

19.Pathology & management of

Periodontal problems in patients with
HIV infections

201
 20.Masticatory system disorders and
role of parafunctional habits in
periodontal diseases, Food impaction:
Definition, types, etiology, classification,
signs & symptoms, and sequelae to
treatment
21.Periodontal pathogenesis

22.Role of Dental Calculus: definition,

types, composition, attachment, theories
of formation; and other local
predisposing factors
23.Periodontal Microbiology: Dental
Plaque-definition, new concept of
biofilm, types, composition, bacterial
colonization, growth, maturation, role of
dental plaque in periodontal disease,
Role of various microbes in periodontal
diseases.
24.Genetic factors and Periodontal
diseases
25.Molecular biology of the Host-Microbe
Interaction in periodontal diseases
26.Smoking and Periodontal disease

27.Influence of Systemic conditions on

the periodontium
28.Impact of Periodontal Infection on
Systemic Health
29.Oral malodor

FINAL 1. Clinical Diagnosis: Routine clinical • Generations of

B.D.S. procedures, methods of probing, types of periodontal probes
probes, advanced diagnostic aids in
202
brief, radiographic aids in the diagnosis
of periodontal disease
2. Clinical risk assessment

3. Determination of prognosis:
Definitions, types, purpose and factors
to be taken in consideration
4. Treatment plan

5. Rationale for Periodontal treatment

6. Levels of Clinical significance

7. Periodontal Treatment of Medically

Compromised patients
8. Periodontal Treatment of Female
patients
9. Periodontal Treatment for Older
patients
10.Treatment of Aggressive and Atypical
forms of Periodontitis
11.Treatment of Acute Gingival Diseases

12.Treatment of Periodontal Abscess

13.Phase I Periodontal Therapy

14.Plaque control for the periodontal

patients: mechanical & chemical aids
15.Scaling and Root planing

16.Sonic and Ultrasonic Instrumentation

and Irrigation

203
17.Antiinfective therapy

18.Host Modulation

19.Occlusal evaluation and Therapy • Various

Periodontal Splints:
classification, purpose,
Principles
20.Adjunctive role of Orthodontic
therapy
21.Diagnosis and management of
Endodontic-Periodontic Lesions
22.Phase II Periodontal Therapy

23.Surgical anatomy of Periodontal and

Implant areas
24.General principles of Periodontal • Various suturing • Management of
Surgery techniques various minor
• Hypersensitivity: complications
theories and its during the intra-
management operative and post-
operative surgical
phase
• Conscious
sedation

25.Gingival surgical techniques: gingival

curettage, gingivectomy, gingivoplasty,
frenectomy, frenotomy and their healing
26.Periodontal flap surgery and the flap
technique for pocket therapy
27.Treatment of Gingival Enlargement

204
28.Resective osseous surgery

29.Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery • Advances in

periodontal
regenerative
procedures

30.Furcation involvement and treatment • Minimally

invasive
periodontal therapy
31.Periodontal Plastic and Esthetic • Advances in
Surgery techniques and
biomaterials used
for plastic
periodontal surgery
32.Recent advances in Surgical • Stems Cells and • Piezosurgery
Technology: Lasers, applications of Tissue Engineering and its applications
Magnification and Microsurgery and its application in
Periodontics
33.Inter-disciplinary care: preparation of
periodontium for restorative dentistry
and prosthodontics, concept of Biologic
width, Crown lengthening
34.Oral Implantology: periimplant • Computer • Applications of
anatomy and biology, biomaterials used. assisted implant advances
Periodontal considerations, surgical surgery diagnostic imaging
procedures, biomechanics, implant in implant
related complications and failures dentistry

35.Supportive Periodontal Treatment:

aims, objectives, principles, procedures

205
 36.Dental Ethics • Legal
principles

4. THEORY EXAMINATION (3Hours)

Comprise of long and short questions of total 70 marks

]Theory Viva = 20marks

5. PRACTICALS/ CLINICALSEXAMINATIONS

Clinical procedures

1. Case sheet writing for the given case

2. Scaling
3. Spotters-Instruments, Radiographic interpretation
4. chair side viva
0f total 90 marks

Examinatio Internal Assessment Viva Total

n
Theory 70 10 20 100

Practicals 90 10 - 100

Tota 200
l

206
 10. INTERNALASSESSMENT

The internal assessment examination to be held regularly and the aggregate of the examinations
are considered for annual examination,

11. TEXTBOOKS

Carranza‘s Clinical Periodontology by Newman et al

12. REFERENCEBOOKS

i. ClinicalPeriodontology&implantology by JanLindhe
ii. Contemporary Peridontics by Robert Genco Henry Goldman
iii. Essentials of Periodontology and periodontic TorquilMacPhee
iv. Contemporary Periodontics –Cohen
v. Periodontal therapy –Goldman
vi. Orbans’ periodontics –Orban
vii. Oral Health Survey –W.H.O.
viii. Preventive Periodontics – Yound andStiffler
ix. Public Health Dentistry – Slack
x. Advanced Periodontal Disease – JohnPrichard
xi. Preventive Dentistry –Forrest
xii. Periodontics – Baer &Morris.

207
CRI POSTING SCHEDULE AND ORIENTATION

A. The dental graduates shall perform the following procedures

1. Prophylaxis 15cases
2. Flap Operation 2cases
3. Root Planing 1case
4. Curettage 1case
5. Gingivectomy 1case
6. Perio-Endocases 1case

Period of Postings
Periodontics - 1 Month

208
 18. PROSTHODONTICS INCLUDING CROWN AND BRIDGE

1. GOAL
The dental graduates during training in the institutions should acquire adequate knowledge, necessary
skills and reasonable attitudes which are required for carrying out all activities appropriate to general
dental practice involving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth,
mouth, jaws and associated tissues. The graduate also should understand the concept of community oral
health education and be able to participate in the rural health care delivery programmes existing in the
country.

2. OBJECTIVES
a. KNOWLEDGE:
1) Adequate knowledge of the scientific foundations on which dentistry is based and good understanding
of various relevant scientific methods, principles of biological functions, ability to evaluate and analyze
scientifically various established facts and deals.
2) Adequate knowledge of the development, structure and function of the teeth, mouth and jaws and
associated tissues both in health and disease and their relationship and effect on general state of health
and also bearing on physical and social well being of the patient.
3) Adequate knowledge of clinical disciplines and methods which provide a coherent picture of anomalies,
lesions and diseases of the teeth, mouth and jaws and preventive diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of
dentistry.
4) Adequate clinical experience required for the general dental practice.
5) Adequate knowledge of the constitution, biological functions and behavior of persons in health and
sickness as well as the influence of the natural and social environment on the state of health in so far as it
affects dentistry.

b. ATTITUDE:
During the training period, a graduate should develop the following attitudes.
1. Willingness to apply the current knowledge of dentistry in the best interest of the patient and
community.
2. Maintain a high standard of professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all aspects of
professional life.
209
 3. Seek to improve awareness and provide possible solutions for oral health problems and needs
throughout the community.
4. Willingness to participate in the CPED programmes to update knowledge and professional skill time to
time.
5. Help and participate in the implementation of the National Oral Health Policy.

