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CC_COMPILATION_ SCIENCE & TECH.

& DISEASES

Contents
GENERAL SCIENCE ......................................... 4 Aspartame: an artificial sweetener .........................................................23

Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2023 ..................................................................4 Antimicrobial resistance ................................................................................24

Calixcoca Vaccine...............................................................................................26
Nobel Prize for Physics 2023.........................................................................5
Captagon pills.......................................................................................................26
Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023 ......................................................................5
Chikungunya Vaccine......................................................................................27
White Phosphorus Bombs ..............................................................................6
Biodegradable paper supercapacitor......................................................7 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria ...............................................27

Deep Sea Mining...................................................................................................7 Bed aquiline: Drug for Tuberculosis......................................................27

Snake Venom and its Effect on the Human Body........................28
DEEP OCEAN MISSION - ‘SAMUDRAYAAN’.......................................8
Gene therapies for Sickle Cell Disease ................................................28
Sodium-ion batteries..........................................................................................9
Indian pharma companies under international scrutiny.........29
How can gravity solve green power's problem? ..........................10
VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme ...........................................................11 New Drugs and Clinical Trial Rules (2023)........................................29

Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar............................................................................11 Picolinic Acid .........................................................................................................30

Luminescence dating.......................................................................................11 Single-pill strategy for cardiovascular diseases- WHO............30

India’s First Cannabis Project .....................................................................30
Radiometric dating ...........................................................................................12
Cell-Free DNA.......................................................................................................31
Ball Lightening .....................................................................................................12
World Health Organization (WHO) reported double Cholera
Fluorine.....................................................................................................................12
cases in 2023 as in 2022................................................................................32
Thallium ....................................................................................................................13
ICMR Conducts the Truenat Test ............................................................32
Piezoelectricity.....................................................................................................13
Disease X- is 20 times deadlier than Covid......................................33
China to build the world’s largest ‘ghost particle’ detector .13
Myelin Basic Protein.........................................................................................33
China starts up the world's first fourth-generation nuclear
reactor........................................................................................................................14 IT / NANOTECH/ BIOTECH..........................34
Small Modular Reactors (SMR’s) .............................................................14 Generative AI.........................................................................................................34
Alpha Keratin and Beta Keratin................................................................15 AI as a Doctor .......................................................................................................35
Cryptozoology......................................................................................................15 Use of AI Technology by UIDAI................................................................36

Perovskite- Solar Panel Technology......................................................16 Global Partnership on A.I..............................................................................37

LAN Radio ...............................................................................................................16 World's First Law on Regulating A.I. .....................................................37
Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves.................................16 World’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) Safety Summit..............38
Digital Highways.................................................................................................16 7th India Mobile Congress ..........................................................................38
Universal Dynamic Crosslinker (UDC)..................................................17 Dark pattern sales deemed “Cybercrime”.........................................39

HEALTH .........................................................17 Quantum Engine.................................................................................................39

National Quantum Mission.........................................................................40
GM Insects ..............................................................................................................17
Quantum supercomputer.............................................................................41
India’s own CAR-T Cell Therapy...............................................................17
Anthrobots..............................................................................................................18 Beam-splitter & Quantum Computer ..................................................42

Newborn genome-sequencing ................................................................19 Nano Technology -Modified Nano Sheets ......................................42

Electronic interlocking system ..................................................................43
deCODE Initiative ...............................................................................................19
Telegram Bots.......................................................................................................44
Ketamine..................................................................................................................20
Open Digital Ecosystems (ODEs).............................................................45
DRESS Syndrome................................................................................................20
Mangroves’ Genomic......................................................................................21 Bhashini - an A.I. tool ......................................................................................45

Class D Biomedical Device...........................................................................21 Gemini - A powerful A.I. model by Google ......................................46

C.T. scans associated with increased risk of blood cancers ..21 BharatNet Project...............................................................................................46
Robo Mapper........................................................................................................47
Mitochondrial Donation Treatment ......................................................22
2

World coin - Biometric Project .................................................................47

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Neurotoxins............................................................................................................23
Superconductive properties .......................................................................47
DNA Nanoball (DNB) Technology..........................................................23

SPACE ............................................................51 Methane’ Discovered on ‘Warm- Jupiter’ Exoplanet .................62

Artemis Mission...................................................................................................51 India set to launch its first X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite: ISRO
............................................................................................................................63
Chandrayaan-3....................................................................................................51
NASA’s “Atmospheric Waves Experiment”.......................................63
Dark Matter............................................................................................................53
NASA spacecraft ‘Psyche’ .............................................................................64
Space Junk ..............................................................................................................54
Gravitational Lensing.......................................................................................65
India’s first satellite network portal site..............................................55
Foucault pendulum...........................................................................................65
NASA’S QUESST Mission...............................................................................56
Carbon molecule in Orion Nebula .........................................................65
ADITYA – L1 MISSION.....................................................................................56
Low frequency Gravitational Waves......................................................66
Private Sector in Space...................................................................................58
Dark Stars ................................................................................................................66
Bhartiya Space Station and Space Vision..........................................58
VOYAGER 2 Mission.........................................................................................67
Galactic Tide ..........................................................................................................59
Tellurium ..................................................................................................................67
Asteroid Bennu....................................................................................................59
Dinkinesh asteroid.............................................................................................67
Nasa’s Calipso Mission...................................................................................59
Naming sites on the Moon: Outer Space treaty...........................68
Bluewalker 3 Satellite.......................................................................................59
Miura-1 Rocket ....................................................................................................60
DISEASES…………………………………………69
NASA's WISE Telescope.................................................................................60
David’s Sling ..........................................................................................................60
Karman Line ...........................................................................................................60

3
Page

GENERAL SCIENCE
Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2023 Reasons for interest in quantum dots:
• There are two broad types of materials: atomic
News Excerpt:
and bulk.
The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to
o Atomic refers to individual atoms and their
Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I.
specific properties.
Ekimov for the discovery and synthesis of quantum
o Bulk refers to large assemblies of atoms and
dots.
molecules.
Quantum dots:
• Quantum dots lie somewhere in between and
• Quantum dots (QDs) are man-made nanoscale
behave in ways that neither atoms nor bulk materials
crystals that exhibit unique optical and electronic
do. One particular behaviour distinguishes them: the
properties, including the ability to transport
properties of a quantum dot change based on how
electrons and emit light of various colours when
big it is.
exposed to UV light.
• Just by tweaking its size, scientists can change, say,
• It is a really small assembly of atoms (just a few
the quantum dot’s melting point or how readily it
thousand) around a few nanometres wide. The
participates in a chemical reaction.
‘quantum’ in its name comes from the fact that the
• When light is shined on a quantum dot, it absorbs
electrons in these atoms have very little space to
and then re-emits it at a different frequency. Smaller
move around, so the crystal as a whole displays the
dots emit blueish light and larger dots, emit redder
quirky effects of quantum mechanics - effects that
light. This happens because light shone on the dot
otherwise would be hard to ‘see’ without more
energizes some electrons to jump from one energy
sophisticated instruments.
level to a higher one, before jumping back down and
• Quantum dots have also been called ‘artificial
releasing the energy at a different frequency.
atoms’ because the dot as a whole behaves like an
• So, quantum dots can be easily adapted for a variety
atom in some circumstances.
of applications, including surgical oncology,
• Quantum dots have unique properties and spread advanced electronics, and quantum computing.
their light from television screens and LED lamps.
Applications of quantum dots:
They catalyze chemical reactions, and their clear
• An array of quantum dots can be a TV screen by
light can illuminate tumour tissue for a surgeon.
receiving electric signals and emitting light of
• Researchers have primarily utilized quantum dots to
different colours.
create coloured light. They believe that in the future,
• Scientists can control the path of a chemical reaction
quantum dots can contribute to flexible
by placing some quantum dots in the mix and
electronics, miniscule sensors, slimmer solar
making them release electrons by shining light on
cells, and encrypted quantum communication.
them.
• If one of the energy levels an
electron jumps between in a
quantum-dot atom is the conduction
band, the dot can operate like a
semiconductor.
• Solar cells made with quantum
dots are expected to have a
thermodynamic efficiency as high as
66%.
• A quantum dot can also
highlight a tumour that a surgeon
needs to remove,
• It can hasten chemical
reactions that extract hydrogen from
4

water, and as a multiplexer in

Page

telecommunications.

Nobel Prize for Physics 2023 • These pulses could also be used to develop faster
electronic devices and better telecommunications,
News Excerpt:
imaging, and spectroscopy.
The 2023 Nobel Prize for Physics was shared by three
• It also holds promise in areas such as a new in-vitro
scientists - Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne
diagnostic technique to detect characteristic
L’Huillier - for their experimental methods that generate
molecular traces of diseases in blood samples.
attosecond pulses for the study of electron dynamics
in matter, potentially leading to better detection of
disease and developing electronic machinery. Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023
About their experiment: News Excerpt:
• An atom, a tiny unit into which matter can be The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has
divided, is composed of a nucleus of protons and, been awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman
neutrons and electrons that travel around this for their “discoveries concerning nucleoside base
nucleus. Electrons move so fast that it is impossible modifications that enabled the development of
to observe them in real-time. effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”.
• Their work has brought humanity closer to Findings of their discovery:
observing and studying the movement of electrons • Kariko and Weissman realized that the immune
by producing pulses of light that last only system was able to recognize the lab-developed
attoseconds, which is 1×10-18 of a second. mRNA molecules as foreign substances, leading to
• Roughly, this can be compared to a high-shutter- inflammatory reactions.
speed camera. If a regular camera is used to capture • However, this did not happen when mRNA derived
a moving train, the image will be blurred. But a high from animal cell assays were used. This led them to
shutter-speed camera can freeze motion and look for properties in the lab-developed mRNA
capture a clear image of the train. molecules that were tripping off the immune
system.
• They found that the mRNA derived from the animal
cell assays frequently contained modifications not
seen in the lab-developed uniform mRNA
molecules.

Electron dynamics:
• Electrons are the negatively charged particles of an
atom. They zoom around the denser nucleus. Before
being able to study them directly, scientists
understood their properties through averages.
• The movement of an atom in a molecule can be
studied with the very shortest pulses produced by a
laser. These movements and changes in the atoms
occur on the order of femtoseconds—a millionth of
a billionth of a second. But electrons are lighter and
interact faster in the attosecond realm. An
attosecond is a billionth of a billionth of a second.
Significance of attosecond physics:
• For medical diagnostics, attosecond pulses can be
used to check for the presence of certain molecules Vaccines available before the pandemic:
based on their fleeting signatures and find therapies • The first one includes a live, attenuated vaccine,
for cancer care. which has a weakened version of the pathogen, like
5

the oral polio vaccine.

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• The second type involves an inactivated vaccine • Pyrophoric substances are those that ignite
that uses killed pathogens to elicit an immune spontaneously or very quickly (under five minutes)
response, such as the rabies vaccine. when in contact with air.
• With the progress of molecular biology and • It is among the most unstable of pyrophoric
techniques to edit genetic codes, vaccines using substances.
small, non-lethal parts of the pathogen have been • Under the Globally Harmonized System of
developed. These are called sub-unit vaccines. Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, it falls
• Some vaccines also encode these non-lethal parts to under “Pyrophoric solids, category 1”.
another pathogen that carries and distributes it • Military uses of white phosphorus:
through the body - an example of this was the • It is dispersed in artillery shells, bombs, and
AstraZeneca vaccine available in India as Covishield rockets.
that used parts of the COVID-19 virus attached to an • It can also be delivered via felt (textile) wedges
adenovirus. These are called vector vaccines. soaked in the chemical.
Challenges to mRNA technology before the • Its primary military use is as a smokescreen -
pandemic: used to hide troop movement on the ground.
• The lab-based mRNA molecules were considered The smoke acts as a visual obscurant.
unstable and challenging to deliver into the body in • It is also known to mess with infrared optics and
addition to the inflammatory responses. weapons tracking systems, thus protecting
• Developing efficient fat molecules to carry the forces from guided missiles.
mRNA inside the body was the key to the • The harmful impact of white phosphorus:
development of the vaccines. • It can cause severe burns, often down to the
mRNA Vaccines: bone. The burns are excruciatingly painful,
• mRNA, which stands for messenger RNA, is a form difficult to heal, and susceptible to infections.
• Legal status of white phosphorus munitions:
of nucleic acid that carries genetic information.
• White phosphorus munitions are not under a
• Like other vaccines, the mRNA vaccine also attempts
to activate the immune system to produce blanket ban, though their use is regulated under
the IHL.
antibodies that help counter an infection from a live
• It is not considered a chemical weapon because
virus.
its operational utility is primarily due to heat and
• However, while most vaccines use weakened or
smoke rather than toxicity.
dead bacteria or viruses to evoke a response from
the immune system, mRNA vaccines only introduce • Thus, its use is governed by the Convention on
Conventional Weapons (CCW), specifically
a piece of the genetic material that corresponds to
Protocol III.
a viral protein.
Safety Measures taken by Government against Gas
• This protein is usually found on the virus's
leaks:
membrane and is called spike protein. Therefore,
• The Bhopal Gas Leak (Processing of Claims)
the mRNA vaccine does not expose individuals to
Act of 1985 empowered the central government
the virus itself.
to secure claims resulting from or associated with
the Bhopal gas tragedy.
• The Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1986
White Phosphorus Bombs empowers the central government to take actions
News Excerpt: to improve the environment, set standards, and
Global human rights organizations Amnesty inspect industrial units.
International and Human Rights Watch have accused the • The Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991 is a
Israel Defence Forces (IDF) of using white phosphorus type of insurance designed to help people who
munitions in Gaza and Lebanon. have been injured while working with hazardous
About: substances.
• White phosphorus is a pyrophoric that ignites when • Under the Hazardous Waste (Management,
exposed to oxygen, producing thick, light smoke as
6

Handling, and Trans-boundary Movement)

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well as intense 815-degree Celsius heat. Rules, 1989, industries are expected to identify
main accident hazards, implement preventative
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CC_COMPILATION_ SCIENCE & TECH. & DISEASES
measures, and submit a report to the appropriate serve as the power connection between the
authorities. electrode material and the external terminals of the
• The Chemical Accidents (Emergency, capacitor.
Planning, Preparedness, and Response) Rules, About research
1996 mandate the central government to form a • The cellulose nanofibers were extracted from green
central crisis group for chemical accident seaweed Cheatomorphaantennia which was
management and to build up a rapid response collected from Porbandar, Gujarat in India.
mechanism known as the crisis alert system. • The fibers underwent bleaching treatment and were
The National Environment Appellate Authority shaped into architectural structure like that of a
Act, 1997: Under this, the National Environment spider web.
Appellate Authority can hear appeals concerning the • Cellulose is found to be as most suitable
restriction of areas in which any industries, operations, biopolymer material for manufacturing paper-
processes, or class of industries shall not be carried based electrode materials such as paper
out or shall be carried out subject to certain supercapacitors or batteries for energy storage
safeguards under the EPA 1986. applications.
o Cellulose itself is an insulating material that
Biodegradable paper supercapacitor requires to be coated with conductive
material to make a paper-based energy
News Excerpt: storage device.
Recently, Scientists at Gujarat Energy Research and • The product can be used in electronics, memory
Management Institute (GERMI) have developed the backup systems, airbags, heavy machines, electric
thinnest, lightweight, and biodegradable paper- vehicles, etc.; hence, it holds a huge business
based supercapacitor.
prospect.
Pre-Connect
About Supercapacitor
• A supercapacitor is an electrochemical charge Deep Sea Mining
storage device with a fast charging/discharging News Excerpt:
cycle, high power density and a longer lifecycle. The International Seabed Authority which is the
• A supercapacitor, also called an ultracapacitor, is a United Nations body that regulates the world’s ocean
high-capacity capacitor, with a capacitance value floor is preparing to resume negotiations that could
much higher than other capacitors but with lower open the international seabed for mining, including for
voltage limits.
• It bridges the gap between electrolytic capacitors Marine Seaweed or macroalgae
and rechargeable batteries. • Seaweeds are macroalgae attached to rock or
• Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal other substrata and are found in coastal areas,
foils (current collectors), each coated with an said Bhutiya. They are classified as chlorophyta
electrode material such as activated carbon, which (green), rhodophyta (red) and phaeophyta
(brown) based on their pigmentation.
• Among them, chlorophyta holds more potential
components — carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
and bioactive compounds — in the cell wall.
Green seaweed has a high amount of a particular
type of cellulose in its cell wall.
• The marine cellulose-based material used in
developing the flexible and thinnest paper
supercapacitor can be used in almost all smart
electronic devices.
materials critical for the green energy transition.
What Is Deep Sea Mining?
7

Deep sea mining involves removing mineral

Page

•
deposits and metals from the ocean’s seabed.
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• There are three types of such mining: • The Deep Ocean Mission was launched in
• Taking deposit-rich polymetallic nodules September 2021 as the Central Sector Scheme of
off the ocean floor. the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) with the
• Mining massive seafloor sulphide approval of the Cabinet.
deposits. • With this step India joined the elite club of nations
• Stripping cobalt crusts from rock. such as USA, Russia, Japan, France and China in
• These nodules, deposits and crusts contain having such underwater vehicles for carrying out
materials, such as nickel, rare earths, cobalt etc that subsea activities.
are needed for everyday technology like cellphones, • It will facilitate MoES in carrying out deep ocean
batteries and computers. exploration of the non-living resources such as
Regulation of Deep-Sea Mining polymetallic manganese nodules, gas hydrates,
• Countries manage their own maritime territory and hydro-thermal sulphides, and cobalt crusts,
exclusive economic zones. located at a depth between 1000 and 5500 metres.
• The high seas and the international ocean floor
are governed by the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS).
• UNCLOS is considered to apply to states
regardless of whether or not they have signed or
ratified it.
• Under the treaty, the seabed and its mineral
resources are considered the common heritage
of mankind that must be managed in a way that
protects the interests of humanity.
• Such measures include the sharing of economic
benefits, support for marine scientific research,
and protecting marine environments.
• Mining companies interested in deep sea
exploitation are partnering with countries to help
them get exploration licenses and around 30
exploration licenses have been issued so far.

