Hsslive-xi-malayalam-ptmta-dp-notes

Class : XI
MALAYALAM
BapJw
]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bnse lb¿sk°≥Udn hnZym-

`ymkw anI-hp-‰-Xm-°m≥ Dt±-in-®p-sIm≠v Pn√m-]-©m-
bØv Bhn-jvI-cn® "\Ω-sfØpw ap∂n-seØpw' F∂
]≤Xn Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-ambn
kl-Ic - n®v A≤ym-]I - c
- p-sSbpw a‰p hnZ-Kv≤∑
- m-cp-sSbpw
]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS 2022˛2023 h¿j-ß-fn¬ \S-∏m-°p-∂-
XmWv Cu ]≤-Xn. Ign™ h¿jw lb¿sk°≥Udn
hnP- b - i - X - a m- \ - Ø ns‚ Imcy- Ø n¬ \ΩpsS Pn√
]nt∂m°w t]mbXv Gsd Kuc-h-tØmsS \mw ImtW-
≠-Xm-Wv. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \S-∏nem-°n- h-cp∂
s]mXp hnZym-`ymk kwc-£-W-b⁄w hnP-b-I-c-ambn
apt∂-dp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \ap°v IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂
\ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v Pn√sb FØn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.
c≠mw-h¿j hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-th≠n 15 hnj-bß - -
fn¬ ASn-ÿm\ ]mT-`m-Kß - ƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈
]T-\-k-lm-bn-bmWv ssI∏p-kvX-I-ambn hnZym-e-b-ß-
fn¬ FØn-®-Xv. H∂mw h¿j-tØ-°v 17 hnj-b-ß-fpsS
]T-\-k-lm-bn-bmWv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Pn√-bnse
F√m k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-If - nepw kzImcy kvIqfp-If- nepw
CXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-
Ww.
lb¿sk°≥Udn hnP- b - i - X - a m\w Db¿Øn
\ΩpsS Pn√sb ap∂n-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-Øn¬
F√m A≤ym-]-Icpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw c£n-Xm-°fpw
]¶m-fn-I-fm-I-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.
hniz-kvX-X-tbm-sS,
AUz. Hma-√q¿ i¶-c≥
{]kn-U‚ v, Pn√m ]-©m-bØv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
Iq-´m-bn- {]-h-¿-Øn-°mw-; ap-∂nseØmw-.
hn-Zym-`ym-k]-c-hpw- kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hp-am-bn- ap-≥-]-¥n-bn-em-Wv ]-Ø-

\w-Xn-´- Pn-√-. ]-Ømw-¢m-knse hnP-b-Øn-¬- \n-c-h-[n- h-¿-j-ß-fn-¬- kw-
ÿm-\-X-e-Øn-¬- H-∂m-a-Xv Pn-√-bm-bn-cp-∂p-. F-∂m-¬- Cu- an-I-hp- ]p-e-
¿-Øm-≥- l-b-¿-sk°-≥-U-dn- -taJ-e-bn-¬- \-ap-°v ]-et∏mgpw- I-gn-bmsX
-t]mIp-∂p-. C-Xn-\p- \n-c-h-[n- Im-c-W-ß-ƒ- Is≠Øm-≥- I-gn-bpw. A-
hsb°p-dn-®v im-kv{Xo-b-am-bn- ]-Tn-®v ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-\m-Wv Pn-√m-]-
©m-b-Øv B-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. h-cpw-h-¿-j-ß-fn-¬- A-Xn-\pth≠n-bp-≈-
{]-h-¿-Ø-\-ß-ƒ- \-StØ≠-Xp-≠v.
F-∂m-¬- A-Sn-b-¥-c-am-bn- Cu- h-¿-jsØ ]-co-£-sb-gp-Xp-∂- Ip-
ń-Isf, hn-in-jym- ]-T-\-Øn-¬- ]nt∂m°w- \n-¬-°p-∂- Ip-ń-Isf klm-
bn-®psIm≠v hn-P-b- i-X-am-\-ap-b-¿-Øm-\m-Wv "\-ΩsfØpw- ap-
∂nseØpw'- ]-cn-]m-Sn- Cu- A-[y-b-\- h-¿-jw- e-£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. c-≠mw-h-
¿-j- hn-Zym-¿-∞n-I-ƒ-°p-≈- ]-T-\- klm-bn-]cn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bpw- H-∂mw-
h-¿-j- hn-Zym-¿-Yn-I-ƒ-°v ]p-Xn-b-Xm-bn- ]-T-\- klm-bn- \n-¿-Ωn-°p-I-bpw-
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ]-co-£-bpsS kΩ-¿-±-ß-fn-√msX Ip-ń-I-ƒ-°v ]-co-£-
F-gp-Xp-hm-≥- B-h-iy-am-b- aps∂mcp°ß-ƒ- Cu- ]-T-\- km-a-{Kn-I-fn-
eqsS A-h-¿-°v e-`y-am-Ipw.- Np-cp-ßn-b- ka-bw- -sIm≠v Cu- {]-h-¿-Ø-
\ß-ƒ- ]q-¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-hm-≥- klm-bn-®- {]n-≥-kn-∏-¬-am-¿-, A-[ym-]-I-¿-
F-∂n-htcmSp-≈- kv-t\l-hpw- \-μnbpw- Cu-b-h-kc-Øn-¬- A-dn-bn-°p-
∂p-.
\-Ω-ƒ- X-øm-dm-°n-b- ]-T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-ƒ- Ip-ń-I-ƒ- D-]tbmKs∏Sp-
Øn- ]-Tn-°p-∂psh∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-ØemWv Cu- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS hn-P-b-
Øn-\v A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A-XpsIm≠p-Xs∂ h-cpw- Zn-h-kß-fn-¬-
CXn\p th≠n- c-£-mI-¿-Øm-°-fpw- A-≤ym-]-I-cpw- Iq-´m-bn- h-en-b- {i-
aw- \-StØ≠-Xp-≠v. Cu- {]-h-¿-Ø\ßƒ- Gs‰Sp-Øv hn-P-bn-∏n-°p-hm-
≥- F-√m- hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fpw- D-≠m-h-Ww-. B-h-iy-am-b- klm-b-ß-fpw- I-
cp-X-ep-am-bn- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øv H-∏-ap-≠m-Ipsa∂v D-d-∏p-X-cp-∂p-. H-cp-an-
®v apt∂dmw-, \-Ω-ƒ- F-Øpw,- ap∂nseØp-I- Xs∂ -sNøpw-.
B-iw-kItfm-sS
B-¿-. A-P-b-Ip-am-¿-
sNb¿am≥, BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk Ãm≥UnwKv IΩn‰n
Pn√m]©m-bØv ]Ø-\w-Xn´
ae-bmfw
bqWn-‰v ˛ 1
In\mhv
tPm\m-Y≥ enhn-MvÃ≥ F∂ IS¬Im° ˛dn-®m¿Uv _m°v

tPm\m-Y≥ enhn-MvÃ≥ F∂ IS¬Im° a‰v IS¬Im°Ifn¬\n∂v hfsc hyXy-kvX-\m-bn-cp-
∂p. Hcp IS¬°m°bv°v t]cv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ahs‚ hy‡nXzw Akm-[m-c-W-
am-sW-∂v \ap°v a\-n-em°mw. tPm\m-Y≥ Hcp {]Xo-I-amWv . Ae-kcpw aSn-b-cp-am-bn-cn-°p∂ F√m-
h¿°pw {]tNm-Z-\-ambn amdp∂ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-amWv tPm\m-Y≥.
Db-c-ßƒ Iog-S-°m≥ B{K-ln-®-h≥
a‰v IS¬Im°Iƒ ao¥-e-Iƒ°v ]n∂mse ]m™-t∏mƒ tPm\m-Y≥ Ccp-fns\ Iodn-ap-dn®v Xs‚

P\w ]d-∂p-b-cp-∂Xv kz]v\w I≠p. kz]v\-ß-fmWv Pohn-X-Øns‚ Db¿®-Iƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
kz]v\-ß-ƒ i‡-am-Ip-tºmƒ F√m sh√p-hn-fn-I-sfbpw AXnPohn®v ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf adnIS∂v kzbw
kzX-{¥-\m-Im≥ Ign-bpw. ]n∂oSv Xs‚ kaq-lsØ kwkvI-cn-s®-Sp-°phm\pw kzX-{¥-am°p-hm\pw
Abmƒ°v km[n-°p-∂p.
alm-flm-Km-‘n, {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp, kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥, XpS-ßn-b-h-scms° CØ-c-Øn¬

\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn-\p-th≠n \nc-¥-c-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Iq´-Øn-emWv tPm\m-Ys‚bpw
ÿm\w.
kµ¿i\w ˛_m-e-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv
ae-bm-f-Ønse {]kn-≤-\mb Ihn-bmWv {io._m-e-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv. {]W-bhpw hnc-lhpw

hfsc at\m-l-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ihn-X-bmWv kµ¿i-\w.
Hcn-°¬ ]ncn-™p-t]mb ImapIoImap-I-∑m¿ Hcp kµ¿iIapdn-bn¬ h®v hfsc bmZr-›n-I-ambn

I≠pap-´p∂XmWv Ihn-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-ew. hf-sc-t\cw Ah¿ B ap-dn-bn¬ Ccp-s∂-¶nepw ]c-kv]cw
H∂pw kwkm-cn-°p-∂n-√. a
ë u\w IpSn-®n-cp∂í ˛ Ah-cpsS PohnXw t]mse ]pdØv ]I¬ shfn®w
s]men™p t]mIp-Ibpw Hm¿Ω-Iƒ Iqń-te°v tNt°-dp∂t]mse Infn-Iƒ ]d∂p t]mIp-∂Xpw
hnjm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw hnc-l-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-`h km£y-ß-fmbn Ihn-X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]W-b-Øn-s‚ hk-¥-Im-esØ hfsc h¿Æm-`-amb Hm¿Ω-®n-{X-ß-fmbn Ihn hc-®n-Sp-∂p.

F∂m¬ {]W-b-Øn-s‚ hnjmZ `cn-X-amb h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-sØbm-Is´ Idp-∏n-s‚bpw ac-WØ-- n-s‚bpw
\c-Im-\p-`-h-ß-fmbn bmX-\-bpsS t\¿Nn-{X-ß-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv.
hfsc ka-b-Øn\p tijw Ah¿ ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hc-£cw t]mepw ]c-kv]cw kwkm-
cn-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂n´pw Cu \mbnIm \mb-I-∑m-cpsS am\-knI `mh-ß-fn-eqsS {]W-b-Øn-s‚ am[pcyhpw
hnc-l-Øns‚ thZ-\bpw G‰hpw hnImc Xo{h-X-tbmsS A\p-hm-N-I-\n-se-Øn-°p-hm≥ Ihnbv°v \njv{]-
bmkw Ign-™n-cn°p-∂p
\Ω-sfØpw ap∂n-seØpw 2021˛22 , ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv -5-
ae-bmfw
_m-e-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bpsS t]cv?
NnZw-_c kvacW
s]m≥sNºIw ]qØIcƒ
{]W-b-Øn-s‚ kph¿Æ-Im-esØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂Xn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbmPyamb {]tbm-K-am-

Wn-Xv. kz¿Æ sNº-I-Øns‚ K‘w Aeu-InI-am-Wv. {]W-b-sØ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]q°ƒ ssIam-
dm-dp-≠-t√m. {]W-b-w sIm≠v kpK‘ ]qcn-X-amb lrZ-bsØ CXn-t\-°mƒ `wKn-bmbn Ah-X-
cn∏n°m\mhn-√.
I\Issaem-©n-\o-cn¬ØpSpØ hnc¬
{]W-bImesØ kuµ-cy-sØbpw kv]¿i-\-Øns‚ A\p-`q-Xn-I-sfbpw Ipdn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu

hnc¬ kv]¿iw. a\-n¬ B\µw \nd-bv°p-∂-XmWv ssaem-©nbWn™v XpSpØ hncepI-fpsS \ndw.
AXv i‡-amb Hcp kv]¿i_nw_-ambn Ihn-X-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
IÆnse IrjvW-Im-¥-ßƒ sIm≠v ]qØ-Nn-√-Iƒ
Xs‚ {]nb-s∏-´-h-fpsS t\m´-Ønse hiy-Xbpw at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]tbm-K-am-

Wn-Xv. IrjvWIm¥-°-√p-I-fn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ Inc-W-ßƒ sIm≠v DW-ßn-In-S-°p∂ ac-ßƒ DS-\Sn
Xfn¿°p-Ibpw ]q°p-Ibpw sNøp-a-t{X. Xs‚ Iman-\n-bpsS {]W-b]q¿Æamb ISm-£-ß-tf‰v Xs‚
lrZ-b-Øns‚ Nn√-Iƒ ]qØp-e-™p-sh∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ Hcp \nanjw sIm≠p-≠mb {]W-b-h-k-¥-
sØ-bmWv Ihn \ΩpsS ap≥]n¬ ImgvN hbv°p-∂-Xv.
s]m≥sNºIw ]qØIcƒ, I\Issaem-©n-\o-cn¬ØpSpØ hnc¬, IÆnse IrjvW-Im-¥-

ßƒ sIm≠v ]qØ-Nn-√-Iƒ ˛--- XpS-ßnb {]tbm-Kßƒ Ihn-X-bn¬ {]W-bØns‚ `qX-Im-esØ
Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv.
{]W-bØns‚ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ ˛hn-cl thZ\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ihn- au-\-sØbpw,

\-jvS-ß-sfbpw GIm-¥-tcm-Z-\-ß-sfbpw Iq´p-]n-Sn-®n-cn°p-∂p.
1. au\w IpSn®n-cn-°p-∂p.
th¿]n-cn-™-Xn\p tij-ap≈ IqSn-°mgvNbmWv F∂Xp sIm≠p Xs∂ hnc-l-Øns‚ thZ-\-

bv°-∏pdw `qX-Im-eØv \S∂ {]Wb k√m-]-ßƒ Ah-cpsS Hm¿Ω-I-fn¬ \nd-bp-∂p.- ]-c-kv]cw t\m°n
au\-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ t]mepw Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS Dudn-sb-Øp∂ a[pcw Ah¿ \pW-bp-∂p≠mbn-cp-∂p.
au\w t]mepw a[pcambn amdp-∂-Xn-hn-sS-bm-Wv. ChnsS {]Wbw hm°p-Iƒ°pw AXo-X-am-Ip-∂p.
2.angn-I-fn¬ \Ωƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂pthm
{]W-bn-Iƒ ]cn-kcw ad-°p-∂p. ]c-kv]cw t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ kzbw ad∂p t]mIp-

∂p. Ah-cpsS IqSn-°m-gvN-bpsS at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw {]W-bØns‚ Xo{h-Xbpw Cu {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS-
bmWv A\p-hm-N-I-\n¬ \nd-bp-∂-Xv. F√m th¿]m-Sp-Ifpw ZpxJI-c-am-Wv. ZpcnXw \nd™ Xs‚ Pohn-
X-Øn¬ Ccp´p \nd™ `mhn-bn¬ \nXykm¥z-\-ambn Ah-fpsS apJ-amWv sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. ]c-kv]cw
H∂mbnØo¿∂ a\-p-I-sf-°p-dn-°m≥ CXn-\-∏p-d-samcp {]tbm-K-an√ F∂p ]d-bmw.
ae-bmfw
3.sXm≠-bn¬ ]nS-bp-I-bm-sWm-tc-Im-¥-tcm-Z\w
Ahsf \jvS-s∏-´-Xn¬ Abmƒ°v H∂pw Ic-bm≥ t]mepw km[n-°p-∂n-√. Nnd-sImSn™ ]£n

]d-°m≥ ]nS-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Abm-fpsS sXm≠-bn¬ ]nS-bp∂ tcmZ\w H‰-bv°m-bn-t∏mb Imap-Is‚
hnclØns‚ XojvW-X-sbbpw GIm-¥-X-sbbpw Ipdn-°p-∂p. tcmZ\w F∂ hm°n-\pt]mepw hnh-cn-
°m-\m-hmØ Hcp i_vZ-`m-h-ap-≠v.
Idp∏v ac-W-Øn-s‚bpw hnc-lØns‚bpw \ndw
s]m≥sNºIw ]qØIcƒ Icn™p t]mbn. Id ]nSn® Np≠n¬ Ihn-Xbpw hc-≠p-t]m-bn.

Xs‚ {]nbs∏´hfpsS Ip¶p-a-Øcn ]pc-≠n-s´-∂-t]mse XpSpØ NnZw-_ck‘y-Iƒ ad-hn-bn¬ am™p-
t]m-bn.
h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬ H‰-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip∂ Cu hnc-l-\m-b-I≥ Imap-In-bn¬ \n∂v am{X-a√ ]ncn-

™n-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu temI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ F√m _‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv. Cu Zpcn-Xm-h-ÿsb Ihn
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv t\m°p. acW thK-Øn-tem-Sp∂ h≠n-Iƒ, \Kc hoYn-Iƒ, \nXy{]bm-W-
ßƒ, aZyØn¬ apßnb \cI cm{Xn-Iƒ, k{X-ß-fnse A¥n-bp-d-°w. GIm-¥-Xbpw \ncm-ibpw
A\m-Y-\m-°n-am-‰nb Hcm-fpsS \c-I-Xp-ey-amb Cu Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-bnepw Imap-In-bpsS apJw ]c-aIm-
cpWyw sNmcn-™p-sIm-≠v sXfn-bp-∂p.
kµ¿iIapdn-bn¬ \n∂p ]ncn-bp-tºmgpw Ah¿ Hc-£cw t]mepw ]d-bp-∂n-√. Ic-®n-ens‚ Agn-

apJ \Ωƒ ImtW≠ F∂p a\-n¬ ]d-bp-tºmƒ. \ap°v Ic-™p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°m-sa∂p Xs∂-
bmWv Imap-I≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.-\-ap°v C\nbpw {]W-bn®p sImt≠-bn-cn°mw F∂ as‰m-c¿∞-Øn-te-
°mWv CXv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv.
thZ\ thZ\ el-cn-∏n-Sn°pw
thZ\ Rm\-Xn¬ apgp-Is´
apgp-Is´ aa Poh-\n¬ \ns∂mcp
apc-fo-ar-Zp-c-h-sam-gp-Is´ (a-\-kzn\n ˛N-ß-ºp-g)
Acp-Xp-sNm-√p-hm≥ \µn, Ic-®n-en≥
Agn-apJw \Ωƒ ImWm-Xn-cn-°pI (k-µ¿i-\w-˛-Np-≈n-°m-Sv)
{]W-b-Km-Y-Iƒ lrZ-b-kv]¿in-°-fm-Ip-∂Xv AXn¬ ZpxJØns‚ B¥c {ipXn Dƒt®-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-

≠mtWm? hy‡-am-°p-I.
N-ß-ºp-g IrjvW-]n≈ ae-bmf Ihn-Xm-tem-IsØ Imev]-\nI kuµ-cym-hn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ cmP-

Ip-am-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. a\-kzn\n F∂ Ihn-X-bnse \mbnI `mcy-X-s∂-bm-Wv. AXoh kpµ-cn-bm-bn-cp∂hƒ
hkqcn ]nSn-s∏´v hncq-]-bmbn amdp-∂Xv At±-l-Øn\v ZpxJap-≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu ZpxJØns‚ el-cn-bn¬
D∑mZw ]q≠ IhnsbbmWv a\-kzn\nbn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Fs∂t∂-°p-ambn th¿]n-cn™p Ign™ Ian-Xm-°-fpsS Ah-km-\-Iq-Sn-Im-gvN-bmWv kµ¿i-\-

Ønse {]ta-bw.. Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-h-cp∂ {]W-b-Im-e-Øns‚ hk-¥m-\p-`-h-ßfpw h¿Ø-am-\-

ae-bmfw
Im-e-Øns‚ \ndw-sI´ hnc-lm-\p-`-h-ßfpw \ncm-i-bp-sa√mw IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ Np≈n-°m-Sns‚ IhnX
ZpxJØns‚ Hmf-∏m-Øn-bn¬ Nm©mSn \n¬°p-∂Xv ImWmw.
c≠p Ihn-X-I-fp-tSbpw kuµcyw hnc-l-Ønepw sshcq-]y-Ønepw {]Wbw AXn i‡-ambn

\ne-\n¬°p-∂p F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. ZpxJØns‚ B¥-c-{ipXn Dƒt®-cp-∂Xp sIm≠p-X-s∂-bmWv {]Wb
KmY-Iƒ ]rZ-b-kv]¿in-°-fm-Ip-∂-Xv. F{X-tØmfw ZpxJßfpw {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-ap-s≠-¶nepw Cu c≠v
Ihn-X-I-fnepw {]W-b-Øns‚ ]cn-ip≤nbpw al-Xzhpw DZm-Ø-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
tNmZyw : F≥ Np≠n-sem-ń-S-bv°q-dnb am[pcn
\n≥ Np≠n-\p-≈tXm en]vÃn-°n-\p-≈tXm?
(aZo-cm-in-bnse kmbm-”w-˛-F≥.-hn)
t{]a-samcpan\o-cm-bv°m-Wp-thm¿
Imbn¬t]-cn¬ ]q aXn-°p-thm¿
H∂pw ]pWy-am-sb-Æo-Sm-tØm¿
(bp-K-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w-˛-ssh-tem-∏n-≈n)
t{]ata \n≥ t]cp tI´m¬ t]Snbmw hgn-]n-g®
ImaIn ¶c-∑m¿ sNøpw ISpw-ssI-I-fm¬
(I-cp-W-˛-Ip-am-c-\m-im≥)
{]W-bsØ Ihn-Iƒ Fß-s\-sbm-s°-bmWv k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv? kµ¿i-\-Ønse {]Wb k¶¬∏-

hp-ambn tN¿Øp-h®v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
Ihn-I-fpsS CjvS-hn-j-b-amWv {]W-bw. a[p-c-X-c-amb Cu hnIm-csØ bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn¬

]ecpw ]e coXn-bn-emWv kao-]n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ihn-I-fpsS {]W-bhnjvI-c-W-ß-
fnepw hnhn[ `mh-ßƒ I-S∂p hcm-dp-≠v.
aZn-cm-in-bnse kmbm”w
F≥.hn IrjvW-hmcy-cpsS Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ Xosc Bflm¿∞-X-bn-√mØ {]WbsØbmWv \mw

ImWp-∂-Xv. tImtf-Pp-Ip-am-c-\mb Imap-I-≥ Imap-Insb Npw_n-°p∂Xns‚ A\p-`-hsØ lmkym-fl-
I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Imap-In-bpsS Np≠n¬ Npw_n-®-t∏mƒ e`n® am[pcyw AhfpsS
Np≠nt‚XmtWm AtXm Np≠n¬ tX® en]vÃn-°n-t‚XmtWm F∂v Abmƒ kwi-bn-°p-∂p.
Bflm¿∞X Xosc C√mØ {]WbØns‚ \n¿hn-Im-c-X-sb-bmWv ChnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø\w
sshtem∏n-≈n-bpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ shdpw Dan-\o-cns‚ aqeyw am{Xta t{]a-Øn-\p-≈p. Pohn-X-

Øn¬ In´m-\n-Sb
- p≈ t\´-ßƒ°v AYhm {]tbm-P\
- Ø
- n\p th≠n {]W-bn-°p-∂h-sc-bmWv sshtem∏n-
≈n- Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Im {]Xo-£n®v ]qhns\ hne-a-Xn-°p-∂-h-cm-W-h¿.