c. SKILLS:
A graduate should be able to demonstrate the following skills necessary for practice in dentistry.
1. Diagnose and mange various common dental problems encountered in general dental practice
keeping in mind the expectations and the right of the society to receive the best possible treatment
available wherever possible.
2. Prevent and manage complications if encountered while carrying out various surgical and other
procedures.
3. Carry out certain investigative procedures and ability to interpret laboratory findings.
4. Promote oral health and help prevent oral disease where possible.
5. Control pain and anxiety among the patients during dental treatment.

d. INTEGRATION:
Integrated knowledge about all the divisions in Prosthodontics(CD,RPD,FPD,IMPLANTS etc)

e. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION IN DENTISTRY:

Knowledge about asepsis – disinfection and sterilization of instruments, clinical area/personal care as per
universal protection, and disposal of medical wastes in the appropriate modes. Students should be aware
of the rules and regulations pertaining to maintenance of clinical set up and waste disposal.

3. COMPETENCIES
1. General skills
2. Practice Management and time management
3. Communication and Community Resources
4. Patient Care – Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

210
4. TEACHING OURS
III BDS
Subject Lecture Hours Practical Hours Clinical Hours
Prosthodontics & Crown & Bridge 30 70
IV BDS

Subject Lecture Hours Practical Hours Clinical Hours

Prosthodontics & Crown & Bridge 80 300
Total Hours 110 370

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY

The objectives of teaching methodology can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as :
a) Lectures
b) Lecture Demonstrations
c) Practical exercises
d) Audio visual aids
e) Small group discussions
f) Integrated Teaching
g) Symposium and continuing dental education programmes

211
THEORY SYLLABUS

TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE TO KNOW NICE TO KNOW

Under • Diagnosis and • Mouth • Balancing in
graduate Treatment Planning in Preparation in Complete Dentures
student must Complete Denture. Complete Denture • Semi Adjustable
have the • History and Patient Fabrication. and Fully Adjustable
following Evaluation in Complete Denture. • Single Articulators.
knowledge • Anatomical Complete Denture. • Interocclusal Records
Landmarks in Maxilla and • Over Dentures. in Complete Denture.
Mandible. • Recording • Implant
• Principles and Objectives Neutral Zone. Supported Complete
of Impression Making. • Surveying in RPD Denture.
• Special Tray Fabrication • Cast • RPI concept in RPD.
and Secondary Impression. Partial • Occlusion in FPD.
• Record Base Fabrication Dentures. • Implant Abutments.
and Occlusal Rims. • Attachments • Laminate and Veneers.
• Recording Centric Jaw in RPD. • Obturators.
Relation. • Principles in RPD. • Implant
• Articulators. • Immediat retained Prosthesis.
• Arrangement of Artificial e Dentures. • Cleft Lip and Cleft
Teeth. • Materials in FPD. Palate Management.
• Fabrication of Complete • Fluid Control • Implant Prosthesis
Denture and Soft Tissue • Grating Techniques in
–Lab Procedure Management.
• Relining and
Rebasing Procedures.

212
• Classification of • Resin Implant.Surgery.
Partially Edentulous Arch. Bonded Bridges. Loading Protocol in Implants.
• Major Connectors and • Lab
Minor Connectors. Proceduresin FPD
• Retainers in RPD. Fabrication.
• Construction of • Extraoral defects
Removable Denture. ,Intra oral defects and
• Indication and its Managements.
Contraindication of FPD. • Stents in
• Parts of Fixed Partial Denture. Implant Placement.
• Principles of Tooth • Instruments
Preparation. and Parts of
• Types of FPD. Implant.
• Impression Making in FPD. • Surgical
• Soldering and Procedures in
Welding Techniques. Implant Placement.
• Luting Cements.
• Types of Maxillofacial Defects.
• Materials Used in
Maxillofacial Prosthesis.
• Diagnosis and
Treatment Planing for
Implant
• Oseointegration.
• Titanium.
• Classification of Implants.
• Temporomandibular
joint Anatomy.
Temporomandiibular joint
Disorders.

213
6. PRACTICALS
Procedures: It includes fabrication of the following Complete Dentures - 4

Removable Partial Dentures - 10

Demonstrations
It includes Demonstration of steps in Complete Denture Fabrication . Demonstration of tooth preparation in
artificial teeth.

7. THEORY EXAMINATION (3 Hours)

(Two parts each of 35 marks)

Elaborate on 2X8 = 16 marks

Write Notes 6X 5 = 30 marks
Short Notes 8X3 = 24 marks
Total 70 marks

Theory Viva 20 marks

Total: 90 Marks

8. PRACTICAL / CLINICAL EXAMINATIONS –: Total: 90 Marks

FINAL YEAR:

COMPLETE DENTURE:

1. Case history and Discussion with Instrumentation: 10 Marks - 15 Minutes

2. Border molding with special tray: 20 Marks - 30 Minutes
3. Master impression (patient may be completely
edentulous or single edentulous arch) 15 Marks - 15 Minutes

214
FIXED PROSTHODONTICS:
1. Tooth preparation in Articulated artificial teeth: 25 Marks - 60 Minutes

PRACTICAL VIVA 20 Marks

Examination Internal Assessment Viva Total

Theory 70 10 20 100
Practicals 90 10 - 100
Total 200

10. FORMATIVE/INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3 times in a particular year.
The marks scored by the students will be displayed on the Notice board and a copy forwarded by HOD will
be sent to the authorities.

Theory Internal Assessment - 10 marks Practical /Clinical Internal Assessment- 10 marks

11. RECORD NOTE / LOG BOOK

Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide
adequate number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the
students during clinical/practical training and examinations.

12. TEXT BOOKS

1. Essential of Complete Denture Prosthodontics - Winkler
2. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentluous Patients - Zarb , Bolender
3. Clinical Removable Partial Denture - Stewart
4. Fundamentals of Fixed Prosthodontics - Shillingburg
5. Text Book of Prosthodontics - Deepak Nallaswam

215
13. REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Impression Techniques for Complete Denture - Bernard Levin

2. Removable Partial Prosthodontics - Mc Cracken
3. Contemporary Fixed Partial Denture - Rosenstiel
4. Syllabus of Complete denture by – Charles M. Heartwell Jr. and Arthur O. Rahn.
5. Boucher’s “Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients”
6. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics by – Sheldon Winkler
7. Maxillofacial prosthetics by – Willam R. Laney
8. McCraken”s Removable partial prosthodontics
9. Removable partial prosthdontics by – Ernest L.Miller and Joseph E. Grasso.