DEEP OCEAN MISSION -

‘SAMUDRAYAAN’
News Excerpt:
India’s first and unique manned Deep Ocean
Mission ‘Samudrayaan’ plans to send 3 humans to
6000m (6 km) ocean depth in a submersible, to study
the deep-sea resources and biodiversity assessment
while ensuring minimal disruption to the ecosystem.
Pre-Connect
• Estimated Ocean Resources: India has been
allotted a site of 75,000 sq. km. in the Central
Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) by the UN
International Seabed Authority for the
exploitation of polymetallic nodules (PMN).
About Samudrayaan:
• Samudrayaan is a project under the Deep Ocean
8

Mission.
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MATSYA 6000 sodium ions for electrochemical energy storage
• Preliminary design of the manned submersible and retrieval.
MATSYA 6000 is completed, and realization of the • These batteries employ sodium as a viable
vehicle has been started with various organizations alternative to lithium, capitalizing on its greater
including the Indian Space Research Organisation abundance, enhanced cost-effectiveness, and
(ISRO), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reduced environmental impact.
(IITM) and Defence Research and Development • Sodium is widely available and less expensive
Organisation (DRDO) roped-in to support the compared to lithium. Sodium batteries utilize
development. sodium ions, making them a cost-effective option
• MATSYA 6000 is expected to have an endurance of for large-scale energy storage.
12 hours of operational period and 96 hours in case • Sodium batteries offer a greener alternative as they
of emergency. don't deplete scarce resources or pose significant
environmental concerns.
Major objectives:
• Sodium batteries are considered safer than
• Address issues arising from long-term changes in
traditional lithium-ion batteries. They have higher
the ocean due to climate change.
thermal stability, reducing the risk of thermal
• Develop technologies for deep-sea missions of
runaway or fire hazards, which improves overall
living (biodiversity) and non-living (minerals)
battery safety.
resources.
Difference between Sodium Batteries and Lithium
• Develop underwater vehicles and underwater
Batteries
robotics.
• Sodium is more than • Lithium availability is
• Provide ocean climate change advisory services.
500 times more limited to a few
• Identify technological innovations and conservation
abundant than lithium. countries, which is
methods for sustainable utilization of marine
It can also be extracted why prices have risen
bioresources.
from seawater at a low more than seven-
• Develop offshore-based desalination techniques.
cost. fold since 2021.
• Develop renewable energy generation techniques.
• Sodium is more • Lithium is less
• Provide clean drinking water and explore the
environmentally environmentally
avenues of desalination of water as well as
friendly and can be friendly than sodium
extracting minerals from the ocean belt.
transported at zero and must be always
Components:
volt, making it safer. stored with a
• Development of Technologies for Deep Sea Mining,
minimum charge,
and Manned Submersible.
increasing fire risks.
• Development of Ocean Climate Change Advisory
• Uses aluminium which • Uses copper, which is
Services.
is cheaper than copper. three or four times
• Technological innovations for exploration and
more expensive than
conservation of deep-sea biodiversity.
aluminium.
• Deep Ocean Survey and Exploration.
• Higher operating • Lower operating
• Energy and freshwater from the Ocean:
temperature range. temperature range
• Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology.
This means these can and can cause fire if
be used in more operated in higher
Sodium-ion batteries extreme temperatures temperatures.
News Excerpt: without the risk of
In recent years, considerable attention has been focused thermal runaway.
on the development of sodium-ion batteries. • Charges faster than • Slow charge rate and
About Sodium Battery lithium-ion variants smaller lifecycle
and have a three times compared to
• Sodium batteries are a burgeoning field in energy
storage research, aiming to supplant higher lifecycle. sodium-based
9

conventional lithium-ion batteries by leveraging batteries.

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Possible Advantages: technology accomplishes energy storage by converting
The successful development and commercialization of the electrical energy in the power system to the
sodium batteries have the potential to revolutionize gravitational potential energy of the weight through
the energy storage landscape, enabling sustainable electromechanical equipment.
and scalable solutions for renewable energy 1. Mechanical Elevator Storage System:
integration, electric vehicles, and grid-level storage. • It is a type of electricity storage device that
• Electric Vehicle Adoption: Boost India's EV adoption involves lifting (charging) and lowering
by providing a viable alternative to traditional (discharging) a heavyweight.
lithium-ion batteries. The abundance and lower cost • The platform utilizes gravity and a mechanical
of sodium make it a promising choice. elevator system to stack 25-tonne blocks made
• Enhanced Energy Storage: Offer significant energy of composite material at the top of a towering
storage capabilities, which can support the structure.
integration of renewable energy sources like solar • It mimics the broad attributes of a pumped
and wind power. hydroelectric plant, which uses moving water to
• Improved Energy Access: Provide reliable and store and discharge power.
sustainable energy access to remote and off-grid • When the electricity demand is low, the elevator
areas in India. uses surplus electricity from the grid or
• By storing electricity from renewable sources, electricity generated by renewable plants to raise
sodium batteries can power off-grid communities, these blocks and line them up at the top of the
improving their quality of life and supporting structure.
economic development. • When electricity demand picks up, the blocks are
Limitations: lowered one by one, releasing kinetic energy
• Lower energy density: Store less energy per unit used to rotate a motor and generate electricity,
of weight or volume, which may result in shorter which can then be pumped back to the grid.
operating times or reduced driving ranges in electric 2. Water-Based Gravity Systems:
vehicles. • Pumped hydro is an established technology
• Limited cycle life: May degrade and lose their responsible for about 96% of the world's high-
capacity to store and deliver energy after a capacity energy storage, according to the
certain number of charge and discharge cycles. International Hydropower Association.
• In the early stages of development and • In this, excess energy on the grid is used to
commercialization: The infrastructure to support pump water uphill to a high-elevation
their widespread adoption, including manufacturing reservoir. When there is energy demand, the
facilities, recycling systems, and charging networks, water is released, driving a turbine as it flows into
is not as well-established as it is for lithium-ion a reservoir below.
batteries. • However, these facilities are expensive to build
and are restricted by geography, as the
How can gravity solve green power's technology requires hills and access to water.
Indian Perspective:
problem?
• India’s push for deployment of large-scale
News Excerpt: renewable power makes storage a prerequisite to
Gravity batteries are emerging as the best bet in solving support this expansion.
renewable energy's biggest problem –intermittency. • As per the updated India’s Nationally Determined
After the USA & China, an energy company is in talks Contribution (INDC), India is committed to reducing
with Indian firms offering to deploy gravity-based the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030
storage that could be installed alongside green power from the 2005 level and achieving about 50%
generation to balance out the variability in demand and cumulative electric power installed capacity from
supply of electricity generated through renewable non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
power.
10

• India, in its PANCHAMRIT PLEDGES (Five Nectar

What is Gravity-based energy storage? Elements), is determined to become net zero by
Page

It depends on the vertical movement of a heavy object 2070.

in a gravitational field to store or release electricity. This
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• The Indian government now plans to accept bids for Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar
a 100MW round-the-clock clean energy system
News Excerpt:
with storage. National Hydrogen policy was
The Government of India has come out with new awards
already cleared by the cabinet last year to increase
known as “Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar’’.
green hydrogen production.
• The World Economic Forum founded the Global
About the Award:
Battery Alliance (GBA) in 2017 to establish a Objective: To recognize the notable and inspiring
sustainable battery supply chain by 2030. contribution made by the scientists, technologists, and
• GBA is a body of over 100 leading innovators individually or in teams in various fields of
international organizations, NGOs, industry science, technology and technology led innovation.
actors, academics, and multiple • People of Indian Origin staying abroad with
governments. exceptional contributions benefiting the Indian
It became independent in 2021, and its membership is communities or society shall also be eligible for the
collectively working towards the goals set out in the GBA awards.
2030 Vision. • The awards shall be given in the following four
categories:
o Vigyan Ratna (VR)- recognize lifetime
VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme achievements & contributions.
About: o Vigyan Shri (VS)- recognize distinguished
The Government has launched a new fellowship contributions.
o Vigyan Yuva-Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (VY-
programme to connect the Indian STEMM diaspora with
SSB)- recognize & encourage young scientists
Indian academic and R&D institutions for collaborative
research work leading to sharing of knowledge, wisdom, up to the age of 45 years who made an
and best practices in the frontier areas of science & exceptional contribution.
o Vigyan Team (VT)- given to a team comprising
technology.
of 3 or more scientists/researchers/innovators
who have made an exceptional contribution.
• These awards shall be given in the 13 domains,
namely Physics, Chemistry, Biological Sciences,
Mathematics & Computer Science, Earth Science,
Medicine, Engineering Sciences, Agricultural
Science, Environmental Science, Technology &
Innovation, Atomic Energy, Space Science and
Technology, and Others.
• The representation from each domain/field,
including gender parity, will be ensured.
• The nominations will be invited every year on 14th
January, which would remain open till 28th
February (National Science Day) every year.
• These awards shall be announced on 11 th May
(National Technology Day) every year.
• The Award Ceremony for all categories will be held
Vaibhav Fellowship programme on 23rd August (National Space Day).
• The fellowship programme launched as a step
to further those efforts by shaping and Luminescence dating
implementing the VAIBHAV programme,
News Excerpt:
envisages collaboration between scientists of
A new research confirms the antiquity of fossilized
Indian Diaspora with Indian Higher Educational
11

footprints at White Sands National Park in New Mexico,

Institutions (HEIs), Universities, and/ or public
based on radiocarbon and optically stimulated
Page

funded Scientific Institutions.

luminescence dating techniques.
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About: Radiometric dating
• Luminescence dating is a form of geochronology • It is a method used to determine the age of rocks
that measures the energy of photons being and other geological materials by analyzing the
released. relative abundance of certain isotopes within them.
• In natural settings, ionizing radiation (U, Th, Rb, & K) • It relies on the fact that certain isotopes of elements
is absorbed and stored by sediments in the crystal are unstable and decay over time into more stable
lattice. forms at a predictable rate called a half-life. The
• This stored radiation dose can be evicted with process involves measuring the ratio of parent
stimulation and released as luminescence. isotopes (unstable isotopes) to daughter isotopes
• The calculated age is the time since the last exposure (the isotopes formed by the decay process) in a
to sunlight or intense heat. sample.
• The sunlight bleaches away the luminescence signal
and resets the time 'clock'.
• As time passes, the luminescence signal increases Ball Lightening
through exposure to ionizing radiation and cosmic About:
rays. • It is a rare and mysterious form of lightning that
• It is based on quantifying both the radiation dose appears as a luminous ball near the spot where
received by a sample since its zeroing event and the lightning strikes.
dose rate that it has experienced during the • It usually occurs near the ground during
accumulation period. thunderstorms, in close association with cloud-to-
• The principal minerals used are quartz and ground lightning.
potassium feldspar. • It may be red, orange, yellow, white, or blue and
is often accompanied by a hissing sound and
distinct odour.
Radiometric dating
• It normally lasts only a few seconds, usually
News Excerpt: moving about and then vanishing suddenly, either
A new study shows a way to use calcium-41 the same silently or explosively.
way carbon-14 has been used in carbon dating. • It moves horizontally at a speed of a few
About centimetres per second and explodes at the end but
• Carbon dating has revolutionised many fields of is not usually destructive.
science by allowing scientists to estimate the age of • It is also known as Globe lightning and occurs
an organic material based on how much carbon-14 during intense electrical activity in the
it contains. atmosphere, but scientists have not been able to
• However, carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,700 years, so satisfactorily explain it.
the technique can’t determine the age of objects
older than around 50,000 years. Fluorine
• Scientists suggested to use calcium-41, with a half-
life of 99,400 years.
News Excerpt
Scientists from Oxford University have come up with a
About Calcium-41
new way to obtain Fluorine atoms.
• Calcium-41 is a stable isotope, meaning it is non-
About
radioactive and does not pose any health risks
• Fluorine, is a highly reactive element that comes
during its use in research or measurements.
from a calcium salt called calcium fluoride
• Calcium-41 can be used in conjunction with other
(fluorspar).
isotopic systems, such as carbon-14 and stable
• Fluorspar is mined and treated with sulphuric acid
carbon isotopes (e.g., carbon-12, carbon-13), to
at a high temperature to release hydrogen fluoride
provide a more comprehensive understanding of
(HF).
carbon cycling and processes.
12

• HF is then made to react with other compounds to

create fluorochemicals.
Page

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• A major downside of this process is that HF is an Piezoelectricity
extremely poisonous and corrosive liquid that
News Excerpt:
irritates the eyes and respiratory tract. It requires
In the future,
special transportation and storage requirements.
piezoelectricity
• Moreover, HF spills cause fatal accidents and
might be used for
detrimental environmental effects.
energy harvesting.
New method:
About
• To avoid HF and to make the extraction process
require less energy, the researchers took inspiration
Piezoelectricity:
• Jacques and
from calcium phosphate biomineralization, the
process by which human body makes bones and Pierre Curie,
teeth. two French physicist brothers, discovered
piezoelectricity in 1880.
• Fluorspar is grounded in a ball mill with potassium
phosphate. While fluorine is very reactive, calcium • The process of utilizing crystals to transform
atoms prefer phosphorus even more, so the milling mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice
created calcium phosphate and another compound versa is known as piezoelectricity.
with fluorine atoms. They called the latter • When mechanical stress is applied to some
Fluoromix. materials, those materials tend to accumulate
• When Fluoromix was reacted with organic electric charges.
compounds, it could create around 50 o The fact that a piezoelectric material will
fluorochemicals with up to 98% yield. produce a voltage when pressure is applied
Uses of Fluorine: to it is known as the piezoelectric effect.
• The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in many
• It is used to make fluorochemicals, which in turn are
used to produce plastics, agrochemicals, lithium- transducers to produce ultrasonic sound waves.
ion batteries, and drugs.
How does piezoelectricity appear under
pressure in ceramic or crystal materials?
• When the material is in a free state (without any
Thallium pressure), those molecules will be arranged in a
News Excerpt: certain way, which corresponds to an equilibrium of
A case of Thallium poisoning has been reported in the material and in which the charges of the
Maharashtra. molecules cancel themselves if we look at the whole.
About: • When pressure is applied, however, those molecules
• It is a soft, silvery-white, heavy metal found in trace change position and align into a dipolar state where
amounts in the earth's crust. It is tasteless and the global charge isn't null anymore, and 2 sides of
odourless and has been historically used as a the materials become polarized.
rodenticide. Applications of piezoelectricity:
• It is found in pyrites, mainly as a by-product of • Piezoelectricity is being used in electronic
copper, zinc, and lead refining, and in manganese applications these days: Speakers & buzzers,
nodules on the ocean floor. Actuators, Drivers, Sensors, Motors, Quartz watches.
• Thallium is used in electronics, low-temperature
thermometers, optical lenses, and imitation
China to build the world’s largest ‘ghost
precious jewels. It is used to produce special glass
with a high index of refraction and low melting particle’ detector
point. News Excerpt:
• Thallium has no known biological role and is China is building an enormous telescope underwater
highly toxic, with evidence of teratogenic (disturbs named the Trident in the Western Pacific Ocean.
the development of an embryo or foetus) and About the news:
13

carcinogenic effects. • Trident will be located in the South China Sea, a

major marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It
Page

will span 7.5 cubic kilometres.

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• Its job will be to detect “ghost particles”, also known o It refers to a class of commercial reactors
as Neutrinos. designed to be economical and reliable.
• The largest neutrino-detecting telescope right now o They are designed for a typical operational
is the University of Madison-Wisconson’s (US) lifetime of 40 years.
“IceCube” telescope. Situated deep in the o These reactors are typically referred to as light
Antarctic, the telescope’s sensors span around 1 water reactors (LWRs).
cubic kilometre. • Generation III:
About the ‘Ghost particle’: o Gen III nuclear reactors are essentially Gen II
• Neutrinos are a type of electron but, like neutrons, reactors with evolutionary, state-of-the-art
they do not have any charge. design improvements.
• They can only be “seen” when they interact with o These improvements include fuel technology,
other particles. The rarity of interactions with thermal efficiency, modularized construction,
other particles makes them almost impossible to safety systems, and standardized design.
track. That’s why they’re called ghost particles. Electricity generation in the nuclear reactor:
• They are among the most abundant particles in our • A nuclear reactor is driven by the splitting of
universe, with trillions of neutrinos passing through atoms, a process called fission, where a particle (a
us at any given second, and are also among the ‘neutron’) is fired at an atom, which then fissions
tiniest. into two smaller atoms and some additional
• Neutrinos’ weak charge and almost nonexistent neutrons.
mass have left them undetected for years. • Some of the released neutrons then hit other
atoms, causing them to fission and release more
neutrons. This is called a chain reaction.
• The fissioning of atoms in the chain reaction also
China starts up the world's first fourth- releases much energy as heat.
generation nuclear reactor • A circulating fluid, typically water, removes the
News Excerpt: generated heat from the reactor.
China has started commercial operations at a new- • This heat can then be used to generate steam,
generation nuclear reactor that is the first of its kind in which drives turbines for electricity production.
the world. Nuclear reactors in India:
About: • NPCIL presently operates 23 reactors with a total
• This fourth-generation Shidaowan plant is capacity of 7480 MW and has nine units (including
designed to use fuel more efficiently and improve KAPP-4) with a capacity of 7500 MW under
economics and safety. construction.
• It will also reduce China's environmental footprint as • In addition, 10 more reactors with a total capacity
it turns to nuclear power to meet carbon emission of 7000 MW are in pre-project activities. These are
goals. expected to be completed progressively by 2031-
• It uses a modular design. (Modular plants refer to 32.
those nuclear plants of less than 300MW and can be
constructed off-site.) Small Modular Reactors (SMR’s)
• China aims to produce 10% of its electricity from
News Excerpt:
nuclear by 2035 and 18% by 2060.
India is considering steps for the development of SMR’s.
History of Reactor Generations:
About
Three generations of nuclear power systems -
• Small modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced
• Generation I:
nuclear reactors that have a power capacity of up
o It refers to the prototype and power reactors that
to 300 MW(e) per unit, which is about one-third
launched civil nuclear power.
of the generating capacity of traditional nuclear
o This generation consists of early prototype
power reactors.
14

reactors from the 1950s and 1960s.

• Provisions of Atomic Energy Act, 1962 are being
• Generation II:
Page

examined to allow participation of the private

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sector and start-ups to promote SMR’s
technology in the country.
Advantages of SMR’s:
• Sited on locations not suitable for larger nuclear
power plants.
• Prefabricated units of SMRs can be manufactured
and then shipped and installed on-site, making
them more affordable to build than large power
reactors.
• They can be deployed incrementally to match
increasing energy demand.
• It eliminates or significantly lower the potential for
unsafe releases of radioactivity to the environment
and the public in case of an accident. Function of Keratin:
• SMRs have reduced fuel requirements. • Provides support and protection in your body.
• Promising technology in industrial de- • Human hair, nails and skin rely on the amount of
carbonization especially where reliable and keratin in your body for their overall health.
continuous power supply required. Moreover, human glands and organs also contain
• It can help fulfil India, its commitment to Clean keratin.
Energy transition, SDG 7 and Net zero by 2070. • Keratin is strong, so won’t dissolve in diluted acids,
alkaline, solvents or water.
Alpha Keratin and Beta Keratin • Even though the human body has many toxic
chemicals in it due to increasing pollution levels,
News Excerpt:
none of them affect keratin.
Recently, Keratin present in the silk of spiders and the
horns of rhinos was discussed by scientists.
What is Keratin? Cryptozoology
• A broad group of proteins, defined as a fibrous
News Excerpt:
protein that forms the main structural constituents On August 26-27, ‘Monster Hunters’ converged on
of hair, feathers, claws, horns, etc. Loch Ness Lake in the Scottish Highlands to understand
• The alpha keratin and beta keratin are two forms the biggest search in 50 years for a legendary monster
of keratin, that occurs in animals. named ‘Nessie’.
Difference between Alpha and beta keratin: About Cryptid:
Alpha keratin Beta keratin Nessie is also known as a ‘cryptid’, a creature that is
Presence A type of A structural protein unknown, legendary, or extinct and whose present
protein found that mainly occurs in existence is disputed or unsubstantiated.
in Mammals. the epidermis of What is Cryptozoology?
reptiles. • It is a field of study and subculture that searches for
Occurrence Occurs in hair, Occurs in the and studies cryptids.
horns, nails, epidermal stratum • Cryptids have been reported on every continent
and the corneum of their and several cultures.
epidermal skin, rich in stacked • Some famous include –
layer of their beta-pleated sheets. • Mokele Mbembe (dinosaur-like creature of
skin. the Congo).
Function Provides the Provides rigidity to • Chupacabra of Latin America and the
mammal with skin, waterproofing Caribbean.
structural and prevention of • Bigfoot or Sasquatch of North America.
15

Stability desiccation in Yeti of Himalayas.

reptiles.
Page

Perovskite- Solar Panel Technology Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC)