ae-bmfw
IcpW
kvt\l Kmb-I\
- mb Ipam-c\
- m-im-\m-Is´ {]W-bØ
- ns‚ G‰hpw òI-ca
- mb apJ-sØ-bmWv ChnsS
A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂-Xv. Icp-W-bn¬ Ima-In-¶-c≥am¿ F∂ {]tbmKw Ime In-¶-c≥amsc Hm¿an-∏n-
°p-∂p. {]W-b-s°m-e-]m-X-I-ßfpw h©-\-Ifpw NXn-I-fp-sa√mw h¿Ø-am-\-Ime {]W-bm-\p-`-h-ß-
fpsS A\-¥-c-^-e-amb Zpc-¥-ß-fm-W-t√m.
F∂m¬ kµ¿i-\Ø
- n¬ DZm-Øa
- mb {]W-bØ
- ns‚ kv\nKv[`
- m-hß
- sf Ihn hnIm-cX
- o-{h-ambn Ah-X-
cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. {]W-bØ
- ns‚ hk-¥I
- m-ehpw hnc-lØ
- ns‚ \c-Im-\p-`h
- ß
- fpw Imap-Is‚ GIm-¥-
Xbpw \n-lm-bh
- ÿ
- bpw {]W-bs
- Ø Xo{h-am-°p-∂p. CØ-cØ
- n¬ {]W-bs
- Ø hyXy-kvXc
- o-Xn-bn¬
Ihn-Iƒ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rcºv
sI.-B¿ aoc
ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse i‡-amb kv{Xo km∂n-≤y-amWv sI.-B¿ aoc. kv{XoI-fpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-

`-h-ßƒ kv{XoIƒ Xs∂ Fgp-Xp-∂-XmWv kv{Xo]£ cN-\-Iƒ AYhm kv{XohmZkmln-Xyw ae-bm-
f-Øn¬ kv{Xo]£cN-\-Iƒ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w , sI.-k-c-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂n-h-cn-eqsS Bcw-`n®v
am[- h n- ° p- ´ n, A£nX,t{K- k n, kmdm tPmk- ^ v F∂n- h - c n- e qsS hf¿∂v C∂v i‡- a mb Hcp
kmlnXy{]ÿm-\-ambn amdn-Ign™p.
Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rcºv
Cu IY-bnse apJy IYm-]m{Xw Hcp hy≤-bm-Wv. Ah-i-bmb Ah¿ B apdn-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øn-
d-ßm-dn-√. Ah-cpsS sNdp-a-I-\mb {ioPnØv hnhmlw Ign-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂ s]Ïp-ńbmWv as‰mcp
kp{]-[m\ IYm-]m{Xw. s]Ïp-ń hy≤-sb ImWm≥ Ah-cpsS apdnbnse-Øp-Ibpw hy≤- s]Ïp-
ńtbmSv Hcp apJ-hp-c-bp-an-√msX H≥]Xp hb-p-ap-X-ep≈ Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ ]¶pshbv°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ Xt‚-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW∂v s]Ïpń Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmƒ IY
kv{XobpsS Ncn-{Xm-Jym-\-ambn amdp-∂p.
hr≤
hr≤bpsS CS-dnb Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS inYn-e-L-S-\-bmWv IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. H≥]-Xp-

h-b-mb h≈-tØmƒ ]s¶-SpØ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Ihn-X hmbn® H≥]Xp hb-mb s]Ïp-ńsb
I≠v Cjv´-s∏-´mWv Chn-Sp-≈-bmfv hnhmlw Ign-®Xv F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ B s]Ïp-ń-bpsS kzmX-
{¥y-t_m-[hpw {]Xn`m hnem-khpw AwKo-Ic
- n-°s
- ∏Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂v tXm∂mw. F∂m¬
kzmX-{¥y-kac tk\m-\nbpw ]n∂oSv Fw.]n bpsams° Bbn Xo¿∂ `¿Ømhv ]c-ºc
- m-KX ]pcp-jm-
[n-]Xy hyh-ÿb
- psS N´-°q-ń¬ \n∂v ]pdØp h∂ Bf-s√∂v ]n∂o-Sp≈ kw`-hß
- ƒ sXfn-bn-°p-
∂p.
tZi-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p-th≠n kacw sNøp-∂-bmƒ Xs‚ `mcybv°v kzmX-{¥y-tam kt¥m-

ae-bmfw
jtam A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. s]Æp-ßƒ tNmdpw Idnbpw shbv°Ww s]dWw F∂p ]d-bp∂ AΩm-bn-
AΩ ]c-º-cm-KX ioe-ß-fpsS ]cn-io-e-I-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv. FgpØpw hmb-\bpsam∂pw s]Æn\v Bh-
iy-an-√-t{X.
\oe-h-c-I-fp≈ Nph∂ N´-bp≈ Hcp t\m´p-_p-°ns‚ At\z-j-W-Øn-emWv {h≤. B _p°n-

emWv Ah¿ hoń-ep-≈-hsc Hfn®v IY-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
H∂m-asØ IY
kzmX-{¥y-ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØv Pbn-en¬ t]mIp∂ kv{Xosb-°p-dn®p≈Xm-bn-cp∂p BZysØ

IY. `¿Ømhv Pbn-en¬ \n∂p h∂-t∏mƒ Xms\mcp IY Fgp-Xn-sb∂v ]d-™p. F∂m¬ Abm-fpsS
{]Xn-I-cWw A{X \√-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√∂v hy≤-bpsS apJ-`mhw hy‡-am-°n.
c≠m-asØ IY
Hcp kmln-Xy-Imcn IY-sb-gpXn BWp-ß-fpsS I≈t∏-cn¬ ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-

°p-∂p. HSp-hn¬ Ah-fpsS Hcp IYbv°v kΩm\w In´p-tºmƒ Bfp-Iƒ At\z-jn®v hoń-se-Øp-∂Xpw
At∏mƒ AXv Xms\-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sW∂v `¿Ømhv Ah-Im-is∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amWv c≠m-asØ IY . Cu IY
Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ `¿Ømhv Fw.-]n-bmbn U¬ln-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
aq∂m-asØ IY
Zp¿Ω-cW
- a
- mWv aq∂m-asØ IY. Bfl-lXy sNøm≥ Ipcp-°n-Sp-tºmƒ AXv hb-e‰v Rc-ºn-en-S-
W-sa∂v hr≤ {Iqc-amb Nncn-tbmsS s]Ïp-ń-tbmSv ]d-bp-∂p. Rcºp sX‰n-bm¬ Hm¿Ω-t]m-Ip-at- {X.
Cu aq∂p IYIfpw hr≤-bpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`h

- ß
- ƒ Xs∂-bmWv. H≥]Xmw hb-n¬ h≈-tØm-
fns‚ A\p-{Klw Inńb {]Xn`m imen-bmb s]Ïpń Zmº-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_Ø
- n-s‚bpw _‘-
\-ßf
- n¬s]´v \mep Nph-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Xf-b°
v s
- ∏-´p-t∏m-bn. Bfl-lX
- ysNbvXv Pohn-XØ
- n¬ \n∂v Hgn-
hm-Im≥ t]mepw Ah¿ {ian-®p F∂n-SØ
- mWv s]¨ Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ \nlmbhÿ FØn-s∏-Sp-∂X
- .v
kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ hyXykvXam\-ßƒ
1. tZi-Øns‚ kzmX{¥rw ˛ `mc-X-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yØn\p th≠n-bp≈ kacw i‡-am-bn-cp∂

Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂mWv H≥]Xv hb-p-Imcn s]Ïp-ń-bpsS PohnXw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. cmPy-Øns‚
kzmX{¥XyØn\p th≠n kacw sNbvX [oc tZim-`n-am-\n-I-fmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ IpSpw_
Pohn-X-Øn¬ Adp]g-©-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. s]Ïp-ńbv°v kzmX{¥Xy ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°-W-sa∂v

B{K-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZysØ IY CXns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv.
2.kv{Xo kzmX{¥rw ˛ tNmdpw Idnbpw sh®pw s]‰pw IpSpw-_n-\n-bmbn HXpßn°gn™p sIm≈-

W-sa∂v A∂sØ IpSpw_ hyhÿ hr≤sb ]cn-io-en-∏n-®p.
kz¥w a°ƒ°v t]cn-Sm≥ t]mep≈ kzmX{¥rw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. cho-{µ-\m-Yv,

arWm-fn-\n, F∂o t]cp-Iƒ a°ƒ°n-Sm≥ Ah¿ B{K-ln-s®-¶nepw `¿Ømhv kΩ-Xn-®n-√.
U¬ln ImW-W-sa∂v taml-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ahsc am{Xw sIm≠p t]mbn-√. sXmgp-

Ønse ]ip-Iƒ°pw acn-®p-t]mb A—s‚ Aÿn-Ød
- bv°pw Inńb ]cn-KW
- \ acp-aI
- f
- mb B kv{Xo°v

ae-bmfw
Inń-bn-√.
3.Bhn-jvImc kzmX{¥rw ˛ FgpØpw hmb-\bpw sIm≠v IpSpw-_-Øn-te°v F¥mWv {]tbm-

P\w F∂p Nn¥n-°p∂ AΩm-bn-A-Ω. acp-a-I-fmbn h∂ s]Æns‚ FgpØp taml-ßƒ apf-bnte
\p≈n. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ bmYm-ÿn-XnI \ne]m-Sp-I-fm¬ _‘n-X-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw cl-ky-ambn IY-
sb-gp-Xn-sIm≠v Ah¿ kzmX{¥rØns‚ BImiw tXSp-∂p-≠v.
shbv]p-]-√p-sk‰v
hy≤bpsS shbv]p-]-√p-sk‰v IY-bn¬ {]Xo-I-am-Wv. kzmX{¥Xyw, kuc-`yw, IY,-ar-Wm-fn-\n

XpS-ßnb ]Z-ßƒ D®-cn-°p-tºm-sgms° hr≤bpsS shbv]p-]-√p-sk‰v hnIr-X-ambn ]pd-tØ-°p¥n
h∂p. Hcn-°epw X\n-°-\p-`-hn-°m≥ ]‰mØ Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu hm°p-Iƒ {]Xn\n-[m\w sN-øp-∂-
Xv. kzmX-{¥Xytam Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ kt¥m-jß
- tfm kzbw Bhn-jvIc
- n-°m-\p≈ kml-Nc
- ytam hr≤bv°v
e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√ F∂v [z\zm-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Rcºv
Hm¿aI-fmWv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ B[m-cw. Hm¿abpsS Rcºv kv{XobpsS Ncn{X hgn-I-sf-bmWv

AS-bm-f-∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. hr≤bpw s]Ïpńbpw XΩn¬ aq∂p Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS AI-e-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ s]¨
Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fn¬ Imcy-amb am‰-sam-∂p-an-√. kv{XoI-fpsS Xe-ap-d-Isf XΩn¬ _‘n-
∏n-°p∂ kam\ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS ImWm-®-ß-e-bmWv IY-bnse Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rc-ºv.
hr≤-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-®-Xn¬ s]Ïpńbv°v Xs‚ Pohn-XsØ kw_-‘n® Hcp henb t_m[y-

ap≠mIp-∂p. hr≤-bpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Xs∂bpw _m[n-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂ Xncn-
®-dn-hm-W-Xv. Ahƒ \ne-°-Æm-Snbv°p ap∂n¬ \n∂v Xs‚ Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rcºv Xnc-bp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-
≠m-Wv.
s]Ïpń
IY-bnse s]Ïpń hr≤-bpsS sNdp-a-I-\mb {ioPn-Øns‚ `mcy-bm-Wv. hnhmlw Ign™v

A[n-I-\m-fp-Iƒ BIp-∂-Xn\p aptº Xs∂ Xm≥ h∂ps∏´ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Im-hÿ
Ahƒ°v t_m[y-∏´p XpS-ßn. {ioPn-Øv ]c-º-cm-KX ]pcp-jm-[n-]-XytemI-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n[n Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v IY-bn¬ kqN-\-I-fp≠v. the-°mcn ]flm-£n-bpsS hm°p-I-fn-eqsS {ioPn-Øv
Hcp hnhml NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ s]Ïpńsb hfsc \n¿_-‘n-®n´pw Ahƒ t]mbn√ F∂v a\-
n-em-°mw. CXv s]ÏpńbpsS {]Xn-tj[-am-Wv. Xs‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°v hne-bn√mØtXm AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏-Sm-ØtXm BImw AXns‚ Imc-Ww.
{ioPn-Øv cm{Xn Gsd sshIn apdn-bnseØptºmƒ s]Ïpń IÆm-Sn°p apºn¬ \n∂v Xs‚
Igp-Ønse Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rcºv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A¿ln-°p∂ BZcw In´mØ bP-am-
\s‚ Cu¿jy-tbmsS Abmƒ tNmZn®p F¥mWv t\m°p-∂-sX-∂v. A¿ln-°p∂ BZcw In´mØ
bP-am-\s‚ Cu¿jy F∂v IYm-Imcn {]tbm-Kn-®n-SØp Xs∂ {ioPn-Ønt\mSv s]Ïp-ń-°p≈ AI¬®-
bpsS ImcWw hy‡-am-W-t√m. ZmºXyw ASn-a-˛-D-Sa _‘-am-sW∂ [mc-W-bmWv {ioPn-Øns‚ kz`m-
h-Øn\p ]n∂n¬. F¥m-bmepw s]ÏpńbpsS Pohn-Xs-Ø-Ip-dn®v as‰m∂pw IY-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂n-s√-
ae-bmfw
¶nepw Ahƒ hr≤-bpsS Pohn-X-m\p`-h-ß-fpsS Ctß-Ø-e-bv°se IÆn-X-s∂-bm-Wv.
[z\ym-fl-I-amb Bhn-jvImcw
Cu IY-bnse Hmtcm hm°pw {]tbm-K-ßfpw AXy¥yw [z\ym-fl-IamWv. Xpcp-ºn® hnPm-Kncn

Cf-Ip-∂Xp t]mse-bp≈ i_vZw, ]g-Inb BNm-c-ß-sf-bpw, ioe-ß-sf-bpw tNmZyw sNøp∂ hr≤sb
kqNn-∏n-°m≥ ka¿∞-am-Wv. F‰hpw hmbp k©m-c-ap≈ apdn hr≤-bpsS apdn-bm-sW∂v s]Ïpń
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Ft∏mtgm IØn-Xo¿∂ Nµ-\-Øn-cn-bpsS K‘hpw Huj-[-Øns‚ K‘hpw hr≤-
bpsS hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ kpK-‘-am-Wv. s]Ïp-ń-bpsS koa-¥-tc-J-bn-en´ knµqcw hnb¿∏n¬ IpXn¿∂v
hnc-en-semń Hcp Xp≈n c‡w t]mse sas√ \neØp hoWp acn®p F∂ hmIyw ]cn-]m-h-\-sa∂v
Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Zmº-Xy-Nn-”-ß-fpsS \nc¿∞-I-Xsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
thcp-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h¿
F≥.F \ko¿
ssh¬Uv sse^v t^mt´m-{Km-^dpw ]cn-ÿnXn {]h¿Ø-I-\p-w Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pamb F≥.-F

\ko¿ h¿jß-fmbn ImSp-If
- n-eqsS k©-cn-°p∂ Bfm-Wv. Xs‚ h\-bm-{X-If
- n¬ D≠mb \nc-h[nbmb
A\p-`-h-ßsf ImSp-X-cp∂ ]mT-ß-fm-bn-°≠v hmb-\-°m-c-\n¬ B¿{Z-X-bp-tSbpw Aen-hn-t‚bpw `mh-
X-e-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-hm-\mbn Cu teJ-\-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
{]IrXn F∂ amXmhv
`qan amXmhv F∂ k¶¬]sØ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv teJ\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. AΩ-bmb

`qan-bpsS a°ƒ hr£-ßfpw kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fp-apƒs∏-Sp∂ Pohhyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. Hmtcm ac-Øn-s‚bpw
thcp-Iƒ sImØn-b-I‰n AXns‚ hn]-W\ aqeyw t\Sp∂ a\p-jy≥ Xs∂-bmWv bYm¿∞ hn√-
s\∂v kzbw Xncn-®-dn-b-Ø-°-hn-[-amWv teJ\w AΩ-bpsS amdn¬ \n∂v AS¿Øn am‰-s∏´ hr£-
Øns‚ Zb-\o-b-amb \n¬∏pw Iq´p-Imsc Ah-km\w ImWp-∂-Xns‚ s\mº-c-ßfpw Ah-km\w B¿Ø-
e®v aÆn-te°v hogp∂Xns‚ Zriyhpw ac-Wm-k-∂\mb a\p-jys‚ A\n-hm-cy-amb Zpc-¥-Øns‚
kqN-\-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv.
kwkvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]mT-ime
aÆn-te°v AS¿∂p hogp∂ Ce-I-sfm∂pw ]mgm-Im-dn-√. ag-°m-Sns‚ aÆ-S-cp-Iƒ°v apI-fn¬

AgpIn Ipgºp cq]-Ønemb Ce-Iƒ thcp-I-fn-eqsS hen-s®-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ho≠pw hr£-Øn-seØn
]p\¿P-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a\pjy\n¿Ωn-X-amb henb amen\y°qºm-c-ßƒ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ G¬∏n-
°p∂ BLm-X-ßƒ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu kwkvI-cW coXnsb a\-n-em-t°-≠-Xp≠v. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬
\n∂p-≠m-Ip-∂sXm∂pw ]mgvhkvXp-I-f-√. H∂p No™p as‰m-∂n\v hf-am-Ip∂ Hcp Nm{In-I-KXn Chn-
SpsØ Pohhyh-ÿ-bv°p-≠v.
IpdphZzo]v

ae-bmfw
hb-\m-ńemWv IpdphZzo]v ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. I_\n \Zn-bpsS t]mjI \Zn-bn-emWv 950
G°¿ hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Cu Zzo]v kaq-l-ap-≈-Xv. IpdphZzo]pIfn¬ a’-c-tØmsS ]pg-sb-tØSn
hcp∂ thcp-I-sfbpwIm-Wmw. ]pgbpsS i‡-amb Hgp-°ns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n®v Zzo]p-Isf _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-h-bmWv B thcp-Iƒ. ImSp Np‰n hcp∂ ]pg-bpsS IYIƒ thcp-Iƒ hgn hr£-ßƒ tIƒ°p-∂p-
≠mIpw. Pem-i-b-ßfpw ac-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kulr-Z-Øns‚ ImWm-∏p-d-ß-fn-te°v \ap°pw {i≤n-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tjmf-bm¿ ImSp-Iƒ
sNº-s‚bpw Ipam-c-s‚bpw IqsS tX≥ t\m°m≥ th≠nbmWv tjmf-bm¿ ImSp-Ifnte°v \ko¿

t]mbn-´p-≈-Xv. AhnsS henb No\nhr£-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. No\nhr£-ßfpsS thcp-Iƒ XmbvØ-
Sn-bn¬ \n∂p-b¿∂v `nØn-t]mse \n¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e cm{Xn-I-fnepw ImSn-\p-≈n¬ Xma-
knt°≠n hcp-tºmƒ CØcw thcp-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ Im´p-Iq-h-bn-e-Iƒ saØ-t]mse hncn®v sNº\pw
Ipam-c\pw Dd-°d Xøm-dm-°pw. cmhnse Dd°apW-cp-tºmƒ Ce-IƒsIm≠p aqSnb hensbmcp IpS-
°o-gn¬ InS-∂p-sIm≠v hr£-Øns‚ Dbcw IÆn¬ \nd-bpw. Hmtcm hr£hpw thcp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv
BIm-i-tØmfw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. AXv Bkz-Zn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \mw thcp-IƒsIm∏w `qan-tbmfw
Xmg-Ww.
G‰hpw \nm-c-sa∂v IcpXp∂ ]e-Xn-s‚bpw alXzw a\-n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \mw hn\o-X-cm-bn-

cn-°Ww F∂ ]c-a-k-Xy-am-Wv. F≥.F \ko¿ hfsc efn-X-ambn ChnsS ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-
tSbpw Db¿®bv°p ]n∂n¬ ITn-\zm-[zm-\-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-a-t√m.
B¬a-c-ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ
`qanbv°v thcp-I-fn-eqsSbmImw BIm-isØ sXmSm-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. BIm-i-Øp-\n∂v Cdßn h∂v

`qansb sXmSp∂ t]mse-bmWv Nne B¬a-c-ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ. acw hep-Xm-Ip-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v thcp-
I-fpsS AXn-cp-Ifpw hep-Xm-bn-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ a‰p P¥p Pme-ßƒ hf¿∂p hcm-\p≈
kml-N-cyhpw D≠m-Ipw. inJ-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v `qan-bn-te°v XmWp hcp∂ thcp-I-fmbmepw a‰v Poh-Pm-
e-ßƒ°v A`bw sImSpØv kwc-£n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ AXn\v {]Ir-Xn-bpsS amXr-`mhw Ds≠-∂p-
≈Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv.
tcmK-`-b-ap≈ C∂sØ P\X
\nc-h-[n-bmb Huj-[-k-ky-ßƒ \nd™ Imńse hr£-ß-sfbpw thcp-I-tfbpw Xgp-In-sbm-gp-

Ip∂ Im´p-tNm-e-I-fn¬ apßn-°p-fn-°p-tºmgpw B Huj-[Pew IpSn-°ptºmgpw ico-chpw a\pw
\nd-bp∂ A\n-`-h-ap≠m-Ipw. F∂m¬ tcmK-`-b-ap≈ C∂sØ a\p-jy¿ ImSn-s\-t∏mepw tcmK-hm-l-
I-cm-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv.
]cn-ip≤n ]c-ky-Øn¬ am{Xw sXfn-bn®v hnizk\obX t\Sp∂ ]e `£y-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ H∂p

am{X-amWv an\-d¬h´¿. koev sNbvX Ip∏n-I-fn¬ a\p-jy-\p≈ hnizmkw F{X-tØmfw A¿∞-c-ln-
X-am-W∂v \sΩ Nn¥n∏n-°m≥ \ko-dn\v km[n-°p-∂p≠v. {]Ir-Xn-bn-te°v Xncn-sI-t∏m-Im≥ \tΩmSv
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

ae-bmfw
]m¬Im-®n-ae
]m¬Im-®n-ae Hcp \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-am-Wv. s]cn-bm¿ ISph kt¶-X-Ønse hm®-dmb IÆ-t\m-

sSm∏w Hcp th\¬Im-e-ØmWv Ahn-tS°v t]mIp-∂Xv. A[n-I-amcpw sN√mØ Ahn-tS°v hgn I≠p
]nSn®p thW-am-bn-cp∂p t]mtI-≠-Xv. Ip∂n\p apI-fnse \nXy-l-cnX h\hpw \o¿®m-ep-Ifpw Im´p-
t]m-Øns‚ AÿnIfpw s]cn-bm¿ XSm-I-Øns‚ at\m-lc Zriy-ß-fp-sa√mw A]q¿∆ ImgvN-I-fm-bn-
cp-∂p. AhnsS \n∂v Xmtg°p≈ Cd-°hpw ad-°m-s\m-°mØ A\p-`-h-am-Wv \ko-dn\v kΩm-\n-®-Xv.
thcp-I-fn-eqsS Hcp aS°w F∂mWv AXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.
Acp-Wm-New
ASn-®n¬sØmń apXp-h-°p-Sn-bnse ImWn-°m-c-\mb Acp-Wm-New thcp-I-fpsS Huj[aqeyadn-

bp∂ ImWn-°m-c-\mbncp-∂p. GXv Akp-J-Øn\pw Abm-fpsS ssIhiw thcp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.Hcn-
°¬ \ko-dns‚ Imense \Jw Cf-In-b-t∏mƒ Acp-Wm-New ImSn-\p-≈n-te°v Ib-dn-t∏m-Ip-Ibpw
Hcp thcp-ambn Xncn-®p-h∂v hm°-Øn-bpsS aS-ºp-sIm≠v NX®v Imen¬ sIń-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Acp-Wm-NeØns‚ apXp-h-s°-ń¬ Nne thcp-Iƒ DW°n kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. apXp-h-∑m¿°n-S-

bn¬ Acp-Wm-N-e-Øn\p am{Xta thcp-I-fpsS Huj[alna Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p.
Ccp-]-Ø©v h¿jw apºv Acp-Wm-Nehpw apØ-øbpw BZy-ambn ImSn-d-ßn \mń¬ h∂-t∏mƒ

