WORKING OF A.

REFRACTING
TELESCOPE

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ht 1. wHAT IS TELESCOPE?
1g, 2. ANATOMY OF TELESCOPE
I 13. TYPES OF TELESCOPE S
C 4. REFRACTING TELESCOPE

5. OBSERVATIONS (a
6. ADVANTAGES OF REFRACTION wat
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7. DISADVANTAGES OF REFRACTION
8. CONSTRUCTICN CF A REFRACTING TELESCOPE
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9. WORKING OF A REFRACTING TELESCOPE

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WHAT 1S TELESCOPE?

telescope, device used to form

magnified images of distant objects.
The telescope is undoubtedly the most
important investigative tool in
astronomy. It provides a means of
collecting and analyzing radiation from
celestial objects, even those in the far
reaches of the universe.

Astronomical Telescopes are

undoubtedly the most important
investigation tool in astronomy.
They help to collect and analyze
radiation from celestial objects, even
those in the far reaches of the
universe.
Telescope is an optical instrument
that has a particular arrangement of
curved mirrors and lenses in such a
manner that distant objects appear
nearer.
 ANATOMY
OF

TELESCOPE
Thecomponents or parts of a telescope are as
follows:
Optical Tube: It holds the mirrors and lenses
of a telescope. These mirrors or lenses gather
light from distant objects during nighttime and
form a clear image for the viewer.
" Eyepiece: It forms the magnified image of the
object and passes it to the eye of the viewer.
" Focuser: It is a tube consisting of an eyepiece
that can be moved using knobs to adjust the
focus of an image.
"Finderscope: It is present in the telescope tube
to find out the direction of the objectbe
observed.
 stanDiagonal: It helps to see through a
lescope comfortably by adjsting c
light coming froma telescope.
Mount: Mount is used for holding a
telescope and helps to rotate it in the
direction of the object.
" Tripod: A tripod is where the mount and a
telescope are placed. Tripod has height
adjustable legs that prevent the telescope
from vibrating during the observation.

Optical Tube
Finderscope

Mount

Focuser Eyepiece
Tripod

Star Diagonal

collegedunia
Parts of Telescope
TVPESOF TELESCOPE

There are three primary types of optical

telescope:
Refracting telescopes, which use lenses and
less commonly also prisms (dioptrics)
Reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors
(catoptrics)
Catadioptric telescopes, which combine
lenses and mirrors

Types of Refractor Telescopes

Achromatic Refractor: These use two
lenses made of different types of glass to
correct chromatic aberration.
Apochromatic Refractor: These use even
more advanced lens combinations to
eliminate chromatic aberration and
provide higher-quality images, but they
are more expensive.
 Refractor Telescope
Objective Lens
Focus Point

Eye Piece
Light from
Obiect

shutterstoci com 1724823775

Simplified Refracting Telescope

objective (lens) focus (image)
eyepiece (lens)

incoming light
from object
ey

objective focal length eyepiece

Tocal lengthT

Catadioptric Telescope
corrector Gens) primary miror
focus (mage)

incoming light
frorm obiect

eyopioce (lons)

secondary miror
REFRACTIVE TELESCOPE

.Introductionto Refractor Telescopes

Definition: Arefractor telescope is an
optical device that uses lenses to gather
and focuslight. It works by bending
(refracting) light rays to form an image.

" History: The refractor telescope was first

created by Hans Lippershey in 1608 and
improved by Galileo Glilei. This type of
telescope uses a system of lenses and
was the primary tool for astronomers
before the development of reflecting
telescopes.
 ADVANTAGES OF
1REFARATOR TELESCOPE

Simple Design: They have fewer

moving parts compared to
other types of telescopes, such
as reflecting telescopes.
Sealed Tube: Since the lens is at
the front, refractor telescopes
are sealed against dust and
other contaminants, which
helps maintain the quality of
the images over time.
Sharp, High-Contrast Images:
Refractors tend to provide
sharp images with high
contrast, especially for
observing the Moon, planets,
and binary stars.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
1REFARATOR TELESCOPE

Chromatic Aberration: As
mentioned, the bending of light
through lenses can cause color
distortions. While modern
refractors use special lens
coatings to reduce this, it's still
a potential issue.
Size and Weight: Larger
refractors are very bulky and
expensive because the
objective lens must be made of
high-quality, large pieces of
glass.
Cost: High-quality lenses,
especially large ones, can be
very expensive.
 OBSERVATIONS