14. CRI POSTING SCHEDULE AND ORIENTATION

The dental graduates during their internship posting in Prosthodontics shall make:-
1. Complete denture(upper&lower) 2
2. Removable Partial Denture 4
3. Fixed Partial Denture 1
4. Planning of cast partial denture 1
5. Miscellaneous-like reline/rebasing/ repair / overdenture/Maxillofacial 1
Prosthesis

6. Learning use of Face bow and Semi anatomic articulator technique

7. Crowns
8. Introduction of implants

Period of Postings
Prosthodontics - 1 ½ Months

216
 19. CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS

OBJECTIVES:

A. Knowledge and understanding

B. Skills and

C. Attitudes

A). Knowledge and understanding:

The graduate should acquire the following knowledge during the period of training.

i. To diagnose and treat simple restorative work for teeth.

ii. To gain knowledge about aesthetic restorative material and to translate the same to patients needs.

iii. To gain the knowledge about endodontic treatment on the basis of scientific foundation.

iv. To carry out simple endodontic treatment.

v. To carry out simple luxation of tooth and its treatment and to provide emergency endodontic treatment.

SKILLS:

He should attain following skills necessary

i) To use medium and high speed hand piece to carry out restorative work

217
ii) Poses the skills to use and familiars endodontic instruments and materials needed for carrying out simple
endodontic treatment

iii) To achieve the skills to translate patients esthetic needs along with function.

ATTITUDES:

i). Maintain a high standard of professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all aspects of professional life.

ii). Willingness to participate in CDE programmes to update the knowledge and professional skill from time to
time.

iii).To help and participate in the implementation of the national oral health policy.

iv).He should be able to motivate the patient for proper dental treatment at the same time proper maintenance of
oral hygiene should be emphasized which will help to maintain the restorative work and prevent future
damage.

COMPETENCIES
1. General skills
2. Practice Management
3. Communication and Community Resources
4. Patient Care –Diagnosis
5. Patient Care – Treatment Planning
6. Competencies specific to the subject

218
 • Competent to diagnose all carious lesions
• Competent to perform class 1 and class 2 cavities and restoration with amalgam
• Competent to perform class 3 and class 4 cavities and restoration with glass ionomer cement
• Competent to perform anterior root canal treatment.
• Take proper chair side history, examine the patient and perform medical and dental diagnostic
procedures and order as well as perform relevant tests and interpret them
• To come to a reasonable diagnosis about the dental condition in general and Conservative Dentistry
- Endodontics in particular and undertake complete patient monitoring including preoperative as
well as post operative care of the patient.

7. TEACHINGHOURS

Subject Lecture Hours Practical Clinical Hours Total Hours

Hours

Conservative Dentistry & 135 200 370 705

Endodontics

BDS IIIrd and IVth year

219
Practical hours/clinical hours -4th year student to observe other procedures like
• Rotary endodontics
• RVG
• Thermoplasticized guttapercha
• Rubber dam application

• Bleaching of vital/non vital teeth

• Cast post
• Diastema closure
• Rubber base impression

8. TEACHING METHODOLOGY
• To be more interactive
• Student should come with sufficient information to be able to receive the applied concepts and skills
better.
• Student should be keen to learn and demonstrate

The objectives of teaching Conservative dentistry can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as:
a) Lectures
b) Lecture Demonstrations
c) Practical exercises
d) Audio visual aids
e) Small group discussions with regular feedback from the students
220
 f) Integrated Teaching
g) Symposium and continuing medical education programmes.

MARKS DISTRIBUTION:

Each subject shall have a maximum of 200 marks.

Theory 100

University written exam 70

Viva Voce 20

Internal assessment (Written) 10

Total 100

Practical/ Clinical 100

University Exam 90

Internal assessment (Written) 10

Total 100

221
THEORY SYLLABUS INCLUDING BIO-ETHICS AND JURISPRUDENCE

SN Must Know Desirable To Know

1. Definition aims objectives of Conservative Dentistry
scope and future of Conservative Dentistry.

1. Nomenclature Of Dentition:

• Tooth numbering systems A.D.A. Zsigmondy

Palmer and F.D.I. systems .
2. Principles Of Cavity Preparation :

• Steps and nomenclature of cavity Preparation

• Classification of cavities
• Nomenclature of floors angles of cavities.

3. Dental Caries :

• Aetiology,
• Classification clinical features
• Morphological features, microscopic features Management of dental clinic.
• Clinical diagnosis and sequel of dental caries.

4. Treatment Planning For Operative Dentistry:

• Detailed clinical examination ,

• Radiographic examination
• Tooth vitality tests
• Diagnosis and treatment planning
• Preparation of the case sheet.

5. Gnathological Concepts Of Restoration

• Physiology of occlusion, normal occlusion

222
 • Normal occlusion, Ideal occlusion, mandibular lasers in conservative
movements and occlusal analysis (introduction only)
• Occlusal rehabilitation and restoration.

6. Aramamentarium For Cavity Preparation:

• General classification of operative instruments

• Hand cutting instruments design formula and
sharpening of instruments
• Rotary cutting instruments dental bur,mechanism
of cutting ,evaluation of hand piece and speed
current concepts of rotary cutting procedures.
• Sterilization and maintenance of instruments.
• Basic instruments tray set up.

7. Control of Operating Filed:

• Light source
• Sterilization
• Field of operation Recent advances in amalgam
restoration
• Control of moisture: rubber dam in detail, cotton
rolls and anti Sialogagues.

8. Amalgam Restoration:

• Indication contraindication,
• physical and mechanical properties , clinical
behavior
• Cavity preparation for Class I, II, V and III. Recent advances in new materials
• Step wise procedure for cavity preparation and eg. MTA, Biodentine etc.
restoration
• Failure of amalgam restoration.

9. Pulp Protection :

223
Liners, varnishes and bases

• Zinc phosphate, Zinc phosphate, zinc

polycarboxylate, zinc oxide eugenol and
glassionomer cements.

10. Anterior Restorations :

• Selection of cases
• selection of material
• step wise procedures for using restorations
• Glass ionomers, composite including sand witch
restorations and bevels of the same with a note on
status of the dentine bonding agents
• Nanotechnology
• Aesthetic dentistry

11. Direct Filling Gold Restorations :

• Types of direct filling gold indications and

limitations of cohesive gold.
• Annealing of gold foil cavity preparation and
condensation of gold foil.

12. Preventive Measures In Restorative Procedure

• Plaque Control,
• Pit and fissure sealants
• Dietary measures restorative procedure and
periodontal health.
• Contact and contour of teeth and restorations.
• Matrices tooth separation and wedges.

13. Temporisation or Interim Restoration.

224
14. Pin Amalgam Restoration Indication Contra
indication

• Advantages disadvantages of each type of pin

methods of placement use of auto matrix.
• Failure of pin amalgam restoration.

15. Management Of Deep Carious Lesion:

• Indirect And Direct Pulp Capping.

16. Non Carious Destruction’s Tooth Structure

17. Hyper Sensitive Dentine And Its Management

18. Cast Restorations :

• Indications, contra indications,

Advantages and disadvantages and materials used
for same
Class II and Class I cavity preparation for inlays ,
fabrication of wax pattern spurring inverting and
casting procedures & casting defects

19. Die Materials And Preparation Of Dies.

20. Gingival Tissue Management For Cast Restoration

And Impression .