Ad-_n-°-S-en\p ap∂n¬ A¤p-X-tØm-sS-bm-W-h¿ \n∂-Xv.-I-≠¬Im-Sp-I-fnse thcp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ X\n-
°-dn-bm-hp∂ thcp-I-fpt≠m F∂v Abm-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ ]c-Xp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v thcp-I-fpsS Huj-
[-aq-eya-dn-bmhp∂h¿ ASn-®n¬ sXmń-bn-en-√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Hcp sNdnb ]\nbv°p t]mepw
Ah¿ ]´-W-Ønse tUmIvS¿amsc tXSn-t]m-Ip-∂p.
Nn∂m¿ ImSp-Iƒ
Nn∂m-dnse apƒ°m-Sp-I-fnse thcp-Iƒ°v ]md-sb-∏n-f¿°m≥ t]mepap≈ hocy-ap-≠v. Huj-[-k-

Ø-S-ßnb Ing-ßp-Iƒ tXSn Xan-gv\m-ń¬\n-∂p≈ sshZy-∑m¿ AhnsS FØp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
DSp-ºp-amcn
Imń-se-t∏mgpw Np‰n-I-d-ßp∂ BZn-hm-kn-bmWv DSp-ºp-amcn. Ft∏mgpw GsX-¶n-ep-sams° thcp-

Iƒ Nh-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ -amcnsb°-≠m¬ {]mbw tXm∂n-°p-I-bp-an-√. amcn-bpsS hb-n-s\-°p-dn®v
B¿°p-a-dn-bn-√. Ft∏mƒ hbp tNmZn-®mepw i
ë msd F\°v AºXp hb-m-®ví F∂mWv amcn ]d-
bp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-\-©p h¿jw apºpw Ct∏mgpw amcn°v Aº-Xp-h-b-p-X-s∂.
Ccn-tßmƒ°mhv
s]cp-ºm-hq¿ \Kc a[y-Øn-emWv Ccn-tßmƒ°mhv ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. \Kc a[y-Øn-¬ hnip-

≤-ambn kq£n® lcnX CSw. AºXv G°¿ hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ Ccn-tßmƒ°mhv hnhn[ A]q¿∆
hr£-ß-fmepw Poh-Pm-e-ß-fmepw kº-∂-am-Wv. s]mbvt∏m-b-Imew Cu \Kc {]tZ-i-sam-s°bpw
ImSm-bn-cp-∂p F∂-Xn‚ sXfn-hm-W-Xv.
πmÃnIv amen-\r-ßƒ

ae-bmfw
a\p-jy¿ A{i-≤-ambn hen-s®-dn-bp∂ πmÃnIv amen-\r-ßƒ thcp-I-fpsS KXn-tbbpw hr£-ß-
fpsS hf¿®-tbbpw XS-bp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ aÆn-te°v hogp∂ Hcn-e-t]mepw thcp-Iƒ°m-bn-´mWv aÆ-
S-cp-I-fn-te°v XmWp t]mIp-∂-Xv. `qansb `{Z-ambn sIń-h® thcp-I-sf-bmWv \mw Adp-Øp-am-‰p-∂-Xv.
\mSpw hoSpw ss]Xr-Ihpw hns´-dn™v F√mw shń-∏n-Sn-°m≥ IpXn-°p∂ a\p-jy\v thcp-I-fpsS alXzw
Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√-t√m.
tdmUn\p \Sp-hn¬ ]qs®-Sn-Iƒ \´p]nSn∏n®v \K-c-ku-µcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ ImgvN-Iƒ tIc-f-

Øn-e-tßmfw \ap°v ImWm-\m-hpw. òam-Im-c-\mb tdmUns‚ hi-ß-fnse NqSv Ipd-bv°m≥ CXp
sIm≠m-hn-√. F∂m¬ tdmUn\v Ccp-h-ihpw ê-hr-£-ßƒ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n®m¬ NqSn\v Bizmkw e`n-
°pw. am{X-a√ Pe-ti-mjWw C√m-Xm-°m\pw Ignbpw. Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ ]®-∏ns‚ thcp-I-fpsS _e-
Øn-emWv Cu sIm®p tIcfw \ne-en¬°p-∂-Xv. thcp-Iƒ \jv´-s∏-Sp∂ aÆv XpS¿®-bmb CSn-®n-ep-
I-tfmsS {]Xn-I-cn-°pI Xs∂ sNøp∂p. BtKm-f-Xm-]-\hpw {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-hp-sams° \ΩpsS bm{X-
bpsS hn\m-i-Ønte°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv.
\ko-dns‚ kz]v\w
Hcp Imń¬ hr£-ambn ]p\¿P-\n-°-W-sa∂mWv \ko¿ kz]v\w ImWp-∂-Xv. F{X shń-bmepw

Im´p-Xo-bn¬s∏-´mepw ]p\¿P-\n-°p∂ Im´m¬ hr£w. {]Ir-Xnbv°pw hcpw Xe-ap-dbv°pw {]tbm-P-
\-I-c-ambn Pohn-°Wsa∂ B{K-l-am-bn-cn°mw \ko-dns\ C{]-Imcw Nn¥n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
tNmZyw: thcp-Isf°pdn-®p≈ At\z-jWw a\p-jys‚ {]IrXn t_m[-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ tXSn-bp≈

bm{X-bmbn amdp-∂pt≠m? ]mT-`m-KsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n \nK-a-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°pI?
kky-imkv{X ¢mkp-I-fn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°s-∏-Sp∂ thcp-I-f√ \ko¿ Cu teJ-\-Øn¬ Bhn-

jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bnse Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ AKm-[-amb kvt\lhpw ]mckv]-cyhpw {]W-
b-hp-sa√mw Iäp-∂n¬ ImWn®p X-cp∂ Zriym-hn-jvIm-c-ambn Cu teJ\w amdp-∂p-≠v. `qan Hmtcm
ac-sØbpw amtdm-S-W®p Im°p-∂p. ImSp-Np‰n hcp∂ ]pgbpsS IY-Iƒ thcp-Iƒ hr£-tØmSv ]d-bp-
∂p. {]Ir-Xn-bnse kIe Ncm-N-c-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kulr-Z-Øns‚ kpµc Zriy-ß-fmWv Cu teJ-
\sØ at\m-l-c-am-°p-∂-Xv.
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµcy-sØbpw a‰pw ImWn®p Xcp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w a\p-jy≥ sNøp∂ {]hrØn

tZmj-ßfpw teJ-I≥ Nq≠n-Im-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v. ac-ßƒ shń ImSv C√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xpw Aßs\ A¥-co-
£-Øns‚ NqSp IqSp-∂Xpw πmÃnIv amen-\y-ßƒ Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-∂Xpw AXp-hgn ssPh-hy-hÿ XI¿°-
s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Hs° a\p-jys‚ {]Ir-Xn-tbmSp≈ \oN {]hr-Øn-I-fpsS êßfm-Wv.
a’yw
Sn.]n cmPo-h≥
aebmfØnse DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ihn-I-fn¬ Gsd {it≤-b-\mWv Sn.]n cmPo-h≥. 1959 \v tImgn-

t°mSv Pn√-bnse ]mte-cn-bn¬ P\n® cmPo-h≥ X®w s]mbn¬ cmPo-h≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Cw•o-jn¬
Ihn-X-Ifpw teJ-\-ßfpw Fgp-Xm-dp-≠v.
DØ-cm-[p-\nIX
ae-bmfw
B[p-\n-I-Xbv°p tijw BtKm-f-hym-]-I-ambn Pohn-X-Øns‚ kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw kzm[o-
\n® Hcp kmaq-lnImhÿ-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\nIX. 1990˛Iƒ°p-tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ cq] `mh
Xe-ß-fn¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ DØ-cm-[p-\nIXbpsS Imhy kz`m-h-ßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
kq£v-a-\n-co-£-Ww, Xpd∂ BJym-\w, emfn-Xyw, Zriy-]-c-X, hyh-ÿm-]nX aqey-ß-fpsS \ntj-[w,
hnL-Sn-X-Nn-¥-Iƒ XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n kz`m-h-ßƒ ]pXp IhnXbptS-Xmbn AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
a’yw
a’yw Hcp KZy Ihn-Xb

- m-W.v a\pjy kaq-lØ
- ns‚ ka-Im-enI {]iv\ß
- sf hfsc efn-Xa
- mb hm°p-
I-fn¬ ChnsS Bhn-jI
v c
- n-°p-∂p-≠.v Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ ka-{K-Xe
- ß
- fpw Ihn-Xb
- n¬ Zriy-hX
- I
v c
- n-°p-∂p.
sNdp-Xp-I-fpsS AXn-Po-h-\-amWv a’yw F∂ Ihn-X-bpsS Bi-bw. a\pjy Pohn-XsØ Akz-

ÿ-am-°p∂ hnhn[ kml-N-cy-ßsf {]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. G‰hpw km[m-c-W-°m-
cmb a\p-jy¿, kaq-lØ
- ns‚ G‰hpw ASn-Ø´- n¬ Pohn-°p∂ a\p-jy¿ F∂n-hsc Hs°-bmWv aW¬Ø-
cn-tbmfw t]m∂ a’yw {]Xn\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xv. he-°-ÆnIƒ, Nq≠sImfpØpIƒ, hmbvØ-e-
Iƒ, D∏-f-ßƒ, ]cp-¥n≥ Imep-Iƒ, XpS-ßnbhsbms° a’yØns‚ kzmX-{¥ Pohn-X-Øns‚ A]-
IS km[y-X-I-fm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ BtKmf hn]-Wnbpw apX-em-fn-Øhpw hnhn[ cmjv{Sob aX
{]kvYm-\ßfpw am^-nb-Ifpw a\pjy Pohn-XsØ A\n-›nXXz-Øn-te°pw Zpc-¥-ß-fn-te°pw X≈n-
hn-Sp-∂p-≠v.
F¥nt\m th≠n-bp≈ B[p-\nI a\p-jys‚ ]c°w ]m®n-en-\n-Sb

- n¬ Ah≥ sNbvXp Xo¿t°≠
Nne I¿Ω-ßs
- fm-s°bp≠v F∂v a’yw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. a’yØns‚ kzX{¥ Pohn-XØ
- n-s‚ A]-IS
km[yX-Iƒ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØ
- ns‚ A\n-hm-cy-amb Zpc-¥Ø
- n-te-°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂X
- v.
a\pjy kzmX{¥ysØ l\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ
ASn-ÿm\ P\h¿KØns‚ AXn-Po-h-\-amWv Cu Ihn-X. IS¬ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-sØbpw Bhm-

k-hy-h-ÿsbbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p. IS¬Øn-c-Iƒ kaq-l-Ønse kwL¿j-ßtfm ka-c-
ßtfm Bhmw. GXm-bmepw a’yw IS¬Øn-c-tbmSv H‰bv°v s]mcpXn \n¬°p-∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿°v
AXns\ Iogvs∏-Sp-Ømt\m \in-∏n-°mt\m Ifn-bp-∂n-√.
NXn-bpsS \nc-h[n Nn”-ßƒ Ihn-X-bn-ep-≠v. he-°-Æn, Nq≠sImfpØv, hmbvØ-e-Iƒ, ]cp-

¥n≥ IÆv, XpS-ßnb ]Z-ßƒ t\m°p-I. kzbw sNdp-Xmbpw hf™pw thKw Iqń-bp-tams° th´-°m-
cn¬ \n∂v ]m™-I-ep∂ a’yw Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw c£-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. IS-en-hp-≈n¬ Xs∂ Pohn-®p-
sIm≠v AXv IS¬Ønc-Iƒs°-Xnsc t]mcmSp-∂p. A]m-c-amb Bfl hnizm-khpw C—m-i-‡nbpw
sIm≠v AXv kzX-{¥-\m-bn-Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpan√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah-s\-Ip-
dn®v IY-Iƒ D≠m-bn-√. hen-∏-Øn¬ hfsc sNdp-Xm-b-Xp-sIm≠v N¥-bn¬ hne-t∏-im\pw \n∂p
sImSp-Øn-√. F∂m¬ Xm≥ Pohn-°p∂ IS-en¬ AXn\v Np´p-]-gpØ kqNn-t]m-se HmtS≠n h∂p.
AXn-t\-°mƒ thK-Øn¬ acWw ]n∂mse HmSp-∂p. `qan Xs∂ C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ k¿∆
\mi-amWv hcm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂v IhnX ap∂-dn-bn∏v Xcp-∂p. F∂m¬ kzm¿∞-tam-ln-bmb a\p-
jy\pw kzmX-{¥y Zm-ln-bmb a\p-jy\pw CsXm-∂p-a-dn-bp-∂n-√.

ae-bmfw
aZyw ab-°p-a-cp-∂v, I≈-°-SØv am^n-b-Iƒ , hnhn[ cmjv{So-b,-a-X,-k-ap-Zmb kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-

ßs\ hy‡n kzmX-{¥ysØ C√m-Xm-Ip∂ F√m LS-I-ß-sfbpw he-°-Æn-Iƒ Nq≠-s°m-fpØv ,
hmbvØ-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
a’yw F∂ ]Zw hn\n-abw sNøp∂ Bi-b-X-e-ßƒ
]m¿iz-h-XvI-cn°s∏´ P\-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-amWv a’yw. ChnsS Pohn-®n-cn-°pI F∂Xp Xs∂

sNdpØp \n¬∏mbn amdp∂p. a\pjykzmX{¥ysØ a’yw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ahs\ \in-
∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ IS¬ a\pjykaq-l-sØbpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂p.
hgp-Xn-amdnc£-s∏-SpI F∂Xv a’yØns‚ Hcp kz`m-h-am-Wv. Xncn™p \n∂v {]Xym-{I-

aWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ F√m-‰n¬ \n∂pw Hgn™p amdn c£-s∏-Sm-\p≈ {]h-WX G‰hpw km[m-
cW a\p-jy-\m-Wt√m D≈Xv. a\p-jym-h-Im-isØ C√m-Xm-Ip∂ F√m òI-c-hm-Z-ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-sc-
bp≈ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏ns‚ ˛ A-Xn-Po-h-\-Øns‚ `mK-`m-°mb P\-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-amWv a’yw.
kzmX{¥rhpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw Hcp-an®v A\p-`-hn-°m-\m-hn√
hy‡n kzmX{¥yØns‚ F√m ku`m-Ky-ßfpw kmaq-ln-I-amb Hgn™p am‰-Øn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-

Sp-°p∂ a\p-jy-\mWv Ihn-X-bnse a’yw. kzbw kpc-£n-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ kmaq-lnI t_m[hpw
Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw Abmƒ°v A\y-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Ihn-X-bnse Ah-km\ hcn-I-fn¬ kw`-hn-
°p∂ hgn-Øn-cnhv hfsc \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Wv. kzmX{¥yw am\-h-cm-in-bpsS G‰hpw B\-µ-I-c-amb Hcp
ku`m-Ky-am-sW-∂n-cns° kmaq-ln-It_m[-an-√msX am\-h-k-aq-lsa∂ bmYm¿∞yw G‰hpw henb
Ac-£n-Xm-hÿ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂-Xm-W-Xv.

ae-bmfw
bqWn-‰v ˛ 2.
ImgvN
kn\n-a-bn¬ Km-\-ß-fp-sS {]m-[m\yw

temIØnse G‰hpw henb hnt\mZ hyh-km-b-ßfn-sem-∂mWv kn\na. Ie F∂Xns\m∏w
em` e£yap≈, kl{ktImSnIfpsS apX¬ apS°p≈ Hcp hyhkmbamWXv. C¥y≥ kn\nabpsS
{]mcw` Imew apX¬ Km\ßfpap≠v. hnt\mZhn`hw F∂ \nebn¬ kn\nasb P\ßfnseØn°m\pw
kn\nabpsS BkzmZyX h¿≤n∏n°m\pw Km\ßƒ D]Icn°p∂p≠v. IYm]m{XØns‚ am\knI
`mhw BhnjvIcn°pI, Hcp \o≠ ImesØ IY Npcpßnb kabw sIm≠v ]dbpI XpSßnb
L´ßfn¬ kn\nabn¬ Km\cwKßƒ hfsc ê{]Zamb BJymt\m]m[nbmWv.
\ΩpsS ]e Ne®n{X Km\ßfpw ImeLSßsf adnIS∂v \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. AXpƒs°m≈p∂

kn\naIƒ Ft∂ hnkv a rXnbnemhpIbpw sNbv X p. CXv sXfnbn°p∂Xv kn\nabpsS
`mKambncn°ptºmƒØs∂ AXn¬ \n∂v thdn´v Hcp kzX{¥ Iemkr„n F∂ \nebn¬
ImemXnh¿Ønbmbn \ne\n¬°m≥ Ignbp∂hbmWv kn\namKm\ßƒ. \ΩpsS kmlnXyØnsebpw
kwKoXØnsebpw {]Xn`mimenIfmWv B Km\ inev]ßƒ Hcp°nbncn°p∂Xv. AhcpsS {]Xn`bpsS
Isøm∏p ]Xn™ B kr„nIsf Fßs\ AhKWn°pw ?
F∂ph®v hmWnPy kn\nabnse Km\ßƒ F√mw anI®XmsWt∂m Ah Nn{XßfpsS

hnPbØn\v A\nhmcyamsWt∂m hmZn°m\mhn√. Hcp Iemkr„n F∂ \nebn¬ kn\nabpsS
]q¿WXbv°v Km\ßƒ AXymhiyhpa√. AtXkabw C¥y≥ hmWnPy kn\nabpsS kz`mhamb
Km\ßƒ kn\nabpsS BJym\Ønepw hmWnPy hnPbØnepw henb ]¶v hln°p∂pap≠v.
kn\namKm\ßƒ°v kzX¥ Iemkr„n F∂ XcØn¬ \ne\n¬∏pap≠v. km[mcW°mcs‚
kmlnXyhpw kwKoXhpamWv kn\namKm\ßƒ. AXv \ΩpsS Ncn{XØns‚bpw kwkvImcØns‚bpw
ap{ZIƒ t]dp∂p≠v. AXpsIm≠v Ne®n{X Km\ßƒ \ΩpsS kmwkvImcnI Ncn{XØns‚ `mKhpamWv.
Imb-ec
- nIØv
1954˛¬ ]pd-Øp-h∂ \oe-°p-bn¬ F∂ kn\na ae-bm-fn-bpsS Zriy-t_m[ Ncn-{X-Ønse \mgn-
I-°√v F∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]n. `mkv°-c\pw cmap Imcym-´p-ambncp∂p CXns‚ kwhn-[m-b-I¿.
anI® c≠m-asØ Nn{X-Øn-\p≈ tZiob ]pc-kvImcw CXn\v e`n-®p. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy kwhn-[m-
bI tPmUn-I-fpsS Ac-tß-‰-am-bn-cp∂p Cu kn\n-a. {]ikvX ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-Im-c≥ Ddq-_ns‚
IYsb Bkv]-Z-am°n ]n. `mkv°-c-\mWv CXns‚ Xnc-°Y Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. sI. cmL-h-\mWv CXn\v
kwKoXw \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. Km\-c-N\ ]n. `mkv°-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Xnc-°-Y, Ombm-{K-l-Ww, Km\-ßƒ, Iem-kw-hn-[m\w XpSßn ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS F√m taJ-

e-I-fnepw am‰-Øn\v XpS-°-an-´Xv \oe-°p-bn¬ F∂ kn\n-a-bm-Wv. H≥]Xv ]m´p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn¬.
XnI®pw \mtSm-Sn-Øm-f-tØmsS sI. cmL-h≥ CuWw \¬In ]n. `mkv°-c≥ cNn® Km\-ßƒ ]eXpw
ae-bmfw
kq∏¿ ln‰p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \oe-°p-bn-ense Km\-ßƒ ae-bmf Ne-®n{X Km\-tem-IØv hfsc {it≤-

b-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Wp-≠m-°n-b-Xv.
hS-°≥ ae-_m-dnse am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fpsS ssienbn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-SpØ Km\-amWv Imb-e-cn-

I-Øv. CXnse \mS≥ `mjm-{]-tbmKw Gsd {it≤-b-am-Wv. ap…ow P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ `mj-bmWv CXn-
ep-≈-Xv. hS-°≥ ae-_m-dnse am∏n-f-am-cpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønse Hcp sNdp-Nn-{Xhpw CXn¬ \n∂v
\ap°v e`n-°p-∂p.
Nmb-°-S-bpsS ap∂n-en-cp∂v he-bp∂ ap…ow bphm-hv. sambvXo≥ F∂mWv t]cv. Abmƒ Nmb-
°-S-bn¬ Ccp∂v he s\bvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ ]mSp∂ ]m´m-Wn-Xv. s]Æv sI´m≥ Bƒ°msc
]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Rm\pw \ns∂ {]W-bn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xs‚ At]-£bpw ]cn-K-Wn-°Ww
F∂v bphmhv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Xmgv∂ \ne-bn¬ Pohn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-Ønse kpµ-cn-bmb bph-Xnsb IpSpw-_n\n B°m≥ Cu

Imap-I≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p.
Ahsf h[p-hmbn e`n-°p-tºm-gmWv s\bvt®m¿ Xn∂m-\p≈ s\©nse tamlw H∂-S-ßp-∂Xv

F∂mWv Imap-Is‚ A`n-{]m-bw. Ah-fpsS ]pcn-I-s°m-Sn-bpsS Ima-i-c-ta‰p Xs‚ icocw ioe-°p-S-
bpsS Iºn t]mse hen™p £oWn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ ]e-X-hW IpS-hp-ambn ]pg-°-S-hn¬ FØnb s]Ïp-ń°v thsd h√ hnNm-chpw

Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv ]d-bm-\p≈ ka-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]d-™m¬ Rm≥ ]n∑mdmw shdpsX Rms\-¥n-
\mWv shbn-eØv \ns‚ ]ndsI shdpsX \S-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS kv{XoIƒ°v {]Wbw Hcp t\c-tºm°v
BsW∂ kqN\ IqSn Ihn Xcp-∂p. D≈Xv Xpd∂v ]d-bm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ B Imap-I-`m-h-Øn¬
\nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ {Kmao-W-amb \njv°-f-¶X hfsc at\m-l-c-ambn Xs∂ Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
1. ]g-b-Ime kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ t\¿]-I¿∏mWv ]g-b-Ime kn\n-a-Iƒ. Imb-e-cnI-Øv
F-∂ ]mT-`mK-sØ ap≥-\n¿-Øn hn-h-cn°pI.
]g-b-Im-e-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS IY-Iƒ A°m-esØ {]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p F∂-Xp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ Ah-bnse kmln-Xy-Kp-Ww, \mS-Io-b-X, IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jv°m-cw, kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xm-h-X-c-
Ww, Im¬]-\nI `wKn, IYm-I-Y\ coXn-bnse {Iaw, sshIm-cnI ]›m-Øew F∂nh kmlnXy IrXn-
I-fnse t]mse Xs∂ anI-hp-‰-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. \oe-°p-bn¬ F∂ kn\n-a-bpsS IY alm-\mb ae-bmf
IYm-Im-c\pw t\mh-en-Ãp-amb Ddq-_n(-]n.-kn. Ipń-°r-jvW≥)s‚ IY-bm-Wv. IY-bn¬ kmaq-ln-I-amb
{]iv\-ß-fmWv Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hen-b-h\pw sNdn-b-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ AI-ew, kº-∂\pw
Zcn-{Z\pw XΩn-ep≈ AI-ew, As√-¶n¬ PmXn-bn¬ Db¿∂-h\pw Xmgv∂-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ AIew
Ch-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂ hn`m-Kob Nn¥-Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bn-´mWv A°m-esØ kn\n-a-
Iƒ i_vZn-®-Xv. sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bvatbm kº-∂-Xtbm Zcn-{Zm-h-ÿtbm kmaq-ln-I-amb D∂-a-\-Øn\v XS-
-am-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]iv\-ß-fmWv IY-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-b-Xv.

