Explain the natural Convection

Explain the forced convection

Define Boundary layer thickness

Define thermal boundary layer thickness

Explain the Dimensional Analysis method

What is Buckingham pi Theorem

What are the Dependent & Independent Dimensions? Give example.

Define Reynolds Number, Prandtls Number. Nusselt Number with Their Significance

Explain the concept of Hydrodynamics Boundary Layer thickness, Hence define the
velocity boundary layer in fluid flow over a flat plate.

Discuss the concept of thermal boundary layer in case of flow over the flat plate. How does
it differ form velocity boundary layer.

Derive the dimensional less number any two by Buckingham Pi Method.

Air at 2 atm and 200° C is heated as it flows at a velocity of 12 m/s through a tube with a
diameter of 3 cm. A constant heat flux condition is maintained at the wall and the wall
temperature is 20°C above the air temperature all along the length of the tube.

Properties of air at 200°C are Pr = 0.681, μ = 2.57 x 10-5 kg/ms,

Calculate-

a) Reynold Number

b) Nusselt Number

c) The heat transfer per unit length of the tube.

K = 0.0386 W/mK and Cp= 1.025 kJ/kg . K.

Use: Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.4

Explain the Buckingham Pi Theorem and Steps Involved in it.

Explain the Mechanism by which the heat is transferred in natural Convection

Derive the relation for Reynolds Number, Prandtls Number. Through Buckingham Method.
Air at 30°C flows with a velocity of 2.8 m/s over a plate 1000 mm (length) x 600 mm (width) x
25 mm (thickness). The top surface of the plate is maintained at 90°C. If the thermal
conductivity of the plate material is 25 W/m°C, calculate: (i) Heat lost by the plate, (ii)
Bottom temperature of the plate for the steady state condition. The thermo-physical
properties of air at mean film temperature at 60°C are: p=1.06 kg/m³, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, k =
0.02894 W/m°C,

V = 18.97 x 10-6 m²/s, Pr = 0.696.

Choose the appropriate relation from the following:

Nu = 0.664 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.33- for Laminar flow

Nu = 0.036 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33 -for turbulent flow

Hot gases at 1000°C flow at 75 m/s past the surface of flat plate measuring 100 cm x 50
cm. The flow is parallel to the 100 cm side. What would be the heat loss from the gases to
the flat plate if it is maintained at 300°C. Take the following properties of the gas p = 0.496
kg/m³; k = 0.0744 W/m°C; v = 93.5 x 10-6 m²/s, Pr=0.625. Use the Pr0.33 [0.036 (Re) 0.8-
836].

Air at 20°C is flowing over a flat plate which is 20 cm wide and 50 cm long. The plate is
maintained at 100°C. Find heat loss from the plate if air is flowing parallel to 50 cm side
with a velocity of 2 m/s. What will be the effect on heat transfer if the flow is parallel to 20
cm side ? Take the following properties of air at 60°C, v = 18.97 x 10-6 m³/s, k = 0.029
W/m°C and Pr = 0.7.

Use Nu, = 0.664 (Re,)0.5 (Pr.) 0.33.

Explain the Dimensional Analysis Method and derive any 3 Dimension less number using it.

Air at 35°C flows with a velocity of 3.2m/s over a plate 1100 mm (length) x 700 mm (width) x
26 mm (thickness). The top surface of the plate is maintained at 95°C. If the thermal
conductivity of the plate material is 28 W/m°C, calculate: (i) Heat lost by the plate, (ii)
Bottom temperature of the plate for the steady state condition. The thermo-physical
properties of air at mean film temperature at 65°C are: p=1.06 kg/m³, C₂ = 1.005 kJ/kg K, k =
0.02894 W/m°C, v = 18.97 x 10-6 m²/s, Pr = 0.696.Choose the appropriate relation from the
following:

Nu = 0.664 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.33- for Laminar flow

Nu = 0.036 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33 -for turbulent flow

Air at 25°C is flowing over a flat plate which is 22 cm wide and 55 cm long. The plate is
maintained at 90°C. Find heat loss from the plate if air is flowing parallel to 55 cm side with
a velocity of 2 m/s. What will be the effect on heat transfer if the flow is parallel to 22 cm
side ?

Take the following properties of air at 60°C, v = 18.97 x 10-6 m³/s, k = 0.029 W/m°C
and Pr = 0.7.

Use Nu, = 0.664 (Re,)0.5 (Pr.) 0.33.

Define emissivity.

Define black body

State properties of radiation

How does the Stefan-Boltzmann law describe the relationship between temperature and
the rate at which a blackbody radiates energy?

How does the view factor (or shape factor) influence the exchange of thermal radiation
between two surfaces?

What is Opaque body?

Explain shape factor

Define the term absorptivity, reflectivity and transmittivity of radiation.