Table 1:Calculate objective focal length

Objective number Diameter Mean diameter Mean fe
Focal length
Aperturel[mm] [mm] (fe) [mm] Imm]
1 74.2 74.97 500 500
75.2 500
75.0 50
50 49 217 218
218
48 220
3 50 49 191 192
197
49 193

Table 2: Calculate eyepiece focal length

Objective number Eyepiece number Eyepiece focal length [fel[mm] Mean fe(mm]
1 227 228
228
229
2 2 193 194
194
195
3 3 54 55
55
56
 Table 3: Calculate Magnification
formula :
MAGNIFICATION =fe
where,
fo=focal length of an objective
fe=focal length of an eyepiece

Obs 500 218 192

Objective focal length
no. [(fol[mm]

Eyepiece focal length

[fel[mm]
1 228 2.19 0.95 0.84

2 194 2.57 1.12 0.98

3 55 9.09 3.96 3.49

Table 4:Calculate true field of view

formula : Tfov =fe

where,
D= diameter of an objective lens [aperture]
fe=focal length of an eyepiece lens
AperturelD] felmm) Angular fov Angular fov
mm] rad) (degrees)
74.97 228 032 18.335

4 144 0.25 14.324

49 55 0.89 50.993
 Table 5 :Calculate Apparent field of view
formula : Afov = Tfov x Magnification
Obs no. TRUE foV (degrees] MAGNIFICATION APPARENT fov
[DEGREES)]

1 18.335 2.19 40.15

2.57 47.12
9.09 166.66
14.324 0.95 13.60
1.12 16.04
3.96 56.72
50.993 0.84 42.83
0.98 49.97
3.49 177.96

Table 6: Calculate Linmiting Magnitude

Formula:
limiting mangnitude = 2.5 + 5 log [D]
where,
D= Aperture [Diameter of an objective lens]
Obs. Aperture [mm) Limiting magnitude[mm]
no.

1 74.97 14.37
2 49 10.95
3 49 10.95
 Table 7:Calculate Exit Pupil

Aperture
formula = Exit pupil = Magnification
Obs. No. Aperture [mm] Magnification[mm] Exit Pupil [mm]
1 74.97 2.19 34.23
2.57 29.17
9.05 8.28
2 49 0.95 51.57
1.12 43.75
3.96 12.37
3 49 0.84 58.33
0.98 50
3.49 14.04
 CONSTRUCTION OF A
1REFRACTING TELESCOPE

It consists of tWo convex lenses called the

objective lens (directed towards thew
objects) and the eyepiece (directed towards
the eye). The focal length and the diameter of
the objective lens are respectively greater
than the focal length and the diameter of the
eyepiece. The objective lens is fitted at one
end of a long metal tube. A metal tube of
smaller diameter is fitted in this metal tube
and the eyepiece is fitted at the outer end of
the smaller tube. With the help of a screw it is
possible to change the distance between the
eyepiece and the objective lens by sliding the
tube fitted with the eyepiece. The principal
axes of the objective lens and the eyepiece
are long the same line. A telescope is usually
muonted on a stand.
 WORKING OF A
REFRACTING TELESCOPE

Refractor telescopes work based on the refraction of

light. Here's how it works step-by-step:
Step 1: Light enters through the objective lens
The objective lens, which is the larger lens at the front
of the telescope, gathers light from a distant object
\(like a star or planet). As light passes through the lens,
it bends (or refracts) due to the difference in the
speed of light in air and glass.
Step 2: Light is focused
The lens focuses the refracted light to a point, creating
an image at a specific focal length. The size of the
image depends on the curvature of the lens.
Step 3: Image is magnified by the eyepiece
After the light is focused by the objective lens, it
travels down the tube to the eyepiece. The eyepiece
lens further bends the light and magnifies the image. It
acts likea magnifying glass, making the image larger
and clearer.
Step 4: The observer sees the magnified image
The observer looks through the eyepiece and sees a
magnified image of the object being observed,
whether it's a planet, a moon, or a distant star.
 CONCL1SiON
Focal length is the distance between the lens
and the screen
Magnification of the telescope depends on
eyepiece lens and focal length
" As the objective focal length increase
mangnification power of telescope
will decrease.
Field view of a telescope tells us sky area
covered by telescope
Difference between True fov and Apparent
fov is ?
angle of the real world the telescope shows
youwhile Afov is how wide the image
circle looks when you look through the
telescope
" The relation between magnification of the
telescope and apparent fov is
directly proportional to each other
as the size of the primary lens decreases true
fov will also decrease
" limiting magnitude on it depends upon the
aperture
as the aperture sixe decreases exit pupil witl
also decrease