ae-bmfw
kn\n-abpw k-aq-lhpw
aebmf kn\nam \ncq]W cwKsØ kPoh km\n≤yamb H.sI. tPmWnbpsS "kn\nabpsS
h¿Øam\w" F∂ IrXnbnse 'P\{]nb kn\nabpw kaqlhpw' F∂ teJ\Ønse Nne `mKßfmWv
kn\nabpw kaqlhpw F∂ ]mT`mKw. P\{]nb kn\naIsf Ipdn®p≈ teJIs‚ Nne \nco£Wßfpw
hniIe\ßfpamWv Cu `mKØv sImSpØncn°p∂Xv. kn\nasb°pdn®p≈ Kuch]q¿Æamb
N¿®Ifn¬\n∂v P\{]nb kn\naIsf AhKWn°pIbmWv km[mcW sNømdv. F∂m¬ P\{]nb
kn\naIfpsS P\{]nbXbpsS clkyw tXSpIbpw AXns‚ kmaqlnI khntijX hniIe\w
sNøpIbpw sNbvXp sIm≠v P\{]nb kn\naIsf AhKWn°pIb√ A]{KYn°pIbmWv th≠sX∂v
teJI≥ Cu teJ\Øn¬ ka¿∞n°p∂p. P\{]nb kn\naIfpsS s]mXphmb khntijXIsfbpw
Cu teJ\Øn¬ N¿® sNøp∂p≠v. P\{]nb kn\naIfpsS ASnÿm\ LSIßƒ Fs¥√mamWv
F∂v Xncn®dnbm\pw ]cnNnXamb kn\naIfn¬ Ah Fßs\bmWv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv F∂v
a\nem°m\pw Cu teJ\w klmbn°p∂p. CXneqsS kaqlnIhpw kmwkv I mcnIhpamb
hna¿i\Øn\p≈ am[yaw IqSnbmWv kn\na F∂ Xncn®dnhn¬ IqSn FØnt®cm≥ Ignbp∂p.
1. P\{]nb kn\naIsf AhKWn°pIb√ A]{KYn°pIbmWv th≠sX∂v teJI≥
]dbp∂sX¥psIm≠v?
Iemaqeyap≈ kn\naIƒ Ne®n{X temIØv hym]Iambn N¿® sNøs∏Smdp≠v. ]t£ CØcw
KuchXcamb N¿®Ifn¬ P\{]nb kn\naIƒ AhKWn°s∏SpIbmWv sNømdv. Ah DØa
Iemkr„nIfmsW∂v AhbpsS \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ t]mepw AhImis∏Smdn√. Ahsb hn{iathfIsf
D√mk`cnXam°m\p≈ hnt\mZ hn`hßƒ am{XambmWv KWn°mdv. CXpsIm≠v Xs∂ IebpsS
D∂Xaqeyßƒ P\{]nb kn\naIfn¬ At\zjnt°≠Xns√∂ [mcWbmWv s]mXpsh
\ne\n¬°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ H.sI. tPmWn ]dbp∂Xv P\{]nb kn\naIsf AhKWn°pIb√,
A]{KYn°pIbmWv th≠Xv F∂mWv . AXneqsS P\{]nbkn\naIƒ hn\nabw sNøp∂
A¿∞Xeßƒ Xncn®dnbm≥ ]‰pw. kaqlØnse {]_eamb Xm¬∏cyßsf shfns∏SpØp∂
P\{]nb kn\naIsf A]{KYn°p∂XneqsS B {]_e kaqlsØ°pdn®pw ]Tn°m≥ km[n°pw.
Hcp kaqlØns‚ AS°nsh® tNmZ\Iƒ, B{Klßƒ F∂nh CØcw hniIe\ØneqsS
Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw. P\{]nb kn\naIfnse kaqlhncp≤amb kqN\Iƒ Is≠Øm\pw
hymJy\n°m\pw km[n°pw. P\{]nb kn\naIsf A]{KYn°p∂XneqsS AhbpsS hn]W\
X{¥ßsf°pdn®pw P\{]nbam°m≥ tN¿°p∂ tNcphIsf°pdn®pw icnbmb [mcW e`n°pIbpw
AØcw kn\naIsf hna¿i\mflIambn ImWm≥ a‰p≈hsc klmbn°pIbpw sNøpw. \√
kn\naIfpsS BkzmZ\Ønte°v CØcw A]{KY\ßƒ hy‡nsbbpw kaqlsØbpw \bn°pw.
2. hmWnPy kn\na, kam¥ckn\na F∂ Xcw Xncnhns‚ ASnÿm\sas¥∂v hniZam°n
Ipdns∏gpXpI.
kn\na G‰hpw P\Iobamb Hcp Ieam{Xa√ hfsc henb apX¬ apS°p≈ hº≥ hyhkmbw
IqSnbmWv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Iem]camb e£ysØ°mƒ hmWnPy XmXv]cyØn\mbncn°pw
Nnet∏msg¶nepw ta¬ss° In´pI. AØcØn¬ I®hS XmXv]cyØn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ins°m≠v

ae-bmfw
P\{]nb tNcphIƒ tNcpw]Sn tN¿Øv \n¿Ωn°p∂ kn\naIsfbmWv hmWnPy kn\na, P\{]nb

kn\na, I®hS kn\na XpSßnb t]cpsIm≠v kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. henb P\°q´sØ Htckabw
BI¿jn°p∂ kn\naIfmWv P\{]nb kn\naIƒ. km[mcW P\ßsf BI¿jn°m≥ th≠
cpNn°q´pIƒ \nd™ CØcw kn\naIƒ henb kmºØnI em`w t\Smdp≠v. IemXmev]cysØ°mƒ
I®hSXmev ] cyw Hcp]Sn tase \n¬°p∂ kn\naIfmWnh. Ch a\pjyPohnXØns‚
h¿Æ°mgv®Isf BWv t{]£IcpsS ap∂n¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. PohnX bmYm¿Yyßfpambn
s]mcpØs∏Sp∂tXm bp‡n°v \nc°p∂tXm Bhn√ ]et∏mgpw CØcw Nn{Xßƒ.
kn\nasb hfsc Kuch]q¿Wamb Hcp Iemcq]ambn ]cnKWn°p∂ hn`mKw kn\naIfmWv

kmam¥c kn\naIƒ F∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂ Iemaqeyap≈ kn\naIƒ. Ch a\pjyPohnX
bmYm¿YyßsfbmWv {]tabam°p∂Xv. AhXcWhpw PohnX bmYm¿∞yßfpambn
s]mcpØs∏Sp∂XcØnembncn°pw. AØcw kn\naIsf tIheamb Hcp hnt\mtZm]m[n Bbnń√
ImWp∂Xv. temIsØ√mbnSØpw a\pjy\pw {]IrXnbpw Np‰p]mSpIfpw t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIsf
CØcw kn\naIƒ Nn{XoIcn®v BfpIsf A\p`hn∏n°p∂p. Ah BfpIsf Kuch]q¿Æamb
Nn¥Ifnte°v \bn°pw. CØcw kn\naIƒ ]et∏mgpw Xntb‰¿ hnPbw t\SWsa∂n√. ]t£
a\pjy PohnX IYIƒ kq£vaXtbmsS, Iem`wKntbmsS ssIImcyw sNøp∂ kam¥c kn\naIƒ
IemXnh¿Ønbmbn \ne\n¬°pw. \ΩpsS ¢mknIv kn\naIƒ F°mesØbpw BkzmZIcpambn
kwhZn°p∂Xv AXns‚ Iem]camb anIhp sIm≠mWv.
Ifhp-t]mb ssk-°nfpw I-gn™p-t]m-b Im-e-L-´hpw
temIw I≠ anI® kn\naIfnsem∂mWv C‰menb≥ Ne®n{Xamb "ss_kn°nƒ Xohvkv.'

aebmf Ne®n{X kwhn[mbI\pw \ncq]I\pw IYmIrØpamb hnPbIrjvWs‚ "Ifhpt]mb
ssk°nfpw Ign™p t]mb ImeL´hpw' F∂ teJ\w Cu kn\nasb°pdn®v BgØnednbm≥
klmbn°p∂p. \ntbmdnbenkw, Cu {]ÿm\w ]ndhn FSp°m\nSbmb kmlNcyw ChbmWv
teJ\Øns‚ BZy`mKØv hniZoIcn°p∂Xv. XpS¿∂v ss_kn°nƒ Xohvkv F∂ kn\nabpsS
khntijX, IYm]m{Xßƒ, {]tabØns‚ {]tXyIX ChbneqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂p.
Ne®n{XØns‚ cq]`mhßfn¬ ]pXpa sIm≠ph∂ i‡amb {]ÿm\ambncp∂p

\ntbmdnbenkw. PohnXtØmSv G‰hpw {]ISamb XcØn¬ kXyk‘X, hmkvXhnIXbpsS
ZpxJ`qanIƒ, bYm¿∞ a\pjycpsS apJßƒ, ]cnNnXamb PohnX ]cnXÿnXnIƒ Chsbms°bmWv
\ntbm dnbenkv‰nIv kn\naIfn¬ ImWm≥ km[n°p∂Xv. c≠mw temI bp≤sØ XpS¿∂p≠mb
ZpcnXßfmWv Cu {]ÿm\w ]ndhn FSp°m≥ ImcWw. C‰en F∂ cmPyØn\v AIØpw ]pdØpw
bp≤Ønt‚Xmb AesbmenIfpw sISpXnIfpw i‡ambn D≠mbncp∂p. Hcp Iq´w kwhn[mbI¿
cmPyØns‚ Ahÿsb ad®p ]nSn®v `cWIqSØns‚ C„a\pkcn®v IYIƒ sa\™t∏mƒ
A¿∏Wt_m[ap≈ IemImc∑m¿ Iymadbpambn sXcphnseØn, km[mcW a\pjycpsS PohnXw
Xpd∂p Imń. sXmgnen√mbva, Zmcn{Zyw, ]ńWn, bp≤s°SpXnsb XpS¿∂p≈ ssZ\yamb Ahÿ
ae-bmfw
XpSßnbh ]I¿Øn. A∂sØ a\pjyPohnXsØ kXyk‘ambn Nn{XoIcn®p.
1942¬ "tdmkv kvIm¿se‰v' F∂ BZy Nn{Xhpambn IS∂p h∂ hnt‰mdntbm Unko°bmWv

'ss_kn°nƒ Xohvkv' F∂ Ne®n{XØns‚ kwhn[mbI≥. hniZmwißfn¬ t]mepw {]ISamhp∂
PohnXmht_m[w, Dffpcp°p∂ s\mºcßƒ°nSbnepw kzbadnbmsX Nncn ]S¿Øp∂ \¿Ωw,
Ir{XnaXzw Aev]w t]mepan√mØ bYm¿∞ a\pjy¿, A`n\bsa∂v tXm∂mØ{X bYm¿∞amb
A`n\bw ˛ ChbmWv Cu kn\nabpsS khntijX. km[mcW°mcs‚ PohnXØnse {]Xymibpw
s\mºchpw ]cmPbhpw ASßp∂ {]tabw Xs∂bmWv Cu kn\nabpsS {][m\ BI¿jWw.
At‚mWntbm dn®n, acnb, AhcpsS aI≥ {_qtWm ChcmWv kn\nabnse {][m\ IYm]m{Xßƒ.
Zcn{Z\mb At‚mWntbm dn®nbv°v tPmen e`n°p∂p. AXp sNøm≥ kz¥ambn ssk°nƒ thWw.
hońse ]gb XpWnIfpw ]pX∏pIfpw ]Wbs∏SpØn t\csØ ]WbØnemb ssk°nƒ Xncns®Sp°p∂p.
tPmenbn¬ Ibdnb BZy Znhkw Xs∂ ssk°nƒ tamjWw t]mIp∂p. ssk°nƒ Xnc™v \ncmi\mb
dn®n as‰mcp ssk°nƒ tam„n°p∂p ˛ Cßs\bmWv kn\nabnse IY. hn[nbpsS ]cnlmkyXbpw
Zpc¥ t_m[hpw Cg tN¿∂ CXnhrØw. dn®n F∂ apJy IYm]m{XØns\m∏w \nanj t\ctØ°v apJw
Im´p∂ IYm]m{Xßƒ°v t]mepw angnhp≠v. {]XymibpsS apJßfmWv ChcntemtcmcpØcnepw ImWp∂Xv.
\nanj t\cØv Nn{XØn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ dn®nbpsS `mcy acnbbpw ssk°nƒ At\zjWØnepS\ofw
dn®nsb ]n≥XpScp∂ aI≥ {_qtWmbpw CXn\pZmlcWw.
1. "Bƒ°q´w' ssk°nƒ tam„m°ƒ F∂ kn\nabnse {][m\ IYm]m{XamWv' Cu
{]kvXmh\ icntbm? hniIe\°pdn∏v Xømdm°pI?
PohnXØns‚ bYm¿∞amb Bhnjv°mcw ZriyamIp∂ Ne®n{XamWv ssk°nƒ tam„m°ƒ.
AXnse {][m\ IYm]m{XamWv At‚mWntbm dn®n. dn®nsb∂ hy‡nbpsS am{Xw {]iv\a√
Ne®n{Xw ]I¿∂v \¬Ip∂Xv. Nn{Xw XpSßptºmƒ sXm´v Ahkm\n°p∂Xv hsc \mw ImWp∂
Bƒ°q´w CXnse {][m\ IYm]m{XamWv. Bƒ°q´Øn\v ]eXcw tdmfpIfp≠v. A°q´Øn¬
\∑bp≈hcp≠v, klmb a\ÿnXnbp≈hcp≠v, as‰mcpØs‚ apX¬ Is´Sp°p∂hcp≠v ˛ Cßs\
t]mIp∂p {]IS\ßƒ. IYm\mbI\mb dn®nbpsS AtX {]iv\ßƒ Xs∂bmWv Bƒ°q´Øn\pw.
tPmenbv°mbn BIpecmbn \n¬°p∂h¿, jo‰pIƒ ]Wbw hbv°m≥ FØp∂h¿, {]iv\
]cnlmcØn\v ssIt\m´°mcnsb ImWms\Øp∂h¿, sXmgnen√mbvasb Ipdn®v {]`mjWw
tIƒ°p∂h¿ Cßs\ Bƒ°q´sØ FhnsSbpw ImWmw. IpSnsh≈Øn\v hcn \n¬ °pIbpw
Ieln°pIbpw sNøp∂ Bƒ°q´hpw Nn{XØnep≠v . ]mhs∏´ a\pjy¿°v Hcp t\csØ
`£WØn\mbn Ipeo\ kv{XoIfpsS s]mß®w klnt°≠n hcp∂p≠v. c≠mw temI bp≤m\¥c
AhÿbpsS CcIfmWnhsc√mw. kn\nasb Ne\mflIhpw kPohhpambn \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn¬
Bƒ°q´Øn\v apJyÿm\ap≠v.
2. ss_kn°nƒ Xohv k v F∂ Ne®n{XØn¬ IYm]m{Xßsft∏mse {]m[m\yap≠v
ssk°nfn\pw. Cu Nn{XØn¬ ssk°nƒ \¬Ip∂ A¿∞kqN\Iƒ hniZam°pI.
Hcp ssk°nƒ tamjWØn¬ Bcw`n®v as‰mcp ssk°nƒ tamjWØn¬ Ahkm\n°p∂
kn\nabmWv ss_kn°nƒ Xohvkv. Nn{XØns‚ {^bnapIfn¬ FhnsSbpw \ndbp∂ km∂n≤yamWv

ae-bmfw
ssk°nƒ. c≠mw temIbp≤m\¥c C‰enbpsS kmºØnImhÿsb Cu hml\w ASbmfs∏Sp
Øp∂p≠v.
ssk°nƒ tam„m°ƒ F∂ kn\nabn¬ "ssk°nƒ' dn®nbpsS PohnXØns‚ {]Xo£bpsS

ASbmfamWv. AhcpsS IpSpw_Ønse AwKw t]msemcp IcpX¬ ssk°nfn\v \¬Ip∂Xmbn
ImWmw. ]Wb∏oSnIbn¬ \n∂v Xncns®SpØ ssk°nƒ tXmfnte‰n Hmôkn\IØv \S°p∂
dn®n°pw ssk°nƒ sXm´pw XtemSnbpw t\m°n AXnse sNdnb ]cp°pIƒ I≠v hnjan°p∂
{_qtWmbv°pw ssk°nfnt\mSv BgØn¬ Bfl_‘w D≈Xmbn ImWmw. Ah¿°v ssk°nƒ
F∂Xv ZpcnXPohnXØn¬ \n∂pw {]Xo£m\n¿`camb PohnXØntebv°p≈ ip`Nn”amWv.
AXns‚ \„sa∂Xv PohnX kz]v\ßfpsS \„amWv. AXpsIm≠mWv dn®n, PohnXsØ F{Xbpw
thKw XncnsI ]nSn°m≥ {`m¥ambn Aebp∂Xv.
ssI∏mSv
ae-bmfw / tUmIyp-sa‚dn
Xnc-°-Y, kwhn-[m\w : _m_p Im{ºØv
ae-bmfw tUmIyp-sa‚dn hn`m-K-Øn¬ 30 an\n‰v ssZ¿Ly-tØmsS _m_p Im{ºØv Xnc-°-

Ybpw kwhn-[m-\hpw \n¿∆-ln® Nn{X-amWv ssI∏m-Sv. ImSn-s\bpw h\y-Po-hn-I-sf-bpw- Ip-dn®v Gsd
BIp-e-X-I-fp≈ \Ωƒ \ΩpsS Np‰p-h-´sØ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v thh-em-Xn-s∏-Sm-dn-√.
Cu kao-]-\sØ ap≥\n¿Ønbpw AXns\ adn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠p-amWv ""ssI∏mSv'' F∂ tUmIyp-sa‚dn
kn\na \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse ad-™p-t]m-Ip∂ ssI∏m-Sp-I-sf-°p-dn®v Gsd DXvI-WvT-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Nn{Xw ]mcn-

ÿn-XnI {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pw Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Poh-t\m-]m[n \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xnse {]k-‡n-
sb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Xncn-®-dn-hp-I-fmWv N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
tKmh A¥m-cmjv{S Ne-®n-t{Xm-’h

- Ø
- n¬ anI® ]cn-ÿnXn Nn{X-Øn-\p≈ "hkp[' ]pc-kv°mcw
t\Snb Cu kn\n-a, hmXm-h-c≥ Ne-®n-t{Xm-’-h-]p-c-kv°m-cw, {]Xn-tcm[ kn\n-a-bv°p≈ tPm¨
G{_lmw Ahm¿Uv. 2010-˛se kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ sSen-hn-j≥ ]pc-kv°m-cw, cmPym-¥c {lkz
Ne-®n{X taf-bn¬ anI® tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-°p≈ Ahm¿Uv F∂nh t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v.
s\√pw ao\pw Irjn sNøp∂ ssI∏mSv ]mS-ti-J-c-Øn-s‚bpw Imb-en-s‚bpw {]m[m-\y-sØ-

bmWv Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse NXp-∏p-\n-e-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv.
hnhn[ Ime-ß-fnse ]mcn-ÿn-XnI hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈

_‘-hp-amWv kn\n-a-bpsS CXn-hr-Øw. ag-°mew ssI∏mSv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xs∂ s\¬h-b-em-Wv.
then-tb-‰hpw CS-ap-dn-bmØ agbpw kº-∂-am°n \ne-\n¿Øp∂ hb¬ At∏mƒ cmk-h-fw, IoS-\m-
in\n F∂n-h-bn¬ \ns∂√mw ap‡-am-Wv. as‰m-c-h-k-c-Øn¬ sNΩo-\pƒ∏-sS-bp≈ a’y-ßfpw ]£n-
I-fp-sa√mw hb¬ kz¥-am-°p-∂p. hnf-sh-Sp-°¬ Ign™p≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-Ir-jn-

ae-bmfw
bmWv Cu NXp-∏p-\n-e-ß-fpsS Poh≥. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ°p≈

]¶pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ k∂nthin∏n-°m≥ DX-Ip∂
Hcp CXn-hr-Ø-amWv Nn{X-Øn-t‚-Xv.
1. tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ssI∏mSv F∂ kn\n-a-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
Hcp bYm¿∞ {]iv\sØ hkvXp-\n-jvT-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-
bpsS apJy khn-ti-j-X. ssI∏mSv F∂ kn\n-a-bn¬ khn-tij Irjn-coXn ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ ssI∏mSv
\ne-ßf
- nse Hcp h¿jsØ PohnXw kq£vaX
- t- bmsS hkvXp-jvTa
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-Ib
- m-Wv. ssI∏mSv
F∂ kn\n-a-bn¬ ssI∏mSv \ne-ß-fn¬ Irjnbpw a’y-_-‘-\hpw a’y Irjnbpw sNøp∂ a\p-
jycpw Ahn-SsØ kl-Po-hn-I-fmb {]mWn-tem-I-hp-amWv cwK-Øp-≈-Xv. Bi-b-ßƒ hn\n-abw sNøm≥
Zriy-tØm-sSm∏w hnh-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-bpsS coXn. bYm¿∞ cwK-ß-
fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-bpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X. ssI∏mSv Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv ssI∏mSv \ne-ß-fn¬Ø-s∂-bm-Wv. AhnsS Ir{XnacwK k÷o-I-c-W-ßƒ°v {]k-‡n-bn-√.
ssI∏m-Snse ]mc-kv]cy PohnXw Bkzm-Z-I-cn-te°v kq£va-ambn ]I¿∂p sImSp-°pI F∂ e£y-
amWv ssI∏mSv F∂ kn\n-a-bv°p-≈-Xv.
2. ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb a‰v tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifn¬ \n∂v ssI∏mSv F∂ tUmIyp-sa‚dn
kn\na thdn´p \¬Ip-∂-sX-ßs\?
{]Ir-Xnsb kq£va-ambn H∏n-sb-Sp-°p∂ t^mt´m-{Km-^n-bn¬ \n∂mWv {io _m_p Im{ºØv
tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-bn-te°v h∂-Xv. AXns‚ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ At±-lØ
- ns‚ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-bnepw ImWmw.
Hmtcm {^bnapw Hcp \√ t^mt´m-{Km-^p-t]mse kpµ-c-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bnse Hcp \√ Zriyw In´m≥
th≠n [ym\m-fl-I-ambn £a-tbmsS ImØn-cn-°p∂ t^mt´m-{Km-^-dpsS kq£va-X-tbmsSbp≈ ]cn-
{i-a-amWv ssI∏mSv F∂ kn\n-a.
]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb kn\n-a-Iƒ ImgvN-°m-cn¬ sR´-te¬∏n-°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. ]cn-ÿnXn

hn\m-i-Øns‚ \Sp-°p∂ ImgvN-Iƒ \ncØn \sΩ Akz-ÿ-cm°n t_m[-h¬°-cn-°m-\mWv an°
]cn-ÿnXn tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw {ian-°p-I. ]t£, _m_p Im{ºØv {]Ir-Xn-bnse G‰hpw kpµ-c-
amb ImgvN-Iƒ \ap°v ImWn®p Xcp-∂p. a\-kns\ Ipfn¿∏n-°p∂ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS CuSp-h-bv]p-Iƒ
ImWn®pX-∂n´v Ah \jvS-s∏´p t]mIm-Xn-cn-°m≥ \ap°v Pm{KX th≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-
am-°p-∂p. a\-kns\ Akz-ÿ-am-°p∂ ImgvN-I-fn-te-°√ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS alm-hn-kva-b-ß-fn-te-°mWv
{io. _m_p-hns‚ Iymad t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- v. H®-∏mSpw _l-fß
- f
- p-an-√msX B hnkvab
- ß
- ƒ At±lw
]I¿Øp-∂p.