News Excerpt: waves
The National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and News Excerpt:
Education (NCPRE) at the Indian Institute of Technology Recently, Scientists have discovered Electromagnetic Ion
Bombay (IITB) has developed a perovskite solar cell Cyclotron (EMIC) waves. These are plasma waves which
(PSC). The cell has demonstrated an efficiency of over 26 were observed at the Maitri station on Antarctic.
per cent.
About EMIC waves:
About Perovskite- Solar Panel Technology:
• The discrete electromagnetic emissions detected in
• In material science, the word ‘perovskite’ refers to a
the magnetosphere of the Earth are known as
certain crystal structure in which the atoms are Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves.
arranged.
• The loss mechanisms of extremely energetic
• It is in the form of ABX3. For example, Calcium electrons (in the MeV range or "killer electrons")
titanium oxide, or CaTiO3, is a perovskite. in the inner magnetosphere of the Earth are
• Solar cells made with perovskite material are highly significantly influenced by the EMIC waves.
efficient at converting light into electricity. • These waves originate at equatorial latitudes (11
• However, they are unstable and degrade when
degree), travel along magnetic field lines, and leave
exposed to light. their mark in the ionosphere at high latitudes.
• Both space and ground-based magnetometers
LAN Radio can detect their traces.
News Excerpt: • These waves are crucial in the precipitation of
killer electrons, which pose a threat to our space-
The Indian Army has sealed a deal with a Bengaluru-
based equipment and instruments.
based company to procure the indigenously developed
• Killer electrons are electrons with a speed
tactical LAN radio.
similar to that of light that create the radiation
Tactical LAN Radio
belt of planet Earth.
• It is a state-of-the-art high-bandwidth backhaul
• The work can aid in understanding how energetic
wireless radio equipment for the provisioning of
particles in the radiation belts affect low-orbit
reliable communication.
spacecraft.
• It is the second contract that the Army has firmed up
under the framework of Innovations for Defence
Excellence (iDEX). Digital Highways
• The LAN radio solution offers an enhanced range of News Excerpt:
communication and embedded frequency hopping Recently, The National Highways Authority of India
mechanism to preclude chances of interception. (NHAI) has announced a plan to build over 10,000 km
• The system also incorporates enhanced safety of Optic Fiber Cable (OFC) infrastructure across the
features and can operate continuously for 48 hours country by fiscal year 2025.
on a single-set basis, without any breakdown. About Digital Highways:
Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) • Digital Highways or Roads are digital platforms
• iDEX aims at creation of an ecosystem to foster that provide shared public and private services.
innovation and technology development in Defence • They use data, technology, and connection to
and Aerospace by engaging Industries including improve the Strategic Road Network (SRN) in
MSMEs, start-ups, individual innovators, R&D terms of design, construction, operation, and
institutes & academia. utilisation.
• It will be funded and managed by a ‘Defence • This will result in safer travel, faster deliveries, and
Innovation Organization (DIO)’ which has been overall better experiences for all.
formed as a ‘not for profit’ company for this Optic Fiber Cable (OFC)
purpose.
16

• Fiber-optic cables resemble tubes that contain small

• iDEX will function as the executive arm of DIO,
glass or plastic wires.
Page

carrying out all the required activities while DIO will

provide high level policy guidance to iDEX.
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• They use light to deliver data considerably faster grafted multiblock copolymers with superior
than traditional lines that use power. properties and without the need for
• Metal wires are preferable for transmission in optical deconstruction or reconstruction.
fiber communication because they cause less • The resulting upcycled materials can be used and
damage to the signals. reprocessed through multiple cycles and have
• The optical fiber operates on the total internal enhanced performance over virgin plastics.
reflection (TIR) concept. • The key barrier in the technique is cost.
• TIR is the total reflection of a beam of light from the
surrounding surfaces back into a medium such as
water or glass.
• For Telecom / Internet Services, the OFC network will
HEALTH
enable direct plug-and-play or 'Fiber-on- GM Insects
demand' models.
• The network will be leased to eligible users on an News Excerpt:
'Open for All' basis via a web portal using a Fixed The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has issued the
‘Guidelines for Genetically Engineered (GE) Insects’.
Price Allotment process.
Prospects of India’s Bioeconomy:
• The sector accounts for 2.6% of India's GDP.
Universal Dynamic Crosslinker (UDC) • According to the "Bioeconomy Report 2022", this
News Excerpt: contribution in GDP should come closer to 5% by
Researchers at IIT Madras, Columbia University and 2030.
Colorado State University in the U.S. have developed a • The current budgetary allocation for DBT is only
technique to merge diverse plastics into strong and 0.0001% of India’s GDP.
recyclable materials. Advantages of GE insects: The development and
release of GE insects offers applications in various fields
such as:

Key findings:
• The technique combines different types of plastics
to create new composite plastics that are strong, India’s own CAR-T Cell Therapy
processable, and recyclable.
The team employed a specially designed universal
News Excerpt:
dynamic crosslinker (UDC) to successfully blend The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization
usually incompatible plastics. (CDSCO) has granted market authorization to India's
Universal Dynamic Crosslinker (UDC): breakthrough Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell
therapy for patients with B-cell lymphomas who didn't
• The design and development of several UDCs
respond to standard treatments like chemotherapy.
enable an optimal closed-loop upcycling path for
immiscible multicomponent plastics.
About CAR-T Cell Therapy:
17

• UDCs reactivate dead chains in the mixed plastics • CAR-T is a revolutionary therapy that modifies
immune cells, specifically T-cells, by turning them
Page

to dynamically crosslink them into compatibilized,

into potent cancer fighters.
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• (CAR)- T cell therapy involves genetic modification • Under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act,1940 and rules
of a patient's autologous T-cells in a laboratory so 1945, CDSCO is responsible for approval of Drugs,
that they will bind to specific proteins (Antigens) on Conduct of Clinical Trials, laying down the
cancer cells and kill them. standards for Drugs, control over the quality of
imported Drugs in the country and coordination of
the activities of State Drug Control Organizations
by providing expert advice.
• B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is a
disease that affects your "B lymphocytes" – white
blood cells that form in the soft centre of your
bones, known as marrow. B-cell leukaemia is
most common among children.
• B lymphocytes are meant to develop into cells
that can help in the fight against infections.
However, with this disease, they transform into
"leukaemia" cells, which live longer than normal
cells and proliferate rapidly. They accumulate in
your bone marrow and then enter your
bloodstream. They can then spread to other
organs in your body.

Anthrobots
News Excerpt:
NexCar19: A type of CAR-T therapy
In a groundbreaking study, researchers created small
indigenously made in India:
robots from human cells that can move and heal
• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has neurons in a laboratory setting.
approved six CAR-T-cell treatments since 2017. Genome (IndiGen) from India:
All are licensed for the treatment of blood cancers • A pilot programme for population genomes in
such as lymphomas, leukaemia, and, most India named IndiGen provided an early view of
recently, multiple myeloma. more than a thousand genomes of individuals
• NexCar19 is a type of CAR-T and gene therapy from cosmopolitan areas in India.
developed indigenously in India by ImmunoACT • It yielded some clues to the landscape of many
and Tata Memorial Centre (TMC). ImmunoACT is treatable genetic diseases and variants of
a company incubated at IIT Bombay. clinical significance, including the efficacy and
• Immunoadoptive Cell Therapy Private Limited
toxicity of drugs and the prevalence of rare
(ImmunoACT) obtained CDSDO approval for disorders.
NexCAR19, a CAR-T treatment, to treat relapsed or • A larger programme to sequence 10,000 whole
refractory B-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia. genomes from diverse population groups is
• The approval came after a Phase I/II trial of 60 being worked on under the GenomeIndia
patients showed a 70% overall response rate and initiative.
significant delay in cancer progression.
About Anthrobots:
About Central Drugs Standard Control • These are bio-engineered entities consisting of
Organisation (CDSCO): human tracheal cells and possess the ability to
• It comes under the Directorate General of Health configure themselves into various forms and
Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. dimensions autonomously.
18

• It is the National Regulatory Authority of India for

cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices,
Page

headquartered at New Delhi.

About Genes and Genomes

Newborn genome-sequencing • Gene: They are segments of DNA that contain
News Excerpt: instructions for building the molecules that
Recently, Newborn screening programmes (NBS) have make the body work. Most of the molecules are
been deployed in some states in India. proteins. Parents pass their genes to their
Pre-Connect offspring.
Genome India: ‘Cataloguing the Genetic Variation in • Genomes: It is all of the genetic material in an
Indians’ project has been sanctioned by Department of organism. It is made of DNA (or RNA in some
Biotechnology (DBT) in, 2020 for a period of 3 years to viruses) and includes genes and other elements
20 institutions from varied disciplines across the that control the activity of those genes.
country. Newborn genome sequencing
About Genomes Sequencing It is an early diagnosis which allow to use effective
All organisms have a unique genetic code that is treatments and management of conditions and save an
composed of nucleotide bases (A, T, C, and G). infant from death or disability.
Determining the order of bases is called sequencing. • It is the practice of collecting and analysing
• There are two types of genome sequencing: large portions of a newborn’s DNA, revealing
(i) Targeted sequencing: Where only specific genes certain genetic disorders including rare inborn
are sequenced and analysed. errors of metabolism that the newborn might
(ii) whole exome or whole genome sequencing: be at risk of developing in infancy, childhood, or
Where all the DNA (whole genome) or all of the later in life.
coding segments of all genes (whole exome) are
sequenced and analysed. deCODE Initiative
Bronchial/Tracheal cells:
• These cells are from the lining of the News Excerpt:
bronchi/trachea, the network of tubes used to Recently, the United Kingdom has announced the
convey air to the lungs. completion of half a million whole-genome sequences,
• These cells are responsible for producing almost 0.7% of its population.
lubricating mucus to keep the airways functional, The deCODE initiative:
and they are a type of epithelial cell, a term used • An early effort to use large-scale population genetic
generally to refer to cells lining the inside or outside studies was initiated in Iceland by deCODE
19

of the body. genomics in 1996, with most of the Icelandic

Page

population enrolling for genetic studies in around a

decade.
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• The initiative and the democratization of are experiencing suicidal receptors that
sequencing technologies provided the initial thoughts. traditional
impetus for programmes that wished to use • Relief from TRD with antidepressants do
population-scale genomic data for precision ketamine happens not target.
rapidly. Instead of • It can make a user
medicine and public health.
waiting for an SSRI feel like they are
• The deCODE effort considerably improved our
(Selective serotonin having an "out of
understanding of the genetics of diseases and the
reuptake inhibitor) to body" experience
utility of such data in risk assessment.
provide relief over and hallucinations
o It also contributed significantly to the
weeks, people who are for a short time.
methods, infrastructure, and standards
suffering from
with which researchers handle large-scale depression can start to
genomic data and set up discussions on feel the benefits of
their bioethics. ketamine within about
• The project laid the groundwork to integrate 40 minutes.
medical records and people’s genealogies,
resulting in new drugs and therapeutics.
• deCODE’s success, plus the wider availability of
DRESS Syndrome
sequencing technologies, gave rise to several News Excerpt:
population-scale genome initiatives around the The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) issued
world, including many pilot programmes initiated in an advisory about the side effects of Meftal - a
the last decade. commonly consumed painkiller - as it could be a reaction
o At first, several projects worked with known as Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic
hundreds to thousands of genomes, but Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome.
in the last half a decade, such endeavours DRESS Syndrome
have leapfrogged to lakhs of genomes. • DRESS syndrome (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia
and Systemic Symptoms) is an adverse reaction
term that is currently used to describe a
Ketamine
hypersensitivity reaction.
News Excerpt: • DRESS syndrome is a type 4 hypersensitivity
Recently, as per the autopsy report, Mathew Perry reaction.
(“Friends” series & American-Canadian actor) died from • It is a serious drug reaction affecting the skin and
the “acute effects” of ketamine. other organs, with a mortality rate of up to 10%.
What is Ketamine? o Sometimes referred to as DIHS (Drug-
• Ketamine is an anaesthetic that has been listed as a Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome).
hallucinogen. Symptoms of DRESS syndrome:
• It’s referred to as a "dissociative anaesthetic The symptoms can vary, but they typically develop over
hallucinogen” because it creates a feeling of several days, with the typical onset being 2–6 weeks after
detachment from pain and the environment. starting the responsible medicine.
• Its effects include pain control, forgetfulness, Typical signs of DRESS syndrome include fever, skin
intoxication, dissociation, and euphoria. rashes or eruption, eosinophilia, atypical lymphocytosis,
Uses of Ketamine swollen lymph nodes and inflammation of internal
MEDICAL USES RECREATIONAL USES
organs.
• It has been used more • Ketamine is also
Treatment
widely due to its used as a
approval for recreational drug, • The most important treatment for DRESS Syndrome
treatment-resistant popularly known as is Early recognition and immediate withdrawal of
depression (TRD) — K or Special K the medication in treating the disease.
that is, severe depression among clubgoers. • Corticosteroids are often used and sometimes
20

that has not improved • It garnered immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine are

via other therapies, popularity as it frequently used for the treatment.
Page

including for people who affects brain

Mangroves’ Genomic • The technology for recovering extracellular

matrix from the gall bladder is not available
About
to others and it gives a fair chance for
• Scientists have achieved a breakthrough by competition in the international market. It
sequencing the entire genome of Avicennia will create an additional income-generating
marina, a highly salt-tolerant and salt-secreting
opportunity.
true-mangrove species.
About Meftal- SpasMeftal-Spas is a commonly
• Avicennia marina is a prominent mangrove species
prescribed drug for various conditions such as
in India, thriving in all mangrove formations.
rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
• It exhibits exceptional salt tolerance, secreting 40%
dysmenorrhoea, mild to moderate pain,
of salt through specialized glands in its leaves and inflammation, fever, and dental pain.
preventing salt entry into the roots.
• Future development: Researchers are developing
• This genomic data will enable researchers to explore
injectable gel formulations of the scaffold that
the potential of identified genes in developing
permits transvenous on-site delivery of the scaffold
drought and salinity-tolerant varieties of important
and for surface modification of polymeric medical
coastal crops in India, which is home to vast
devices.
coastlines and island systems.
• Mangroves, unique species inhabiting estuarine
regions, possess adaptive mechanisms to survive C.T. scans associated with increased risk
high salinity, providing ecological, economic, and of blood cancers
protective benefits by connecting marine and News Excerpt:
terrestrial ecosystems and serving as habitats for
Recently, researchers formed the International Agency
diverse organisms.
for Research on Cancer (IARC) and stated that the C.T.
(Computerized Tomography) Scan can potentially
Class D Biomedical Device increase cancer risks. The high cumulative doses from
News Excerpt: multiple scans have raised concerns among the medical
and scientific community.
Recently, Indian Drugs Controller approved the first
indigenously developed animal-derived tissue Key highlights of the findings:
engineering scaffold for healing skin wounds with • Researchers monitored a group of people for at
minimum scarring. least two years after their initial C.T. scan.
Class D Biomedical Device o They discovered 790 cases of
• The Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical haematological malignancies, including
Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) became the 578 cases of lymphoid malignancies and
first institution in the country to develop Class D 203 cases of myeloid malignancies and
medical devices that satisfy all statutory acute leukaemia (A.L.).
requirements of the Central Drugs Standard Control
• They found a clear association between cumulative
Organisation.
dose and risk of all haematological malignancies,
• Healing Capabilities: Membrane forms of the
with an excess relative risk of 1.96 per 100 mGy.
scaffold, identified as Cholederm, healed different
• Researchers estimated that “for every 10,000
types of skin wounds including burn and diabetic
children examined today (mean dose 8 mGy), one
wounds in rat, rabbit, or dog faster than similar
to two persons are expected to develop a
products currently available in the market with
haematological malignancy attributable to
minimal scarring as proved by several in-depth
radiation exposure in the subsequent 12 years.”
laboratory investigations focusing Type I and Type
III collagen. • The results showed a clear dose response between
• Cost reduction & Income generation: It is cumulative ABM (active bone marrow) dose and
expected that with the introduction lymphoid and myeloid haematological
21

of Cholederm to the Indian market, the treatment malignancies risk, with increased risk at doses as
cost can be reduced from Rs 10,000/- to Rs 2,000/- low as 10-15 mGy.
Page

making it more affordable to the common man.

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About Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) • Unlike nuclear DNA, which we inherit from both
• Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) is an parents, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed
Autonomous Institution of the Ministry of exclusively from mother to child.
Health and Family Welfare. About Mitochondrial Disorders
• Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) to deal • Mitochondrial disorders are a group of rare genetic
with matters relating to the official book of conditions caused by mutations in the DNA of
standards for drugs included therein, in terms of mitochondria, the energy-producing structures
the Second Schedule to the Drugs and within cells.
Cosmetics Act, 1940.
• The Commission became fully operational on
January 1, 2009, as an Autonomous Body fully
financed by the Central Government.
• Its basic function is regularly updating the
standards of drugs commonly required for
treating diseases prevailing in this region.
Working of C.T. Scan:
• A CT scanner emits a series of narrow beams
through the human body as it moves through an arc.
• This differs from an X-ray machine, which sends
just one radiation beam.
• The CT scan produces a more detailed final
picture than an X-ray image.
• The CT scanner's X-ray detector can see hundreds of
different density levels. It can see tissues within a • These disorders can lead to a wide range of
solid organ. debilitating symptoms, including muscle weakness,
• This data is transmitted to a computer, which builds organ dysfunction, neurological issues, and
up a 3-D cross-sectional picture of the part of the impaired growth.
body and displays it on the screen. • Furthermore, since mitochondria are passed down
• Sometimes, a contrast dye is used because it can exclusively from the mother, affected individuals can
help show certain structures more clearly. transmit these disorders to their offspring.
o For instance, if a 3-D image of the
About Mitochondrial Donation Treatment
abdomen is required, the patient may
• Mitochondrial donation treatment, also referred to
have to drink a barium meal. The barium
as mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) or
appears white on the scan as it travels
three-parent IVF, involves the transfer of healthy
through the digestive system.
mitochondrial DNA from a donor to an embryo or
egg with defective mitochondria.
Mitochondrial Donation Treatment • This procedure aims to prevent the transmission of
News Excerpt: mitochondrial diseases to future generations by
The recent news of a kid born in the United Kingdom replacing the faulty mitochondria responsible for
having three parents' DNA. the condition.
Pre-Connect The Three-Parent Technique
• Mitochondria are the energy-producing The procedure involves two main techniques:
powerhouses of the cell in the form of Adenosine • Pronuclear transfer involves transferring the
triphosphate (ATP). nucleus of a fertilized egg from the affected mother
• Their function is dependent on proteins transcribed to a donor egg with healthy mitochondria, which is
from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). then implanted into the mother's womb.
Mitochondrial DNA is circular in structure and • Maternal spindle transfer, on the other hand,
22

contains 37 genes. involves transferring the nucleus of the mother's

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egg to a donor egg before fertilization.

Neurotoxins DNA Nanoball (DNB) Technology

News Excerpt: About:
Recently, a gas leak in the Giaspura neighborhood of DNA nanoball (DNB) technology combines single-
Ludhiana, Punjab, resulted in 11 fatalities and four stranded circular (ssCir) library construction, generation
hospitalizations for illness. and loading of DNBs onto patterned nanoarrays, and
Pre-Connect combinatorial probe anchor synthesis (cPAS)
• Bhopal Gas leak 1984 - Over 500,000 people were sequencing.
exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and other • It helps increase our understanding of human
chemicals in a pesticide plant resulted in the deaths health, from improving diagnostic testing accuracy
of thousands of people. to developing precision-based medicines for cancer
• 2017 Delhi Gas leak: Around 470 school children and infectious diseases.
were hospitalized after inhaling poisonous fumes • It can be used for complete genome association
that spread due to a chemical leak at a container studies and to identify rare variants and somatic
depot near two schools in the customs area of mutations important in clinical settings.
Tughlaqabad depot.
• 2020 Vizag Gas Leak- A gas leak at a chemical plant Aspartame: an artificial sweetener
killed least 12 people in the styrene plant owned by
News Excerpt
South Korean electronics giant LG at
Recent reports stated that Artificial sweetener
Visakhapatnam, in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Aspartame may increase cancer risk in human and
Ludhiana Gas Tragedy WHO is gearing up to declare it as 'possibly carcinogenic
• According to the police preliminary investigation,
to humans'.
Hydrogen Sulphide, a neurotoxic gas, has been
Pre-Connect
speculated as the cause of the catastrophe by
• Report stated that Sugar alternatives had
forensic professionals.
undesirable effects like increased risk of type 2
• Expert view: It's likely that some acidic garbage was
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality
dumped into the sewer, where it mixed with other
in adults.
sewer gases like methane and carbon monoxide to
• As per JECFA (the Joint WHO and Food and
create hydrogen sulphide.
Agriculture Organization's Expert Committee on
About Neurotoxins Food Additives), which is the WHO's expert
• Neurotoxins are harmful compounds that have a committee on food additives, an adult weighing 60
direct impact on the neurological system. kilos has to drink more than 12 cans of diet soda
• Neurotoxicity occurs when the nervous system's everyday to be at risk.
normal activity is disrupted by exposure to
About Aspartame
hazardous substances, whether natural or man-
• Aspartame, a popular artificial sweetener found in
made.
Diet Coke, chewing gum, yoghurt and other food
• These compounds have the potential to damage or products.
even kill neurons or nerve cells, which are essential • Aspartame is about 200 times sweeter than the
for signal transmission and processing in the brain
regular table sugar.
and other sections of the nervous system.
Significance of Aspartame
Neurotoxic gases • Despite its intense sweetness, aspartame has an
• Neurotoxic gases include methane, hydrogen almost zero calorific value and no bitter aftertaste
sulphide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. like saccharin and grew in popularity as a more diet-
• While methane and carbon monoxide are odourless conscious consumer emerged.
gases, hydrogen sulphide has a strong odour and • According to The European Food Safety Authority,
can be lethal in large concentrations. aspartame is made of the two naturally occurring
• Chemical oxidation is used to remove gases such as amino acids, phenylalanine and aspartic acid. They
23

hydrogen sulphide from wastewater. Oxidants such are also components of proteins in our body and in
as hydrogen peroxide are applied to the wastewater.
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food.