21. Recent Cavity Modification Amalgam Restoration.

22. Differences between Amalgam And Inlay Cavity

preparation with note on all the types of Bevels

Role of Magnification in Endodontics

225
used for Cast Restoration.

23. Control Of Pain During Operative Procedures.

24. Treatment Planning For Operative Dentistry

including Detailed Clinical Examination Radiographic

Examination

25. Vitality Tests, Diagnosis And Treatment Planning

And Preparation Of Case Sheet.

26. Applied Dental Materials: Biological Considerations,

Evaluation, clinical application and adverse effects of the
following materials.

• Dental cements, Zinc oxide euginol cements zinc

phosphate cements, polycarboxylates, glass
ionomer cements, silicate cement calcium
hydroxides varnishes.
• Dental amalgam, technical considerations mercury
toxicity mercury hygiene
• Composite, Dentine bonding agents, chemical and
light curing composites
• Rubber base Imp. Materials
• Nobel metal alloys & non noble metal alloys
• Investment and die materials
• Inlay casting waxes
• Dental porcelain
• Aesthetic Dentistry lasers in Endodontics (introduction
only)

Endodontics:

• Endodontics
226
 • Introduction
• Definition
• Scope and future of endodontics

2. Clinical diagnostic methods

3. Emergency endodontic procedures

4. Pulpal diseases
Updating students with new
• Causes materials eg. MTA, Biodentine etc.
• Types being introduced in markets and
• Treatment . their pros and cons.

5. Periapical diseases:

• Acute periapical abscess

• Acute periodontal abscess
• Phoeix abscess,
• Chronic alveolar abscess
• Granuloma cysts
• Condensing osteitis,
• External resorption.

6. Vital pulp therapy:

• Indirect and direct pulp capping

• Pulpotomy different types and medicaments used
• Problem of open apex
• Apexogenisis
• Apexification
8. Rationale of endodontic treatment
• case selection
• indication and contraindications for root canal

227
 treatment

9. Principles of root canal treatment

• Mouth preparation
• Root canal instruments,
• Hand instruments, power driven instruments,
• Standardization color coding principle of using
endodontic instruments.
• power driven instruments, standardization color co
• Sterilization of root canal instruments and
materials
• Rubber dam application.

10. Anatomy of the pulp cavity & root canals apical

foramen

• Anomalies of pulp cavities

• Access cavity preparation of anterior and premolar
teeth.

11. Preparation of root canal space including:

• Determination of working length,

• Use of apex locators
• Cleaning and shaping of root canal
• Irrigating solution chemical aids to
instrumentation.

12. Disinfection of root canal space :

• Intracanal medicaments
• poly antibiotic paste

228
 • Mummifying agents
• Outline of root canal treatment
• Bacteriological examinations
• Culture methods.

13. Problems during cleaning and shaping of root spaces

• Perforation and its management

• Broken instruments and its management
• Management of single and double curved root
canals.

14. Methods of cleaning and shaping like step back

crown down and conventional methods.

15. Obturation of the root canal system.

• Requirement of an ideal root canal filling material

• Obturation methods using gutta percha
• Healing after endodontic treatment
• Failures in endodontics.

16. Root canal sealers:

• Ideal properties
• Classification
• Manipulation of root canal sealers.

17. Post endodontic restoration: fabrication and

components of post core preparation.

18. Smear layer and its importance in endodontics and

229
conservative treatment

19. Discoloured teeth and its management:

• Bleaching agents
• Vital and non vital bleaching methods.

20. Traumatised teeth classification of fractured teeth:

• Classification of fractured teeth

• Management of fractured tooth and root
• Luxated teeth and its management.

21. Endodontic surgeries:

• Indication contraindications
• pre operative preparation
• Pre medication surgical instruments and
techniques apicectomy
• retrograde filling
• post operative sequale
• Terphination hemisection
• Radiscetomy techniques of tooth
• Reimplantation (both intentional and accidental)
• Endodontic implants.

22. Root resorption.

23. Emergency endodontic procedures.

230
Biomedical • Respect Human Life and the Dignity of Human Practice management
Ethics Individual
• Refrain From Supporting or Committing Crimes
against Humanity and Condemn all such acts Financial management of practice.
• Treat the Sick and Injured with Competence and
Compassion
• Protect the Privacy and Confidentiality of those Dental material and basic
whom we care. equipment management.
• Work Freely with Colleagues
• Educate the public
• Teach and mentor those who follows

231
 FORMATIVE/INTERNALASSESSMENT

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3times in a particular year
and best of two examinations should be considered. The Internal Assessment marks to be submitted to the
University, once in every three months. The marks scored by the students shall be displayed on the Notice
board and a copy forwarded by HOD shall be sent to the University once in every 3months.

Internal assessment: 10

9. RECORDBOOK

Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide
adequate number of cases/teaching materials as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the
students during clinical/practical training and examinations.

10. TEXTBOOKS

DENTAL MATERIALS
1 Phillips Science of Dental Materials – 10th edn.- Kenneth J. Anusavice
2 Restorative Dental Materials - 10 edn. Robert G.Craig
3 Notes on Dental Materials - E.C. Combe
4 Prep. Manual for undergraduates – Dental Materials – Dr. M.S. Koudi & Dr. SanjayGouda B. Patil

232
CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS
6. The Art & Science of Operative Dentistry, Sturdevant, MosbyU.S.A
7. Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry
8. Principle & Practice of Operative Dentistry, Charbeneu, Varghese Publishing, Mumbai.
9. Grossman’s Endodontic Practice, B. Suresh Chandra &V. GopiKrishna, Wolters Kluwer
10. Textbook of Operative Dentistry. Sikri Vimal K, CBS Publishers & Distributors Private Limited

REFERENCEBOOKS

5) Introduction to Dental Materials, VanNoort,

6) Applied Dental Materials, McCabe,
7) Ingle’s textbook ofendodontics
8) Cohen’s Pathways ofPulp
9) Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach-James b. Summit

233
 ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

1. Aim:

To train a dental graduate student in competencies of oral surgical procedures under local and general

anesthesia, acquire reasonable knowledge of oral maxillofacial diseases, injuries and infections, formulate

appropriate treatment plan and perform basic oral surgical procedures with confidence and the ability to

manage complications.

2. Objectives:

a. Knowledge and understanding

i. Diagnose, treat and manage patients with oral surgical needs

ii. Gain knowledge about infection and cross- infection in dentistry

iii. Understand the principles of in-patient management

iv. Gain knowledge of a range of traditional as well as modern surgical procedures

v. Awareness about ethical and medico-legal issues in dentistry

b. Skill

i. Be able to diagnose complex oral surgical problems and seek specialist opinion or treatment

ii. Be able to advise and interpret appropriate clinical and laboratory diagnostic investigations and

formulate differential diagnosis

234
 iii. Learn the art of doctor-patient communication skills

iv. Be able to assess, manage and prevent complications during and after oral surgery

v. Able to provide primary care and manage medical emergencies in the dental office

c. Integration

i. Integrate knowledge gained in basic medical sciences in management of patients with oral

surgical problems

d. Computer proficiency

i. Basic computer proficiency .

