JAYSON C.

POLINAR BSED-SCIENCE III

BOBMIL FLORES BIOLOGY 5: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 9: JOINTS

CHECKPOINT

1. On what basis are joints classified?

 Joints are classified into structural and functional categories depending on
their anatomical properties and the type of movement they allow.

2. Which fibrous joints are synarthroses? Which are amphiarthroses?

 Synarthroses are sutures found in older people. Amphiarthroses include
sutures in children, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes.

3. Which cartilaginous joints are synarthroses? Which are amphiarthroses?

 Synchondrosis is immovable(synarthrosis). Symphysis is a slightly movable
joint(amphiarthroses).

4. How does the structure of synovial joints classify them as diarthroses?

 Because of the presence of a synovial cavity that allows for significant joint
movement, synovial joints are classed as diarthroses.

5. What are the functions of articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and articular
discs?
 Articular cartilage – it covers the articulating surface of the bones with a
smooth, slippery surface but does not bind them together. It reduces the
friction between bones in a joint during movement and helps to absorb
shock.
 Synovial fluid - it reduces friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks,
supplying oxygen and nutrients, removing carbon dioxide and metabolic
wastes from the chondrocytes within articular cartilage. It also contains
phagocytic cells that remove microbes and the debris that results from the
normal wear and tear in the joint.
 Articular discs - it absorbs shock, enables a better fit between articulating
bony surfaces, provides adaptable surfaces for combined movements,
distributes weight over a greater contact surfaces, and distributes the
synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of the joint.

6. What types of sensations are perceived at joints, and from what sources do
joints receive nourishment?

 Joint nerve endings respond to pain as well as the amount of movement and
stretch at a certain place. The chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a
synovial joint are mostly avascular, receiving oxygen and nutrients from
synovial fluid produced from blood; arteries nearby send out numerous
 branches that also give oxygen and nutrients to the ligaments and articular
capsule.

7. In what ways are bursae similar to joint capsules? How do they differ?
 Bursae, like joint capsules, are sacs that store synovial fluid produced by the
sac's lining. Bursas differ from synovial joints in one way: their walls are
made up of an exterior fibrous membrane of thin, thick connective tissue
that is lined by a synovial membrane.

8. What are the four major categories of movements that occur at synovial
joints?
 The four major categories of movements at synovial joints are gliding,
angular movements, rotation, and special movements.

9. On yourself or with a partner, demonstrate each movement listed in Table

9.1.
 Demonstration is done.

10. Which types of joints are uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial?

 Plane joints – biaxial and triaxial
 Hinge joints – uniaxial
 Pivot joints – uniaxial
 Condyloid joints – biaxial
 Saddle joints – biaxial
 Ball-and-Socket joints – triaxial

11. How do the strength and tension of ligaments determine range of motion?
- Bones are connected together by ligaments, which are strong bands of
fibrous connective tissue. These strengthen and support the joint by anchoring the
bones together and preventing their separation. Tension of ligaments allow for
normal movements at a joint, it limit the range of these motions, thus preventing
excessive or abnormal joint movements. The different components of a fibrous
capsule are tense or taut only when the joint is in certain positions. Strength and
tension of ligaments restricts the range of motion and also direct the movement of
the articulating bones with respect to each other.

12. Using Tables 9.3 and 9.4 as a guide, identify only the cartilaginous joints.
-Intervertebral, Sternocostal, Lumbosacral, and Pubic symphysis are
cartilaginous joints.

What distinguishes the temporomandibular joint from the other joints of the
skull?
 The temporomandibular joint is the only freely mobile joint between skull
bones made of hyaline cartilage; all other skull joints are sutures and thus
immovable or partially movable.

Which tendons at the shoulder joint of a baseball pitcher are most likely to be
torn due to excessive circumduction?
  The rotator cuff muscles will most likely to be torn in the supraspinatus
muscle tendon of a baseball pitcher this is due to shoulder movements that
involve vigorous circumduction. This tendon is especially predisposed to
wear and tear because of its location between the head of the humerus and
acromion of the scapula, which compresses the tendon during shoulder
movements. Poor posture and poor body mechanics also increase
compression of the supraspinatus muscle tendon

At the elbow joint, which ligaments connect (a) the humerus and the ulna,
and (b) the humerus and the radius?
 (a)Ulnar collateral ligament
 (b)Radial collateral ligament

What factors limit the degree of flexion and abduction at the hip joint?
- When the knee is flexed, the anterior surface of the thigh makes contact
with the anterior abdominal wall, and when the knee is extended, tension in the
hamstring muscles limits flexion. The pubofemoral ligament's tightness restricts
abduction.