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• The phenylalanine in aspartame gets slightly Antimicrobial resistance
modified by adding a methyl group which gives
News Excerpt
aspartame its sweet taste.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a Global
• Aspartame also doesn't leave a bitter aftertaste like
issue, which is not confined by political boundaries, and
saccharine, which is 400 times sweeter than sugar
but has to be mixed with other artificial sweeteners is a threat to all humanity.
to curb its unpleasant side. Pre-Connect
• Over the last ten years, the prevention, control, and
Concern with Aspartame:
response to AMR has been a high priority for most
• Aspartame has been linked to behavioural and
national governments, international organisations
cognitive problems including learning problems,
(such as the WHO, FAO, OIE), healthcare
headache, seizure, migraines, irritable moods,
communities, and civil society, etc.
anxiety, depression, and insomnia and is likely to
be declared a possible carcinogen. About Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR):
• Several studies link aspartame to weight gain, • AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
increased appetite, diabetes, metabolic parasites evolve over time and no longer respond to
derangement and obesity-related diseases. medicines, making infections more challenging to
treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe
Other foods that can cause cancer:
illness, and death.
• Certain ways of
• As a result, the medicines become ineffective, and
cooking like heating
infections persist in the body, increasing the risk of
food in plastic
spreading to others.
utensils, overuse of
• AMR threatens the effective prevention and
microwave and
treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections.
certain processed
• Antimicrobials - including antibiotics, antivirals,
foods such as
antifungals, and antiparasitic - are medicines used
frozen sausages,
preserved food, to prevent and treat human, animal, and plant
pickle preserved infections. Microorganisms that develop AMR are
by nitrate, can be a sometimes referred to as “superbugs”.
cause of cancer. Status of AMR in India:
• Ajinomoto, artificial sweeteners, artificial • India has one of the highest age-standardized
colouring agents all are possible carcinogenic infectious disease mortalities in South Asia, and the
food items. rates of antibiotic resistance are alarming.
o These foods can cause Oesophagus cancer, • India has one of the highest uses of human
liver cancer, gall bladder cancer, stomach, antibiotics, a prime driver of antimicrobial resistance,
colon, rectal cancers are on rise due to at 10.7 units per person.
carcinogenic in our food.
Regulations
• Different countries have implemented regulations
and policies regarding the use of aspartame. In the
United States, the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) oversees the regulation of aspartame as a
food additive.
o The FDA has established an Acceptable Daily
Intake (ADI) limit for aspartame, which is set at
50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.
• The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has
recommended a slightly lower ADI for aspartame,
specifically 40 milligrams per kilogram of body
24

weight per day.

Page

• The Indian government will set its own standards on

artificial sweeteners such as aspartame.
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• Over the past four years, the
number of isolates reported has
gradually increased from 25,833 to
1,19,686.
o Similar to the previous five
years, Escherichia coli (33%)
remained the most commonly
isolated pathogen in the AMR
Surveillance data 2022.
Antimicrobial Resistance: A
global multifaceted
phenomenon
• Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
threatens the effective prevention
and treatment of an ever-
increasing range of infections
caused by bacteria, parasites,
viruses, and fungi no longer
susceptible to the common
medicines used to treat them.
o The problem of AMR is
especially urgent regarding
antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
• Following the indication of a
primary role for surveillance, in
April 2014, WHO published the
ﬁrst global report on surveillance
of AMR collecting experiences
from national and international
surveillance networks.
• It has emerged public health
problems threatening the effective prevention and • Inexpensive and widely available antibiotics without
treatment of an increasing range of infections caused prescriptions.
by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi no longer • Inconsistent infection prevention control (IPC)
susceptible to the common medicines used to treat practices.
them. • Lack of standardized effective surveillance platforms
• Bacteria causing common or severe infections have that monitor healthcare-associated infections (HAI).
developed resistance to each new antibiotic
coming to market.
How Antimicrobial Resistance Happens?
• It is a naturally occurring process happens when
germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to
defeat the drugs designed to kill them.
Antimicrobial Resistance Challenge in India:
The current magnitude of the problem in India is as
follows:
• The high burden of communicable diseases.
25

• Overburdened public health system.

Page

• Limited laboratory capacity for etiology-based

diagnosis.
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Various Programmes initiated by Govt. of reaching the brain by producing antibodies that bind
India cocaine molecules to the bloodstream.
• National action plan on containment of • The enlarged molecules will be rendered too large to
Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR)- It is focused pass into the brain's "reward center" or the
on One Health with the objectives including mesolimbic system that is stimulated by cocaine to
improving awareness, enhancing surveillance produce dopamine - the pleasure-inducing reward
measures, and strengthening infection
chemical.
prevention and control.
• AMR Surveillance Network- comprised of 30 • Once vaccinated, the drug will potentially help
tertiary care hospitals, both private and government people break the cycle of addiction.
to generate evidence and capture trends and • This drug, however, would be a supplementary
patterns of drug-resistant infections in the country. treatment in addition to rehab.
• AMR Research & International Collaboration- • It is meant for recovering addicts who are off
Initiatives to develop new drugs /medicines through cocaine and want to stay that way and not for
international collaborations in order to strengthen everyone.
medical research in AMR. Efficiency of the vaccine:
Global Measures on AMR: • The vaccine has produced significant antibodies
• Global Action Plan to tackle AMR: The goal of GAP- against cocaine in animal tests conducted by
AMR is to ensure continuity of successful treatment scientists, which have shown encouraging results.
and prevention of infectious diseases with effective • In addition to having few side effects, the vaccine
and safe medicines that are quality-assured, used in helped shield rat fetuses against cocaine.
• As per scientists, it would help prevent addiction
a responsible way, and accessible to all who need
from getting passed on to the unborn babies of
them.
pregnant addicted people.
• WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial
Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS):
The first global collaborative effort to standardize Captagon pills
AMR surveillance. News Excerpt:
• It is a standardized approach to the collection, The reports of the rising prominence of Captagon shows
analysis, interpretation and sharing of data by that the drug was being widely consumed by the Islamic
countries and seeks to actively support capacity State (IS) and Syrian fighters to increase alertness and
building and monitor the status of existing and new suppress appetite during their gruelling battles.
national surveillance systems. What is Captagon?
Initiatives: To increase awareness about • Captagon is a highly addictive amphetamine-
antibiotics misuse type drug, which is produced mainly in Syria and
• The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) widely smuggled across West Asia.
has initiated antibiotic stewardship program • Amphetamine-based drugs stimulate the central
(AMSP) on a pilot project basis in 20 tertiary care nervous system and provide a boost of energy,
hospitals across India to control misuse and overuse enhance someone’s focus, let someone stay awake
of antibiotics in hospital wards and ICUs. for longer periods of time, and produce a feeling of
• Drugs Controller General of India has banned 40 excitement.
fixed dose combinations (FDCs) which were found • The currently prominently used Captagon is actually
inappropriate.
a counterfeit version of a medicine with the same
brand name which was first produced in the 1960s
Calixcoca Vaccine by the German pharma company.
News Excerpt: • It can cause loss of appetite, heart problems, high
Researchers in Brazil have created a vaccine "Calixcoca" body temperature, skin flushing, memory loss,
as a new cure for cocaine and crack. problems thinking clearly, and stroke.
• Nazi Germany supplied crystal meth to its soldiers
Working of the vaccine:
26

while the Allied forces gave their troops

• It triggers an immune response that blocks the high
amphetamine sulfate to help them stay awake and
Page

from cocaine and its derivatives and stops it from

Chikungunya Vaccine Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection:

• It occurs when H. pylori bacteria infects the
News Excerpt:
stomach.
U.S. health authorities have approved the world's first
• About two-thirds of the world’s population has it in
vaccine for Chikungunya.
their bodies although for most people, it never
About the vaccine:
causes any symptoms.
• It is being developed by the European company
• In India, it affects almost 60-70% of the
Valneva.
population.
• IXCHIQ becomes the world’s first licensed
• This usually happens during childhood and
chikungunya vaccine available to address this unmet
remains in the stomach throughout life if not treated
medical need.
with antibiotics effectively.
• The vaccine is injected in one dose and contains a • Symptoms
live, weakened version of the chikungunya virus,
Why is it a concern?
as is standard with other vaccines.
• As it takes three weeks to culture the bacteria
About Chikungunya: and carry out tests and thus, the antibiotic is
• It is a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes used without knowing the drug's sensitivity.
fever and severe joint pain. • The growing incidence of clarithromycin-
• It is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that was first resistant bacteria is a big concern and has to
recognized in 1952 during an outbreak in southern be addressed as it is the most important
Tanzania. reason for treatment failure.
• In 2018, the chikungunya virus was listed as a • The new test bypasses this time barrier and is
priority pathogen for vaccine development by the found to have 100% sensitivity, thus creating
World Health Organization. a milestone in this medical journey.
• Chikungunya is transmitted to humans by the bites
of infected female Aedes aegypti and Aedes
Bed aquiline: Drug for Tuberculosis
albopictus mosquitoes which bite throughout
daylight hours. News Excerpt:
• There is currently no vaccine to prevent or The Indian Patent Office rejected the application of J&J’s
medicine available to treat chikungunya virus secondary patent on bed aquiline.
infection. About
• It is generally seen in tropical and subtropical • Bed aquiline is used to treat drug resistant
regions of Africa, southeast Asia, and parts of the tuberculosis (DR-TB).
Americas. • Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. It affects the
• It can be passed from a pregnant person to their lungs and other parts of the body known as
unborn child, and the virus can be fatal to Pulmonary TB and extra Pulmonary TB
newborns. respectively. DR-TB is resistant to at least isoniazid
• People with chronic illnesses such as diabetes and and rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs. It is a
heart disease, as well as those over the age of 65, major contributor to antimicrobial resistance
are more prone to develop severe chikungunya (AMR).
symptoms. • AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
parasites change over time and no longer respond
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria to medicines making infections harder to treat and
increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness
News Excerpt: and death.
Researchers from the National Institute of Cholera and • Each year, nearly half a million people develop
Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, have developed drug-resistant TB. Nearly 2.8 million patients, the
a new two-step PCR test of the Helicobacter pylori (H. most in the world, live in India.
pylori) bacteria which is a common cause for peptic J&J has filed secondary patents over bed aquiline
27

•
ulcers. till 2027, which were granted in 66 low-and
Page

middle-income countries. A deal between J&J and

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the Global Drug Facility (GDF), a non-profit industry's segmentation based on Types,
distribution agency housed in the WHO is signed Applications, and Regions.
which will lower the price of drug procured through • The global Snake Antivenom market size was valued
GDF in respective countries. at USD 2405.0 million in 2022 and is expected to
reach USD 3500.73 million by 2028.
• Snake anti-venom is a medication made up of
Snake Venom and its Effect on the Human
antibodies used to treat venomous snake bites as
Body it is often used as a recreational drug.
News Excerpt:
An incident of the sale of Snake Venom at rave parties in
Gene therapies for Sickle Cell Disease
the National Capital Region has come to light.
Consumption and its effect on the Human News Excerpt:
Body: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has
approved two gene therapies for Sickle Cell disease.
• Snakes were deliberately made to bite on the
consumer’s feet or tongue. About the Gene Therapies:
• Snakes like Cobras and Indian Kraits are most • CASGEVY™ (exagamglogene autotemcel) and
LYFGENIA™ (lovotibeglogene autotemcel) are
commonly used for this purpose.
the first two gene therapies for the treatment of
• Consumers often associated the snake bite with
jerky movements of the body, blurring of vision, and sickle cell disease in patients 12 years and older
unresponsiveness, i.e. ‘blackout’ for 1 hour. with recurrent vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs).
o A VOC occurs when sickled red blood cells
• Once the effect of the bite wore off, they began to
block blood flow to the point that tissues
experience irritation and lethargy and craved drugs.
become deprived of oxygen. This, in turn, sets
• In the reported cases, consumers described the
experience of a snake bite to be associated with in motion an inflammatory response as the
“happiness, grandiosity, and excessive body tries to rectify the problem.
sleepiness. CASGEVY LYFGENIA
• Consumers didn’t report any withdrawal
symptoms, however, in some cases, they became • It is based on CRISPR, • It uses a more
more tolerant and started to indulge “in more which uses molecular conventional form of
frequent snake bite trips.” "scissors" to trim faulty gene therapy that uses
Why the generation of Psychotropic parts of genes that can a virus to ferry a gene
effects? be disabled or replaced into cells.
• It may have to do with the neurotoxin nature of with new strands of • It uses a lentiviral vector
Snake venom that causes analgesia, or the normal DNA. (gene delivery vehicle)
inability to feel pain. • Patients must have stem for genetic
• According to the study, forms of a neurotoxin cells harvested from their modification.
found in Cobra venom, particularly, bind on bone marrow for this • The patient's blood
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that therapy. stem cells are
are widely distributed in the human brain area and • The cells are then sent to genetically modified to
are involved in the euphoric or rewarding manufacturing facilities produce haemoglobin
experience. and edited using that functions similarly
• Once the venom enters human blood, it releases CRISPR/Cas9 to the normal adult
active metabolites like serotonin. It has different technology. haemoglobin produced
psychotropic effects such as hypnotic and • Once the cells are in persons unaffected
sedative. incubated, they are by sickle cell disease.
• Recreational use of snake venom can lead to not infused back into the These modified stem
only addiction but also death. patient. cells are then delivered
28

The market of Snake Venom: to the patient.

• The "Snake Anti-venom Market" research
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report 2023 provides an in-depth study of the

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• Both therapies, pitched as one-time treatments, contaminated drugs, which have led to deaths of
will be available in early 2024. children.
What is Sickle Cell Disease? About CDSCO
• Sickle cell disease is an inherited red blood cell • Central Drug Authority and is responsible for
disorder that affects haemoglobin, the protein carrying out duties entrusted to it by the 1940
that carries oxygen through the body. Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
• Red blood cells are generally disc-shaped and • The National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of
flexible enough to move easily through the blood India, which answers to the Ministry of Health
vessels. and Family Welfare, is in charge of overseeing it.
o In sickle cell disease, red blood cells become About the Issue
crescent- or "sickle"-shaped due to a genetic ● Nigeria raised the alarm about two oral
mutation. These sickled red blood cells do not medications, and Cameroon did the same when
bend or move easily and can block blood flow many children died from a cough syrup that was
to the rest of the body. allegedly produced in India.
• The blocked blood flow can lead to serious ● Two medications made in India were singled out by
problems, including stroke, eye problems, Sri Lanka after numerous patients reported
infections, and episodes of pain called pain crises. experiencing negative side effects.
• Sickle cell disease is a lifelong illness. A bone ● In Uzbekistan, diethylene glycol-containing cough
marrow transplant is currently the only cure for medication caused the deaths of 18 kids. Following
sickle cell disease. the deaths of children in the Gambia and
• Every year, between 30,000 and 40,000 babies in Uzbekistan, the Central Drugs Standard Control
India are thought to be born with this disorder. Organization (CDSCO) cancelled Marion
• Those who receive a pair of faulty genes from Biotech's licence.
both parents have the symptoms. The World Health Organization (WHO) issued an alert
o One can lead a normal life even if they only have in October:
one copy of the gene from one parent. ● It is the ciating four Indian-made cough syrups with
What is CRISPR Technology? child deaths in Gambia. While India maintained that
• CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short the medicines met the required standards during
Palindromic Repeats) are short DNA sequences domestic testing, the WHO upheld its actions.
found in the genome of prokaryotic organisms such ● These controversies have overshadowed India's
as bacteria, which are reminders of the previous pharmaceutical industry, which is responsible for
bacteriophage (viruses) attacks that the bacteria one-third of the world's medications.
successfully defended against.
• Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) enzyme
New Drugs and Clinical Trial Rules (2023)
(part of bacteria's defence mechanism) uses
these flags to target and cut any foreign DNA News Excerpt
precisely, thus protecting the bacteria from Recently the Indian government has approved an update
future attacks by similar bacteriophages. to the New Drugs and Clinical Trial Rules (2023) that
• The unprecedented precision of targeting the will result in a dramatic change in how drugs are
DNA sequences and then efficiently cutting developed and tested.
them is the basis for CRISPR-Cas9 technology, Key highlights
as demonstrated in editing genes in cells and • The approval of non-animal, human-relevant
organisms. procedures in drug testing advances animal-free
testing.
• The precision and effectiveness of medication
Indian pharma companies under
development are expected to be improved by this
international scrutiny modification, which will also address concerns about
29

News Excerpt: animal suffering.