3. Teaching hours:

Teaching Third year Final year

Theory 25 hours 80 hours

Clinical 100 hours 150 hours

4. Teaching Methods:

235
1. Traditional classroom teaching

2. Multimedia, online lectures

3. Small group discussions

4. Clinical chairside teaching

5. Supervised clinical activity

6. Demonstration of clinical procedures

a. Third year

i. Oral Surgery instrument use

ii. Local anesthetic techniques – maxillary and mandibular nerve blocks

iii. Intra-alveolar extraction technique

iv. Aseptic techniques in oral surgery – universal precautions

b. Final year

i. Oral Surgery instrument use – elevators and forceps

ii. Local anesthetic techniques – all maxillary and mandibular nerve blocks

iii. Intra-alveolar extraction techniques

iv. Trans-alveolar extraction technique

v. Surgical removal of impacted teeth

236
 vi. Wiring techniques

vii. Arch bar fixation, IMF

viii. Suturing techniques

ix. Instrument care and sterilization

x. IM and IV injections

xi. Dental implants

xii. Minor oral surgery – apicectomy

xiii. Minor oral surgery – alveoloplasty

xiv. Minor oral surgery – bone grafting

xv. Minor oral surgery – cyst removal (enucleation and marsupilization)

xvi. Minor oral surgery – small benign tumor excision (fibroma, lipoma)

xvii. Minor oral surgery – soft and hard tissue biopsy

5. Theory Syllabus:

Third year

Topic Must Know Desirable to

237
 know

Introduction Definition, aims, objectives and scope of Oral and Maxillofacial

Surgery

Diagnosis in History taking and prescription of investigation

oral surgery

Infection Principles of infection control, Asepsis, sterilization, patient

control preparation, universal precautions, cross infection, HIV/AIDS
prophylaxis

Local Pain pathway and mechanism, definition and types of LA, Newer LA
Anesthesia indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages, ideal agents
properties, classification, mechanism of action, composition,
maximum dose, vasoconstrictors and modes of anesthesia

Complication of LA – causes, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention

and management

Local anesthetic techniques – maxillary nerve blocks, mandibular

nerve blocks, techniques of LA and infiltration

Exodontia Definition, indication, contraindications, methods of exodontias, Luxators –

types of movements principles,
types, methods
Dental elevators – uses, principles, types and method of use
of use
Complications of exodontia – causes, clinical features, diagnosis,
management and prevention

Principles of Mucoperiosteal flaps, principles of flap design, Extra oral skin Skin staples,

238
 Oral incisions, hemorrhage and shock, drainage and debridement, adhesives,
Surgery incision and drainage, wound management surgical
dressings,
Suturing – principles, suture materials. Classification, tissue
response

Postoperative care, pain control, antibiotics and analgesic

Impacted Definition, etiology, classification, indication, contraindication,

teeth assessment, difficulty index, investigations and interpretation,
methods, flaps, bone removal – methods, steps of transalveolar
impaction, complication

Maxillary canine – reasons, localization, flaps, methods, indications,

surgical exposure, transplantation

Final year

Topic Must Know Desirable to

know

Cystic Lesions Definition, Classification, pathogenesis Diagnosis, clinical features,

of Jaws radiological, aspiration biopsy, use of contrast media and
histopathology Management- Types of Surgical procedure, rationale
of the technique, indications, procedure and complications.

239
Tumours of General considerations, Classification, general principles
of Role of dental
the oral cavity amnagement surgeons in the
prevention and
Non-odontogenic benign tumours- Lipoma, fibroma, papilloma,
early detection of
ossifying fibroma, myoma etc.
oral cancer
Ameloblastoma- clinical features, radiographic features, methods of
management of carcinoma of oral cavity

Biopsy – types, indications, contraindications, procedure

Dento-alveolar Trans alveolar extraction, impacted teeth: General factors,

Surgery incidence. Aetiology, classification, Indications, Assessment:
Clinical & radiological, Anaesthetic considerations, Surgical
procedures Endodontic surgery: Intorduction, classification,
apiceoctomy, replantation

General Concept of general anaesthesia. Indications of general anaesthesia

anaesthesia in dentistry. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation of the patient. Pre-
anaesthetic medication advantages, drugs used. Commonly used
anaesthetic agents. Complications during and after G.A I.V.
sedation with Diazepam and Midazolam. Indications, mode of
action, technique etc. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Use of
oxygen and emergency drugs. Tracheostomy.

Fractures of General consideration, types of the fractures, Aetiology, C/F, and

the jaws general principles. Dento-alveolar Fractures, methods of
management.

Mandibular Fractures- Applied Anatomy., Classification Diagnosis

clinical and Radiological Features Management- open and closed
Fixation, Immobilisation methods, outline of rigid and semi rigid
240
 internal fixation

Fractures of middle third of the face, Definition of mid-face, applied

surgical anatomy, classification, clinical features and outline of
management

Classification, clinical features, Indications for treatment, Various

methods of reduction and fixation Alveolar fractures- methods of
management

Management of fracture of condyle-aetiology, classification, clinical

features and general principles of management reduction and
fixation

Orbital fractures & fractures of Zygomatic complex

TMJ disorders Surgical anatomy. Myofunctional pain dysfunction syndrome

aetiology, clinical features management, nonsurgical and surgical

Ankylosis- definition, aetiology, clinical features and management.

Dislocation- Types, aetiology, clinical features and management

Internal derangement & Arthritis and other disorders

Diseases of Surgical anatomy, Acute & chronic sinusitis

maxillary
Surgical approach of sinusitis- Caldwell-luc procedures, removal of
sinus
root from the sinus

Oro –antral fistula- aetiology, clinical features and various surgical

methods of closure

241
Pre-prosthetic Introduction, aims Definiton, classification of procedures.
surgery
(a) Corrective procedures: Alveiloplasty, Reduction of maxillary
tuberosity, Frenectemies and removal of tori.
(b) Ridge extension or Sulcus extension procedures Indications
and various surgical procedures
(c) Ridge augmentation and reconstruction.
Indication, use of bone grafts, hydroxyapatite
Implants- concept of Osseo-integration Knowledge of various
types of implants and surgical procedure to place implants.

Salivary gland Diagnosis of salivary gland diseases, sialography, contrast media, Tumours of the
diseases procedure, Salivary calculi and infections of the salivary glands, salivary gland
sialolithiasis- Submandibular and parotid duct-clinical features and management
and management, salivary fistulae, common tumours of salivary
glands like pleomorphic adenoma including minor salivary glands.