State and prove Kirchhoff’s law of radiation

Explain difference between Black and Grey Body along with graph (emissive power
wavelength)

Determine the heat loss rate by radiation from a steel tube of outside diameter 70 mm and
3 m long at a temperature of 227 degree C. this tube is located within a square brick
conduit of 0.3 m side and at 27°c, assume, emissivity of steel=0.79 and emissivity of brick
0.93 ?

Define radiosity, irradiation and radiation shield

The surface temperature of a body having an area of 0.5 m2 is 450°C. Calculate the
following :

(i) The total rate of energy emission assuming black body

(ii) (ii) The total rate of energy emission real body with emissivity = 0.9)

The Intensity of normal radiation

What is thermal radiation, and how does it differ from conduction and convection as a
mode of heat transfer? Explain with the help of example

The effective temperature of a body having an area of 0.12 m2 is 527°C. Calculate the
following :

(i) The total rate of energy emission.

(ii) The intensity of normal radiation, and
(iii) The wavelength of maximum monochromatic emissive power

Show that total emissive power is ‘π’ times intensity of radiation.

Calculate The Net Radiant Heat Exchange Per m2 Area For Two Large Parallel Plates At
Temperatures Of 427 °C And 27 °C Respectively. Emissivity (Hot plate =0.9) and Emissivity
(Cold plate =0.6), if a polished aluminium shield is placed between them find the
percentage reduction in heat transfer Emissivity (Cold plate =0.4)

An enclosure measures 1.5m X 1.75m with a height of 2m under steady state equilibrium
conditions, the wall and ceiling are maintained at 525 k and floor at 400 K. Determine the
net radiation wall and ceiling to floor. Emissivity ( wall and ceiling =0.85) Emissivity ( floor
=0.75)

Derive the relation of net heat transfer between two parallel infinite Plane surface

In a Heat exchanger of parallel flow type , the hot fluid cools from 1100 C to 600 C The
cooling water enters at 30∘C and leaves at 45∘C. Determine The LMTD of the condenser.

Explain fouling in Heat Exchanger

Air enters a counter flow heat exchanger at 70°C and leaves at 40°C. Water enters at 30°C
and leaves at 50°C. Determine the LMTD in degree C is:

What is the full form of LMTD and its expression

Explain effectiveness of heat exchanger

The LMTD of a counterflow heat exchanger is 20°C. The cold fluid enters at 20°C and the
hot fluid enters at 100°C. Mass fl0w rate of the cold fluid is twice that of the hot fluid.
Specific heat at constant pressure of the hot fluid is twice that of the cold fluid. The exit
temperature of the cold fluid

Write Expression of ‘NTU’ (Number of Transfer Units) in a heat exchanger.

Define the term NTU and effectiveness

Derive an expression for effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger in terms of NTU
and capacity ratio.

In a condenser, water enters at 30°C and flows at the rate 1500 kg/hr. The condensing
steam is at a temperature of 120°C and cooling water leaves the condenser at 80°C.
Specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg K. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2000
W/m2K, Find heat transfer area.

Given the following data, Inside heat transfer coefficient = 25 W/m2K Outside heat transfer
coefficient = 25 W/m2K Thermal conductivity of bricks (15 cm thick) = 0.15 W/mK, Find the
overall heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2K).

Two fluids, A and B exchange heat in a counter flow heat exchanger Fluid A enters at 420°C
and has mass flow rate at 1 kg/s. Fluid B enters at 20°C and has mass flow rate at 1 kg/s.
Effectiveness of heat exchanger is 75%.

Explain Evaporator and condenser

Derive an expression for effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger in terms of NTU and
capacity ratio.

The flow rate of hot and cold-water streams running through a parallel flow heat exchanger
are 0.2 kg/s and 0.5 kg/s respectively. The inlet temperatures on the hot and cold sides are
78˚C and 23˚C respectively. The exit temperature of the hot water is 48˚C. If the individual
heat transfer coefficient on both sides is 600 W/m2˚C, calculate the area of the heat
exchanger

What is heat exchanger? Classify the heat exchangers and explain its advantage and
disadvantage

In a certain double pipe heat exchanger hot water flows at rate of 5000 kg/hr and gets
cooled from 95°C to 65°C. At the same time 50000 kg/h of cooling water at 30°C enters the
heat exchanger. The flow conditions are such that overall heat transfer coefficient remains
constant at 2270 W/m2 K. Determine the heat transfer area required and the effectiveness,
assuming two streams are in parallel flow, Assume for both the stream cp =4.2 Kj/kgK

A counterflow heat exchanger is employed to cool 0.55 kg/s (CP = 2.45 kJ/kg-K) of oil from
115°C to 40°C by the use of water. The inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water are
15°C and 75°C, respectively. The overall heat

Transfer coefficient is expected to be 1450 W/m2-°C. Using the NTU method, calculate the
following:

A. The mass flow rate of water.

b. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger

c. Surface area required

Derive an expression for effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger in terms of NTU
and capacity ratio.