Indian pharma companies have been under constant • These novel methods have significant potential
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international scrutiny for exporting allegedly advantages and hold out hope for a more

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trustworthy and moral drug development • The compound did not have much effect on
process. non-enveloped viruses, like rotavirus and
• India wants to use these techniques to lessen its coxsackievirus.
dependency on animal experimentation and set Other benefits - picolinic acid led to an increase in the
the standard in this forward-thinking field. number of immune cells in the animals.
Advancements in Testing Methods
• Technologies that use human cells or stem cells for Single-pill strategy for cardiovascular
drug testing have made amazing strides in recent
diseases- WHO
decades.
• Organoids, which are three-dimensional cellular
News Excerpt;
constructs that resemble particular organs, offer a The WHO included three fixed dose combinations of
viable route for the creation of new drugs. cardiovascular medicines (polypills) on its revised
• Using human cell-lined chips, organs-on-chip Model Lists of Essential Medicines (EML) 2023.
mimics the physiological circumstances and About
interactions seen in the human body. • A polypill usually combines two or more blood
• Using patient-specific cells as "bio-ink," 3D pressure lowering drugs plus a statin and aspirin.
bioprinting also enables the development of human • One of the polypills that has been included in the
tissues or organ systems. EML is Polycap (manufactured by Cadila in India).
• These innovations hold the promise of reshaping It is a four-drug combination (simvastatin +
medication research, personalising drug ramipril + atenolol + hydrochlorothiazide), along
evaluations, and reducing the need for animal with acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin.
testing. • Fixed Dose Combination (FDC): FDC or
Combination products, refer to products containing
one or more active ingredients in a single dosage
Picolinic Acid form.
News Excerpt: Significance
According to IISc study Picolinic acid can block viruses • It is a simple treatment that can be administered
causing SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A. with very little monitoring to most people, with
About backup from physicians.
Picolinic acid, a natural compound produced by • The polypill is not a new drug but a drug delivery
mammalian cells. mechanism, which improves medication adherence
• The compound has remarkable ability to disrupt the (because it is a single pill) and saves money by
entry of enveloped viruses into the host’s cell and preventing hospitalisations.
prevent infection. Israel was among the first countries to legalize medical
Terms - Endocytosis- A cellular process often co-opted marijuana – it remains illegal for recreational use and is
by viruses and bacteria to enter our cells. one of just three countries with a government-sponsored
How it works- There is a protein coat found in all cannabis program, along with Canada and the
viruses, these enveloped viruses also have an extra outer Netherlands.
membrane made of lipids derived from the host.
• During their entry into host cells, the virus • It could reduce the risk of future heart attacks and
envelope and the host cell membrane fuse, strokes by about 40% to 50%.
creating a pore through which the virus’s
genetic material enters the host cell, and starts
India’s First Cannabis Project
replicating.
• Research showed that picolinic acid specifically News Excerpt:
blocks this fusion, which explains its Recently, Union Minister of State (Independent Charge)
effectiveness against a variety of enveloped Science & Technology announced that Jammu will
30

viruses, including flaviviruses like the Zika virus pioneer India’s first Cannabis Medicine Project.
and the Japanese encephalitis virus.
Page

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About the Cannabis Project hemp and marijuana because it is a rich crop that
● Cannabis Research Project’ of CSIR-IIIM Jammu is a requires less water.
first of its kind in India initiated under the leadership ● In Assam, the sale, possession, purchase, and
of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in Private Public consumption of ganja and bhang are all prohibited
Partnership with a Canadian firm which has a great under the Assam Ganja and Bhang Prohibition Act,
potential to put substance of abuse for the good of 1958.
mankind especially for patients suffering from ● In Maharashtra, the Bombay Prohibition Act of
neuropathies, cancer and epilepsy. 1949 makes it illegal to manufacture, possess, or
Cannabis: consume bhang and bhang-containing substances
● Cannabis is a generic term used to denote the without a licence.
several psychoactive preparations of the plant
Cannabis sativa. Cell-Free DNA
● The major psychoactive constituent in cannabis is ∆-
News Excerpt
9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Compounds which
Recently, Cell-free DNA has been in news as it promises
are structurally similar to THC are referred to as
to transform how we find diseases.
cannabinoids.
● Cannabis in India is known by many names and About Cell-Free DNA
exists in various forms. The most popular names are • Cell-free DNA are short fragments of DNA released
weed, charas, ganja, marijuana, etc. into the bloodstream through a natural process of
● Spread: Cannabis is by far the most widely cell death.
cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug. Half of • During pregnancy, the mother's blood contains cell-
all drug seizures worldwide are cannabis seizures. free DNA (cfDNA), both from her own tissue and
The geographical spread of those seizures is also from the fetus via the placenta. Approximately 2-
global, covering practically every country of the 20% of total cfDNA in maternal blood is placental.
world. About 147 million people, 2.5% of the world • It was first discovered by Mandel and Métais in
1948.
population, consume cannabis (annual prevalence)
• cfDNA can be found in plasma and other body
compared with 0.2% consuming cocaine and 0.2%
fluids such as, Cerebral Spinal fluid, Pleural Fluid,
consuming opiates.
urine, saliva and others.
Legal provisions in India for Cannabis
c-f DNA in blood
● The NDPS Act 1985, forbids the sale and
• cfDNA can be generated and released from a cell in
manufacturing of cannabis resin and flowers, but the
a number of possible situations, including when a cell
use of cannabis plant leaves and seeds is legal, with
is dying and the nucleic acids become degraded.
states having the authority to regulate and
Since an array of processes modulates the
implement state rules.
degradation, the amount, size, and source of the
● The States derive this authority from Section 10 of
cfDNA can vary across a range as well.
the NDPS Act, 1985. Anyone caught in possession of
• The release of cfDNA could occur together with a
any of these cannabis plant parts could be arrested.
variety of processes, including those required for
● There is no complete ban on cannabis under NDPS
normal development, those related to the
Act and it can be used for medical, scientific,
development of certain cancers, and those associated
industrial, horticultural purposes by taking requisite
with several other diseases.
permissions from respective state governments.
Applications of cfDNA.
Regulations in Different States:
• It helps in keeping a check on baby’s health: It
● Odisha is one such State in India where marijuana is helps in screening foetuses for specific
legal, and residents typically use ‘chillums’ to enjoy chromosomal abnormalities, an application known
it within the State’s borders. as non-invasive prenatal testing.
● Uttarakhand is the first Indian State to legalise o They can then use it to understand specific
31

commercial hemp farming. Many other hilly states chromosomal abnormalities that involve
are considering allowing regulated production of changes in the chromosomal copy number. Such
Page

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changes can lead to conditions like Down’s About Cholera:
syndrome. • Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by
• In Early Cancer Detection: Another emerging the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which spreads
application of cfDNA is in the early detection, through food and water contaminated with faeces.
diagnosis, and treatment of cancers. In Genome- • Primary causes of the 2023 cholera outbreak:
wide Mutational Incidence for Non-Invasive o The recent outbreak or the cholera upsurge is a
detection of cancer’, or ‘GEMINI’. They adopted a result mainly due to extreme weather events
whole-genome-sequencing approach to cfDNA linked to climate change, conflict, population
extracted from patients. displacement, and weakened healthcare
• In Organ Donation and Transplantation: It helps in systems.
understanding why a body is rejecting a transplanted o The WHO has also said that the increased
organ. Here, some cfDNA obtained from the donor demand for cholera materials has forced cholera
who is donating the organ – called donor-derived outbreak programs to use a single-dose
cfDNA, dd-cfDNA – could provide an early yet vaccination regimen as opposed to the
accurate estimate of how well the organ is being standard two-dose regimen.
taken up.
o This is an attractive proposition because changes
ICMR Conducts the Truenat Test
in the levels of cfDNA in the blood would precede
any biochemical or molecular markers that News Excerpt:
researchers currently use as a proxy for organ Recently, the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR)
acceptance. allowed the Kerala government to detect Nipah with the
o That is, the cfDNA could send a signal earlier than help of the TrueNat Test.
other markers if something is going to go wrong. About the TrueNat Test
• As a Biomarker: cfDNA could be used as a biomarker • Truenat is a chip-based, point-of-care, rapid
for neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, molecular test for diagnosis of infectious diseases.
neuronal tumours, stroke, traumatic brain injury, • The technology is based on the Taqman RT-PCR
and even metabolic disorders like type-2 diabetes (Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase
and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chain Reaction) chemistry, which can be performed
on the portable, battery-operated Truelab Real Time
micro-PCR platform.
World Health Organization (WHO)
• TrueNat tests showed 99% specificity against sputum
reported double Cholera cases in 2023 as
microscopy.
in 2022 • RT-PCR is the mRNA (messenger RNA)
News Excerpt: detection and quantification technique to
Since the beginning of the year and as of 15 September produce or multiply copies of DNA in a chain
2023, at least 29 countries have reported cholera, form.
Applications:
according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
• To quantify mRNA levels in smaller samples.
About the Report:
• Used during the coronavirus outbreak.
• According to the 2022 global cholera annual report
• To enable quantization of RNA from a single
published on 22 September 2023, Globally, the
cell.
number of cholera cases reported to WHO more than About Nipah: It is a zoonotic virus that can be
doubled, from 22,33,70 cases reported in 2021 to transmitted through contaminated food or directly
47,26,97 cases in 2022. between people. In infected people, it causes a range of
• In terms of mortality, 2349 cholera-associated illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to acute
deaths were reported to WHO globally in 2022 with respiratory diseases, even leading to fatalities in some
a case-fatality rate (CFR) of 0.5% (1.9% in Africa). cases.
• In 2022, several countries that had not reported About ICMR: The Indian Council of Medical Research
cholera in many years reported large outbreaks, (ICMR) is the apex body in India for the formulation,
32

including Lebanon and Syria. coordination, and promotion of biomedical research and
Page

is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.

Disease X- is 20 times deadlier than Covid around the axon of nerve cells and acts as a
model protein in studying diseases like multiple
News Excerpt: sclerosis (MS).
UK healthcare professionals are preparing for a potential • MBP helps in compactification of the myelin sheath,
new pandemic known as ‘Disease X,’ which could be and the fabricated tailored monolayers can give an
more deadly than COVID-19, with the capacity to result in-depth understanding of the role of MBP in
in 20 times more fatalities. forming multi-lamellar myelin sheath structure as
What is Disease X? well as preserving the integrity, stability, and
• According to the WHO, Disease X could be a new compactness of the sheath.
agent, a virus, a bacterium, or a fungus without any About research
known treatment.
• Researchers used a technique called the Langmuir-
• It is included to indicate an unknown pathogen that
Blodgett (LB) technique to form monolayers of
could cause a serious international epidemic. pure myelin basic protein at the air-water and air-
• WHO mentioned Disease X history, for the first time solid interfaces.
in 2018, as an unknown disease that has epidemic
• They explained the mechanism of formation of MBP
potential.
while tracking the stability and rigidity of the protein
• Major Concern: The number of potential pathogens
films by tuning the subphase pH conditions.
is very large, while the resource for disease research o The reversible nature of the molecules
and development (R&D) is limited. confirms the flexibility of the films with
What are Priority Diseases?
respect to the pH conditions.
• Priority Diseases are those which pose the
greatest public health risk due to their epidemic
potential and/or whether there are no or
insufficient countermeasures. The WHO has
included Disease X in the list of its "priority
diseases.”
• The Priority List of Diseases for WHO are:
o COVID-19
o Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever
o Ebola Virus disease and Marburg Virus
Disease
o Lassa fever
o Middle East respiratory syndrome
o Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS)
o Nipah and Henipaviral diseases
o Rift Valley fever
o Zika Virus
o Disease X

Myelin Basic Protein

News Excerpt: • The behaviour of the protein under variable pH
Recently, A research group from physical sciences conditions were investigated from different areas of
division of the Institute of Advanced Study in Science the monolayer formed at the air-water interface.
and Technology, Guwahati have fabricated monolayers o The rigidity of the monolayers was
of pure myelin basic protein (MBP). correlated with the specific domains
formed and the area occupied by the
Myelin Basic protein
33

domains on the water surface.

• It is a major protein component of myelin sheath,
Page

which is a protective membrane that wraps

IT / NANOTECH/ BIOTECH
Generative AI to create realistic content, while the discriminator
tries to distinguish between real and generated
News Excerpt:
samples.
The use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) is
• Through an adversarial training process, GANs
currently in its early phases, but its impact is expected to
improve their ability to generate increasingly
rise as technology evolves and improves.
realistic samples. GANs have been widely used to
Pre-Connect
create lifelike images, videos, and even text.
• GAI is a fast-emerging branch of AI that refers to
the use of algorithms and models that can generate
Autoregressive Models
new content that resembles human-created data. • Autoregressive models, such as the Transformer
• The aim is to develop algorithms that can capture model, generate content by sequentially predicting
the next element based on previously generated
the essence of human creativity and produce
content that is indistinguishable from what humans elements.
create. • These models have been particularly successful in
• While GAI is frequently connected with ChatGPT natural language processing tasks, enabling the
and deep fakes, the technology was originally generation of coherent and contextually relevant
developed to automate the repetitious processes text.
needed in digital image and audio rectification. Applications of Generative AI
• The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence Generative AI has found applications across various
(GPAI) is an international initiative aimed at domains, significantly transforming industries and
fostering collaboration and promoting responsible creative processes.
development and use of artificial intelligence (AI)
globally.
• It was launched in 2020 and currently consists of a
group of like-minded countries and organizations
that are committed to addressing challenges and
opportunities related to AI.
Generative Models
• Several types of generative models have been
developed, each with its own unique approach to
content generation. Three prominent models are
Variational Auto Encoders (VAEs), Generative
Adversarial Networks (GANs), and Autoregressive
models.
Variational Auto Encoders (VAEs):
• VAEs are encoder-decoder models that learn the
underlying probability distribution of a given
dataset.
• They consist of an encoder network that maps
input data to a latent space representation and a
decoder network that reconstructs the original data
from the latent space.
• By training VAEs to maximize the likelihood of the
input data, they can generate new samples by
sampling from the learned latent space distribution.
34

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

• GANs employ a two-component system: a
Page

generator and a discriminator. The generator aims

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• Visual Arts • Today, algorithms are already outperforming
• Field of computer vision, enabling the creation of radiologists at spotting malignant tumours, and
realistic images and videos. guiding researchers in how to construct cohorts for
• Assist with image synthesis, style transfer, and costly clinical trials.
even inpainting, seamlessly filling in missing parts Types of AI relevant to healthcare
of an image. • Machine learning – It is a statistical technique for
• Music Composition fitting models to data and to ‘learn’ by training
• By training models on vast collections of music, models with data. Machine learning is one of the
generative algorithms can create original most common forms of AI.
compositions, imitating various styles and genres. • It is basically of two types: 1. Neural networks and
• Content Creation and Text Generation 2. Deep learning.
• Natural language processing, and generative Neural Networks
models have been employed for text generation, • A more complex form of machine learning is the
translation, summarization, and even chatbots. neural network – a technology that has been
• Generate engaging stories, generate realistic available since the 1960s has been well-established
dialogue, and assist with language-related tasks. in healthcare research for several decades and has
• Data Augmentation and Synthesis been used for categorization.
• Generate synthetic data to augment limited • It views problems in terms of inputs, outputs and
datasets for training machine learning models. weights of variables or ‘features’ that associate
• Helps overcome data scarcity challenges and inputs with outputs.
improves the performance of AI systems. • It has been likened to the way that neurons process
• Drug Discovery and Material Science signals, but the analogy to the brain's function is
• By generating molecular structures and relatively weak.
simulating chemical interactions, these models Deep Learning
accelerate the research and development process • A common application of deep learning in
in pharmaceuticals and materials science. healthcare is recognition of potentially cancerous
Ethical Considerations lesions in radiology,
• Bias and Discrimination • Deep learning is increasingly being applied to
• Intellectual Property and Plagiarism radiomics, or the detection of clinically relevant
• Misinformation and Deep-fakes features in imaging data beyond what can be
• Privacy and Data Protection perceived by the human eye.
• Both radiomics and deep learning are most
commonly found in oncology-oriented image
AI as a Doctor analysis.
• Their combination appears to promise greater
News Excerpt:
accuracy in diagnosis than the previous generation
Recently, AI has been in the news for discussions
of automated tools for image analysis, known as
regarding when AI can really work as a doctor. computer-aided detection or CAD.
How is AI being used in the medical field? Natural language processing (NLP)
• AI algorithms and other applications powered by AI • In healthcare, the dominant applications of NLP
are being used to support medical professionals in involve the creation, understanding and
clinical settings and in ongoing research. classification of clinical documentation and
• Currently, the most common roles for AI in medical published research.
settings are clinical decision support and imaging • NLP systems can analyse unstructured clinical notes
analysis. on patients, prepare reports (eg on radiology
• There are already several research studies examinations), transcribe patient interactions, and
suggesting that AI can perform as well as or better conduct conversational AI.
35

than humans at key healthcare tasks, such as

diagnosing disease.
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Rule-based expert systems Use of AI Technology by UIDAI
• In healthcare, they were widely employed for
News Excerpt
‘clinical decision support’ purposes over the last
Recently, UIDAI has been using Artificial Technology to
couple of decades and are still in wide use today.
tackle the issue of Payment frauds.
• Many electronic health record (EHR) providers
furnish a set of rules with their systems today. Pre-Connect
• To prevent AePS frauds (Aadhaar-enabled
Physical robots payment frauds) using spoofed fingerprints
• Surgical robots, initially approved in the USA in
during Aadhaar authentication, the UIDAI has rolled
2000, provide ‘superpowers’ to surgeons, out an in-house Artificial Intelligence/Machine
improving their ability to see, create precise and
Learning technology-based Finger Minutiae
minimally invasive incisions, stitch wounds and so Record – Finger Image Record (FMR-FIR)
forth. modality which is able to check the liveness of a
• Important decisions are still made by human fingerprint to detect the use of cloned fingerprint
surgeons. during the authentication process.
• However. Common surgical procedures using • The technology uses a combination of both finger
robotic surgery include gynaecologic surgery, minutiae and finger image to check the liveness of
prostate surgery and head and neck surgery.
the fingerprint captured.
Robotic process automation • The measure was implemented after instances of
• Robotic process automation (RPA) doesn't really people creating fake fingerprints using silicone to
involve robots – only computer programs on servers. syphon off money from unsuspecting individuals'
• It relies on a combination of workflow, business rules bank accounts were reported.
and ‘presentation layer’ integration with information What are Fingerprint images and Fingerprint
systems to act like a semi-intelligent user of the
minutiae?
systems.
• The fingerprint image contains minutiae points,
• In healthcare, they are used for repetitive tasks
like prior authorisation, updating patient records core points, ridges and valleys, background area,
or billing. foreground areas, local features and global features.
Diagnosis and treatment applications: In a fingerprint image, the ridges appear as dark
Patient engagement and adherence applications lines while the valleys are the light areas between
• Patient engagement and adherence has long been the ridges.
seen as the ‘last mile’ problem of healthcare – the • Finger Minutiae points are the locations where a
final barrier between ineffective and good health ridge becomes discontinuous. A ridge can either
outcomes. come to an end, which is called as termination or it
• The more patients proactively participate in their can split into two ridges, which is called as
own well-being and care, the better the outcomes – bifurcation.
utilisation, financial outcomes and member What is AePS?
experience. • The AePS is a bank-led model that allows online
interoperable financial transactions at Point of
• These factors are increasingly being addressed by
Sale (PoS) or micro-ATMs through the Business
big data and AI. Correspondent (BC) of any bank using the Aadhaar
Laws/Regulations in India for AI authentication.
• It does not have any specific law regarding • It was taken up by the National Payments
application of AI. Corporation of India (NPCI) - a joint initiative of
• The Ministry of Electronics and Information the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian
Technology (MeiTY) is the regulatory body of AI Banks’ Association (IBA).
in India. What is the need for this technology?
• There are certain provisions mentioned under • As more frauds related to the Aadhaar-enabled
Intellectual Property Law and several provisions as Payment System (AePS) come to the fore, the
Section 43A & 72A of Information Technology Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), has
Act, 2000 which implies that if anyone commits turned to artificial intelligence-based systems in a
36

crime by using AI, then he will be liable under IT Act, bid to limit the cases — this includes developing
criminal law and other cyber law. technologies around fingerprinting and facial
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recognition.
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• To prevent AePS frauds using spoofed fingerprints • Win for India: This is a significant win for India,
during Aadhaar authentication, the UIDAI has rolled which will push its Digital Public Infrastructure
out an in-house Artificial Intelligence/Machine (DPI) model worldwide. Besides, access to
Learning technology-based Finger Minutiae Record computing capabilities from member nations will
– Finger Image Record (FMR-FIR) modality which also boost New Delhi's plans of building a sovereign
can check the liveness of a fingerprint to detect the A.I. system,
use of cloned fingerprint during the authentication • Available to all countries: The declaration seeks to
process. ensure that A.I. and its benefits are inclusive and
open to all the countries of the world, including the
Global South.
Global Partnership on A.I.
• Agriculture Sector: GPAI members also agreed to
News Excerpt: support A.I. innovation in the agriculture sector as a
The Global Partnership on AI has unanimously adopted new "thematic priority". India was pushing for the
the New Delhi Declaration, pledging their commitment inclusion of agriculture as a priority sector in A.I.
to a collaborative approach for A.I. applications. innovation.
About Global Partnership on Artificial
Intelligence (GPAI):
World's First Law on Regulating A.I.
• The GPAI is an attempt to adopt a global risk-
based approach to A.I. largely led by the News Excerpt:
democratic world, including India. The E.U. has become the first continent to set clear
• It is an alliance of 29 members (28 countries and the rules for the use of A.I. European Union lawmakers
European Union) established in June 2020. have passed the world's first comprehensive regulation
• Today, GPAI's 29 members are Australia, for artificial intelligence called the A.I. Act.
Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Key highlights in E.U. Framework:
Denmark, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, • Restrictions on Usage: The deal includes substantial
Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, restrictions on facial recognition technology and on
Poland, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Slovenia,
using A.I. to manipulate human behaviour, alongside
Spain, Sweden, Senegal, Serbia, Turkey, the United
provisions for tough penalties for companies
Kingdom, the United States and the European
Union. breaking the rules.
o Notably, China, a major tech superpower, o Governments can only use real-time biometric
is not part of the multilateral grouping. surveillance in public areas when serious threats
• GPAI endeavours to bridge the gap between are involved, such as terrorist attacks.
theoretical understanding and practical • Grievance system: Consumers have been
implementation of A.I. by endorsing cutting-edge empowered to launch complaints against any
research and applied endeavours in AI-related
perceived violations.
priorities.
• GPAI structures its working groups around four • E.U. legal framework broadly divides A.I.
core themes: applications into various risk classes:
o Responsible A.I. o Some applications will be largely banned,
o Data Governance including the deployment of facial recognition on
o Future of Work a mass scale, with some exemptions for law
o Innovation and Commercialization enforcement.
New Delhi Declaration by GPAI: o A.I. applications focused on behavioural control
• This summit aims to finalize a comprehensive will also be banned.
framework encompassing shared principles for Safe o High-risk applications such as the use of A.I.
and Trusted AI. tools for self-driving cars will be allowed but
subject to certification and an explicit provision
• Flagged Concerns: The declaration flagged
for the backend techniques to be made open to
concerns emanating from such systems, including
public scrutiny.
misinformation, unemployment, lack of
o Those applications in the “medium risk”
37

transparency and fairness, protection of category can be deployed without restrictions,

intellectual property and personal data, and such as generative A.I. chatbots.
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threats to human rights and democratic values.