ae-bmfw
tIƒ°p-∂pt≠m
ae-bmfw / {lkz-Nn{Xw / 25 an\n‰v
Xnc-°Y, kwhn-[m\w : KoXp taml≥Zmkv
1970 Ifn-sebpw 1980 Ifn-sebpw ae-bmf kn\n-abv°v tijw ]cn-ÿnXn {]m[m\yw apJy-[mcm
kn\n-a-I-fn-sem∂pw hep-Xmb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-ń-√mØ kµ¿`-Øn-emWv KoXp Xs‚ ]cn-ÿnXn
hnj-b-Øn-eq-∂nb Nn{X-hp-ambn h∂-Xv. 25 an\n‰v am{Xw ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Cu Nn{X-Øn-eqsS ImgvNi‡n-
bn-√mØ ""lkv\'' F∂ s]Ïp-ń-bpsS Dƒ°-Æn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-I-bmWv "tIƒ°p-∂pt≠m'?
F∂ {lkz-Nn{Xw apt∂m´v hbv°p-∂-Xv. ImgvN-bn-√mØ Ipń-bpsS h¿Æ`m-h-a-√mØ temIsØ
{]Xymi ]I-cp∂ Zriy-ß-fn-eqsS i‡-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv.
2009 emWv Cu Nn{Xw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv.
]cn-ÿn-Xnsb am\n-°m-sX-bp≈ hnI-k\ apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v CS-bn¬ \jvS-am-Im-\n-S-bp-≈-sXms°

`mh-\m-tem-IØv Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ {ian-°p∂ lkv\ F∂ IYm-]m-{X-amWv Nn{X-Ønse tI{µ-
I-Ym-]m-{Xw. CXn¬ anI® _me-Xm-c-Øn-\p≈ Ahm¿Uv ""lkv\'' F∂ IYm-]m{Xw sNbvX Ipń°v
e`n-®p. tKmh A¥m-cmjv{S Ne-®n-t{Xm-’h
- Ø
- n¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°s
- ∏´ Cu {lkz-Nn{Xw KoXp taml≥Zm-
kmWv kwhn-[m\w sNbvX-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse H‰-s∏´ Hcp {Kma-Øn-emWv s]cn-bm-dns‚ XocsØ B Kmtc-Pv. \mev hbv

am{Xw {]mb-ap≈ lkv\ P∑\m A‘-bm-Wv. \K-c-Øn¬ the-°m-cn-bmb tPmen-sN-øp∂ lkv\-
bpsS AΩ {Inkvakv sht°-j≥ ImeØv sIm®p lkv\sb Kmtc-Pnse the-∏-s‚bpw Nmt°m-bp-
sSbpw kao-]-Øn-cp-Øn-bn-´mWv tPmen°v t]mIp-∂-Xv. sXm´p-ap-ºn-ep≈ Ifn-ÿ-eØv Ipń-Iƒ Ifn-
°p-∂-Xns‚ Bchw tI´v Bkz-Zn®v Ahƒ Ahn-sS-sbmcp Itk-c-bn-en-cn-°pw. Ah-fpsS `mh-\m-tem-
I-Øp≈ Hcp Cu®-bn-eq-sSbpw ]q®-bn-eq-sSbpamWv Ahƒ Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ Xs‚ Bk‡n kwth-
Z\w sNøp-∂-Xv. Np‰p-]m-Sp-sa√mw ]Izhpw im¥-hp-amb Ah-fpsS s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eqsS hc-®p-Im-´-s∏-Sp-
∂p. AXn-thKw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \K-c-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ A‘-bm-bn-´p-IqSn
Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ Cu temIsØ ImWm≥ lkv\bv°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. Np‰p-ap≈ Hgn-hm-°m-\m-
hmØ am‰-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ahƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. H∏w temI-Øns‚ \nd-t`-Z-ßsf \sΩ-s°m≠v
tNmZyw tNmZn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Hcp Ipń-bpsS A‘-X-bn-eqsSbpw \njv°-f-¶-X-bn-eq-sSbpw B[p\nI-X-bpsS hnlz-e-X-Iƒ

A\m-hr-X-am-°p∂ \√ A`n-\-b-ap-lq¿Ø-ßƒ kΩm-\n-°p∂ Nn{X-amWv CsX-∂m-bn-cp∂p hn{ipX
kn\nam kwhn-[m-b-I≥ jmPn F≥ Icp-Wns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Pqdn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv.
1. tIƒ°p-∂pt≠m F∂ {lkz-Nn-{X-Øn¬ Cu®bpw ]q®bpw F∂ c≠v B\n-ta-j≥ IYm-
]m-{X-ßƒ°p≈ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-I.
KoXp-tam-l≥Zm-kns‚ tIƒ°p-∂pt≠m? F∂ {lkz-Nn-{X-Ønse tI{µ-IY
- m-]m-{X-amb lkv\
A‘-bm-Wv. Ahƒ i_vZß
- f
- psS temI-ØmWv Pohn-°p-∂X
- v. Nmt°mtbmSpw the-∏t- \mSpw Ifn-°f
- -

ae-bmfw
Ønse Ipń-It- fm-Sp-sa√mw i_vZß

- f
- n-eqsS Ahƒ Iq´p-Iq-Sp-∂p. i_vZa
- n-√mØ H‰-s∏-Se
- n-s‚bpw GIm-
¥-Xb
- p-sSbpw ka-bß
- f
- n¬ Iq´p-Iq-Sm≥ Ahƒ a\-kn¬ krjvSn® Ifn-°q-´p-Im-cmWv Cu®bpw ]q®bpw.
i_vZa
- p-≈n-St- Ø°v HmSn-t∏m-Ip∂ ]q®, BIm-iØ
- ns‚ ]n¶v \ndhpw ssaXm-\Ø
- ns‚ Nph∏pw I≠v
\ne-hn-fn-°p∂ ]q®, CsX√mw lkv\b
- psS {]Xn-Ic
- W
- ß
- ƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Npcp-°Ø
- n¬ lkv\b
- psS
GIm-¥X
- b
- nse Ifn-°q-´p-Im-c\
- mb Cu®-bnepw ]q®-bnepw ImWp-∂Xv lkv\s
- b-Øs
- ∂-bm-Wv.
2. ô®¿ kn\na, tUmIypsa‚dn kn\na ChbpsS khntijXIƒ XmcXayw sNøpI.
ô®¿ kn\na
* Hcp km¶ev]nI IYsb ASnÿm\am°nbmWv ô®¿ kn\na \n¿Ωn°p∂Xv.
* IYm]m{Xßsf AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv \So \S∑mcmWv.
* ô®¿ kn\nabn¬ IYm]m{XßfpsS kw`mjWßƒ°v henb {][m\yap≠v.
* Ir{Xnaamb cwKk÷oIcWßƒ D]tbmKn°pw.
* BkzmZ\ {][m\ambXn\m¬ ]m´v , \rØw, kwL´\w XpSßnb ck\obmwißƒ

tN¿°mdp≠v.
tUmIypsa‚dn kn\na
* Hcp bYm¿∞ hnjbamWv tUmIypsa‚dn kn\nabn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. hkvXp\njvT
Xbv°mWv {]m[m\yw. km¶ev]nI cwKßƒ D≠mhn√.
* \So \S∑m¿ C√ . {]iv\hpambn _‘s∏´h¿ cwKØv hcp∂p.
* kw`mjWan√, ]Icw hnhcWw D]tbmKn°p∂p. A`napJßfpw a‰pw {]tbmP\s∏SpØpw.
* bYm¿∞ cwKØv Nn{XoIcn°p∂p.
* BkzmZ\sØ°mƒ Adnbn°pI F∂Xn\v {]m[m\yw. AXpsIm≠v ]m´v, \rØw t]msebp≈

ck\obmwißƒ D≠mhn√.

ae-bmfw
bqWn‰v ˛3
D≈-dnhv
1. Ccp-ńse a\p-jy≥ ˛]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿
\mw A[n-h-kn-°p∂ {]Ir-Xnsb Ihn-X-bn-te°v B\-bn-°p∂ cN-\m-ssi-en-bpsS DS-a-bmWv

]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿. C
ë cp-ńse a\p-jy≥í F∂ Ihn-X Imhym-kzm-Z-\-Øns‚ ]pXp-h-gn-Iƒ Xpd∂p
Xcp∂p≠vv. kwKoXw s]mgn-°p∂ hm°p-Ifm¬ \rØw sNøp∂ at\m-l-c-amb Ihn-X. -{]-Xn-k-‘n-I-
fn¬ {]Ir-Xn-bn-te°v angn Xpd-°p∂ a\p-jys‚ thZ-\-Iƒ CXn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. \jvS-
s∏´ CS-ß-fn-te°v XncnsI {]th-in-°p-hm-\p≈ B{K-l-{]-I-S-\-amWv Ihn \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
Ign-™-sX√mw ad-°p-I, Ib-dn-∏-‰p-I, IX-Ip Xpd-°p-I, hnf°p sImfp-ØpI F∂o {]tbm-K-

ßƒ {]Xo-£-bpsS ]pXp-sh-fn-®-amWv ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Xma-c-°p-f-ßfpsS h°nse tXm∏n¬
IqSn t{]a-th-Z\ ]mIn adbp∂ EXp-Iƒ. GIm-¥-amb h\-\-Zo-Xo-c-ßƒ tXSn-t]m-Ip∂ -]-d-h-Iƒ.
B\-µ-Øn¬ apgpIn kam-[n-bn-ep-d® ae-Iƒ. {]IrXn-bnse ImgvN-I-tfmSvv Ign-™-sX√mw ad∂v Ib-
dn-∏‰
- m≥ Ign-bp-tam-sb∂v Ihn tNmZn-°p-∂p. a\-ns‚ ZpxJ-ßƒ AI‰n kam-[m-\Ø
- ns‚ CS-ßƒ
Is≠-Øm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂h
- c
- psS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Ihn \n¬°p-∂p. hy‡n-Po-hn-XØ
- nse \jvSß
- f
- n¬
]›m-Ø]
- n-°p-Ibpw ]gb kzÿ-XI-fn-te°v aS-ßp-hm≥ sImXn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠v
hc-®n´ at\m-lc Nn{Xw t]mse tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂ Ihn-Xb
- m-Wn-X.v IS-aI
- f
- n¬ \n∂v Hfn-t®m´w \S-Øp-
Ibpw Xncn-®d
- n-hns‚ t_m[-Ønte°v aSßn hcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂ a\p-jys‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Ihn.
Ihn-X-Iƒ kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv tIh-e-amb Bi-b-ßƒ am{X-a√ Ah A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS hnim-e-

temIw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. _‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°-s∏´ Ihn ]gb kvt\l _‘-ß-fn-
te°v aSßn hcm≥ B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ign-™-sX√mw ad∂v hnf-°p-sIm-fpØn Xs∂ kzoI-
cn-°p-hm≥ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. ]≠v \S∂ tamiw A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ ]›m-Øm]w {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. {]IrXn-
bn¬ \n∂pw _‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw A\y-s∏-Sp∂Xns‚ {]bm-k-ß-fmWv IhnX shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv.
2. Imhy-I-e-sb-°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒ˛Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥
a\x-im-k{v X-]c
- a
- mbn Ihn-Xsb kao-]n-°p-Ibpw Ihn-XI
- f
- psS A]q¿∆ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ shfn-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂ teJ\w. Ihn-Xm-cN
- \
- b
- psS ]n∂n-ep≈ bmYm¿YysØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øphm≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ {ian-
°p∂p. hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠v A¿∞-ßfpsS \rØw sNøn-°e
- mWv Ihn-X. Ahy-hÿ
- n-XX
- z-amWv Ihn-X-
bpsS kz`m-hw. A¿∞-Øn-\∏
- p-dt- Ø°v hm°p-Iƒ k©-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv IhnX at\m-lc
- a
- m-Ip-∂X
- .v
D’-h-Øn\v tZhs‚ XnS-tº-‰nb B\bv°v aZw s]mń F∂Xv B\-bpsS akvX-I-Øn¬
]nimNv a{¥n®p F∂v Imhy-`m-j-bn¬ ]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. B\-bpsS kq∏¿ CutKm F∂ a\x-
imkv{X Nn¥n-te°pw ss__n-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ BZn-a-]m]w F∂ Bi-b-Øn-te°pw k©-cn-°p-hm≥
ae-bmfw
CØcw Fgp-Øp-Iƒ hgn sXfn-°p-∂p. t\sc ]dbp-∂- hm°p-Iƒ°v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂h Ihn-
Xbv°v ]pXnb A¿∞-ß-ƒ kΩm-\n-°p-∂p≠v.
s]≥kn¬ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ]Icw XqenI F∂ ]Z-w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ ]£n-bpsS lrZ-b-

c‡w sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-bXv F∂ Nn¥ Df-hm-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. Ip©≥ \ºy¿ ]®bpw ]gp-Ø-
Xp-amb hmg-°p-e-I-fpsS `wKn ac-X-Ihpw sshUyqcyhpambmWv kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. cmPsIm-
´mchpambn _‘-s∏-ń-cp∂ \ºym¿°v Ah kz`m-hnI Nn¥ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Nß-ºpg Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ
ae-b-]p-e-bs‚ Bi \ncm-i-bpsS kz]v\-amWv hmg-°p-e. Ihn-X-bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hm°p-I-fpsS
A¿∞sØ Ime-L´w kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.
Imfn-Zm-ks‚ Ihn-X-bn¬ taLw t{]a-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-am-sW-¶n¬, kzmX{¥y ka-c-Im-e-Øn¬

h≈-tØmfn\v \q¬\q¬°m-\p≈ ]™n-bmbn taLsØ ImWp-∂p. temIw kam-[m-\-Øns‚ `qan-
bmbn k\ymkn ImWp-tºmƒ Ac-£n-X-amb bp≤-`q-an-bmbn lntcm-jn-a-bn-ep-≈-h¿°v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂p. Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v Im‰ns\ ]c-am-flmhpw Pohm-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
AΩsb Xgp-Ip∂ aIs‚ km∂n-≤y-ambn sshtem-∏n-≈n Im‰ns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\mw Xs∂ D≠m-°p-∂Xpw D≠pXo¿°p∂Xpamb Cu temI-Øn¬ Hcp k‘y IqSn-bp-s≠∂v

]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-hcmWv IhnIƒ. Hcp \∑-sb-¶nepw ImWp-∂-hs\ \√ Ihn-sb∂pw Hcp-]mSv \∑-
bp-≈-hs\ alm-I-hn-sb∂pw hnfn-°mw. temIsØ A\p-\n-anjw hf¿∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ hmZy-kw-
L-ambn am‰p-∂-h¿, a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-Øn\pw A\p-`-h-ßƒ°pw AXn-cp-I-fn-s√∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ Ihn-
Iƒ°v am{Xta km[n-°p.
3. Du™m-en¬-˛ shtem-∏n≈n {io[-c-ta-t\m≥

hm¿≤-Iy-Ønepw Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-XØ
- ns‚ kt¥mjw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m-lc
- a
- mb Ihn-XbmWv
Du™m-en¬. [\p-amk \nem-hn¬ amhn¬ sIńb Du™m¬, Xncp-hm-Xnc, apdp-°m≥ XpS-ßnb Bi-
b-ß-fn-eqsS ap∏Xv sIm√-ßƒ°v apºp≈ AtX kt¥mjw C∂pw A\p-`-hn-°p-hm≥ Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v
Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. ap‰sØ amhnse Du™m-en-en-cp∂v Zmº-Xy-Øns‚ BZy-\m-fp-If
- nse kt¥mjw Hm¿sØ-
Sp-°p-∂p. Imew IS∂p t]mIp-s∂-¶nepw ico-c-Øn\pw {]Ir-Xn°pw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-s∂-¶nepw _‘-
ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ZrV-am-Ip-∂p. GXv {]Xn-k-‘n-bnepw Dd®p \n¬°p∂ \mń≥]p-d-sØ \∑-Iƒ \nd™
Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `{ZX as‰ßpw ImWp-Ibns√∂v Ihn Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. \nem-hns‚ hiy-i-
‡n-bm¬ buh-\-Im-e-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ D≈n¬ DW-cp-∂p≠v.
bp≤hpw ]ń-Wnbpw hn\m-i-I-c-amb Imehpw Zpkz]v\w t]mse Ign™p t]mIpw. a\p-jy¿

]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-°p∂ \∑bpsS amºq-Im-e-Øn-\mbn {]Xo-£-tbmsS ImØn-cn-°p-∂p. c≠mw
temIalm-bp-≤-Øns‚ t]Sn-∏n-°p∂ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ad∂v ]pXnb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-te°v IS∂p t]mIp-
hm≥ Ihn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. th´-∏-£n-sb-t∏mse ]d°p∂ bp≤-hn-am-\-ß-fpsS shfn-®w Hcp Zpxkz-
]v\w-t]mse IS∂p t]mIp∂p. F∂m¬ Xncp-hm-Xn-cbpw Xncp-hm-Xnc \£-{Xhpw BIm-iØv {]Xo-
£-I-fpsS Xmc-I-ambn F∂pw \ne-\n¬Ip-∂p. bp≤-Øns‚ Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-®v F∂pw \ne-
\n¬°p∂ Xncp-hm-Xnc \£{Xw Xo°´ t]mse Pzen-°p-sa∂Xv {]Xo£ DW¿Øp∂p. _‘-ß-
ae-bmfw
fpsS ]hn-{X-Xbpw Ah-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏pw Ihn-X hnj-b-am-°p-∂p≠v.
Pohs\ A]-l-cn-°p∂ Ib-dns\ Du™m-em°n Xo¿°p-∂-XmWv Pohn-X-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb

hnP-bw. \nan-j-ßƒ am{X-ap≈ Cu temIPohn-X-Øn¬ e`n-°p∂ kabw `wKn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
hm≥ F√m-h¿°pw Ign-b-Ww. Pohn-XsØ kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿I°v am{Xta kt¥m-j-Øns‚ ]m´p-Iƒ
]mSp-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. hm¿[-Iy-Ønepw Pohn-X-Øns‚ \∑-Iƒ Is≠-Øphm\pw Pohn-°p∂ Imew
G‰hpw \∂mbn Pohn-°p-hm\pw Ihn Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
4. A\¿L-\n-anjw ˛-- ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿

a\p-jyPo-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mh-ßƒ ka-{Kambn Ah-X-cn-∏n® ae-bm-f-Øns‚ {]nb Fgp-
Øp-Im-c\mWv _jo¿. {]iv\-ßƒ \nd™ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ \¿Ω-a-[p-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥
At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. a\p-jy-s\bpw {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw hnim-em¿∞-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂
coXn-bmWv _jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS apJy khn-ti-j-X.
ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ Bflo-b-X-e-amWv A\¿L-\n-an-j-Øn¬ shfn-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. `qan-bnse XmXvIm-enI Pohn-X-Øn\v hncmaw Ipdn-t°≠n hcp∂ a\p-jy¿°v ]c-am-flmhmb
ssZhsØ Xncn-®-dn-tb≠n hcp-∂p-≠v. \obpw Rm\pw F∂p≈ bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬ \n∂v Ah-km\w \o
am{Xambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-hm≥ t]m-bmWv. Poh≥ ]c-am-flm-hn-te°v ebn-°p-hm≥ t]mIp-∂p-sh∂
kqN-\-bmWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Pohs‚ XpSn∏v Ah-km-\n-°p∂ \nan-j-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h¿°v kt¥mjw
]I¿∂p sImSp-°p-hm\p≈ \ntbmKw {it≤-b-am-Wv. Poh\pw ac-W-Øn-\p-an-S-bnse khn-ti-j-amb
ImesØ A\¿L-\n-an-j-ambn hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. Hcp bm{X-sam-gn-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ IrXn-
bmWv A\¿L-\n-an-jw. Pohn-X-Øn\pw ac-W-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-ep≈ sNdnb ka-b-amWv A\¿L-\n-an-j-
ambn ImWp-∂-Xv. ac-WsØ apJm-apJw ImWp∂ Hcm-fpsS thZ\ \nd™ Nn¥-fmbn CXnse hcn-
Iƒ hmbn-°mw. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Ønse Hmtcm \nan-jhpw AXp-√m-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. F√m Pohn-Xm-\p-`-
h-ßƒ°pw Cuiz-c-t\mSv \µn-bp-≈-h-cmbn amdp-hm≥ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p.
Fs‚ Nncn-°-I-Øp≈ ZpxJ-Øns‚ apg°w Ah¿ tIƒ°p-∂n√ F∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ Nn¥

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ henb Z¿i-\-amWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. D≈n¬ Ic-bp-tºm-gpw ]pdØp
Nncn-°pI F∂ \ntbm-K-amWv FgpØp-Im-c≥ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. thZ-\-bpsS Ibv∏p IpSn-°p-tºmƒ
a[p-c-ambn Nncn-°p-hm\mWv Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂-Xv. ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-°p-hm\pw PohnsØ
A¿∞-h-Øm°n am‰p∂ A\p-`-h-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-hm≥ Ign-bWw. a-c-W-Øn\p tijhpw Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-
Sp-hm≥ X°-hÆw kvt\l-Øns‚ \nan-j-ßƒ kΩm-\n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Pohn-X-ß-fmWv F∂pw
Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. th¿]m-Sv, i‡-amb kvt\lw, Pohn-XsØ KmV-ambn {]W-bn-°pI XpSßn
sshIm-cnI Nn¥-I-fmWv A\¿L-\n-anjw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
5. emØnbpw shSn-bp-≠bpw-˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w
ëA·n-km£ní F∂ t\mh-ense ]{¥≠mw A≤ymbw. X¶w \mb-cpsS Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eq-sS-

bmWv IY hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ hyXykvX Xe-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p∂ c≠p kv{XoI-fn-eq-sS-

ae-bmfw
tIc-fob kaql-Øns‚ kz`mhamWv shfn-s∏-Sp-∂X

- .v kzmX-{¥y-ka- c
- Ø
- ns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ kPo-ha- m°n \ne-
\n¿Øp∂ kµ¿`-amWv ]mT-`m-Kw. X¶hpw tZho-_l
- \pw Htc Ime-L´- Ø
- ns‚ c≠p hyXykvX apJ-ßf
- m-W.v
X¶w \mb¿(-an-nv \mb¿)
Izn‰n¥ym ka-c`- S- ∑
- m-cpsS {]I-S\w ^m‰n-en-cp∂v ho£n-°p∂ kpc-£nX kv{XoPo-hn-Øns‚ {]Xn-
\n-[m-bmWv X¶w \mb¿. Ah-cpsS a°-fmb A∏phpw, a[phpw kzX{¥y ka-cØ
- ns‚ _l-fØ
- n¬ ]s¶-
Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ Ahsc \ń-te°v Ab®v kzkvYX A\p-`h
- n-°p∂ AΩ. F∂m¬ sIm®p-Ip-ń-If
- psS
kwL-Øn¬ \n∂v t¢m°v Sh-dn¬ Ibdn {Xnh¿Æ ]XmI Db¿Ønb Ip™v shSn-tb‰p hoW-t∏mƒ
X¶w \mb¿ H∂p-e™
- p. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\mbn s]mcp-Xp∂ B a\p-jycpsS apºn¬ Ah¿ ISp-Ip-aW
- n-
t]mse sNdp-Xmbn t]mbn. shSn-tb‰p hoW B _mes\ Xmßn-sb-Sp-ØXv Ah-cpsS G´-Øn-bm-sW∂v
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ka-c-cw-K-tØ°v Cd-ßp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xn¬ annv \mb¿ ]›m-Ø-]n-°p-∂p-≠v.
kpJØns‚ amcI elcn-bn¬ ASn-as
- ∏-´p-t]mbn-cn-°p-∂psh∂v Ah¿ a\-n-em-°p-∂p.
tZhn _l≥(-tZ-hIn am\-º-≈n, kpan-{Xm-\µ, tXXntb´Øn)
Htc kabw Nncn-°p-Ibpw Ic-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂ `mc-X-am-Xm-hns‚ apJ-am-bn-cp∂p tZho- _-l-