What are the opposing functions of the anterior and posterior cruciate
ligaments?
- The ACL limits hyperextension of the knee (which normally does not occur
at this joint) and prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur while the
PCL prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia (and anterior sliding of the femur)
when the knee is flexed.

13. Which joints show evidence of degeneration in nearly all individuals as

aging progresses?
- Almost everyone has some sort of degeneration of the knees, elbows, hips,
and shoulders by the age of 80. Degenerative alterations in the spinal column are
also frequent in the elderly, resulting in a hunched-over posture and strain on
nerve roots.

14. Which joints of the body most commonly undergo arthroplasty?

- Joint pain, ability to do activities, and quality of life are all significantly
improved in people who have arthroplasty. Most joint surgery involves the hip and
knee, with surgery on the ankle, elbow, shoulder, and fingers being done less often.
SELF-QUIZ QUESTIONS

Fill in the blanks in the following statements.

1. A point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between
bone and teeth is called a(n) JOINT (ARTICULATION OR ARTHROSIS).
2. The surgical procedure in which a severely damaged joint is replaced with an
artificial joint is known as ARTHROPLASTY.

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

FALSE 3. Menisci are fluid-filled sacs located outside of the joint cavity to ease
friction between bones
and softer tissue.
FALSE 4. Shrugging your shoulders involves flexion and extension.
FALSE 5. Synovial fluid becomes more viscous (thicker) as movement at the joint
increases.

Choose the one best answer to the following questions.

E 6. Which of the following are structural classifications of joints?
(1)amphiarthrosis, (2) cartilaginous, (3) synovial, (4) synarthrosis, (5) fibrous.
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (b) 2 and 5 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 4, and 5 (e) 2, 3,
and 5

D 7. Which of the following joints could be classified functionally as synarthroses?

(1) syndesmosis, (2) symphysis, (3) synovial, (4) gomphosis, (5) suture.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 5 (c) 1, 2, and 3 (d) 4 and 5 (e) 5 only

B 8. The most common degenerative joint disease in the elderly, often caused by
wear-and-tear, is
(a) rheumatoid arthritis. (b) osteoarthritis. (c) rheumatism. (d) gouty arthritis. (e)
ankylosing spondylitis.

C 9. Chewing your food involves (1) flexion, (2) extension, (3) hyperextension, (4)
elevation, (5) depression.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 4 and 5 (d) 3 and 5 (e) 1 and 4

A 10. Synovial fluid functions to (1) absorb shocks at joints, (2) lubricate joints, (3)
form a blood clot in a joint injury, (4) supply oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes,
(5) provide phagocytes to remove debris from joints.
(a) 1, 2, 4, and 5 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (c) 1, 2, and 4 (d) 3 and 4 (e)
2, 4, and 5

C 11. Which of the following statements are true concerning a synovial joint? (1)
The bones at a synovial joint are covered by a mucous membrane. (2) The articular
capsule surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the
articulating bones. (3) The fibrous membrane of the articular capsule permits
considerable movement at a joint. (4) The tensile strength of the fibrous membrane
helps prevent bones from disarticulating. (5) All synovial joints contain a fibrous
membrane.
(a) 1, 2, 3, and 4 (b) 2, 3, 4, and 5 (c) 2, 3, and 4 (d) 1, 2,
and 3 (e) 2, 4, and 5

E 12. Which of the following keep the articular surfaces of synovial joints in contact
and affect range of motion?
(1) structure or shape of the articulating bones, (2) strength and tension of the joint
ligaments, (3) arrangement and tension of muscles, (4) lack of use, (5) contact of
soft parts.
(a) 1, 2, 3, and 5 (b) 2, 3, 4, and 5 (c) 1, 3, 4, and 5 (d) 1, 3,
and 5 (e) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

13. Match the following:

5 (a) a fibrous joint that unites (1) synostosis
the bones of the skull; a synarthrosis (2) synchondrosis
3 (b) a fibrous joint between the tibia (3) syndesmosis
and fibula; an amphiarthrosis (4) synovial
7 (c) the articulation between bone and teeth (5) suture
2 (d) the epiphyseal (growth) plate (6) symphysis
6 (e) joint between the two pubic bones (7) gomphosis
4 (f) joint with a cavity between the bones; diarthrosis
1 (g) a bony joint

14. Match the following:

6 (a) rounded or pointed surface of one bone (1) hinge joint
articulates with a ring formed by another bone (2) saddle joint
and a ligament; allows rotation around its own axis (3) ball-and-socket joint
4 (b) articulating bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved; (4) plane joint
permit gliding movement (5) condyloid joint