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o Developers will need to comply with transparency many languages, summarise lengthy documents,
obligations before they release chatbots into the amongst other capabilities.
markets, including details about the contents The Bletchley Park Declaration in ‘Frontier AI’
used for training the algorithm. Summit:
Global A.I. regulations: The policy response has been • It was the world’s first-ever Artificial Intelligence
different across jurisdictions. The concerns being (AI) Safety Summit on ‘Frontier AI’.
flagged fall into three broad heads: Privacy, System • The declaration was also endorsed by Brazil,
Bias, and Violation of Intellectual Property Rights. Ireland, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, and the
• The E.U. has taken a tougher stance that segregates United Arab Emirates.
A.I. as per use case scenarios, based on the degree • The declaration noted the “potential for serious,
of invasiveness and risk. even catastrophic, harm, stemming from the
• The UK follows a ‘light-touch’ approach that aims most significant capabilities of these AI
to foster innovation in the field of A.I. models”, as well as risks beyond frontier AI,
• The U.S. has attempted to take the lead by way of the including those of bias and privacy.
White House Executive Order on A.I. • The declaration encouraged entities creating
o Washington released a blueprint for an AI Bill of cutting-edge AI technology to be transparent and
Rights – seen as a building block for the accountable about their intentions to measure,
subsequent executive order. monitor, and reduce any dangerous capabilities.
o The U.S. approach slots somewhere in between • It outlined a two-pronged approach centered on
the UK and the EU. identifying risks of common concern and
• China has released its own set of measures to developing scientific knowledge of them.
regulate A.I.
India's approach to A.I.: 7th India Mobile Congress
• India emphasizes developing its sovereign A.I.
News Excerpt:
• India hopes to focus on real-life tech applications
The Prime Minister announced India's ambitious
in healthcare, agriculture, governance, language
advancements in 6G technology while inaugurating the
translation, etc., to catalyze economic development.
7th India Mobile Congress (IMC).
• New Delhi has also pitched itself, especially to
nations in the Global South, as a country that can
About IMC:
effectively use technology to develop and deliver • It is the largest telecom, media, and technology
governance solutions at a mass scale. forum in Asia, jointly organized by the Department
of Telecommunications (DoT) and the Cellular
Operators Association of India (COAI).
World’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) • Since its inception in 2017, IMC has promoted
Safety Summit India’s positioning and serves as a key forum for
News Excerpt: global thought leaders to design the next wave of
28 major countries including India met at Bletchley Park digital innovation.
About 6G technology
in the UK and have agreed to collaborate to minimize
risks from ‘frontier AI’. Benefits Uses:
About ‘Frontier AI’: • 100 times faster than 5G • Virtual Reality (VR),
• Reduced Latency Augmented Reality
• Developments in frontier AI are transforming
• Reduced worldwide (AR), and Mixed
productivity and software services, which will
emissions. Reality (MR)
multiply the productivity of many industries and
• Aims to accomplish SDG • Mobile Holograms
sectors. 9 which talks about • Digital Replica
• The progress in frontier AI in recent years has been internet access to all
rapid, and the most advanced systems can write text
fluently and at length, write well-functioning Theme: Global Digital Innovation
38

code from natural language instructions, make new Aim of 7th IMC: It aims to strengthen India’s position as
apps, score highly on school exams, generate a developer, manufacturer, and exporter of key cutting-
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convincing news articles, translate between edge technologies.

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100 5G Labs Initiative: Provisions regarding airfares:
• It is an endeavour to realize the opportunities • In 2015, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation
associated with 5G technology by encouraging (DGCA) issued a circular allowing airlines to
the development of its applications that cater, “unbundle” airfares for certain items, which can be
both to India's unique needs as well as the global charged separately.
demands. • These include preferential seating, meals, access to
• It aims to foster innovation across various lounges, and check-in baggage above 15 kg.
socioeconomic sectors like education, agriculture, • These can be offered only on an “Opt-in” basis.
health, power, transportation, etc. • According to the Ministry of Civil Aviation’s
• It will play a pivotal role in building a 6G-ready “Passenger Charter” of 2019:
academic and start-up ecosystem in the country. o In case of a flight cancellation, an airline must
• The Prime Minister will award 100 ‘5G Use Case accommodate a passenger on an alternate
Labs’ to educational institutions across the flight.
country. These labs are being developed under o If it fails to inform the passenger at least 24
the ‘100 5G labs initiative’. hours before departure, it has to pay an
additional compensation of ₹5,000 to ₹10,000.
o Similarly, for denied boarding, there is a
Dark pattern sales deemed “Cybercrime” compensation of ₹10,000 to ₹20,000 in certain
News Excerpt: situations.
The Consumer Affairs Secretary has called online o Refunds must happen immediately if payment is
malpractices by airlines and travel portals in cash or within seven days if payment is made
“cybercrime”. through a credit card.
What is a ‘Dark pattern’?
A dark pattern is one where an entity nudges Quantum Engine
consumers to buy products they didn’t intend to, which News Excerpt
is an unfair trading practice and can constitute a Recently, German physicists have developed a method
cybercrime. to transform the energy difference between two
Key grievances of the consumers: quantum states of an atom group into work. The tool
• Manipulating seat selection: allows physicists to thoroughly study the developing
o Despite having free seats available, they show all field of quantum thermodynamics and, potentially,
of them to be unavailable and charge an extra fee develop more effective quantum computers by applying
to buy a seat to complete the purchase of the air the principles of the well-known classical engine to the
ticket. subatomic world.
o It employs both “False Urgency” and
“Interface Interference” on its website.
• Extra fees:
o The booking websites poke passengers
into buying travel insurance by using
phrases such as, “I will risk my trip” if
they choose to decline the purchase,
inducing fear that doing so could be
harmful.
o Basket Sneaking: A convenience fee is
added when the consumer reaches the
payment gateway after completing their
booking but does not display the
information upfront.
39

• Refunds and compensation:

o There are also concerns about being
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denied boarding and delayed refunds.

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Pauli’s principle Fermionic energy:
• According to Pauli’s principle, all subatomic particles • At a low temperature, a system of fermions will have
can be classified as either fermions or bosons. more energy than a system of bosons.
• Physics needed a straightforward method to change
Quantum Thermodynamics
some particles from being bosons to fermions for this
Quantum thermodynamics is a branch of physics that
to serve as the foundation of an engine.
focuses on how thermodynamics "emerges" in
o A solution was discovered in the early 2000s when
quantum-physical systems.
researchers discovered via numerous
Pauli’s Principle- In a single atom, two electrons will
investigations that a group of fermions could be
not have a similar quantum number.
made to behave like bosons by cooling them
Quantum number- It defines the position and energy
almost to absolute zero and then stimulating their
of an electron in an atom.
interaction with one another using a magnetic
Efficiency of Quantum Engine
• The quantum engine's effectiveness is field.
determined by how much more energy is • In a recent study, scientists used a gas of lithium-6
released in the third step compared to the energy atoms to accomplish this. If certain conditions are
added to the system in the first. met, whole atoms can act as fermions or bosons. The
team trapped them in a trap of oscillating electric and
• The third step increases atomic energy, which can
be used to create work. magnetic fields after cooling them to only millionths
• Currently, according to the researchers' paper of a degree above absolute zero.
Quantum engine as proof of concept
published in Nature, the quantum engine is 25%
• The quantum engine is still a proof-of-concept.
efficient.
• By switching between bosonic and fermionic states,
• The researchers expect to increase this to 50% or
the researchers have shown that their design can be
more in the future.
used to force a group of atoms to release energy in
• The fundamental units of matter are fermions, while
cycles.
bosons are the particles that carry the forces that
• The scientists must determine how to transfer this
interact with them. They would all like to have the
energy from the interior of the trap to a device
lowest energy possible, but they can't when a group
outside.
of particles is cooled to nearly absolute zero,
revealing their quantum nature.
• Four quantum numbers, which resemble an National Quantum Mission
individual particle's Aadhaar number, are used to News Excerpt
identify all particles in a system. Recently, National Quantum Mission received cabinet
o The sum of the four numbers provides approval at a total cost of Rs. 6003.65 crores, to scale up
information on the energy level of a particle. scientific and industrial R&D, for accelerating Quantum
o According to the exclusion principle, no two
Technology-led economic growth.
particles in a given system can have the same four
About:
quantum numbers, meaning they can't be at the
National Quantum Mission
same energy level.
• NQM is an eight-year (2023-24 to 2030-31) mission
o This law applies to fermions specifically. As a
that will focus on everything quantum-related, from
result, they repeatedly occupy the lowest one
its initial development to its use in industries.
until all potential energy levels are occupied.
• This mission is to be implemented by the
• The exclusion principle does not apply to bosons,
Department of science and technology in
which can all occupy the same lowest energy level at
partnership with other departments.
a specific low temperature. This explains how
• The NQM will focus on four verticals of quantum
phenomena like superconductivity are feasible.
technology –
• The fundamental idea is that a system of fermions will
o Quantum computing, quantum
have more energy than a system of bosons at a
40

communication, quantum sensing and

specific temperature. metrology, and quantum materials and
Page

devices.

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o The National Mission on Quantum Quantum Computing
Technologies and Applications (NM-QTA) was • It is a multidisciplinary field comprising aspects of
launched in 2020 with the goal of creating a computer science, physics, and mathematics that
strong quantum technology ecosystem in India. utilizes quantum mechanics to solve complex
Important Features of the Mission problems faster than classical computers.
• It is aiming to seed, nurture and scale up scientific • It is an emerging field that harnesses the laws of
and industrial R&D and create a vibrant & innovative quantum mechanics to build powerful tools to
ecosystem in Quantum Technology (QT). process information.
• This will accelerate QT-led economic growth, nurture • It has the potential to solve computational problems
the ecosystem in the country and make India one of beyond the reach of classical computers. This
the leading nations in the development of Quantum approach to computing can transform areas such as
Technologies & Applications (QTA). chemical engineering, material science, drug
• The new mission targets developing intermediate- discovery, financial portfolio optimization, and
scale quantum computers with 50-1000 physical machine learning.
qubits in 8 years in various platforms like Characteristics
superconducting and photonic technology.
• They are capable of sifting through huge numbers
o Satellite-based secure quantum communications
of possibilities and extract potential solutions to
between ground stations over a range of 2000
complex problems and challenges.
kilometers within India, long-distance secure
• They use qubits to store information which carries
quantum communications with other countries,
information in a quantum state that engages 0 and
inter-city quantum key distribution over 2000 km
1 in a multidimensional way.
as well as multi-node Quantum networks with
Need of Quantum Supercomputers
quantum memories are also some of the
deliverables of the Mission. • Revolutionize computation by making certain types
• The mission will help develop magnetometers with of classically intractable problems solvable.
high sensitivity in atomic systems and Atomic • Major frontier in cybersecurity.
Clocks for precision timing, communications, and • Embrace effortless Machine Learning.
navigation. • New opportunities in artificial intelligence.
• It will also support design and synthesis of quantum • Solve complex problems like identifying subtle
materials such as superconductors, novel patterns of fraud in financial which cannot be solved
semiconductor structures, and topological materials by classical computers.
for the fabrication of quantum devices. Single photon • Applications in secure communication, disaster
sources/detectors, and entangled photon sources management, computing, simulation, chemistry,
will also be developed for quantum communication, healthcare, cryptography and imaging among
others.
sensing, and metrological applications.
• Mission Implementation includes setting up four Government Initiatives on Quantum
Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) in top academic and computing:
National R&D institutes in the domains - • National Quantum Mission - for accelerating
Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Technology led economic growth and
Quantum Sensing & Metrology, and Quantum leverage India into a leading nation in the area
Materials & Devices. • National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-
o The hubs will focus on the generation of new Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) -to make India a
knowledge through basic and applied research as leading player in Cyber-Physical System.
well as promote R&D in areas that are mandated • The Quantum Frontier mission of the PM-STIAC:
to them. aims to initiate work in the understanding and
control of quantum mechanical systems.
Quantum supercomputer
41

News Excerpt:
Recently, Microsoft publicised a plan for creating the
Page

first true quantum supercomputer.

Beam-splitter & Quantum Computer • The team found that these phonons interacted with
the comb just like
photons interact with
an optical beam-
splitter.
• Beam-
splitters are used
widely in optics
research. Imagine a
torchlight shining
light along a straight
line. This is basically a
stream of photons.
When a beam-splitter
is placed in the light’s
path, it will split the
beam into two: i.e., it
will reflect 50% of the
photons to one side
News Excerpt: and let the other 50% pass straight through.
Recently, IBM published a paper in which it claimed to
have demonstrated that a quantum computer could
solve a useful problem that today’s conventional
Nano Technology -Modified Nano Sheets
computers can’t. News Excerpt
Key points Recent observations of IISC stated that chemically
modified Nano-sheets are highly effective for
• In the new study, the researchers developed an
acoustic beam-splitter – a tiny device resembling biomedical applications.
a comb, with 16 metal bars jutting out of it. Pre-Connect
• It was placed in the middle of a 2-mm-long channel • Nanotechnology, often known as nanotech, is the
of lithium niobate. Each end of the channel had a manipulation of matter on atomic, molecular, and
superconducting qubit – a qubit whose circuit supramolecular scales ranging from 1 to 100
components were superconducting – that could nanometers. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a
both emit and detect individual phonons. The whole metre (10^9).
setup was maintained at an ultra-low temperature. • It takes a multidisciplinary approach that includes
• If these phonons were converted to sound, their applied physics, materials science, chemistry,
frequency would be too high for humans to hear. biology, surface science, robotics, engineering,
Each phonon in the study represented, according to electrical engineering, and biomedical
the paper, the “collective” vibration of around one engineering.
quadrillion atoms. • Over the last few decades, physics fields such as
• The team found that these phonons interacted with nanoelectronics, nano-mechanics, nano-
the comb just like photons interact with an optical photonics, and nanoionics have grown to provide
beam-splitter. a fundamental scientific foundation for
• When a phonon was emitted from the left side of nanotechnology.
the channel, it was reflected half of the time and About Chemically Modified Nano Sheets:
transmitted to the right side the other half. When • Chemically modified nano sheets are atomically thin,
phonons were emitted simultaneously from the left two-dimensional materials that undergo chemical
and the right sides, they both ended up on one side modifications to enhance their properties and
42

(as expected). functionality.

• These materials can be derived from diverse
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substances such as graphene, transition metal

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dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other layered • Surface functionalization of nanosheets can
compounds. enhance their biocompatibility, cellular
• By altering their chemical composition, researchers adhesion, and integration with host tissues,
can tailor their physical, electrical, optical, and facilitating the regeneration of damaged or
mechanical properties to suit specific applications. diseased tissues.
Chemical Modification Techniques: • Drug Delivery Systems:
• Chemical functionalization involves altering the • By modifying their surface with specific ligands
surface properties of nano sheets by attaching or polymers, nanosheets can encapsulate
various chemical groups or molecules. therapeutic agents and transport them to the
desired site within the body.
Potential Applications:
• The controlled release of drugs from nano
• Electronics and Optoelectronics:
sheets offers several advantages, including
• Chemically modified nano sheets exhibit
enhanced drug efficacy, reduced side effects,
exceptional electrical conductivity, high carrier
and improved patient compliance.
mobility, and tuneable band gaps. These
• Environmental Remediation:
properties make them ideal for next-generation
• Nanosheets can be engineered to remove
electronic devices, ultrafast transistors, and
pollutants from air and water due to their large
flexible, transparent displays.
surface area and adsorption capacity.
• Additionally, their unique optical properties
• These materials show potential for water
enable their integration into optoelectronic
purification, air filtration, and the remediation of
devices like photo detectors and sensors.
toxic contaminants.
• Energy Storage and Conversion:
• Nano sheets offer opportunities for significant
advancements in energy storage and Electronic interlocking system
conversion technologies. Their high surface-to- News Excerpt
volume ratio and mechanical flexibility make An electronic track management system used by the
them suitable for super capacitors, batteries, railways has become the focus of investigations after
and fuel cells. horrific train crash involving two express trains and a
• Furthermore, their efficient catalytic activity goods train in Odisha’s Balasore district.
enhances energy conversion in
solar cells and hydrogen
production systems.
• Biomedical Applications:
• Chemically modified nano sheets
hold promise in biomedical
applications due to their
biocompatibility, large surface
area, and tunable drug delivery
capabilities.
• They can be utilized for targeted
drug delivery systems, biosensors,
tissue engineering scaffolds, and
diagnostic tools for early disease
detection. Ex: Cancer detection and
treatment: Gold nanoparticles,
Smart pills, Nanobots Pre-Connect
• Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: KAVACH:
• By mimicking the extracellular matrix and • The KAVACH is an indigenously developed
43

providing a scaffold for cell growth and tissue Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system by the
formation, nanosheets can promote tissue Research Design and Standards Organisation
Page

regeneration. (RDSO) in collaboration with the Indian industry.