≥. t¢m°v Sh-dn-¬ sImSn ]mdn® Ip™ns‚ shSn-tb‰ icocw AΩ-sb-t∏mse Ah¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p.
[ochpw Bflm-`n-am\w XpSn-°p∂ kv{XoXz-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-am-bn- amdp∂p tZho _l≥. kz¥w kpJ-
ßƒ XyPn®p sIm≠v \mSn\p th≠n ]S s]mcp-Xp∂ [oc-h-\n-X-.
hoc-hm-\c
- t- k\
kzmX¥y ka-c-Øns‚ Bthiw Gs‰-SpØ ]Xn-\mdp hb-n\p Xmsg-bp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS hnπh

kwLamWv hoc-hm-\-c-tk\. Nph∂ Ip∏m-bw, \n°¿, sXm∏n F∂nh [cn®v {Xnh¿Æ ]XmI
ssII-fn-te-¥nbncp-∂p. [\n-I¿, Zcn-{Z¿, cmPm-°-∑m¿, {]P-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS a°ƒ Cu kwL-
Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t¢m°v Sh-dn-te°v hen™p Ib-dp∂ Ipń C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ t]mcm-
´-ho-cy-Øns‚ DZm-Ø-ap-J-am-Wv. ]´m-f-°m¿ Xo¿Ø ]fl-hyql-Øn¬ AI-s∏´ A`n-a-\yp-hn-s\-t∏mse
Ah≥ ac-WsØ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.

ae-bmfw
bqWn-‰v ˛ 4
Ddhv
{]th-iIw ˛ hni-I-e\w
{]apJ ae-bmf Ihn {io. Un. hn\-b-N-{µs‚ "Ncn{Xw' F∂ Ihn-X-bnse `mK-ß-fmWv "Ddhv'
F∂ bqWn-‰ns‚ {]th-i-Iw. [z\ym-fl-I-amb hcn-I-fm-Wn-h. hfsc sNdnb kw`-h-ßfpw \nkm-c-
sa∂v Icp-Xnb {]h¿Øn-Ifpw eLp-hmb Nne XpS-°-ß-fp-amWv. ]e a-lØm-b am-‰-ßƒ°pw Im-
cWw. Cu henb Bi-bsØ hfsc kq£va-X-tbmsS Ihn-X-bn¬ [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p.
Bcp-amcpw {i≤-n-°m-Xn-cp∂ {Kma-Ønse sIm√≥ F√m-hcpw DWcp-∂-Xn\vv ap≥]v De-bn¬

XobqXn Xobpw Ccpºpw De-bn¬ InS∂v sNa-∂p. De-bn¬ InS∂v Xot]mse ]Iepw sNa-∂p. ]gpØ
Ccp-º≥ IqSw Xń Bbncw cq]-ßƒ hf-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ]I¬ ]I-embn amdp-∂p. BZy-amZyw Bcpw
{i≤n-®n-√. Hcp ]pXnb krjvSn-I¿Ωw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn temI-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ shfn-®-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ A\p-
`hw P\n-∏n-°m≥ Cu hcn-Iƒ°v km[n-°p-∂p. AXn\v tbmPn® hn[-amWv hcn-I-fpsS {iahpw Nne
{]tbm-K-ß-fpsS Xmfm-fl-I-amb Bh¿Ø-\-hpw.
{io _p≤-s‚bpw alm-flm-Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ henb am‰-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bXv

\nm-c-sa∂v Icp-Xm-hp∂ A\p-`-h-ß-fm-Wv. am\-h-N-cn-{X-Ønse henb am‰-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bXv
sNdnb Nne kw`-h-ß-fm-Wv. C∂sØ imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI hnI-k\ kuI-cy-ßfpsSsbms° ]n∂n¬
sNdnb Nne I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p \nan-Ø-am-b-Xv.
H∂n-s\bpw \nm-c-ambn ImW-cp-sX∂pw sNdnb k¿§m-flI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, \nkm-c-amb

A≤zm-\-th-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-t]mepw ]pXnb Bi-b-ßƒ°pw henb am‰-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-Im-sa∂pw
Imhy-`mKw t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.
]oen-°Æ
- p-Iƒ
{]mNo\ Ihn-{X-b-Øn¬ {]ap-J-\mb sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse Hcp `mK-amWv "]oen-

°-Æp-Iƒ' F∂ ]mT-`m-Kw.
Iwk-h-[-\-Øn-\p-tijw aYp-c-bn¬ hkn-°m≥ FØp∂ IrjvW≥ Xs‚ hf¿Ø-—-\mb \µ-

tKm-]-tcmSpw Nßm-Xn-am-tcmSpw bm{X ]d-bp-∂Xpw Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amWv ]mT-`m-Kw. A—s\ Biz-
kn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Imhyw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. tKmIp-e-\m-Y-\mb \µ-tKm-]-sc IrjvW≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w
bm{X Ab-b-°p-I-bm-Wv. tKmIp-e-\m-Y-\mb Aßv Aºm-Sn-bn-seØn bmZ-h-∑msc kvt\l-tØmsS
kt¥m-j-tØmsS ]cn-]m-en-°-Ww. AΩsb ImWp-hm≥ DS≥ Xs∂ Rm≥ AhnsS hcp-sa∂v AΩsb
Adn-bn-°-Ww. F\n°v as‰mcp A—\pw AΩbpw Ds≠∂v Hm¿Øv \nßƒ hnj-an-°-≠. B‰nepw
(sh-≈-Øn-epw) Xobnepw hogmsX Fs∂ ImØp-]-cn-]m-en® \nßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Fs‚ bYm¿∞
ae-bmfw
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ F∂pw ]d-™p-sIm≠v IrjvW≥ Cuiz-c-\m-a-Øn¬ \nßƒ BWv F\n°v G‰hpw

{]nb-s∏-´-h¿ F∂v A—-t\mSv kXyw sNøp-∂p.
\µ-tKm-]-tcmSp kvt\l-hm-°p-Iƒ ]d-™-tijw IrjvW≥ Nßm-Xn-amsc ]pW¿∂p-sIm≠v

Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. Nßm-Xn-amsc \nßƒ A—\p Iq´mbn A—-t\m-sSm∏w Aºm-Sn-bn-te°p t]mI-
Ww. H´pw sshImsX Rm≥ \nß-fpsS ASp-tØ°v hcpw. Cuiz-c-\msW kXyw. \nß-tfm-sSm∏w
Ifn®p \S∂ Imew Hm¿°p-tºmƒ F\n°v ChnsS \n¬°m≥ tXm∂p-∂n-√. Imfnµo Xochpw Imfnµo
XocsØ Im\-\-Ønse (h-\-Øn-se) Imbv I\n-Iƒ `£n®v Ifn-®p-\-S-∂Xpw Hcn-°epw ad-°p-hm≥
Ign-bn-√. F∂n-ßs\ Nßm-Xn-amsc kvt\l-]q¿∆w Biz-kn-∏n®v Ah-cpsS thZ\ C√m-Xm-°n. F∂n´v
\µ-tKm-]¿°pw Nßm-Xn-am¿°pw hne-tb-dnb cXv\hpw ]´p-kv{Xhpw \¬In IrjvW≥ kvt\lw
{]I-S-am-°n. A—-t\bpw Nßm-Xn-am-tcbpw Biz-kn-∏n-®-tijw IrjvW≥ AΩbv°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn-
\p≈ tNe-Iƒ (h-kv{Xw) A—s\ G¬∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂p≈ IrjvWs‚ hm°p-I-en¬ AΩ-tbm-
Sp≈ kvt\lw Xpfpºn \n¬°p∂Xv ImWmw. A—m, Rm≥ \¬Ip∂ Cu tNe-Iƒ AΩbv°v sImSp-
°-Ww. F∂n-´-Ω-tbmSv ]d-b-Ww, Fs∂ Hcn-°epw ad-°-cp-sX-∂v, ]m¬shÆ DÆm™ Fs‚ D≈n¬
thZ-\-bp-≠v, Bsc¶nepw hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n-¬ F\n°v shÆbpw ]mepw hmg-∏-g-ßfpw sImSp-Øp-hn-S-
Ww. Bcpw ImWmsX s]ń-bv°p-≈n¬ Rm≥ AΩ Xs∂ ]´p-hkv{Xw kq£n-®p-h-®n-cp-∂p. AXv
tISm-hmsX t\m°-Ww F∂v AΩ-tbmSv ]d-b-Ww. B ]´p-h-kv{X-ßƒ F\n°v Gsd {]nb-s∏-´-h-
bm-Wv. AΩ Fs∂ DSp-∏n-®n-cp∂ a™ ]´v, AΩ sh‰ne Xn∂p Xe-I-d-ßnb t\cw Rm≥ AΩ
sIń-]n-Sn®p \n∂n-cp∂ AXn\p Iqen-bmbn AΩ F\n°v Xs∂ `wKn-bp≈ ]´p-tN-e, Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn
hg-°n-´-t∏mƒ abn¬∏oen sIm≠v AΩ Fs∂ X√n-bXpw ]ns∂ DÆm≥ t]mImsX ]nWßn \n∂-
t∏mƒ F\n°p \√ ]®-]´p tNe, F∂n-hbpw B s]ńbn¬ `{Z-ambn kq£n-°-Ww. Fs‚ Ifn-∏m-
h-bpsS apØp-Iƒ, s]mgn-™p-t]m-hm-sX, HmW-hn√v s]mń-t∏m-ImsX kwc-£n-°-Ww.
Cß-s\-sb√mw ]d™v A—-t\bpw Iq´p-Im-tcbpw IrjvW≥ Biz-kn--∏n-°p-Ibpw AΩ-tbmSv

]d-bm-\p≈ Imcy-ßƒ ]d-t™¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Iq´p-Im-tc, A—-\-Ω-am-tcmSpw IrjvW-\p≈
\njvI-f¶ kvt\lhpw Icp-X-ep-amWv Cu hcn-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp-∂-Xv.
1. _mey A\p-`h
- ß
- sf A\p-`q-Xn-bm-°p∂ IrjvWK
- m-Yb
- nse cN-\m-X{- ¥-ßs
- f-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøp-I.
IrjvWs‚ P\\w apX¬ kz¿Km-tcm-lWw hsc-bp≈ IY-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ hnh-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. ssii-hhpw _meyhpw Iuam-chpw bu∆-\hpw hm¿≤-Iyhpw IS∂v ac-W-Øn-tebv°v hnebw
{]m]n-°p∂ GsXm-cm-fp-tSbpw PohnXw; AXp-X-s∂-bmWv IrjvW-s‚bpw Pohn-X-sa∂v sFXn-ly-
Øn-s‚bpw ]ucm-Wn-I-X-bp-tSbpw ]In-´p-Iƒ Agn-®p-sh®v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ \ap°v t_m≤y-am-
Ipw. Cu Pohn-X-L-´-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw B\-µ-{]-Z-amb Imew ssii-hhpw _mey-hp-am-Wv. Gh-tcbpw
BÀm-Zn-∏n-°p∂ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw CjvS-Øn\v ]m{Xo-`-hn-°p∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. ssii-h-Øns‚ ss\¿a-
ey-Øn¬ BÀm-Zn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-cmbn Bcp-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. IrjvWs‚ _meyw ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-tºmƒ \ap°v t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CXm-Wv. Ihn, IrjvWs‚ _meysØ Bhn-jv°-cn®v \sΩ
AXv A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
a[p-c-bnse \µ-tKm-]¿ tKmIp-e-Øn-te°v aS-ßp-∂-Xn\v apºv IrjvW-\p-ambn \S-Øp∂ kw`m-

ae-bmfw
j-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv tKmIp-e-Ønse Pohn-X-tØbpw btim-Z-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\l-Øn-t‚bpw Bghpw

ZrVXbpw IÆ≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. \mSpw amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw hoZq-c-tZ-iØv ]m¿°p-tºmƒ t]mepw
IÆs‚ D≈n¬ \nd-km-∂n-≤y-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. Hmc¿∞-Øn¬ "AΩ-bn-te°v aS-ßpI' F∂p-
Xs∂bmWv.
2. "sXfn™ Imhy-`m-j-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn-teXv' ]oen-°-Æp-Iƒ F∂ ]mT-`m-KsØ
ap≥\n¿Øn DZm-l-cWw klnXw hy‡-am-°p-I.
IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse `mj ip≤-a-e-bm-f-am-Wv. efn-X-amb kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ßfpw A∂v \ne-hn-ep-≠m-
bn-cp∂ {ZmhnU ae-bmf ]Z-ß-fp-amWv sNdp-t»cn IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. ]gb ae-bm-f-
Øn\v A¬]w t`Z-KXn hcp-Øn-bm¬ C∂sØ ae-bm-f]
- Z- a
- m-bn-Øo-cm-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q. ]mT-`m-KØv D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ "NßmXw' F∂p≈ ]Zw C∂sØ "NßmØ'amWv. "tXdn-\mepw' F∂p-≈Xv "Adn-™mepw'
F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-hc
- p-∂p. "hmcmsX' F∂Xv C∂sØ "hcmsX'bmWv. CØ-cØ
- n¬ {]mNo-
\-`m-jm-{]-tbm-Kß
- ƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ IqSnbpw Bkzm-Zy-Xt- btbm A¿∞-hy-‡X
- t- btbm ]Z-{]-tbm-KØ
- nse
{]mNo-\X H´pw kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv hmkvXh
- w. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ {]mtZ-io-Ia
- p-{Z-
bp≈ ]Z-ßfpw IrjvWK
- m-Yb
- n¬ ImWmw. Cu ]Z-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw X¤-hß
- f
- m-bmWv KmY-bn¬ {]tbm-
Kn-®n-´p-≈X
- v. kwkvIr-X]
- Z- ß
- sf {Zmhn-U`- m-jb
- n-te°v ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-®X
- p-sIm-≠mWv CØcw {ZmhnU
X¤-hß
- ƒ D≠m-bX
- .v Xg-∏n-°, sNtΩ, tXdn-\m-epw, \Æn, ]mcm-sX, s]mßn-s\, t]m°pI XpS-ßnb
{]mtZ-inI ap{Z ]Xn™ \nc-h[n ]Z-ßƒ IrjvWK
- m-Yb
- n¬ {]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
A\p-Iº
tIcf \thm-∞m\ \mb-I-cn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\n-bmWv {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp. a\p-jy-hn-cp-≤hpw

\oN-hp-amb PmXn hnth-N-\-Øn-s\-Xntc ""Hcp PmXn, Hcp aXw, Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v'' F∂ Blzm\w
sNbvXp-sIm≠v tIc-f-Ønse bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xsb At±lw sh√p-hn-fn-®p. k\ymkn Bbn-cn-s°-
Øs∂ kmaqly ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ""]e-a-X-km-c-hp-taIw'' F∂ "Btflm-]-tZi
iXI'Ønse {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS aX-hn-`m-Ko-b-Xbv°pw h¿Ko-b-X-bv°p-a-∏pdw am\-hn-I-X-bpsS alXzw
At±lw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.
k∂ym-knbpw XXz-Nn-¥-I\pw kmaqly ]cn-jv°¿Ømhpw a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Kpcp

Hcp t{ijvT-Ihn IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ht´sd Ihn-X-Iƒ At±lw cNn-®p. Kl-\-amb XXz-Nn-¥-Isf efnX
kpµ-c-amb `mjm-I-hn-X-I-fn-eqsS At±lw km[m-c-W-°m-cn-se-Øn-®p. ssZh-Z-i-Iw, Btflm-t]i
iX-Iw, A\p-I-ºm-Z-i-Iw, IpWvU-en-\n-∏m´v F∂nh DZm-l-c-Ww.
Kpcp F∂ Zm¿i-\n-Is‚ Ihn-Xzhpw Poh-Im-cp-Wyhpw ebn-®p-tN¿∂ al-Ømb cN-\-bmWv

"A\p-I-ºm-Z-iIw' A\p-Iº F∂ t]cn¬ AXnse \mev t«mI-ß-fmWv ]mT-`m-K-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. A\p-
I-º-bmWv a\p-jy\v th≠-Xmb G‰hpw henb KpWw F∂pw B ImcpWyw Xs∂-bm-Wv Cuizc≥
F∂pw AXv \Ωn¬ Xs∂ \ne-sIm-≈p∂p F∂pw At±lw Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

ae-bmfw
Hcp sIm®p-dp-ºn-s\-t∏mepw thZ-\n-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ A\p-Iº

- bpw Imcp-Wy-cq-]n-bmb ssZhta
Aß-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥bpw Ft∏mgpw Fs‚-bp≈n¬ \¬I-Wta F∂v BZy-t«m-IØ
- n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
Acpƒ AYhm Imcp-Wy-Øm¬ Cºw AYhm kt¥mjw hcpw. Imcp-Wy-an-√mØ lrZ-b-Øn-

\m¬ F√m ZpxJ-ßfpw IS-∂p-h-cpw. Adn-hn-√m-bva-bm-Ip∂ (A-⁄m-\w) Ccp´v Imcp-WysØ C√m-sX-
bm-°pw. AXv F√m ZpxJ-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-sa∂v XpS¿∂p≈ t«mI-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
ASpØ t«mI-Øn¬ Acpƒ, A≥]v, A\p-Iº F∂nh aq∂n\pw A¿∞w H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv

AXmWo Poh-Xm-cIw ""Acp-fp-≈-h-\mWv Pohn'' F∂ \hm-£-c-a{¥w Ft∏mgpw Dcp-hn-SpI F∂v
\n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
Imcp-Wy-an-√m-sX-bm-bm¬ Aÿnbpw tXmepw Rcºpw AgpIn \mdp∂ tIhew PUw am{X-

amWv a\p-jy≥. Aß-s\-bp≈ a\p-jy≥ aco-NnI t]mse {]tbm-P-\-an-√m-Ø-h\pw êhpw aW-hp-an-
√mØ ]mgv]pjv]hpw BsW∂ al-Ømb ⁄m\-t_m-[\w ASpØ t«mI-Øn¬ ]¶n-Sp-∂p.
_p≤\pw {InkvXphpw \_nbpw XpSßn temI-Kp-cp-°-∑m-sc√mw ]d™ Imcp-Wy-sa∂ alm-Kp-

W-sØ-∏‰n {io\m-cm-bW Kpcphpw \Ωsf t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C{X efn-Xhpw kpµ-c-hp-ambn Cu
alm -X-XzsØ Kpcp F∂ Ihn A\p-I-ºm-Z-i-I-Øn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ipam-c-\m-im≥ F∂
alm-I-hn-bmb Zo]-Øn\v Kpcp F∂ FÆbmWv Imc-W-am-b-h-sc∂v At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ hmbn-
®m¬ \ap°v hy‡-am-Ipw.
1. Poh-Im-cp-Wy-an-√m-sX-bp≈ ssZh-Im-cp-Wy-Nn¥ A¿∞-an-√m-Ø-Xm-sW∂p Ihn ]d-bp-∂-
sX-¥p-sIm≠v ?
IcpW sNøp-∂-h-\mb ssZh-ta, Hcp Ddp-ºn-s\-t∏mepw thZ-\n-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ A\p-I-º-
bpw, \ns‚ Xncp-kz-cq-]sØ hn´-I-emØ Nn¥bpw Ft∏m-gpw X∂v A\p-{K-ln-°-W-ta.
ssZh-Øns‚ Imcp-Wy-amWv \ΩpsS Hmtcm-cp-Øc

- p-tSbpw Hmtcm \nan-jØ
- nepw D≈ \ne-\n¬∏n\v
B[m-c-w. ssZh-Im-cp-Wyw-sIm≠v \ne-\n¬°p∂ \Ωƒ kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSp ImcpWyw ImWn-°m≥
_m≤y-ÿ-cm-Wv. ssZh-Im-cpWyw kZm A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-cmWv \Ωƒ F∂ hnNm-c-ap-≈-
h-cn¬ Poh-Im-cpWyw kz`m-hn-I-am-bn-cn°pw F∂p-km-cw. Poh-Im-cp-Wy-an-√m-sX-bp≈ ssZh-Im-cp-Wy-
Nn¥ A¿∞-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. ssZh-Im-cpWy Nn¥ IqSmsX Poh-Im-cpWyw thcp-d-bv°p-I-bp-an-√. H∂n-
s√-¶n¬ at‰-Xp-an√ F∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp tbmK-bp-‡-X-bmWv ssZh-Im-cp-Wy-Nn-¥bpw Poh-Im-cp-
Wyhpw XΩn-ep-≈-Xv.
2. Acp-fp-≈-h-\mWv Pohn F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ s]mcpƒ F¥mWv?
Ir] (A\p-{K-lw), kvt\lw, {]km-Zw, B\-µw, Ir]m-]q¿∆w {]h¿Øn-°¬ Fs∂m-s°-bp≈
A¿∞-amWv Acp-fn-\p-≈-Xv. Cuiz-c-\n¬ \n∂v \ap°v e`n-°p∂ Cu A\p-{K-l-sØ-°p-dn®v \mw a\-
n-em-°p-∂Xv Kpcp-°-∑m-cpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Cu Acp-fmWv Pohn-X-Øn\v k¥pjvSn ]I-cp-
∂Xv. Acp-fn-eqsS \¬Ip∂ A≥]mWv \ap°v klm-\p-`q-Xnsb \¬Ip-∂-Xv. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ZpxJw
ImWp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS a\-n¬ A\p-Xm-]sØ A\p-I-ºsb \nd-bv°p-∂-Xv Acp-fm-Wv. Pohn-X-am-Ip∂
kmK-csØ kwkm-c-km-K-csØ IS-°m≥ \ap°v hgn-Im-ń-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Cu A≥]m-Wv. Acpƒ

ae-bmfw
Cs√-¶n¬ \ΩpsS icocw Aÿn, amwkw, tXm¬, knc-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® Hcp PUw-
am-{X-am-bn-Øo-cpw. aen-\-am-b Zp¿K-‘-]q-cn-X-amb Cu ico-c-Øn\v Xmßm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Acp-fm-Wv.
Acp-fn-√m-sX-bp≈ PohnXw ac-W-Xp-ey-am-Wv. Acp-fn-√mØ PohnXw acp-`q-an-bnse Pew t]mse ]q°p-
Itbm Imbv°p-Itbm sNømØ ]mgvs®-Sn-t]mse \njv^-e-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Øn\v {]Im-ihpw
A¿∞hpw \¬Ip∂ Acpƒ \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nd-bv°m≥ \mtam-tcm-cp-Øcpw {ian-°-Ww. F¶n¬
am{Xta PohnXw tim`-\-am-bn-Øo-cq.
aplvbp±o≥ame
ae-bmf `mj-bp-tSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®-bn¬ hnhn[ `mj-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. Xan-