5 (c) convex, oval projection of one bone fits into oval (6) pivot joint
depression of another bone; permits movement
in two axes
1 (d) convex surface of one bone articulates with
concave surface of another bone; permits flexion
and extension
3 (e) ball-shaped surface of one bone articulates
with cuplike depression of another bone; permits
largest degree of movement in three axes
2 (f) modified condyloid joint where articulating bones
resemble a rider sitting in a saddle

15. Match the following:

8 (a) upward movement of a body part (1) pronation
11 (b) downward movement of a body part (2) plantar flexion
10 (c) movement of bone toward midline (3) eversion
13 (d) movement in which relatively flat bone (4) abduction
surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side 5) rotation
 with respect to one another (6) retraction
15 (e) movement of a body part anteriorly in the (7) opposition
transverse plane (8) elevation
9 (f) decrease in angle between bones (9) flexion
6 (g) movement of an anteriorly projected body part (10) adduction
back to the anatomical position (11) depression
12 (h) movement of the sole medially (12) inversion
3 (i) movement of the sole laterally (13) gliding
4 (j) movement of bone away from midline (14) extension
16 (k) action that occurs when you stand on your heels (15) protraction
2 (l) action that occurs when you stand on your toes (16) dorsiflexion
18 (m) movement of the forearm to turn the palm anteriorly (17)
circumduction
1 (n) movement of the forearm to turn the palm posteriorly (18) supination
7 (o) movement of thumb across the palm to touch the tips
of the fingers of the same hand
14 (p) increase in angle between bones
17 (q) movement of distal end of a part of the body in a circle
5 (r) bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

CRITICAL QUESTIONS

1. Katie loves pretending that she’s a human cannonball. As she jumps off the
diving board, she assumes the proper position before she pounds into the water:
head and thighs tucked against her chest; back rounded; arms pressed against her
sides while her forearms, crossed in front of her shins, hold her legs tightly folded
against her chest. Use the proper anatomical terms to describe the position of
Katie’s back, head, and free limbs.

Answer: Katie’s vertebral column, head, lower arms, thighs, lower legs, and fingers
are flexed. Her thighs and arms are adducted. Her forearms and shoulders are
medially rotated.

2. During football practice, Jeremiah was tackled and twisted his lower leg. There
was a sharp pain, followed immediately by swelling of the knee joint. The pain and
swelling worsened throughout the remainder of the afternoon until Jeremiah could
barely walk. The coach told Jeremiah to see a doctor who might want to “drain the
water off his knee.” What was the coach referring to and what specifically do you
think happened to Jeremiah’s knee joint to cause these symptoms?

Answer: Coach was referring to the swelling as water on the knee. Water on the
knee is the knee effusion. Knee effusion, sometimes called water on the knee,
occurs when excess fluid accumulates in or around the knee joint and removing
some of the fluid also helps reduce the pain and stiffness associated with the
swelling. The twisting of Jeremiah’s leg will obviously result to internal injuries in
the knee joint. Ligaments in Jeremiah’s knee become stretched or torn, often due to
a sudden movement or twist of his lower leg which causes common symptoms of a
strain or sprain include bruising, tenderness and swelling in the affected area. The
continuous swelling is a result of the build up of synovial fluid which generates
pain. The coach advices that Jeremiah must consult a doctor in order to drain or
aspirate the fluid from his/her knee. Once the doctor determines the underlying
cause of Jeremiah’s swollen knee, appropriate treatment can begin.

3. After lunch, during a particularly long and dull class video, Antonio became
sleepy and yawned. To his dismay, he was then unable to close his mouth. Explain
what happened and what should be done to correct this problem.

Answer: Antonio’s unable to close his mouth is a case of Temporomandibular joint

(TMJ) dislocation. As we know The temporomandibular joint is a combined hinge
and planer joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the
mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone. Accordingly, the
mandible may function in depression (jaw opening) and elevation (jaw closing),
which occurs in the inferior compartment. What happens to Antonio’s mouth is his
mandible (lower jaw) has become separated from his temporomandibular joint
(TMJ). When this happens, the lower jaw cannot go back into place on its own.
Treatment for a broken jaw depends on the severity of the injury. In mild cases,
medical interventions are unnecessary. A doctor can often treat a dislocated jaw by
manually repositioning it. Antonio’s mouth may be cured by doctor’s manual
reduction. To perform a manual reduction, a doctor will place their thumbs against
the lower back teeth inside the mouth. They will place their remaining fingers
under the jaw. With a steady grip on the jaw, doctors will move the mandible back
into place.