Neurological Trigeminal neuralgia- Definition, Aetiology, C/F and methods of Nerve injuries-
disorders management including surgery. Glossopharyngeal and Facial classification,
Paralysis- aetiology, clinical features neurorhaphy etc.

Cleft lip and Aetiology of the

cleft palate clefts, Incidence,
classification,
Role of dental
surgeon in the
management of
cleft patients.
Outline of the
surgery

242
Emergency Intramuscular iv injections, applied anatomy, ideal location of
drugs giving these injections, techniques etc.

Medical Primary care of medical emergencies in dental practice particularly-

emergency in (a) Cardio vascular (b) Respiratory (c) Endocrine (d) Anaphylactic
dental reaction (e) Epilepsy
practice
Emergency drugs and equipment

Oral Principles of Implantology, sinus lift procedure, types of implants,

Implantology basic surgical steps,

Orthognathic Basic forms, prognathism, retrognathism and open bite. Reasons

surgery for correction, Outline of surgical methods carried out on maxilla
and mandible – BSSO, IVRO, AMO, Subapical, Genioplasty, Leforte
I, II, III osteotomy

Space Anatomy of spaces, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and

infections management of each space infection

Ludwigs angina – etiology, clinical features, medical and surgical

management.

Antibiotic stewardship, principles of antiobiotic administration,

culture sensitivity

Osteomyelitiis – classification, clinical features, diagnosis and

management

Osteoradionecrosis

Oral Classification, TNM staging, clinical features, grading, general

243
malignancy principles of treatment, prognosis

Squamous cell carcinoma – etiology, risk factors, molecular basis

for carcinogenesis, clinical presentation, surgical management –
maxillectomy, mandibulectomy, resection and reconstruction

Basics of chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Dental Ethics Basic principles,

ethics of practice
management,
case studies

Surgical (Additional topic) Space

considerations management,
in clinic required
design and equipment,
practice instrument and
management medication,

Recent (Additional topic) Peizoelectric

technology in unit, navigation
oral Surgery surgery,
magnetic
hammer, physics
forceps,
endoscopic
surgery,
CADCAM
stereolithography

244
 6. Practical Syllabus

Third year

1. Case history taking

2. Patient examination and diagnosis
3. Recording of blood pressure
4. Use of oral surgical instruments
5. Administration of local anesthesia
6. Extraction of mobile teeth
7. Patient follow up
8. Model - wiring technique
9. Model – suturing technique

Final year

1. Case history taking

2. Patient examination and diagnosis
3. Recording of blood pressure
4. Use of oral surgical instruments
5. Administration of local anesthesia
6. Extraction of erupted teeth
7. Transalveolar extraction of fractured teeth
8. Management of complications of LA and exodontia
9. Assist cases of disimpaction, preprosthetic surgery, incision and drainage, closed reduction of fractures, IMF

245
10. Training in basic life support skills

7. Practical quota

Clinical exercise Quota

Uncomplicated Extractions 100

Complication extractions 10

Minor oral surgical procedures (I&D, 5 (assist)

IMF, preprosthetic etc)

Dental implants 5(observe)

IM and IV injections 5

Management and reporting of medical 5

emergency in dental office

8. Recommended Books

a. Local Anesthesia; Monheims

246
b. Textbook of Local Anesthesia; Malamed S

c. Impacted Teeth; Alling John F et al

d. Principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery; Vol 1,2 &3 Peterson LJ et al

e. Text book of oral and maxillofacial surgery; Neelima Anil Mallik

f. Handbook of medical emergencies in the dental office; Malamed SF

g. Killeys Fractures of the mandible; Banks P.

h. Killey’s fractures of the middle 3rd of the facial skeleton; Banks P.

i. Killey’s and kays outline of oral surgery Part I; Seward GR et al

j. Oral and maxillofacial surgery Vol 1,2; Laskin DM

k. Extraction of teeth; Howe GL

l. Minor oral surgery; Howe GL

m. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery; Peterson I J. et al

n. Oral and maxillofacial infections; Topazian RG & Goldberg MH

247
 PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY

1. GOALS

a. To prevent and control oral diseases and promote oral health through organized community efforts.
b. To provide critical knowledge and understanding of public health dentistry.
c. To develop students understanding of the major oral health problems of community.
d. To equip students with the ability to critically analyze dental public health problems and develop
practical solutions to protect and promote the oral health for the community.
e. To enable students to understand and undertake health services research and to apply key findings into
dental public health practice.

2. OBJECTIVES

a. KNOWLEDGE:

i. At the conclusion of the course the student shall have a knowledge of the basis of public health, preventive
dentistry, public health problems in India, Nutrition, Environment and their role in health, basics of dental
statistics, epidemiological methods, National oral health policy with emphasis on oral health policy.
ii. Apply basic sciences knowledge regarding etiology, diagnosis and management of all the oral conditions at
the individual and community level Identify social, economic, environmental and emotional determinants in
a given individual patient or a community for the purpose of planning and execution of community oral
health programme.
iii. Ability to conduct oral health surveys in order to identify all the oral health problems affecting the
community and find solutions using multi-disciplinary approach.
iv. Act as a consultant in Community Oral Health and take part in research (both basic and clinical), present
and publish the outcome at various scientific conferences and journals, both national and international.

248
b. SKILLS:

a) At the conclusion of the course the students shall have require at the skill of identifying health
problems affecting the society, conducting health surveys, conducting health education classes and
deciding health strategies.
b) Students should develop a positive attitude towards the problems of the society and must take
responsibilities in providing health.
c) Take history, conduct clinical examination including all diagnostic procedures to arrive at diagnosis at
the individual level and conduct survey of the community at a state and national level of all conditions
related to oral health to arrive at community diagnosis.
d) Plan and perform all necessary treatment, prevention, and promotion of Oral Health at the
individual and community level.
e) Plan appropriate Community Oral Health Programme, conduct the programme and evaluate, at the
community level.
f) Ability to make use of knowledge of epidemiology to identify causes and plan appropriate preventive
and control measures.
g) Develop appropriate person power at various levels and their effective utilization. Conduct survey
and use appropriate methods to impart Oral Health Education.
h) Develop ways of helping the community towards easy payment plan, followed by evaluation of their
oral health care needs.
i) Develop the planning, implementation, evaluation and administrative skills to carry out successful
Community oral Health programmes.

c. ATTITUDE:

i. Adopt ethical principles in all aspects of Community Oral Health activities.

ii. To apply ethical and moral standards while carrying out epidemiological research.
iii. Develop communication skills, in particular to explain the causes and prevention of oral health
diseases to the patient.
iv. Be humble and accept the limitations in his knowledge and skill and to ask for help from colleagues
249
 when needed and promote teamwork approach.
v. Respect patient’s rights and privileges including patient’s right to information and right to seek a
second opinion.

d. INTEGRATION:

At the conclusions of the course the student should be able to communicate the needs of the community
efficiently, inform the society of all the recent methodologies in preventing oral disease.

e. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION IN DENTISTRY :