gv, kwkvIr-Xw, Cw•ojv, Ad_n F∂nh Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-`m-jsb Ad_n en]n-ame
D]-tbm-Kn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv Ad-_nae-bmfw. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ e`y-am-bn-´p-
≠v. Ah-bn¬ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ Gsd P\-Io-b-am-Wv.
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mb Jmkn apl-ΩZv cNn® aplvbp±o≥ ame-bmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-
ØnbXn¬ e`yamb Ad_n ae-bm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ BZy-tØ-Xv. {InkvXp-h¿jw 1607-˛¬ cNn-°-s∏´ Cu
IrXn am∏n-f-∏m-ńse ame-∏m´v hn`m-K-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
kq^n XXz-⁄m-\nbpw Kpcp-hp-am-bn-cp∂ ssiJv aplvbp±o≥ A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ Poem-\n-bpsS al-
XzsØ hmgvØp∂ cN-\-bm-Wn-Xv.
aplvbp±o≥ ame-bnse c≠v hyXykvX `mK-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-SpØ JWvU-ß-fmWv ]mT-`m-Kw. BZy-
`m-KØv Ihn-X-bpsS {]tabw, {KŸ-Im-cs‚ t]cv, XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
ssiJv aplvbp±o≥ A_vZpƒJm-Z¿ Poem\n F√m Kpcp-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw Kpcp-hm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚
FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ al-Xz-ß-fn¬ NneXv ]men¬ \n∂v shÆ-sb-∂-t]mse Rm≥ Imhy-am-°p-∂p.
Adn-hp-≈-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°pw {]Imcw tImgn-t°mSv Xpd-bn¬ P\n® Jmkn apl-ΩZv F∂ Rm≥
Cu Imhyw Fgp-Xp-I-bm-Wv.
c≠mw `mKØv At±-l-Øns‚ A¤p-X{]hrØn-Iƒ h¿Æn-°p-∂p. km[m-c-W-°m¿°v [mcmfw
ta∑-Iƒ \¬In, ]mWvUn-Xyhpw ]Z-hnbpw sIm≠v Al-¶-cn-®-hsc hn\-bhm-∑m-cm°n hcm≥t]m-
Ip∂ B]-Øp-Isf-∏‰n injy-∑m¿°v kz]v\-Øn-eqsS ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In. thjw amdn h∂ Pn∂ns\
t]Sn-Iq-SmsX FSp-sØ-dn-™p. Pn∂p-Iƒ Hcp Ip™ns\ Xń-sb-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ B Pn∂p-Isf hnfn-∏n®v
Ip™ns\ XncnsI sImSp-∏n-®p, Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw CjvS-ap≈ `£Ww \¬In. tImcn-s®m-cn™ agsb
\nc-Øn, Icn™ ac-Øn¬ ImbvIƒ \nd-®p, ]g-ßƒ C√mØ ImeØv F√m-h¿°pw ]g-ßƒ \¬In,
F∂n-ßs\ At±-l-Øns‚ A¤p--X{]hrØn-Isf `‡ym-Z-c-ß-tfmsS h¿Æn-°p-∂p.
am∏n-f-∏m´v IrXn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmb Cº-am¿∂ Ci-enepw Xmf-Øn-ep-amWv Imhy-c-N-\.
Ad-_n, Xangv ]Z-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w Gdn \n¬°p∂ k¶-c-`m-j-bmWv cN-\-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. ae-
bmf `mjm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ P\-Iob hgn-I-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ. Ahsb Dƒs°m-
≈p∂ Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw IrXn-I-fn¬ BZy-ÿm\w sIm≠vXs∂ Gsd aqey-ap-≈-XmWv aplvbp±o≥
ame F∂v \nkw-ibw ]d-bmw.
1. am∏n-f-∏m-ńs‚ emfnXyw AhbpsS Kl-\-amb Bi-b-ßsf {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ XS-k-am-Ip-∂n-√.
ae-bmfw
alvbp ±o≥ amesb ap≥\n¿Øn hnh-cn-°pI?
A√mlp kvt\ln® ]pWy-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p aplvbp±o≥. Cuiz-c-{]o-Xn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ hn[w Pohn®
alm-flm-hv. Aß-s\-bp≈ alm-flmhv Adnhpw \ne-bp-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v Chsb \¬In. Pohn-X-Øn¬
kw`-hn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ B]-Øns\ kz]v\-am-°n-b-dn-bp∂ AXo-{µnb i‡n, Cuiz-cs‚ CS-s]-S¬
kØp-°-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cq]w amdn-sb-Øp∂ A]m-b-ßsf C√m-
Xm-°p∂ i‡n-hn-tijw Cuiz-co-b-ambn Pohn-°p-∂-h¿°v XpW-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Icp-W-bp-tSbpw Zb-
bp-tSbpw BI-camb ssNX-\yw, If-™p-t]mb Aaq-ey-amb F¥n-s\bpw aS-°n-s°m-Sp-°m≥ i‡n-
bp-≈-Xm-Wv. Blm-c-Øn-\mbn {]m¿∞n-°p-∂-h\v AXns\ \¬Ip-∂-h≥ Icp-Wm-a-b-\m-Wv. B{i-bn-
°p-∂-hs‚ B{K-l-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ k¿∆-Zm-Xmhv kZm Pm{K-X-tbmsS h¿Øn-°p-∂psh∂v Cu
A\p-`hw Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. s]øp∂ ag-bp-tSbpw Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-bp-sSbpw D≈n¬ ssNX-\y-ambn
h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw Xs∂. hcƒ®-bnepw hdp-Xn-bnepw hk¥w hncn-bn-bv°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ B {]]-©-i-‡nbv°v Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfmSv I\nhpw kvt\l-hp-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu ssNX\y hntijw
Xs∂-bmWv Icn™ acsØ Xfn-c-Wn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. {]]-©-i-‡nbmWv F√mw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv
Cu ]mń-eqsS Ihn hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cuiz-cs‚ AZr-iy-amb Icw F√m \∑-Iƒ°p ]n∂nepw kZm
PmK-cq-K-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p F∂ kXy-amWv Ihn Hmtcm hcn-bn-eq-sSbpw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. am∏n-f-∏m-ńs‚
emfnXyw Cu Kl-\-amb Bi-b-ßsf {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ XS--ambnØocp-∂n-√. hfsc efn-X-amb \mS≥
]Z-ß-fn¬ Pohm-flm-hns\ ]cn-c-£n-°p∂ ]c-amfl t_m[-sØ-°p-dn®v Ihn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
2. Ad_n ae-bmf kmlnXyw
e`y-am-bn-´p≈ am∏n-f-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°-ap-≈Xv tImgn-t°m-Sp-Im-c-\mb Jmkn-ap-l-ΩZv
cNn® "aplvbp±o≥ ame'bmWv sIm√-h¿jw 782 BWv Cu IrXn-bpsS cN-\m-Im-ew. hnZym-`ymkw
sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp I®-h-S-kw-L-tØm-sSm∏w DkvXm-Zns‚ (Kp-cp-hn-s‚) ASp-tØ°v bm{X Xncn®v
aplvbp±o-s\bpw Iq´p-Im-tcbpw hgn-at≤y Hcp sIm≈-kwLw XS-™p. Iøn¬ F¥p-sIm-s≠∂ sIm≈-
Ø-e-hs‚ tNmZy-Øn\v IqsS-bp-≈-h¿ t]Sn®v an≠m-sX-\n-∂-t∏mƒ kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-ß-fp-s≠∂ kXy-
k-‘-amb adp-]-Sn-bmWv aplvbp±o≥ \¬In-b-Xv. _mes‚ kXy-k-‘X sIm≈-Ø-e-hs\ a\w-am-‰-
Øn\p t{]cn-∏n-®p. kZvKp-W-k-º-∂-\mb Cu _me-\mWv ]WvUn-X\pw {]i-kvX-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ ssiJv
aplvbp±o≥ A_vZp¬Jm-Z¿ Poem-\n. Poem-\n-bpsS Cu IY-bmWv Jmkn-ap-l-Ω-Zns‚ IrXn-bpsS D≈-
S-°w. hmsam-gn-bmbn ]mSn {]N-cn® IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
ap…ow-Iƒ "am∏n-f-am¿' F∂ t]cn-emav Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS Km\-km-ln-Xy-
Øn\p am∏n-f-∏m´v F∂ t]cp-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Ønepw e£-Zzo-]nepw Pohn-®n-cp∂ ap…ow kaq-l-Øns‚
kwkv°mcn-Imw-i-ßfpw \mS≥ CuWhpw Xmfhpw Cu ]m´p-I-fn¬ ebn-®p-tN¿∂n-´p-≠v. Cu an{i-kz-
`m-h-amWv Ci¬ F∂ Km\m-em-]-\-co-Xnsb lrZyhpw NSp-e-hp-am-°p-∂-Xv. sXm¶¬, sImºv, I∏-∏m-´v,
H∏-\, Nm¬, H∏-\-ap-dp-°w, hncp-Øw, XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-fn¬ \qdp-I-W-°n\v Ci-ep-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v.
kwKo-X-Øn\pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-h-bmWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬
{]mkhpw Ae-¶m-chpw CXn¬ hfsc {][m-\-hp-am-Wv. hcn-Iƒ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n,
]m´p-{]-ÿm-\-Ønepw aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn-ep-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A¥m-Zn-{]m-kw, FXp-I, tam\ XpS-ßnb
Nn´-Ifpw ]mńs\ lrZy-am-°p-∂p. am∏n-f-∏m-ń¬ ap≥]p-]-d™ Nn´-Iƒ Iºn, IgpØv hmep-Ω¬°ºn
F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. lnµp-ÿm-\n, ]mgvkn, Xan-gv, I∂S XpS-ßnb `mj-I-fnse
]Z-ßƒ CjvSw-t]mse am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Cº-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-amWv.

ae-bmfw
hmk-\m-hn-IrXn
ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy sNdp-I-Y-bmWv thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿ cNn® hmk-\m-hn-Ir-

Xn. ]mc-º-cy-h-im¬ I≈-\mb C°-≠-°p-dp-∏mWv Cu IY-bnse \mb-I≥. cmP-in£ A\p-`-hn-®n-´p-
≈-h-cn¬ Fs∂-t∏mse `mKy-lo-\-∑m-cmbn a‰mcpw D≠m-bn-ń√ F∂ \mb-Is‚ Bfl-K-X-tØm-sS-
bmWv hmk-\m-hn-IrXn Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Rm≥ IYm-]m-{X-ambn hcp∂ Hcp I≈≥ \mb-I-\m-hp∂
BJym\ coXn-bmWv Cu IY-bv°p-≈-Xv.
Xm≥ Fß-s\-bmWv anI® I≈-\m-b-sX∂v \mb-I≥ IY-bpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
a°-Ømb hgn°pw acp-a-°-Ømb hgn°pw I≈-\m-hm-\p≈ tbmKhpw hmk-\bpw \n°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂v C°-≠-°p-dp∏v ]d-bp-∂p. hoń-ep-≈-h¿ Aa-cym-Z-h-gn-bn¬ \n∂v am‰m≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw hmk-\-
bpsS _ew sIm≠v AXn\v km[n-®n-s√∂pw I≈≥ ]d-bp-∂p. ]T-\-Øn¬ Xm¬]-cy-an-√m-sX-bm-hp-
Ibpw C°-≠-°p-dn∏v anI® tamjvSm-hm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIm®n cmPyØv ]pXnb t]meokv
h∂-Xn\v tijw C°-≠-°p-dp∏v Hcp Ifhv \S-Øn. Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS hoń¬ Abm-fpsS aIs‚
HØm-i-tbmsS tamjWØn\v Ib-dp-∂p. \ºq-Xncn DW-cm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ab-°p-a-cp∂v \¬In-bXn-s‚
Afhv IqSn-b-Xn-\m¬ \ºq-Xncn acn®v t]mIp-∂p. \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS hoń¬ \n∂v tamjvSn® B`-c-W-
s∏ń Abmƒ Imap-In-bmb Ieym-Wn-°p-ń°v sImSp-°p-∂p. AXn¬ \n∂v Hcp tamXncw ImapIn
kvt\l-]q¿∆w Abmsf AWn-bn-°p-∂p. tamj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ At\z-jWw i‡-am-b-t∏mƒ
C°-≠-°p-dp∏v X¬°mew \mSp-hn-Sm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw aZn-cm-in-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Hcp amk-tØmfw aZn-cm-in-en-bnse ImgvN-Iƒ I≠v ckn®v C°-≠-°p-dp∏v Hcp Znhkw KpPn-en-sØ-
cp-hn¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ Hcp tXh-Sn-»nsb hm s]mfn®p t\m°n \n∂ ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fpsS t]m°-‰n¬
\n∂pw Hcp t\m´p-]p-kvXIw tamjvSn-°p-∂p. cm{Xn Dd-°-Øn¬ Ieym-Wn-°p-ńsb kz]v\w I≠-t∏mƒ
tamXn-c-sØ-∏‰n Hm¿Ω h∂p. Xs‚ tamXncw \jvS-s∏-´p-sh∂v I≈\v a\-n-em-bn. Abmƒ F√m-bn-
SØpw At\z-jn-s®-¶nepw Inń-bn-√. I≈≥ t]meo-kn¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p. Cu IY-bn-√mbva I≈s\
t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ FØn-®p. t\m´p-]p-kvXIw tamj-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Abm-fpsS t]m°-‰n¬ Ducm-
©m-Sn-bmb tamXncw hoW-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hnUvVn-Ø-Øns‚ kºm-Zy-ambn Bdv amkw Pbn¬
in£bpw ]{¥-≠-Snbpw I≈\v e`n-®p. ""C{X sIm≈-cp-XmØ Rm≥ C\n Cu sXmgn-en¬ Ccp-∂m¬
\mem-a-—\v A]-am-\ta D≈q'' F∂ Bfl-K-X-tØmsS tamjWw Ah-km-\n-∏n®v Cuiz-c-tk-h\
\SØn CXp-hsc sNbvX ]m]-ßƒ°p≈ {]mb-›nØw sNbvXv \√ PohnXw XpS-ßm≥ C°-≠-°p-
dp∏v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.
1. "hmk-\m-hn-IrXn' F∂ sNdp-I-Y-bnse \nßƒ A¤p-X-s∏´ lmkyw DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw
hy‡-am-°p-I.
AXoh _p≤n-am\pw X{¥-im-en-bp-am-bn-cn°pw I≈≥ F∂ s]mXp-[m-c-W-bmWv IY-bnse
I≈s‚ aT-b-Ø-c-Øn-eqsS Xncp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu aT-b-Øcw Xs∂-bmWv lmky-ap-W¿Øp-∂-Xv.
hmk\ I≈s‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Im´p∂ hnIrXn Fs¥∂v IYm-Im-c≥ hy‡-am-°p∂ kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv.
t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS ssIbn¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-bmWv Abmƒ aZn-cm-in-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. AhnsS
sskzcy-ambn Pohn-°p-tºm-gmWv tXhn-Sn-»n-sb-°≠v angn-®p-\n-∂-hs\ ]‰n-°-W-sa∂v tXm∂n-b-Xv.
AXn-\m-h-iy-amb Ifhp sNbvX-t∏mƒ A_-≤-Øn¬ tamXncw Abm-fpsS t]m°-‰n¬ Ducn hoWp-
t]m-Ip-IbmWp-≠m-b-Xv. HSn-bs‚ ASp-Øp-\n∂v c£-s∏´v ASn-hn-√n¬ NmSnb {]Xo-Xn-bmWv I≈-\p-

ae-bmfw
≠m-b-Xv. CXv hmb-\-°m-cn¬ Nncn \nd-bv°p-∂p. \jvS-s∏´ tamXncw XncnsI e`n-°m-\mbn t]meo-
kn¬ ]cm-Xn-bp-ambn t]mIp∂ I≈s‚ Ahÿ Ipdp-°s‚ hmbn-e-I-s∏´ tImgn-°p-™n-t‚-Xp-t]m-
se-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv kzbw IrXm-\¿∞w. Btem-N-\-bn-√mØ B {]h¿Ønsb k¶¬∏n-®m¬ AXv
\sΩ Nncn®p aÆp-I∏ - n-°pw. I≈\pw t]meo-kp-sa∂ Zzµzw Xs∂ ên-XØ
- n-\m-[m-ca
- m-Wv. Chn-sS-
sbms° I≈≥ F∂v IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ {]h¿Øn-bnse sshI-ey-amWv lmkysØ krjvSn-°p-∂X - v.
2. hmk-\m-hn-IrXn F∂ IYsb ap≥\n¿Øn Bibw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS I≈≥ Xs‚ IY ]d-bp∂ coXn-bmWv IYmIrØv ChnsS kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
I≈≥ Xs‚ ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂Xpw B ]mc-º-cy-Ønse Aam-\p-j-∑msc t]sc-SpØp
]d™v Xs‚ hwi-Øns‚ hyXykvX [mc-I-sf-°p-dn®v kzmK-X-ambn ]d™v A—≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS
hońse Ifgpw Ieym-Wn-°p-ń°v tamXncw kΩm-\n-°epw aZn-cmin hmkhpw AhnsS hmk-\m-KpWw
]pd-Øp-Nm-Sn-bXpw tamXncw \jvS-s∏-´Xpw t]meo-kn¬ ]cm-Xn-sIm-Sp-ØXpw sXm≠n apX¬ Is≠-
Sp-ØXpw I≈≥ ]nSn-bn-em-bXpw in£ e`n-®-Xp-amb A\p-`hw Pbn-en¬ \n∂v Cd-ßnb I≈≥
A\p-kva-cn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-emWv IY-bpsS BJym-\w. Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \n∂v Xs‚ A\p-`hw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
GIm-{K-Xtbm kq£vam-h-tem-I\ kma¿∞ytam IYm-Im-c≥ ]pe¿Øp-∂n-s√-¶n¬°q-Snbpw hmb-
\-°m-cs\ BI¿jn-°m≥ Cu IYbv°v Ign-bp-∂p. kw`-h-\-ß-fpsS {Iam-\p-K-X-amb hnIm-k-an-s√-
¶n¬°q-Snbpw CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\v kw`-hy-X-bp-tS-Xmb Awiw Gsd-bp-≠v. I≈s‚ hn{I-a-ßfpw am\-
ko-Im-¥-co-£hpw k¶¬∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ hmb-\-°m-c\v Ign-bpw.
kw{I-aWw
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\nI {]ÿm-\-Ønse {]ap-J-\mb Ihn-bmWv {io. B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω.

At±-l-Øns‚ anI® cN-\-I-fn-sem-∂mWv kw{I-a-Ww. Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bnse ]pXp-a, {]ta-b-Øns‚
{]m[m-\yw, `mj-bnse apdp-°w, F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Cu IhnX Gsd {i≤n-°-s∏-´p.
\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn kz¥w km[y-X-Ifpw tijn-Ifpw B¿t°m-th≠n tlman-t°≠n h∂ kv{Xokz-
Xz-amWv Ihn-X-bn¬ hnj-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. Poh-ssN-X\yw \jvS-s∏´v PU-am-bn-Øo¿∂v Zp¿K‘w ]cp-
Ø∂ kv{XoXzw Ihnsb Akz-ÿ\ - m-°p-∂p. temIm-\p-`hw t\tS≠ F√m C{µn-bm-hÿ- I- fpw Ah¿°v
\ntj-[n-°-s∏´p. Hcp Ip‰n-®q-ev, \md-tØ-∏v, RWp-ßnb I™n-∏m-{Xw, Hc-Sn-a-Æv, F∂o {]tbm-K-
ßƒ kv{Xo Ah-ÿb - psS Zb-\o-bX - sb i‡-ambn [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ASp-Ø` - m-KØv kv{XobpsS
bYm¿∞-ti-jnsb ssNX-\y-h-Ømb as‰mcp Poh-i-co-c-Øn¬ tN¿°p-∂p. Cu kw{I-aWw AYhm
am‰w BWv Imhy-io¿j-I-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ. kzbw-]-cym-]vXX t\Snb kv{XoXzw F√m Nqj-Wßƒ°pw
ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc DW¿∂p s]mcp-Xp-∂p. \c-t`mPn Bb ISp-h, Ccsb kwL-ambn hf-
™p-sIm∂p Xn∂p∂ sN∂mb F∂o _nw_-ß-fn-eqsS kv{XobpsS bYm¿∞ tijn F¥m-sW∂v
Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. Ahƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ temI-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns‚ B[m-ca - m-Wv. Ah-fpsS acWw
t]mepw temI-\∑ - b
- v°m-bp≈ t{ijvTa
- mb _en-bmbn amdp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Ihn-Xb- n¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂X
- v.
kv{XoXz-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ ssNX-\ysØ Hcp-Xcw `mh-\m-fla - mb D®m-S\
- Ø
- n-eqsS hos≠-Sp-°p-
hm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ cN-\b
- m-Wn-Xv. BXy-¥n-Ia
- mbn kv{XoXz-Øns‚ {]I-Sa
- mb hnP-bsØ {]Xo£n-

ae-bmfw
°p-Ibpw {]mh¿Øn-Ia
- m-°p-Ibpw thW-sa∂v hmb-\°
- msc t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. B‰q-cns‚ cN-
\m-]c
- a
- mb anIhv sXfn-™p-\n¬°p∂ "kw{I-aWw' ka-Im-en-Ik
- a
- q-lØ
- n¬ G‰hpw {]k-‡a
- m-Wv.
1. kv{XoPo-hn-XsØ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Ihn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ {]Xo-I-ßƒ kw{I-aWw
F∂ Ihn-Xsb ap≥\n¿Øn N¿® sNøp-I.
]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ hnh-cn®v h¿Æn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Bg-Øn¬ B Pohn-XsØ
Ah-X-cn-∏n°m≥ {]Xo-I-ßƒ°v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. \nc-h[n A¿∞ km≤y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-X-cp∂ _nw_-
ß-fmbn {]Xo-I-ßƒ Xo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂-XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. B‰q¿ kv{Xosb Ip‰n-®q-ep-ambn
{]Xo-I-h¬°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hrØn-bm-°-en\p≈ D]-I-c-W-amb Nq¬ \nµy-h-kvXp-hm-Wv. N∏pw Nhdpw
D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-bXpw ASn®p hrØn-bm-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ Nqen-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈ [¿Ω-amWv kv{Xo kaq-
l-Øn¬ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂X - v. hoSn-s\, kaq-lØ
- ns\ hrØnbpw shSn-∏p-ap-≈X
- m-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv kv{Xobm-
Wv. IpSpw-_sØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ kv{Xo A\p-jvTn-°p∂ XymK-ßƒ°v IW-°n-√. F¶nepw Ip‰n-
®q-en-s\-t∏mse \nµy-bmbn kv{Xo XmgvØn-s°-´-s∏-Sp-∂p. Igp-In-bmepw sXfn-bmØ hrØn-lo-\-amb
]m{X-amWv Xm≥ F∂ t_m[-Øn-emWv kv{Xo FØn-t®¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂mWv k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Xe-ap-d-Isf krjvSn-°p∂ ]m{Xamb kv{Xo F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw ASn-ÿm-\-
ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ ]m{X-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p-≈-hƒ, F√m Agp-°p-I-tfbpw IgpIn shfp-∏n-°p-∂-h-fpsS
{]m[m\yw kaqlw a\-n-em-°p-∂n-√. A¿lamb {]m[m\yw e`n-°msX Ch¿ \ndw sI´p-t]m-bn-cn-
°p-∂p-sh∂v Ihn ]d-bp-∂p. sNfn XpS-bv°p∂ XpWn-t]mse kaq-lsØ hrØn-bm-°nb kv{Xo amdn-
°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. kaq-lsØ hrØn-bm-°m≥ bXv\n-®-hsf kaqlw sNfn sIńb ]gw-Xp-Wn-t]m-
se-bm-°n-Øo¿Øn-cn-°p-sh∂v B‰q¿ ]cn-X-]n-°p-∂p.
2. "ih-Øn-t∑¬ Ihn sNøp∂ B`n-Nm-ca
- mWv kw{I-aWw' {]kvXm-h\
- b
- psS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
kw{Ia-Ww A-km-am-\yam-b lnw-km-i-‡n-bp-≈ H-cp I-h-n-X-bmWv. B-‰q-cn-s‚bpw B-[p\n-I a-
ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-tebpw a-In-® Ir-Xn-Ifn-sem-∂p-am-Wn-Xv. i-h-Øn-t∑¬ I-hn sN-øp-∂ B-`n-Nm-c-am-Wv.
'kw-{I-aWw' H-cp 'sh-fp-Ø' B-`n-Nm-cw Ft∂m cm-{„o-bam-b B-`n-Nm-cw Ft∂m A-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-
°mw. hni-∂v N-Øv A-gp-In-b-fn-™p In-S-°p-∂ H-cp kv-{Xoi-hw Ip-td-°m-e-am-bn A-cn-IØpw A-b-
eØpw D-≈ P-\ß-sf ap-gp-h≥ A-kz-ÿ-am-°n-s°m-≠v X-s‚ D-≈n¬ In-S-°p∂p. aq°p-s]m-Øn B \m-
‰w A-I-‰m-\m-Wv X-ß-fp-sS X-s∂ ]p-d-Øp-≈ k-aq-lw b-Xv-\n-°p-∂Xv.
kaq-l-Øns‚ Cu Hfn-t®m-´-Øn\pw hnkvar-Xn°pw FXnsc Ihn Xs‚ B`n-Nm-csØ Bbp-[-
am-°p-∂p. ih-Øns‚ Hmtcm Awihpw temI-Øns‚ Hmtcm Awi-Øn-te°v ]S¿Øn AXs\ ]c-
kyhpw imiz-X-hp-am-°m-\mWv Ihn B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øn\v AXns‚ Ip‰-t_m-[-Øn¬ \n∂v
c£-s∏-Sm≥ km[y-a-√m-Xm-°p-∂p. Ihn-X-bnse tI{µ-_nµp Bi-b‰ Hcp kv{XoP-∑am-Wv. Hcp \qe-´-
t]m-ep≈ Ahƒ°v ]mXn-cmbv°v AS-bv°m≥ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p IÆp-Iƒ. \n»-_vZ-amb Hcp apdnhv
am{X-am-bn-cp∂p hmb. F{X ImXw \S-∂nSpw Ahƒ XpS-ßn-tb-SØp Xs∂ \n∂p. s\©n¬ F{X
Nhn-t´-‰n´pw Ahƒ DW-cmsX ih-ambn Xs∂ InS-∂p. Hcp \md-tØ-∏v, Ip‰n-®q-ev, h°p-s]m-ńb
]n™mWw Cu tijn-∏p-Iƒ am{Xw _m°n-bn´v Ahƒ aÆm-bn. KXn In´msX acn® Ah-fpsS kl-
\w, \n»-_vZX F∂n-hsb {]Xn-Im-c-k-∂-≤-bm-°p∂ Hcm`n-Nm-c-{In-b-bmWv Ihn-X-bpsS c≠mw `mKw
Ah-fpsS Bflm-hns\ B ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp b{¥w t]mse Agn-s®-SpØv Ihn as‰mcp ico-c-
Øn¬ LSn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ah-sf-t∏m-semcp \qe-´-tbm-S-√, \c-t`m-Pn-bmb ISp-h-bpsS ico-c-tØmSv
Ip∂n-dßn sIm∂p Xn∂m≥ hcp∂ AXns‚ apcƒ® ho´p IX-In-\-∏pdw tI´v \ΩpsS DÆn-Iƒ \Sp-

