UNIT-II

PART A
Differentiate free and forced convection.
How Reynolds and Colburn analogies differ with each other.
Define Grashoff number and explain its significance in free convection heat transfer.
What is Dittus- Boelter equation? When does it apply?
What is the need of identification of new dimensionless Grashoff number in case of free
convection.
What is flow separation? What causes it? What is the effect of flow separation on the
drag coefficient?
How does laminar flow differ from turbulent flow?
Differentiate hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer.
What is meant by velocity boundary layer thickness?
What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids?
Define Nusselt and Prandtl number.
A 15 cm long yatch sailing at 15km/hr in sea water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3, μ = 1.3 X 10-3
kg/ms). Calculate the Reynolds number and state the type of flow.
Define Critical Reynold’s number. What is its typical value for flow over a flat plate and
flow through a pipe?
Differentiate viscous sub layer and buffer layer.
Why heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is much less than those in forced
convection?
PART B
Air at 20oC, 1m/sec flows over a flat plate of 2 m x 1m maintained at 40 0C.Determine (i)
boundary layer thickness at 40 cm from leading edge (ii) boundary layer thickness at 2 m
from leading edge (iii) localized heat transfer co-efficient at 2 m (iv) average heat transfer
co-efficient from leading to 2 m length.
Consider the flow of air at atmospheric pressure and 300K parallel to flat plate 2 m long.
The velocity of air far away from the plate is 10m/sec. The plate surface is held at
constant temperature of 400K. Determine the heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge
of the plate using the Colburn analogy? Data: Properties at film temperature are: density
0.995 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 20.92 x10-6 m2/s, k = 0.03 W m-1K-1, pr = 0.7
Engine oil flows through a 50mm diameter tube at an average temperature of 147 0C. The
flow velocity is 80 cm/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube wall is
maintained at a temperature of 2000C and it is 2 m long.

Air at 200C and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3m/s. If
the plate is 280 mm wide and at 560C calculate the following at x = 280 mm:
(i) Boundary layer thickness, (ii) Local friction coefficient, (iii) Average friction
coefficient, (iv) Thickness of the thermal boundary layer thickness, (v) Local convective
heat transfer coefficient, (vi) Average convective heat transfer coefficient, (vii) Rate of
heat transfer by convection, (viii) Total drag force on the plate, (ix) Total mass flow rate
through the boundary.
Consider a 0.6 m x 0.6 m thin square plate in a room at 300C. One side of the plate is
maintained at a temperature of 900C, while the other side is insulated. Determine the rate
of heat transfer from the plate by natural convection if the plate is: (1) Vertical, (2)
Horizontal with hot surface (a) facing up, and (b) facing down.
 NOTE:

Determine average heat transfer co-efficient over entire length from vertical plate of
height 2 m to surrounding air, if it is known that the surface temperature of the plate is
1050C. Assume the ambient temperature is 150C.
(ii) A 10mm diameter spherical steel ball at 2600C is immersed in air at 900C. Estimate
the convective heat loss.
A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a constant temperature of
120oC. The pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30oC. Find heat loss by natural
convection.
A horizontal heated plate measuring 1.5 m x 1.1 m and at 215°C, facing upwards, is
placed in still air at 25°C. Calculate the heat loss by natural convection. The convective
film coefficient for free convection is given by the following empirical relation. h = 3.05
(Tf)1/4 W/m2 oC, Where Tf is the mean film temperature in degree kelvin.

Air at 273 K at 75 m/s flows over a plate having 45 cm length 62 cm wide. The plate is
maintained 90°C temperature. Assuming the transition of boundary layer takes place at
critical Reynolds number of 5 x 105 . Find the average values of friction coefficient and
heat transfer coefficient for the full length of the plate. Also get energy dissipation from
the plate.
Find heat transfer coefficient when a liquid metal flows at the rate of 21.6 tons/hr through
a tube of inner diameter 0.1m. the liquid metal enters at 475K and is heated by the tubes
whose wall temperature is maintained at 515K.
 PART C
The interior of a refrigerator having inside dimensions of 0.5 m x 0.5 m base area and 1m
height is to be maintained at 6°C. The wall of the refrigerator are constructed of two mild
steel sheet 3 mm thick (k = 46.5 W/m°C) with 5 mm glass wool insulation
between(k=0.046 W/m0C them. If the average heat transfer coefficient at the outer and
inner surfaces are 11.6 W/m2°C and 14.5 W/m2°C respectively. calculate i) the rate at
which heat must be removed from the interior to maintain the specified temperature in the
kitchen at 25°C, ii) the temperature on the outer surface metal sheet.
A spherical electronic device of 10 mm diameter generates 1 W. It is exposed to air at
20°C with a convection coefficient of 20 W/m2K. Find the surface temperature. The heat
transfer consultant advices to enclose it in a glass like material of k = 1.4 W/mK, to a
thickness of 5 mm all around to reduce the temperature. Investigate the problem and also
find the thickness to obtain 50°C surface temperature.

Air at a pressure of 8 kN/m2 and a temperature of 2500C flows over a flat plate 0.3m wide
and 1m long at a velocity of 8 m/s. If the plate is to be maintained at a temperature of
780C. Estimate the rate of heat to be removed continuously from the plate.