Knowledge about asepsis – disinfection and sterilization of instruments, clinical area/ personal care as per
universal protection, and disposal of medical wastes in the appropriate modes. Students should be aware
of the rules and regulations pertaining to maintenance of clinical set up and waste disposal.

f. COMPUTER PROFICIENCY :

Basic knowledge of Computers, MS Office, Window 2000, Statistical Programmes Basic operative skills
in analysis of data and knowledge of multimedia. Students should utilize a combination of traditional
classroom courses, and online courses. The following validation is required and must be completed.
i. Technological Requirements for all Graduate Students
ii. A laptop or desktop computer that supports the following requirements
a. Operating system requirements
b. Internet browser requirements
c. Reliable and consistent access to the internet
d. Antivirus software which is current and consistently updated
e. Microsoft Office
f. Adobe Reader (or equivalent to view PDF files)

250
3. COMPETENCIES

i. General skills:

 Apply knowledge& skills in day to day practice

 Apply principles of ethics
 Analyze the outcome of treatment
 Evaluate the scientific literature and information to decide the treatment
 Participate and involve in professional bodies
 Self-assessment & willingness to update the knowledge & skills from time to time
 Involvement in simple research projects
 Minimum computer proficiency to enhance knowledge and skills
 Refer patients for consultation and specialized treatment
 Basic study of forensic odontology and geriatric dental problems

ii. Practice Management:

 Evaluate practice location, population dynamics & reimbursement mechanism
 Co-ordinate & supervise the activities of allied dental health personnel
 Maintain all records
 Implement & monitor infection control and environmental safety programs
 Practice within the scope of one's competence

iii. Communication and Community Resources:

 Assess patients goals, values and concerns to establish rapport and guide patient care.
 Able to communicate freely, orally and In writing with all concerned.
 Participate in improving the oral health of the individuals through community activities.

iv. Patient Care – Diagnosis:

 Obtaining patient's history in a methodical way
 Performing thorough clinical examination
 Selection and interpretation of clinical, radiological and other diagnostic information
 Obtaining appropriate consultation
 Arriving at provisional, differential and final diagnosis

251
v. Patient Care - Treatment Planning:
 Integrate multiple disciplines into an individual comprehensive sequence treatment plan using
diagnostic and prognostic information
 Ability to order appropriate investigations
 Recognition and initial management of medical emergencies that may occur during dental treatment
 Perform basic cardiac life support
 Management of pain including post operative
 Administration of all forms of local anaesthesia
 Administration of intra muscular and venous injections
 Prescription of drags, pre operative, prophylactic and therapeutic requirements
 Uncomplicated extraction of teeth
 Transalveolar extractions and removal of simple impacted teeth
 Minor oral surgical procedures
 Management of oro-facial infections
 Simple orthodontic appliance therapy ,
 Taking, processing and interpretation of various types of intra oral radiographs
 Various kinds of motivative procedures using different materials available
 Simple endodontic procedures
 Removable and fixed prosthodontics
 Various kinds of periodontal therapy

vi. Competencies specific to the subject

4. TEACHING HOURS

Lecture hours - 60 hours Clinical hours -200 hours

5. TEACHING METHODOLOGY

Lectures
Group discussion

252
Syllabus:

TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLE NICE TO KNOW

TO KNOW
Introduction Definition of Dentistry, History of
to Dentistry dentistry, Health, Public Health,
Dental Public Health, Scope, aims
and objectives of Dentistry
Public Health Health & Disease:- Concepts, Screening of Nutrition in oral diseases
Philosophy, Definition and disease. Public Behavioral science:
Characteristics Health Definition of sociology,
Public Health:-Definition, Concepts, Administration:- anthropology and
History of public health, Priority, psychology and their
General Establishment, relevance in dental practice
Manpower, private and community.
Practice
Management,
Hospital management
Epidemiology: - Definition, objectives, Ethics and Contracts and methods of
methods Environmental Health: - Jurisprudence: identification in forensic
Concepts, principles, protection, Professional dentistry
sources, purification, environmental liabilities,
sanitation of water, disposal of waste, negligence,
sanitation, role in mass disaster malpractice,
Health care delivery system: Centre consents, evidence,
and state, oral health policy, primary Health Education: -
health care, national programmes, Definition,
health organizations. concepts,
principles, methods,
and health
education aids

253
Dental Definition and difference
Public between community and
Health clinical health.
Epidemiology of dental diseases-dental
caries, periodontal diseases,
malocclusion, dental fluorosis ,oral
cancer & TMJ

Survey procedures: Planning,

implementation and evaluation, WHO
oral
health survey methods 1997,
indices for dental diseases.
Delivery of dental care: Dental
auxiliaries, operational and non-
operational, incremental and
comprehensive healthcare, school
dental health.
Payments of dental care: Methods of
payments and dental insurance,
Government plans Preventive
Dentistry- definition, Levels, role of
individual
,Community and .profession,
fluorides in dentistry, plaque control
programmes.

254
Bio Statistics Bio Statistics: - Introduction,
collection of data, presentation of
data, Measures of Central tendency,
measures of dispersion, Tests of
significance, Sampling and sampling
techniques -types, errors, bias,
blind trials and calibration.
Research Research Methodology: -Definition,
Methodolog types of research, designing a written
y protocol
Health Health Information: - Basic
Informatio knowledge of Computers, MS Office,
n Window 2000, Statistical
Programmes
Practice Dentist Act 1948 Dental Council of Maintenance of Place and
Managemen India Indian Dental Association records/accounts/a locality
t udit. Consumer Premises &
Protection layout
Act.
Newer Mobile Dental Clinic, Tobacco
Topics to be Cessation, Bioethics,
included Counseling Skills, Health
Legislation

255
PRACTICALS/CLINICALS/FIELD PROGEAMME IN COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:

These exercises designed to help the student in IV year students:

1. Understand the community aspects of dentistry

2. To take up leadership role in solving community oral health programme

Exercises:

a) Collection of statistical data (demographic) on population in India, birth rates, morbidity and mortality,
literacy, per capita income

b) Incidence and prevalence of common oral diseases like dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer,
fluorosis at national and international levels

c) Preparation of oral health education material posters, models, slides, lectures, play acting skits etc.

d) Oral health status assessment of the community using indices and WHO basic oral health survey
methods

e) Exploring and planning setting of private dental clinics in rural, semi urban and urban locations,
availment of finances for dental practices-preparing project report.

f) Visit to primary health center-to acquaint with activities and primary health care delivery

g) Visit to water purification plant/public health laboratory/ center for treatment of western and sewage
water

h) Visit to schools-to assess the oral health status of school children, emergency treatment and health
education including possible preventive care at school (tooth brushing technique demonstration and oral
rinse programme etc.)
256
 i) Visit to institution for the care of handicapped, physically, mentally, or medically compromised patients

j) Preventive dentistry: in the department application of pit and fissure sealants, fluoride gel application
procedure, A. R. T., Comprehensive health for 5 pts at least 2 patients

The colleges are encouraged to involve in the N.S.S. programme for college students for carrying out social
work in rural areas

SUGGESTED INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME IN COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:

I. AT THE COLLEGE:

Students are posted to the department to get training in dental practice management.