ae-bmfw
ß-s´. Ah-fpsS \mhv as‰mcp Iqc-bn-te°v amdn ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-Wv. F®n-ene \°p∂ sImSn-®n-bn-te-
bv°-√, hni-∏m¬ B{I-a-W-ßƒ \SØn Ccsb hf-™p-]n-Sn-°p∂ sN∂m-b-I-fn-te°v Ah-fpsS ian-
°mØ hni-∏ns\ P\-]-Z-ß-sfbpw \K-c-ß-tfbpw Np‰n-h-f-bp∂ Im´p-Xo-bn-te°pw Ah-fpsS thZ-
\sb Nehpw tNmcbpw Hen°p∂ k-‘y-bn-te°pw am-‰p-∂p. kv{Xo D¿-h-c-X-bp-sS ]-cym-b-amWv. A-h-
fp-sS im]-sØ hn-f-\n-eß-sf D-W-°p-∂ kq-cy-Xm-]-Øn-te-°p kw-{I-an-∏n-°p∂p. H-cp aÆpw C-\n
H∂pw hn-f-bn-°p-I-bn√. A-h-fp-sS a-cW-sØ H-cp _-en ar-Kw t]m-se B-Im-i-Øn¬ Xq-°n-bn-Spw.
ikv{X-{Inb
ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-cw-KØv B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tijw IS-∂p-h∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ {it≤-b-\mWv

sI.-]n. cma-\p-Æn. Imgv®-∏m-Sv, cN-\m-co-Xn, `mj, IYm-X-¥p-°ƒ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw ]pXnb ho£Ww
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-h-cmWv B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c cN-bn-Xm°ƒ.
kz¥w amXm-hns‚ K¿`-]m{Xw ikv{X-{Inb sNbvXv am‰p-∂-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tUmIvS-
dmb aI-\mWv IY-bpsS BJym-Xmhpw apJy-I-Ym-]m-{X-hpw. AΩbpw aI\pw XΩn-ep≈ Ahm-Ny-amb
kvt\l-_‘- sØ kq£vaa - mbn IY-bn¬ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hm∏-td-j≥ \n›-bn-®t- ijw AΩbv°v
aI-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\lw {]I-S-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. Bdmw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ aI-\p≈ IpSpw-_-\m-Y-
\mb aIs\ sIm®p-Ip-™ns\ F∂-t]mse AΩ kvt\l-{]-I-S-\-Øm¬ aqSp-∂p. sNdp-∏-Ønte
ssh[hyw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-∂-Xn-\m¬ AΩ Xt∂mSv H´pw kvt\lw {]I-Sn-∏n-°msX I¿i-\-ambn
hf¿Øn ]Tn-∏n-®Xv aI≥ Hm¿°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ X\n°v e`n-°p∂ AΩ-bpsS Dujva-f-amb hm’eyw
B aI\v A¤p-Xhpw BÀm-Zhpw \¬Ip-∂p.
amXr-kvt\-lsØ G‰hpw kq£vahpw Xc-fn-X-ambpw IYm-IrØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ikv{X-{In-
bbv°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ Ipd-®p-Zn-hkw aI≥ Xt∂m-sSm∏w Dd-ß-W-sa∂v AΩ Bh-
iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. B A\p-`-hw aI-\mb tUmIvS¿°v Xs‚ _mey-Im-em-\p-`hw Hcn-°¬ IqSn hos≠-Sp-°p-
hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. HSp-hn¬ Hm∏-td-j≥ Xob-‰-dn¬ sh®v Xm≥ ]nd∂p hogm≥ \nan-Ø-amb B
K¿`-]m{Xw apdn-®p-am-‰p∂ ikv{X-{Inb ]q¿Øn-bm°n. At∏mgpw AΩ kz¥w aIs\ {]k-hn-®p-hoW
Ip™ns\ F∂-t]mse hm’-ey-tØmsS t\m°p-∂p.
AΩ F∂ hm°nt‚bpw A\p-`-h-Øn-t‚bpw B¿{Z-amb `mh-X-e-ßƒ lrZy-amb `mj-bn¬ sI.-
]n. cma-\pÆn Cu IY-bn¬ hc-®n-S-p∂p. IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßfnepw a‰pw C°m-e-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ AI¬®-
bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Cu I-Y-bv-°v G-sd {]-k-‡n-bp≠v. HXp-°hpw kq£va-Xbpw Cu IYsb
Gsd Bkzm-Zy-am-°p-∂p.
1. "Hm¿Ω-Iƒ°v acWw AYhm \miw D≠m-Ip-∂n-√' Cu Bibw ikv{X-{Inb F∂ IY-bn¬
{]k-‡-am-Ip-∂p-t≠m? \nco-£-W-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
Hm¿Ω-Iƒ°v acWw AYhm \miw D≠m-Ip-∂n-s√-∂mWv hnP-b-e£van Xs‚ Ihn-X-bn¬ kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂ Bibw "ikv{X-{Inb' F∂ IY-bn¬ {]k-‡-am-Wv. IY-bnse AΩbv°v {]mbw
Gsd-bp-s≠-¶nepw Hm¿Ωbv°v bmsXmcp aßepw D≠m-bn-ń-√. ico-c-Ønse HmP-kp‰ Ah-bhw K¿`-
]m{Xw \jvS-am-Ip-sa-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ AΩ, aI-t\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Pohn-XsØ Hm¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. AΩ-
bpsS bu∆-\hpw aIs‚ ssii-hp-amWv B Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS ]p\¿P-\n-°p-∂-Xv. \m¬∏-Ø©p hb-p-

ae-bmfw
I-gn™ aI≥ Ipfn-I-gn-s™-Øp-tºmƒ cmkv\m-Zn-s∏mSn Xncp-Ωm≥ AΩ-sb-Øp-∂p. ]≠v Fen-sa‚dn

kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-®n-cp∂ Imew apgp-h≥ aq¿≤m-hn¬ Xncp-Ωn-bn-cp∂ cmkv\m-Zn-s∏m-Sn-bmbn aI≥ AXn-
s\-Øn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p-≠v. AΩ-tbm-sSm∏w InS∂ Znhw aI≥ Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS ]pd-tIm´v k©-cn®v apØ-
—-\n-te°pw sh√m-cn-®n-d-bn¬ \o¥¬ ]Tn-®Xpw IW°p ]Tn-∏n® \mWp amÃ-dn¬ \n∂pw e`n®
Ingp°pw Hm¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv AΩ-bpsS kmao-]y-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. aIs‚ Xe-apSn sNº-\m-bn-t∏m-b-
Xn-s\-°p-dn®v hg°p ]d™ AΩ aIs‚ _mey-Øn¬ ]g-b-\n-bm{X \S-Øn-bXpw Xe sam´-b-Sn-
®Xpw hoń-seØn IÆmSn ImWn-®-t∏mƒ aI≥ \n¿ØmsX Ic-™Xpw Hm¿Ωn-s®-Sp-Øp.
CtX XpS¿∂v ]g-\n-bnse aS-°-bm-{X-bn¬ aI≥ ImWn® Ipkr-Xn-Ø-c-ßƒ AΩ h¿Æn-°p-
∂p-≠v. Cßs\ hm¿≤-Iy-Ønepw Xs‚ bu∆-\-sØbpw aIs‚ _mey-sØbpw AΩ bmsXmcp XS-
-hp-an-√msX Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
2. ikv{X-{Inb F∂ IY-bn¬ K¿`-]m{Xw Hcp {]Xo-I-ambn amdp-∂-XmtWm?
P\n-ar-Xn-If
- psS XpS°w K¿`-]m-{X-Øn-emWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. Poh≥ K¿`-]m-{X-Øn¬ IpcpØv
]q¿ÆX t\Sn `qan-bn-te°v ]nd-°p-∂p. IY-bnse AΩ F∂Xv P∑-]m-{X-ambn Npcp-ßp-∂p. Cu Npcp-°-
amWv B IYm-]m-{X-Øn\v ˛ kv{XoXz-Øn\v i‡nbpw HmPkpw ]I-cp-∂X - v. DZ-cØ
- n¬ InS∂v t\Sp∂
Adn-hns‚ hnIm-ka - mWv `qan-bnse Pohn-XØ - n-eqsS ssIh-cn-°p-∂X - v. Poh≥ t\Sn temIsØ Adn™p
XpS-ßp-∂Xv AΩ-bpsS aSn-Ø-ń¬ InS∂mWv. iotXm-jvW-amb Cu Ad-bn¬ InS∂v AΩ-bn-eqsS
{]mW-hmbp t\Sn, `£-WsØ t\Sn, temIsØ Adn-bp∂ \mw Pohn-XØ - ns‚ BZy-]m-Tß - ƒ K¿`-]m-
{X-Øn¬ InS-∂mWv t\Sp-∂X - v. `qan-bpsS Hcp sNdnb ]Xn-∏mbn K¿`-]m{Xw amdp-∂X - ns‚ A]q¿∆X
AΩ-tbm-sSm∏w InS-°p-tºmƒ aI≥ Adn-bp-∂p-≠v. ""AΩ-bpsS K‘-Øm¬ Nqg-s∏´v InS-°p-tºmƒ
{]⁄-bpsS D≈-dI - fn¬ h√m-sØmcp A\p-`h - a
- p-≠mbn'' F∂v aI≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv AΩpsS D≈n¬°n-S-
∂p≈ B ]gb Pohn-XsØ Hm¿Ωn-®p-sIm-≠m-hmw. Cßs\ amXr-Xz-Øns‚ AS-bm-fa - mbn P\n-ar-Xn-
bpsS N´-°q-Smbn krjvSn-bpsS Nn”-am-bn, {]Xo-Ia
- mbn K¿`-]m{Xw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

Members in the District Resource Group, who prepared the
'Nammalethum Munnilethum' study materials
No Name of Teachers Subjects Designa- School

tion
1 RAVEENDRAKURUP G English HSST Govt. HSS, Elimullumplackal
2 ASHARAF SHAH C M " Govt. HSS, Konni
3 JAYA G NAIR " Govt. HSS, Thottakonam
4 P R GIRISH Economics HSST Govt. Boy's HSS, Adoor
5 HARIKUMAR M G " Govt. HSS, Angadickal South, CGNR
6 JAYAPRASAD B. " CVKM HSS, East Kallada
7 BENOY SKARIAH " Govt. Boys HSS, Adoor
8 FELIX LOURD SWAMI Geography HSST Govt. Boy's HSS, Adoor
9 KARTHIKEYAN K. " Govt. HSS, Kadammanitta
10 DHANYA V P " NSS HSS, Adoor
11 ANUPA L " AMM HSS, Edayaranmula
12 ASHA KRISHNAN " GHSS, Pattazhi
13 JAMES P Botonay HSST GHSS Kadumeenchira
14 ANUJA MAYA S T " GHSS Vechoochira Colony
15 ASHA V NAIR " GHSS Elimullumplackal
16 ANEESH BABU D Malayalam HSST Kannassa Smaraka GHSS, Kadapra
17 MANJU V S " GHSS Omalloor
18 ABRAHAM K J " Netaji HSS Pramadam
19 DEEPU KURIAKOSE " St. Mary's HSS, Niranam
20 SMITHA B Mathematics HSST GHSS Thengamam
21 ANISH DIVAKARAN " GHSS Omalloor
22 JIJU MURALI " GHSS Kadumeenchira
23 PRAMOD B History HSST GHSS Kadammanitta
24 THOMAS ABRAHAM Principal GHSS Chittar
25 MADHU M S HSST GHSS Mulakkuzha
26 YUSAF KUMAR S M " GHSS Pathanamthitta
27 AJU S " GHSS Vechoochira Colony
28 DR AMPILI P Hindi HSST GHSS Anchalummood
29 SAJAYAN R S " GHSS Kalanjoor
30 JAYASREE G " NSS HSS Adoor
31 DR SARITHA MOHAN Sociology HSST GBHSS Pathanamthitta
32 RANI N " SNV HSS, Angadical South, Kodumon
33 ICY ANNA KOSHY " St. Thomas HSS Kozhencherry
34 SANDEEP KUMAR S Computer Science HSST NSS HSS Thattayil
35 PRADEEP T C " PHSS Mezhuveli
36 LIJU JACOB GEORGE " CSI HSS Manakkala
37 DR TENNY VARGHESE Political Science HSST GHSS Ayroor
38 VEENA NAIR U V " GHSS Mancode
39 SUNIL KUMAR G Zoology HSST GHSS Thottakonam
40 RAJESHKUMAR G " GBHSS Pathanamthitta
41 PRABEENA B " Panchayat HSS Kulanada
No Name of Teachers Subjects Designa- School
tion
42 LIJO VARGHESE Physics HSST KRPM HSS Seethathode
43 PRATHAPAN T. " GHSS Thengamam
44 SIBY MATHAI " AMM HSS Edayaranmula
45 SUMESH S Computer HSST GHSS Konni
Application
46 ROY MOHAN " GHSS Kadammanitta
47 ANILAJ B " NSS HSS Adoor
48 ARUN B MATHEWS " MT HSS Pathanamthitta
49 ROY VARGHESE Chemistry HSST SNV HSS Angadical South
Kodumon
50 BINDU C " DB HSS Thiruvalla
51 ROOPA L " NSS HSS Kunnamthanam
52 SIBU J JACOB Accountancy HSST CSI HSS Manakala
53 DR MATHEW THOMAS " GHSS Kottarakkara
54 ASOK KUMAR N G " GHSS Ala, Cgnr.
55 UNNIKRISHNAN S R Business HSST GHSS Thengamam
Studies
56 DEVADAS CHETTIYAR R " GHSS Vechoochira Colony
57 MANOJ S " GHSS Thengamam

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Class : XI

]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bnse lb¿sk°≥Udn hnZym-

hn-Zym-`ym-k]-c-hpw- kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hp-am-bn- ap-≥-]-¥n-bn-em-Wv ]-Ø-

tPm\m-Y≥ enhn-MvÃ≥ F∂ IS¬Im° ˛dn-®m¿Uv _m°v

Db-c-ßƒ Iog-S-°m≥ B{K-ln-®-h≥

a‰v IS¬Im°Iƒ ao¥-e-Iƒ°v ]n∂mse ]m™-t∏mƒ tPm\m-Y≥ Ccp-fns\ Iodn-ap-dn®v Xs‚

alm-ﬂm-Km-‘n, {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp, kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥, XpS-ßn-b-h-scms° CØ-c-Øn¬

kµ¿i\w ˛_m-e-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

ae-bm-f-Ønse {]kn-≤-\mb Ihn-bmWv {io._m-e-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv. {]W-bhpw hnc-lhpw

Hcn-°¬ ]ncn-™p-t]mb ImapIoImap-I-∑m¿ Hcp kµ¿iIapdn-bn¬ h®v hfsc bmZr-›n-I-ambn

{]W-b-Øn-s‚ hk-¥-Im-esØ hfsc h¿Æm-`-amb Hm¿Ω-®n-{X-ß-fmbn Ihn hc-®n-Sp-∂p.

_m-e-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSns‚ Bﬂ-I-Y-bpsS t]cv?

{]W-b-Øn-s‚ kph¿Æ-Im-esØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂Xn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbmPyamb {]tbm-K-am-

{]W-bImesØ kuµ-cy-sØbpw kv]¿i-\-Øns‚ A\p-`q-Xn-I-sfbpw Ipdn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu

IÆnse IrjvW-Im-¥-ßƒ sIm≠v ]qØ-Nn-√-Iƒ

Xs‚ {]nb-s∏-´-h-fpsS t\m´-Ønse hiy-Xbpw at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]tbm-K-am-

s]m≥sNºIw ]qØIcƒ, I\Issaem-©n-\o-cn¬ØpSpØ hnc¬, IÆnse IrjvW-Im-¥-

{]W-bØns‚ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ ˛hn-cl thZ\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ihn- au-\-sØbpw,

th¿]n-cn-™-Xn\p tij-ap≈ IqSn-°mgvNbmWv F∂Xp sIm≠p Xs∂ hnc-l-Øns‚ thZ-\-

2.angn-I-fn¬ \Ωƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂pthm

{]W-bn-Iƒ ]cn-kcw ad-°p-∂p. ]c-kv]cw t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ kzbw ad∂p t]mIp-

Ahsf \jvS-s∏-´-Xn¬ Abmƒ°v H∂pw Ic-bm≥ t]mepw km[n-°p-∂n-√. Nnd-sImSn™ ]£n

Idp∏v ac-W-Øn-s‚bpw hnc-lØns‚bpw \ndw

s]m≥sNºIw ]qØIcƒ Icn™p t]mbn. Id ]nSn® Np≠n¬ Ihn-Xbpw hc-≠p-t]m-bn.

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬ H‰-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip∂ Cu hnc-l-\m-b-I≥ Imap-In-bn¬ \n∂v am{X-a√ ]ncn-

kµ¿iIapdn-bn¬ \n∂p ]ncn-bp-tºmgpw Ah¿ Hc-£cw t]mepw ]d-bp-∂n-√. Ic-®n-ens‚ Agn-

thZ\ thZ\ el-cn-∏n-Sn°pw

thZ\ Rm\-Xn¬ apgp-Is´

apgp-Is´ aa Poh-\n¬ \ns∂mcp

apc-fo-ar-Zp-c-h-sam-gp-Is´ (a-\-kzn\n ˛N-ß-ºp-g)

Acp-Xp-sNm-√p-hm≥ \µn, Ic-®n-en≥

Agn-apJw \Ωƒ ImWm-Xn-cn-°pI (k-µ¿i-\w-˛-Np-≈n-°m-Sv)

{]W-b-Km-Y-Iƒ lrZ-b-kv]¿in-°-fm-Ip-∂Xv AXn¬ ZpxJØns‚ B¥c {ipXn Dƒt®-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-

N-ß-ºp-g IrjvW-]n≈ ae-bmf Ihn-Xm-tem-IsØ Imev]-\nI kuµ-cym-hn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ cmP-

Fs∂t∂-°p-ambn th¿]n-cn™p Ign™ Ian-Xm-°-fpsS Ah-km-\-Iq-Sn-Im-gvN-bmWv kµ¿i-\-

\Ω-sfØpw ap∂n-seØpw 2021˛22 , ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv -7-

c≠p Ihn-X-I-fp-tSbpw kuµcyw hnc-l-Ønepw sshcq-]y-Ønepw {]Wbw AXn i‡-ambn

tNmZyw : F≥ Np≠n-sem-´n-S-bv°q-dnb am[pcn

\n≥ Np≠n-\p-≈tXm en]vÃn-°n-\p-≈tXm?

t{]ata \n≥ t]cp tI´m¬ t]Snbmw hgn-]n-g®

ImaIn ¶c-∑m¿ sNøpw ISpw-ssI-I-fm¬

{]W-bsØ Ihn-Iƒ Fß-s\-sbm-s°-bmWv k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv? kµ¿i-\-Ønse {]Wb k¶¬∏-

Ihn-I-fpsS CjvS-hn-j-b-amWv {]W-bw. a[p-c-X-c-amb Cu hnIm-csØ bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn¬

F≥.hn IrjvW-hmcy-cpsS Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ Xosc Bﬂm¿∞-X-bn-√mØ {]WbsØbmWv \mw

sshtem∏n-≈n-bpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ shdpw Dan-\o-cns‚ aqeyw am{Xta t{]a-Øn-\p-≈p. Pohn-X-

\Ω-sfØpw ap∂n-seØpw 2021˛22 , ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv -8-

ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse i‡-amb kv{Xo km∂n-≤y-amWv sI.-B¿ aoc. kv{XoI-fpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-

hr≤bpsS CS-dnb Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS inYn-e-L-S-\-bmWv IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. H≥]-Xp-

tZi-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p-th≠n kacw sNøp-∂-bmƒ Xs‚ `mcybv°v kzmX-{¥y-tam kt¥m-

\Ω-sfØpw ap∂n-seØpw 2021˛22 , ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv -9-

\oe-h-c-I-fp≈ Nph∂ N´-bp≈ Hcp t\m´p-_p-°ns‚ At\z-j-W-Øn-emWv {h≤. B _p°n-

kzmX-{¥y-ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØv Pbn-en¬ t]mIp∂ kv{Xosb-°p-dn®p≈Xm-bn-cp∂p BZysØ

Hcp kmln-Xy-Imcn IY-sb-gpXn BWp-ß-fpsS I≈t∏-cn¬ ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-

Cu aq∂p IYIfpw hr≤-bpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`h

1. tZi-Øns‚ kzmX{¥rw ˛ `mc-X-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yØn\p th≠n-bp≈ kacw i‡-am-bn-cp∂

Pohn-X-Øn¬ Adp]g-©-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. s]¨Ip-´nbv°v kzmX{¥Xy ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°-W-sa∂v

2.kv{Xo kzmX{¥rw ˛ tNmdpw Idnbpw sh®pw s]‰pw IpSpw-_n-\n-bmbn HXpßn°gn™p sIm≈-

kz¥w a°ƒ°v t]cn-Sm≥ t]mep≈ kzmX{¥rw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. cho-{µ-\m-Yv,

U¬ln ImW-W-sa∂v taml-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ahsc am{Xw sIm≠p t]mbn-√. sXmgp-

\Ω-sfØpw ap∂n-seØpw 2021˛22 , ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv -10-

G‰hpw \nm-c-sa∂v IcpXp∂ ]e-Xn-s‚bpw alXzw a\-n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \mw hn\o-X-cm-bn-