(a) Total oral health care approach- in order to prepare the new graduates in their approach to diagnosis,
treatment planning, cost of treatment, prevention of treatment on schedule, recall maintenance of
records etc. at least 10 patients (both children and adults of all types posting for at least one month).
(b) The practice of chair side preventive dentistry including oral health education

II. AT THE COMMUNITY ORAL HEALTH CARE CENTRE (ADOPTED BY THE DENTAL COLLEGE IN

RURAL AREAS)

Graduates posted for at least on month to familiarize in:

(a) Survey methods, analysis and presentation of oral health assessment of school children and
community independently using WHO basic oral health survey methods.

(b) Participation in rural oral health education programmes

257
 (c) Stay in the village to understand the problems and life in rural areas

III. DESIRABLE: Learning use of computers-at least basic programme.

Examination Pattern

i. Index: Case History

b) Oral hygiene indices simplified- Green and Vermilion

c) Silness and Loe index for Plaque

d) Loe and Silness index for gingival

e) CPI

f) DMF: T and S, df:t and s

g) Deans fluoride index

II. Health Education

1. Make one - Audio visual aid

2. Make a health talk

III. Practical work

1. Pit and fissure sealant

2. Topical fluoride application

Attendance requirement, Progress and Conduct

258
75% in theory and 75% in practical/clinical in each year.

METHODS OF EVALUATION:

Evaluation may be achieved by the following tested methods:

1. Written test
2. Practicals
3. Clinical examination
4. Viva voce

8. THEORY EXAMINATION: (3 Hours)

Elaborate on 2 X 10 = 20 Marks
Write Notes on 10 X 5 = 50 Marks
--------------
Total Marks 70 Marks

9. PRACTICAL AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION:

Practical & Clinical Evaluation:

Complete case history with two Oral indices - 90 marks

Viva Voce- 20 marks

Examination Internal Assessment Viva Total

Theory 70 10 20 100

Practicals 90 10 - 100

Total 200

259
10. FORMATIVE/INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

The continuing assessment examination (both Theory/Practical) held at least 3times in a particular
year and best of two examinations should be considered. The Internal Assessment marks to be
submitted to the University, once in every three months. The marks scored by the students shall be
displayed on the Notice board and a copy forwarded by HOD shall be sent to the University once in
three months.

11. RECORD NOTE/LOG BOOK:

Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD. Institution shall provide
adequate number of cases as specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the students during
clinical training and examinations.

12. TEXT BOOKS

1. Dentistry dental practice and community by David F. Striffler and Brain A. Burt. Edn- 983 W. B.
Saunders company
2. Principles of Dental public health by James Morse Dunning, IV Edition 1986, Harward University Press.
3. Dental public health and community Ed by Anthony Jong Publication by the C.V. Mosby company 1981
4. Community oral health A –system approach by Patricia P. Cormier and Joyce I. Levy published by
Appleton- century-Crofts/New York,1981
5. Community dentistry – A problem oriented approach by P.C. Dental Hand book series vol .8. by
Stephen L. Silverman and Ames F. Tryon, series editor –Alvin F Gardener, PSG Publishing company Inc.
Littleton Massachusetts , 1980
6. Dental public health- An introduction to public health dentistry. Edition by Geoffrey L. Slack and Brain
Burt Published by John Wright and sons Bristol,1980.
7. Oral health surveys – Basic methods ,2013 Published by WHO GENEVA available at the regional office
New Delhi
8. Preventive Medicine and Hygiene – By Maxcy and Rosenau , Published by Appleton century crofts ,
1986
260
9. Preventive Dentistry – By J.O. Forrest published by John Wright and Sons Bristoli ,1980
10. Preventive Dentistry by Murray , 1997
11. Introduction to Bio- statistics By B.A.Mahajan
12. Research Methodology and Bio statistics .
13. Introduction to statistical methods By Grewal.
14. Text Book of Preventive and social Medicine by Park and park, 24th edition
15. Community Dentistry by Dr.Soben Peter. 5th Edition

13. REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Dentistry Dental Practice and Community by David F. Striffler and Brian A. Burt, Edn. -1983, W.B.
Saunders company
2. Principles of Dental Public Health by James Morse Dunning, IV Edition , 1986, Harvard University Press.
3. Dental Public Health and Community Dentistry Ed by Anthony Jong publication by The C.V. Mosby
Company 1981.
4. Community Oral Health- A system approach by Patricia P.Cormier and Joyce I.Levy published by Appleton
– Century – Crofts/New York, 1981
5. Community Dentistry – A problem oriented approach by P.C. Dental hand book series Vol 8 by Stephen L.
Silverman and Ames F. Tryon, Series editor-Alvin F. Gardner, PSG Publishing company Inc.Littleton
Massachuseltts, 1980.
6. Dental Public Health – An Introduction to Community Dentistry, Editted by Geoffrey L. Slack and Brian
Burt, Published by John Wright and sons Bristol, 1980.
7. Oral Health Surveys – Basic Methods, 4th edition, 1997, Published by W.H.O. Geneva Available at the
regional office New Delhi.
8. Preventive Medicine and Hygiene – By Maxcy and Rosenau, published by Appleton Century Crofts, 1986.
9. Preventive Dentistry – by J.O. Forrest published by John Wright and sons Bristol, 1980. 10.Preventive
Dentistry by Murray, 1997.
11. Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine by Park and Park, 14th edition.
12. Community Dentistry by Dr. Soben Peter.
13. Introduction to Bio-statistics by B.K. Mahajan
14. Research methodology and Bio-statistics
15. Introduction to Statistical Methods by Grewal.

261
14. CRI POSTING SCHEDULE AND ORIENTATION

1. The internees shall conduct health education sessions for individuals and groups on oral health public
health nutrition, behavioral sciences, environmental health, preventive dentistry and epidemiology.

2. They shall conduct a short term epidemiological survey in the community, or in the alternate, participate in
the planning and methodology.
3.They shall arrange effective demonstrations of:
a) Preventive and interceptive procedures for prevalent dental diseases.
b) Mouth-rinsing and other oral hygiene demonstrations -5Cases
c) Tooth brushing techniques -5Cases
4. Conduction of oral health education programmes at
A) School setting 2
B) Community setting 2
C) Adult education programmes 2
5. Preparation of Health Education materials 5
6. Exposure to team concept and National Health Care systems:
a) Observation of functioning of health infrastructure.
b) Observation of functioning of health care team including multipurpose workers male and female, health
educators and other workers.
c) Observation of atleast one National Health Programme.
d) Observation of inter linkages of delivery of oral health care with Primary Health care. Mobile dental clinics,
as and when available, should be provided for this teachings.

Period of Postings
Community Dentistry / Rural Services – 3 months

262