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• It is a state-of-the-art electronic system with Telegram Bots
Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4) standards.
News Excerpt:
• It is meant to provide protection by preventing
Recently, reports came out which alleged that a
trains to pass the signal at Red (which marks
danger) and avoid collision. Telegram bot had access to Citizen’s documents.
• It activates the train’s braking system automatically Pre-Connect
if the driver fails to control the train as per speed • In 2021, security researchers reportedly found a
restrictions. network of deep fake bots on the platform that were
generating non-consensual images of people
• It prevents the collision between two locomotives
submitted by users, some of which involved
equipped with functional Kavach systems. The
children.
system also relays SoS messages during emergency
situations. What are bots?
• A bot is an automated software application that
• An added feature is the centralised live monitoring
performs repetitive tasks over a network. It follows
of train movements through the Network Monitor
specific instructions to imitate human behaviour but
System.
is faster and more accurate.
• The South-Central Railway (SCR) Zone is a
• It can also run independently without human
pioneer in the implementation of the KAVACH –
(TACS). intervention.
What are Telegram bots?
About Interlocking system:
• Bots are computer programs that act as agents of a
• It prevents conflicting movements as a train gets user or another computer program.
a signal to proceed ahead only when its route is set, • Bots on Telegram are small applications that run
locked, and detected as safe.
entirely within the platform and can be designed to
• The signal apparatus in an interlocking system may support any kind of task or service.
be interconnected mechanically or electrically with • They can host full Web Apps.
the tracks or both. • They can be designed to support everything from
Electronic interlocking (EI): online stores to arcade games.
• It is an advanced version of signalling that uses • They can also be designed to make it easier for users
computer-based systems and electronic to access information held within large databases
equipment to control signals, points and level- they are connected to.
crossing gates. Threats from Malicious bots:
o The Indian Railways defines it as a They perform activities that create security risks for
“microprocessor-based interlocking organizations. For example, create disrupt operations,
equipment to read the yard and panel inputs; unfair disadvantages, send out unwanted emails, or
process them in a ‘fail-safe’ manner and attempt unauthorized access to sensitive data.
generate required output.”
Major Privacy concerns about Chatbots:
o Unlike the conventional relay interlocking system, • One of the main concerns about chatbots and
the “interlocking logic” in an EI system is privacy is the collection of personal information
managed via software and electronic (such as PI, PII, PHI, SPDIs).
components. • They are often connected to the internet, which
o It ensures all elements work together in proper means that they are vulnerable to hacking and
sequence so that trains can move without coming cyberattack.
in the way of one another. • Chatbot data may be shared with third parties
• Electronic systems, communication devices that without the user's knowledge or concern.
control signalling equipment and other components • The lack of transparency around how chatbot data
are kept in relay rooms with dual-lock access control. could be collected, stored, and accessed.
All system activities are recorded in a ‘data Type of Bots:
44

logger’, which is similar to the black box of an • Chatbots

aircraft.
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• Web crawlers
• Monitoring bots
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• Shopping bots o India Stack: Enables governments and
• Transaction bots businesses to deliver presenceless (Aadhaar
Protection measures Authentication), paperless (eKYC, eSign,
• Using anti-malware programs and run regular scans DigiLocker) and cashless (UPI) services.
to detect and isolate bots in computer systems. o National Digital Education Architecture
• Install a firewall to prevent bots from accessing your (NDEAR): A set of principles, standards,
computer. specifications, building blocks and guidelines that
• Enforcing strong endpoint security policies enable multiple entities to create parts of the
• Regulate sharing of portable storage drives. digital education ecosystem - independently but
• Training employees to avoid clicking on unknown or interoperably.
suspicious links in emails. Other A.I. models in the news:
• Krutrim: Meaning Artificial in Sanskrit, is an
Open Digital Ecosystems (ODEs) Indian Large Language Model developed by
Ola.
News Excerpt:
Alphabet's Google, Meta Platforms, Qualcomm, and
• Phi-2: Microsoft’s Small Language Model
o National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM):
seven other tech companies have teamed up to push for
Foundational digital building blocks, ready-to-
open digital ecosystems.
use platforms, standards, specifications, and
About the importance of the Coalition for
frameworks to build a shared digital infrastructure
Open Digital Ecosystem (CODE): for the urban ecosystem to solve complex
• CODE has emerged with a mission to champion problems at scale and speed.
more transparent and open platforms and systems, o Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: A modular
envisioning these changes as catalysts for growth
and interoperable stack aimed at the seamless
and innovation within Europe’s tech landscape.
and safe exchange of health information among
• The coalition expressed its intent to collaborate with
various stakeholders and across the ecosystem to
academics, policymakers, and corporations to provide personalized and citizen-centric health
promote digital openness, specifically addressing services and improve outcomes.
the implementation of the Digital Markets Act o National data and analytics platform (NDAP):
(DMA) and potential future E.U. regulatory
A platform to standardize data across multiple
frameworks.
government sources, provide flexible analytics,
o Under the DMA, gatekeepers in the tech
and make it easily accessible in formats conducive
domain are mandated to facilitate third-
to research, innovation, policy-making and public
party interoperability with their services.
consumption.
• It aims to open up digital ecosystems through cross-
industry collaboration and promote seamless
connectivity and interoperable systems, among Bhashini - an A.I. tool
other strategic endeavours. News Excerpt:
About Open Digital Ecosystem: At the Kashi-Tamil Sangamam event in Varanasi, the
• ODEs are open and secure Digital Platforms that A.I. tool ‘Bhashini’ was used for the first time to live-
enable a community of actors to unlock translate the Indian Prime Minister's Hindi speech
transformative solutions for society based on a into Tamil.
robust governance framework.
• Several public and private institutions have started
to build ODEs in various sectors, such as health,
urban governance, e-commerce, mobility and
education.
• A few examples of digital public infrastructure that
exhibit a large number of ODE characteristics and
45

are gradually evolving into full-fledged ODEs

Page

include:

• There are several categories within Bhasha BharatNet Project

Daan: Suno India, Likho India, Bolo India and News Excerpt:
Dekho India. Recently, Union Cabinet approved Rs 1.39 lakh crore for
• Suno India allows people to type audio content modernising the BharatNet Project, which involves
or validate text transcribed by others. changing its execution strategy and providing fiber
connections to the last mile through Village Level
• Under Bolo India, individuals can record Entrepreneurs.
sentences in their voices and validate the audio
About
recorded by other people.
• Bharat Net Project- The world's largest rural
• Under Likho India, people can translate the broadband project, to provide broadband
provided text into their local language and connectivity to all the 2.5 lakhs gram panchayats
validate translations submitted by others. across India. It is funded through universal service
• In Dekho India, individuals can contribute by obligation fund. It’s under Ministry of
typing the visible text or labelling images. They Communications.
46

can also validate the images labelled by others. • Launched in 2011- The project was executed by a
Page

Special Purpose Vehicle-Bharat Broadband Network

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Limited -now merged with BSNL. Since 2017 under World coin - Biometric Project
PhaseII it tried multiple implementing models like
News Excerpt:
State-led Model, Private Sector Model and CPSU
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman has formally re-introduced
Model.
Worldcoin, a project of his that was eclipsed by the
• Under the revamped model, will involve village
popularity of ChatGPT.
level entrepreneurs or Udyamis to take the fiber
Pre-Connect
connections to the homes on a 50:50 revenue-
• Altman previously introduced the beta version of
sharing basis.
World coin in October 2021, but the project met
• The cost for taking the infrastructure to the home will
with criticism and concerns, while there was little to
be borne by the government; the rural entrepreneur
no information about the WLD crypto.
will only need to be involved in maintenance and
• In December 2022, Altman launched OpenAI’s
operations of home connections, including
chatbot ChatGPT. This project captured global
addressing consumer complaints.
attention and Altman has since become a person of
• Under the BharatNet project, the home broadband note in the booming artificial intelligence industry.
package will start from Rs 399 a month, giving 30 World coin scan irises
Mbps unlimited data, bundled with OTT offering, etc. • World Coin explained that they are using
• There will be an automated network operation centre biometric information to avoid duplication.
for handling complaints. • The company claimed that India had “proven the
effectiveness of biometrics” through its Aadhaar
system.
Robo Mapper
• it uses a technology known as zero-knowledge
News Excerpt: proofs (ZKPs) to maintain users’ privacy.
Robots develop new semiconductor materials in tests About World coin
that are 10 times faster & greener. • World coin is an initiative to create a digital network
About Robomapper: in which everyone can claim some kind of stake, and
• RobMapper, is a robot proficient in efficient and eco- join the digital economy.
friendly identification of novel semiconductor • Using a device called “Orb,” World coin volunteers
materials. known as ‘Orb operators’ scan a person’s iris pattern
• It can rapidly identify new perovskite materials with to collect their biometric data and help them get a
World ID through the World app.
improved stability and solar cell efficiency.
• With the app, scanned participants can collect a
• Rob Mapper automates the procedure by
cryptocurrency called World coin [WLD] at regular
miniaturizing and placing multiple samples on each
intervals or make transactions with their World ID
chip using modern printing techniques.
where possible.
• This allows simultaneous data collection for various • This process is called “proof of personhood” and
materials, saving time and energy. makes sure that people do not sign themselves up
• The approach greatly enhances the efficiency, cost- multiple times in exchange for crypto.
effectiveness, and sustainability in material search, Presence of World coin in India
reducing the carbon footprint. • World coin lists 18 locations — largely in Delhi,
• It’s nearly 10 times faster than earlier automated Noida, and Bangalore — where Orb operators
methods. are scanning people’s eyes.
• Perovskite is a calcium titanium oxide mineral • Some locations include popular malls and metro
composed of calcium titanate. stations in these cities.
• Its name is also applied to the class of Superconductive properties
compounds which have the same type of crystal News Excerpt:
structure as CaTiO₃, known as the perovskite
Researchers have demonstrated the ability to grow
47

structure. high-quality thin films of a recently discovered

Page

superconductor material.
About Superconductivity
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• Superconductivity refers to a state in which a Properties of Superconductors
material offers zero, or near-zero, resistance to • Meissner Effect: In 1993 Meissner discovered that
electric current. A current is the movement of not only did superconductors exhibit zero
charged particles, electrons in most cases, in a resistance but also spontaneously expel all
particular direction. magnetic flux when cooled through the
• Superconducting materials show very interesting superconducting transition, that is, that is they are
behaviour under magnetic field which allows the also perfect diamagnets. We call this the Meissner
functioning of systems like the MRI scan machine effect.
and the superfast Maglev trains that float above • Effect of Magnetic Field: Removal of the
the tracks. superconducting state does not only occur by
Current status of superconductors raising the temperature but also by subjecting the
• As of now, superconductivity can be achieved only material to a magnetic field.
at very low temperatures, more than 250 degrees • Frequency effect: Superconductivity is observed for
Celsius below zero. direct current (D.C.) and up to radio frequencies. It is
• The first material to have been discovered to show not observed for higher frequencies. For a
super conductive properties was Mercury, which superconductor, the resistance is zero only when the
becomes a superconductor at close to 270 current is steady or varies slowly.
degrees Celsius below zero. • Entropy: Entropy increases on going from a
• Most of the other materials commonly used as superconducting state to a normal state.
superconductors – Lead, Aluminium, Tin, • Thermal Conductivity: In an ideal superconductor,
Niobium, and several others – also become there is a marked drop in thermal conductivity when
superconducting at comparable temperatures, superconductivity sets in.
called critical temperature. • Isotope Effect: It has been observed that the critical
• In some cases, materials can exhibit temperature of superconductors varies with isotopic
superconductivity at slightly higher temperatures as mass.
well, but under increased pressure conditions.
Types of Superconductors Semiconductor Tech
Type 1 Type 2 Superconductor News Excerpt
Superconductor • The AtmaNirbharta vision (self-reliance) in
These Superconductors These superconductors electronics and semiconductors received a boost
are called soft are called hard with the Union Cabinet's approval of the Semicon
superconductors. superconductors. India program, allocating INR 76,000 crore.
Only one critical field Twi critical fields Hc1 • Semicon India aims to financially support
exists for these (lower critical field) and companies investing in semiconductor, display
superconductors Hc2 (upper critical field) manufacturing, and design. The goal is to establish
exist for these India's presence in the global electronics value chain.
superconductors. • The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), an
The critical field value is The critical field is very autonomous division of Digital India Corporation,
very low. high. aims to develop semiconductor and display facilities.
These superconductors These do not exhibit a It introduces four schemes: supporting
exhibit a perfect and perfect and complete semiconductor and display fab setup, creating
complete Meissner Meissner effect. compound semiconductor/sensors fabs, and a
effect. design incentive scheme.
These materials have These materials have • Scheme for setting up of Semiconductor Fabs in
limited technical wider technological India provides fiscal support to eligible applicants
applications because of applications because of for setting up of Semiconductor Fabs which is aimed
their very low field their very high field at attracting large investments for setting up
semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities in the
48

strength value. strength value.

Example: Pb, Hg, Zn, Example: Nb3, Ge, Nb3Si. country. Following fiscal support has been approved
Page

etc. Y1Ba2Cu3O7, etc. under the scheme:

• 28nm or Lower - Up to 50% of the Project Cost
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• Above 28 nm to 45nm - Up to 40% of the Project • Their critical role has led to a global chip shortage
Cost due to demand surpassing supply, resulting in
• Above 45 nm to 65nm - Up to 30% of the Project economic setbacks and job losses.
Cost • These semiconductors, along with displays, serve as
• Additionally, the government has also approved the foundation for modern electronics, driving the
modernisation of Semi-Conductor Laboratory, ongoing digital transformation in Industry 4.0.
Mohali as a brownfield Fab.
NavIC-based IST traceable Primary
Reference Time Clock
News Excerpt:
The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)
and CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL) signed
an agreement for the ‘Development of NavIC-based IST
traceable Primary Reference Time Clock (PRTC) for
Telecom Sector’.
Aim: To achieve the objective of "One nation, One
time".
Purpose:
• It will provide direct Indian Standard Time (IST)
traceability to all the Telecom Service Providers
(TSPs) and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) within ±
20 nanoseconds.
About Semiconductor • This shall benefit India in multiple ways, like –
• A semiconductor is a substance that has specific
• Reducing the dependency on GPS,
electrical properties that enable it to serve as a
• Shifting to IRNSS/NavIC,
foundation for computers and other electronic
devices. • Digital forensic analysis of transactions,
• It is typically a solid chemical element or • Cyber secure networks,
compound that conducts electricity under certain • Reduce call drops,
conditions but not others. This makes it an ideal • Synchronize all the telecom services with one
medium to control electrical current and everyday reference time source IST, developed by CSIR-
electrical appliances. NPL.
• Conductor and insulator are substances that
Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT): It was
conduct and repel electricity, respectively, in
established in 1984 as an autonomous Telecom R&D
semiconductors.
centre of DoT, India. It is a registered society under the
• A diode, integrated circuit (IC) and transistor are
Societies Regulation Act of 1860. It is a registered 'public
all made from semiconductors.
funded research institution'.
• The conductance can vary depending on
the current or voltage applied to a control electrode
or on the intensity of irradiation by infrared (IR), Nanophotonic electron accelerator (NEA)
visible light, ultraviolet or X-rays. The specific News Excerpt:
properties of a semiconductor depend on the
A team of laser physicists at the University of Erlangen-
impurities “known as dopants” added to it.
Nuremberg, Germany recently fired up the world's
Significance of Semiconductors technology smallest particle accelerator, the Nanophotonic
• Semiconductors hold immense significance across
electron accelerator (NEA).
various sectors, including aerospace, automotive,
49

communications, clean energy, information

technology, and medical devices, among others.
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About: About the technology:
• The NEA consists of a small microchip that houses The introduction of VoLTE in India and its significant
tiny vacuum tubes, which are made up of thousands improvements to voice calling quality is remarkable.
of individuals "pillars." With the advent of 5G, there's anticipation surrounding
• The main acceleration tube of the NEA is the evolution to Vo5G or Voice over New Radio
approximately 0.02 inches long, which is much (VoNR), seen as the future standard for voice calls on 5G
shorter than the 27-kilometer ring that makes up networks.
CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Switzerland. OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation,
LHC is the world's largest and most powerful particle Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer):
accelerator. • NASA launched it in 2016. Two years later, scientists
• Particles are accelerated by ultrashort laser pulses worked to place it into orbit around Bennu at an
altitude of just 2 km.
illuminating the nanostructures.
• In 2020, OSIRIS-REx landed just long enough to grab
a sample of the asteroid from a pre-identified spot
Carbon Nanoflorets before flying back up.
News Excerpt: • In May 2021, it began its long journey back to Earth.
VoLTE in India (2016): VoLTE revolutionized voice
Recently IIT Bombay has created a tiny flower like
calling with its clear quality, contrasting the previous
structure made up of carbon that can convert sunlight to
muffled 3G/2G call experiences. It marked a significant
heat with 87% efficiency. It is also known as material
upgrade, ensuring WhatsApp-like voice clarity without
carbon nanoflorates having resemblance of small
constant repetitions.
marigold flower.
How Vo5G Works:
Properties: • Packet-Switched Architecture: Vo5G operates
• It absorbs sunlight and converts the light energy on a packet-switched network, where voice data
into thermal energy through solar-thermal is broken into packets and transmitted over the
conversion with a remarkable efficiency of 87%. 5G network. This approach allows for more
• It is extremely black, which means it is an excellent efficient use of network resources, optimizing
light absorber. voice data delivery.
• This high efficiency comes from three properties: • Low Latency and Quality of Service (QoS): The
ultra-low latency of 5G networks contributes to
• The nanoflorets absorb three frequencies from
the sunlight – infrared, visible light, and faster call setup times, reduced delays, and
ultraviolet. Whereas normal photovoltaic improved service quality. Vo5G is designed to
materials in solar panels absorb only visible and prioritize voice traffic, ensuring a seamless and
ultraviolet light. reliable communication experience.
• Vo5G-Compatible Devices: To take advantage
• Infrared radiation makes up more than half of the
energy that sunlight carries to Earth. of Vo5G, users will need devices that support 5G
Consequently, the nanoflorets can absorb far connectivity and Vo5G technology. Modern
more solar energy and don’t lose heat to their smartphones are increasingly equipped with
environment. As a result, heat waves in the these capabilities, enabling users to experience
the benefits of Vo5G.
material aren’t carried over long distances,
reducing the amount of heat dissipated. • Introduction of Vo5G (Voice over 5G): Vo5G, also
known as VoNR (Voice over New Radio), represents
the future standard for voice calls on 5G networks. It
Move over VoLTE, it’s VoNR utilizes 5G network advancements—speed,
News Excerpt: capacity, responsiveness—to enhance voice
Voice calling over VoLTE (Voice over Long term calling experiences.
Evolution) was a game-changer. Now it's time for this • Advantages of VoNR over VoLTE: VoNR offers
superior call quality due to advanced audio codecs
50

feature to showcase itself in 5G-enabled VoNR (Voice

over New Radio). leveraging 5G's increased data capacity. Faster call
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connection times are attributed to reduced

network latency of 5G, enhanced reliability and
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continuity in calls with lower packet loss, and Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates,
reduced voice cutouts. United Kingdom, United States.
• Improvements over Drop Issues in India: VoNR Principles of Artemis Accord
aims to resolve drop issues experienced during • Peaceful Purposes
network switches from 5G to 4G for VoLTE calls. With • Transparency
VoNR, 4G should remain dormant on 5G-supported • Interoperability
phones, eliminating delays or drops during calls. • Emergency Assistance
• VoNR's Status in India: VoNR is yet to arrive in • Registration of Space Objects
India, despite ongoing 5G rollout by major carriers. • Others:
Reports suggest Reliance Jio has been testing VoNR o Release of Scientific Data
to ensure seamless integration with existing 4G o Protecting Heritage
VoLTE and new 5G networks. o Space Resources
o Deconfliction of Activities
o Orbital Debris and Spacecraft Disposal
Significance
SPACE • It would facilitate increased collaboration between
ISRO, NASA and other international space agencies
Artemis Mission
involved in the Artemis program.
News Excerpt: • The Artemis Accords address the utilization of
During his visit to the USA, Prime Minister of India signed lunar resources, including water ice, minerals, and
the Artemis Accords and NASA and ISRO have also other materials and India can participate in
agreed to launch a joint mission to the International discussions on their extraction and utilization.
Space Station in 2024. • Technological Advancement: The program
Pre-Connect involves advanced space technologies, including
Artemis Accords human spaceflight, robotic missions, and lunar
• Through the Artemis program, NASA will land the surface infrastructure and India could gain access
first woman and first person of color on the to expertise, technologies, and resources related to
Moon, make new scientific discoveries, and explore these areas.
more of the lunar surface than ever before for the • Joining the Artemis Accords strengthens India's
benefit of all. position in the international space community, and
• While NASA is leading Artemis, international it demonstrates India's commitment to responsible
partnerships will play a key role in achieving a and cooperative space exploration.
sustainable and robust presence at the Moon where
the agency will prepare for the first human mission
to Mars. Chandrayaan-3
• NASA, in coordination with the U.S. Department of News Excerpt
State, established the Artemis Accords in 2020 Recently, ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 takes off for the Moon.
together with seven other founding member Pre-Connect
nations. Chandrayaan-1: It was the first space mission launched
• The accords reinforce the commitment by the to orbit the Moon and to dispatch an impactor to the
United States and signatory nations to the surface.
Registration Convention, the Rescue and Return • Its scientific goals included the study of the
Agreement, as well as best practices and norms of chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic
responsible behaviour that NASA and its partners mapping of the Moon.
support, including the public release of scientific • One of the most important findings of
data. Chandrayaan-1’s was related to the question of
• Member Countries- Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, water on the Moon.
Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Chandrayaan-2: It was a highly complex mission, which
51

France, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, represents a significant technological leap compared to
Page

Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Poland, South the previous missions of ISRO.
Korea, Romania, Rwanda, Singapore, Spain,
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• The mission was designed to expand the lunar • Rover: It was equipped with payloads that provided
scientific knowledge through a detailed study of valuable data to the scientific community regarding
Topography, seismography, surface chemical the properties of lunar soil and rocks including their
composition and mineral identification etc, which chemical and elemental compositions.
would have led to a new understanding of the origin • Propulsion Module: It was the one that took the
and evolution of the Moon. lander and the rover to the moon. This module
The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 mission.
• To demonstrate a safe and
Soft Landing on Lunar Surface.
• Observing and demonstrating
the rover’s loitering capabilities on
the Moon.
• To conduct in-situ scientific
experiments on the materials
available on the lunar surface to
better understand composition of
the Moon.
Exploring the Lunar South
Pole
• Chandrayaan-3 would be
the first to land at the Lunar South
Pole to carry in situ experiments,
analysis, and observations to gain
About Chandrayaan-3 insights into the moon's
composition.
Chandrayaan-3 is a Moon
• The success of
mission featuring a lunar lander
India’s mission in this crucial
and a rover that carried out
location is a groundbreaking
scientific activities on moon
development and brings
surface.
about significant changes in
• It demonstrated new
field of deep space
technologies required for
exploration.
interplanetary spaceflight
AI-Powered Moon Mission
achieved India’s first soft
The Pragyan rover is
landing on moon.
equipped with advanced AI
• In addition to ISRO’s own
technology, enabling it to
deep space communication
antenna, the mission will communicate with the
Vikram lander. This
rely on support from
technology also assists the
ground stations around the
rover in various tasks and
world, coordinated by ESA
and NASA. operations.
Key capabilities of the
• India has become the
Pragyan Rover:
fourth country – after
• It utilises motion
Russia, the U.S. and
technology to navigate the
China – to land on the moon and also the first
challenging terrain and successfully reach its
to land on the moon's South Pole.
designated landing site.
Main components of Chandrayaan-3
52

• Its AI algorithm plays a crucial role in identifying

• Lander: It was responsible for the soft landing on
traces of water and minerals on the lunar
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the Moon, which carried the rover and various

Dark Matter • It is completely invisible to light and other forms

of electromagnetic radiation.
News Excerpt:
• We can’t see dark matter, but we may see its
Recently, in a study scientists estimate that up to 85%
effects through its gravitational force.
of the matter in the universe could be made of what’s
called dark matter. About Dark Energy
• It is the name given to the mysterious force that’s
Other missions of India similar to causing the rate of expansion of our universe to
• Indian Human Spaceflight Programme – Indian accelerate over time, rather than to slow down. It
in space programme. is a hypothetical form of energy that exerts a
• Shukrayaan – India's venus exploration mission. negative, repulsive pressure, behaving like the
• Mars Orbiter Mission – India's mars exploration opposite of gravity.
programme. Importance of Dark Energy
• Aditya-L1 – India's sun observation mission. • Dark energy is believed to make up about 70% of
the mass-energy density of the entire Universe.
Pre-Connect
• The discovery of It plays a central role in
supernova 1997ff, structure formation and
located about 10 galaxy evolution and has
billion light-years measurable effects on the
away, provided anisotropy of the cosmic
evidence for dark microwave background.
energy. Cosmic Microwave
• About halfway into the Background
universe’s history, • The Cosmic
several billion years Microwave Background
ago — dark energy (CMB) is the cooled
became dominant, remnant of the first light
and the expansion that could ever travel
accelerated. freely throughout the
Universe began with an Universe.
explosion of space itself - • This 'fossil' radiation,
the Big Bang. the furthest that any
• It is everything and telescope can see, was
includes all of space, released soon after the
and all the matter and 'Big Bang'.
energy that space
contains.
Various experiments on dark energy and
• It is thought to consist of three types of matter:
substance: Normal matter, dark matter and dark LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ): is a next generation dark matter
energy. experiment, selected by the US Department of Energy
(DOE) as one of the three ‘G2’ (for Generation 2) dark
About Dark Matter
matter experiments.
The visible universe—including Earth, the sun,
XENON1T: It have been designed to directly detect dark
other stars, and galaxies makes up less than 5 per cent
matter, by searching for signs of dark matter ‘hitting’
of the mass of the universe.
ordinary matter, but dark energy is even more elusive.
• The rest of the universe appears to be made of
a mysterious, invisible substance called dark
matter.
53

• Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not

interact with the electromagnetic force.
Page

Space Junk reducing impact risks with space debris. If this

continues to grow, costs will increase.
News Excerpt:
Active De-orbiting measures:
Recently, a Space Debris was found in a Western
Active deorbiting is crucial for collecting and moving
Australia beach, claimed by India's space agency to be
debris to a lower orbit, enabling faster de-orbitation.
from one of its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLV).
Pre-Connect Following are the ways that can be used for De-
• The Subject of “Space” comes under the list 3 of Orbiting:
Schedule 7 of the Indian Constitution i.e.- the India’s Initiatives on Space Debris:
Residual list. • Project NETRA- It is an early warning system in
• The Indian Space Research Organisation, commonly
space to detect debris and other hazards to Indian
referred to as ISRO is the National Space Agency satellites.
of India.
• Centre for Space Debris Research – It has been set
• It operates under the Department of Space (DOS)
up by ISRO to monitor and mitigate the threat of
which is directly overseen by the Prime Minister of
space debris.
India, while the Chairman of ISRO also acts as the
• System for Safe and Sustainable Operations
executive of DOS. Management (IS4OM) set up by ISRO in the year
About Space Debris 2022 to continually monitor objects posing collision
• Space debris, also known as Space Junk is any threats, predict the evolution of space debris, and
piece of machinery or debris left by humans in mitigate the risk posed by space debris.
space. • ISRO also carried out 21 collision avoidance
• It can refer to big objects such as dead satellites that manoeuvres of Indian operational space assets in
have failed or been left in orbit at the end of their 2022 to avoid collisions with other space objects.
mission. Global Initiatives
• It can also refer to smaller things, like bits of debris • ESA Initiatives - Since the mid-1990s, ESA has
or paint flecks that have fallen off a rocket. performed collision avoidance for their LEO
Problems associated with the Space Debris satellites via ESA’s Clean Space initiative, the
• Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft - agency is committed to the development and
Collisions with debris have become a hazard to testing of novel technological concepts aimed at the
spacecraft; the smallest
objects cause damage
akin to sandblasting,
especially to solar
panels and optics like
telescopes or star
trackers that cannot
easily be protected by a
ballistic shield.
• It can cause Property
loss or damage,
• It can lead to loss of
Human lives,
• It can lead to Space
War,
• It has increased the
cost of the Space
Projects-Currently,
depending on the orbit,
54

up to 10% of the costs

of a mission correspond
Page

to tasks focusing on
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mitigation of space debris generation. Those • Current shift towards LEO satellite communications
activities are grouped under the CleanSat project. signifies a growing reliance on advanced satellite
• The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful technologies for seamless connectivity.
Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS), 2010 –It was
established where the working group primarily
focused on limiting the generation of space debris
in the environment. The UN COPUOS guidelines are
voluntary and non-binding fundamental
principles which means that it has no legal
obligation for the States and their nationals to
comply.
• The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination
Committee (IADC) is an inter-governmental forum
whose aim is to co-ordinate efforts to deal with
debris in orbit around the Earth founded in 1993.
• The Outer Space Treaty – It provides the basic
framework on international space law, including the Satellite Broadband Technology:
following principles: • Satellite broadband technology involves using
• The exploration and use of outer space shall be satellites in space to provide high-speed internet
carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all access to remote or underserved areas on Earth.
countries and shall be the province of all mankind. • This technology has evolved with the emergence
• Outer space shall be free for exploration and use of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations
by all States. like StarLink, OneWeb, and Kuiper.
• These constellations consist of numerous small
India’s first satellite network portal site satellites orbiting closer to Earth, enabling faster
data transmission and reduced latency compared to
News Excerpt
geostationary satellites.
The Gujarat government signed a memorandum of
How does satellite internet work?
understanding with OneWeb India Communications
• Satellite internet works by transmitting an
Pvt Ltd for setting up a ‘satellite network portal site’ in
internet signal from an internet service provider
Gujarat. to a satellite in space.
Pre-Connect o The signal is then beamed back to users on
• According to India’s inequality report of Oxfam Earth, where it is captured by a satellite dish.
international, Rural internet usage in India stands
• The satellite dish is typically connected to a modem,
at 31%, while urban usage is 67%. which then connects the user's computer or other
• Merely 9% of students have internet-equipped
devices to the internet signal.
computers, and 25% can access it through
• This process is repeated every time data is sent or
various devices, revealing digital disparities
received, allowing users to access the internet via
between urban and rural areas and within the
satellite.
student population.
Satellite Network Portals (SNPs):
• Satellite broadband technology, including low
Earth orbit (LEO) constellations like StarLink, • Satellite network portals are online platforms that
Kuiper, and OneWeb, is gaining prominence for offer users access to satellite services.
global communication. • They serve as gateways for managing satellite
• LEO satellites, positioned 500-1,200 km above communication aspects like satellite internet and
Earth, offer high-speed and low-latency navigation.
connectivity, reducing data transmission delays. • These portals provide tools for tasks such as
• According to an estimate India requires at least 2 tracking satellite positions, analyzing imagery,
55

satellite network portals (SNPs) due to its vast and configuring settings, aiding users in
effectively utilizing satellite technology.
Page

geography.
OneWeb:
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• OneWeb is a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite
startup that wants to create a world-wide network
of communication.
• By leveraging LEO satellites, it provides
broadband Internet connectivity with a decreased
latency of less than 100 ms.
Potential in India
• Satellite broadband holds significant potential,
especially for bridging the digital divide in rural
and remote regions where traditional
infrastructure is lacking.
• It can provide reliable internet access to areas with
challenging terrain or inadequate connectivity
options. WHAT ARE SONIC BOOMS?
• This technology can encourage e-learning, A Sonic boom is a shock wave that is produced by an
telemedicine, e-commerce, and communication aircraft or other object flying at a speed equal to
services, empowering communities and boosting or exceeding the speed of sound and that is heard on
economic growth.
the ground as a sound like a clap of thunder. When such
an aircraft flies at a low altitude, the shock wave may be
NASA’S QUESST Mission of sufficient intensity to cause glass breakage and other
News Excerpt: damage.
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) is developing a supersonic
ADITYA – L1 MISSION
aircraft, called X-59s, as part of its QUESST mission.
About QUESST Mission: News Excerpt:
The goal is to achieve a regulatory shift in the laws that India’s first solar observatory mission - Aditya-L1 was
focuses on the sound an aircraft creates, instead of a launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation
speed limit. (ISRO) on September 2, 2023.
Objective: Need behind the study of the Sun from space:
• Studying the Sun helps us understand more about
• It aims to collect data that could make supersonic
other stars.
flight over land possible, dramatically reducing
• Sun has various explosive phenomena. These can
travel time in the United States or anywhere in the
damage our satellites and communication systems.
world.
• Design and build technology that reduces the Studying the Sun and its effects on the space
weather may help in providing early warnings for
loudness of a sonic boom to a gentle thump to
such events.
people on the ground.
• Earth’s atmosphere and the magnetic field act as
• Fly the X-59 over several U.S. communities to gather
protective shields that block out harmful radiations,
data on human responses to the sound generated
during supersonic flight and deliver that data set to such as UV light. This means studying the Sun from
the Earth cannot provide a complete picture.
U.S. and international regulators.
Phases: Space agencies of different countries exploring the
To achieve the goals of the mission, NASA has laid out Sun
QUESST in four phases – NASA (USA) PARKER SOLAR PROBE
• Phase 1 (2018–2024): Aircraft Development JAXA (JAPAN) HINOTORI, HINODE
• Phase 2 (2024): Acoustic Validation ESA (EUROPE) ULYSSES, PROBA-3, SMILE
• Phase 3 (2025-2026): Community Response Study CHINA ASO-S
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• Phase 4 - 2027: Final data to regulators NASA + ESA THE SOLAR ORBITER
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About Aditya – L1: Payloads: The spacecraft will carry seven payloads to
• The PSLV will initially place the Aditya L-1 in a Lower observe solar activities for five years.
Earth Orbit. (LEO) SI. Payload Capability
• Subsequently, the spacecraft’s orbit around the No.
Earth will be raised multiple times before it is put on 1 Visible Emission Line Corona/Imaging &
Coronagraph (VELC) Spectroscopy
a path to a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrange
2 Solar Ultraviolet Photosphere and
point.
Imaging Telescope Chromosphere
• The spacecraft will finally be stationed in a halo orbit
(SUIT) Imaging- Narrow and
around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth
Broadband
system, which is about 1.5 million km from the
3 Solar Low Energy X- Soft X-ray
Earth.
ray Spectrometer spectrometer: Sun-as-
• It will cover its journey to the L1 point in about four (SoLEXS) a-star observation
months. 4 High Energy L1 Hard X-ray
WHAT ARE LANGRANGE POINTS? Orbiting X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-
• There are five Lagrange points, L1 to L5, between Spectrometer a-star observation
any two orbiting celestial bodies. (HEL10S)
• These points can act as parking spots in space 5 Aditya Solar Wind Solar wind/ Particle
where the gravitational pull of the celestial Particle Experiment Analyzer Protons and
objects equals the centripetal force required to (ASPEX) heavier Ions with
keep a satellite in orbit. directions
• This means satellites placed at Lagrange points 6 Plasma Analyser Solar wind/ Particle
do not need to expend a lot of fuel to remain in Package for Aditya Analyzer Electrons and
position. (PAPA) heavier Ions with
• Going to Lagrange point 1 places the spacecraft directions
7 Advanced Tri-axial In-situ magnetic field
at a point beyond the Moon between the Earth
High-Resolution (Bx, By and Bz)
and the Sun.
Digital
• This offers the spacecraft an unobstructed view of
Magnetometers
the Sun even during phenomena like an eclipse.
Objectives of Aditya L-1 mission:
Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
The mission’s main objective is to expand our knowledge
• The telescope is set to be integrated with the
of the Sun, and how its radiation, heat, flow of particles,
ADITYA-L1 mission.
and magnetic fields affect us. Below is the list of
• SUIT will record such images, which will be crucial
objectives that the mission will embark upon:
for maintaining the Ozone and Oxygen content in
• To study the upper atmospheric layers of the Sun
the atmosphere of the Earth.
called chromosphere and corona. While the
corona is the outermost layer, the chromosphere is • SUIT will also measure the UV radiation
hazardous for skin cancer.
just below it.
• To examine coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which • Integrated with Aditya-L1 mission The SUIT
are large expulsions of plasma and magnetic fields telescope will address fundamental questions
from the Sun’s corona. such as the existence of a higher temperature
• To analyse the corona’s magnetic field and the atmosphere above the cooler surface of the Sun
driver of the space weather. and the origin and variation of near-ultraviolet
• To understand why the Sun’s not-so-bright corona radiation and high-energy solar flares.
is a million degrees Celsius hot when the • Through SUIT, scientists will have a seamless
temperature on the surface of the Sun is just about measurement of solar radiation from Hard X-ray
5,500° C. to Infrared, as well as in-situ measurements of
• To help scientists know the reasons behind the particles in the solar wind, including the Sun’s
57

acceleration of particles on the Sun, which leads to magnetic field at the L1 point.
the solar wind - the constant flow of particles from
Page

Private Sector in Space • NGEs (non-governmental entities) can design and

operate launch vehicles for space transportation and
News Excerpt:
establish their own infrastructure.
Chandrayaan-3’s spectacular launch underscores the
• NGEs can now make filings with the International
gains of opening up the space sector to private players.
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and engage in
A number of private companies have contributed to the
commercial recovery of asteroid resources.
development of ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft which
successfully landed near the south pole of the Moon.
Pre-Connect Bhartiya Space Station and Space Vision
Space economy News Excerpt:
• As per Space Tech Analytics, India is the sixth- The visionary roadmap for ISRO was charted during a
largest player in the industry internationally review meeting for the upcoming Gaganyaan mission,
having 3.6% of the world’s space-tech companies which is set to be India's first manned mission to space
(as of 2021). and is expected to be implemented by 2035.
• The Indian Space Industry was valued at $7 billion Gaganyaan mission:
in 2019 and aspires to grow to $50 billion by • The Gaganyaan project envisages a demonstration
2024. of human spaceflight capability by launching a crew
• As per Tracxn data, funding into the sector’s start- of 3 members to an orbit of 400 km for 3 days in
ups (in India) nearly tripled to $67.2 million on a a space mission and bringing them back safely to
year-over-year basis in 2021. Earth, by landing in Indian sea waters.
• The whole space programme for the private sector • The prerequisites for the Gaganyaan mission include
unfolded with the formation of the Indian National the development of many critical technologies like a
Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN- human-rated launch vehicle, a Life Support System,
SPACe), as a nodal agency that functions as an crew emergency escape provision etc.
autonomous agency in the Department of Space ISRO’s upcoming move:
(DOS).
• The government has also formed a body that will
represent startups in the space sector - the
Indian Space Association (ISpA). It has brought
all the private entities such as Agnikul, Astrome
etc. under one umbrella.
• NewSpace India Ltd (NSIL) is mandated to
transfer the matured technologies developed by
the ISRO to Indian industries.
• There are already more than 100 space startups
in India and collectively they have raised more
than $245.35 million in funding.
Provisions for private players in Indian
Space Policy 2023:
• The entire gamut of space activities is now open
to the private sector. Private sectors are
allowed to undertake end-to-end activities in the
space sector through establishment and
operation of space objects, ground-based assets, • Along with the Bharatiya Space Station (BSS),
ISRO plans to send an Indian to the Moon by
and related services, such as communication,
2040.
remote sensing, navigation, etc.
What is the Vision for 2040?
• Satellites could be self-owned, procured or leased;
Vision 2040 is designed for landing an Indian
58

•
communication services could be over India or
astronaut on the Moon is a lunar mission. The
outside; and remote sensing data could be
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disseminated in India or abroad.

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Department of Space will develop a roadmap surface are loosely packed together and lightly
for Moon exploration to realize this vision. bound.
• This will encompass Chandrayaan missions,
developing a Next Generation Launch
Nasa’s Calipso Mission
Vehicle (NGLV), constructing a new launch
pad, setting up human-centric laboratories, News Excerpt:
and associated technologies. Recently, NASA announced that the CALIPSO mission
that analyzed climate, weather, and air quality ended.
About CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and
Galactic Tide Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation):
News Excerpt: • It was launched on April 28, 2006, jointly by NASA
Like the Earth's oceans at their shores, the universe's and France's CNES (Centre National d’Etudes
galaxies also experience tides, but on a much larger Spatiales) along with the cloud-profiling radar
scale. system on the CloudSat satellite.
About Galactic tides: • It provides new insight into the role that clouds and
• They are caused by gravitational forces within a atmospheric aerosols (airborne particles) play in
galaxy, arising in the interactions between celestial regulating Earth's weather, climate, and air quality.
objects like stars and gas clouds. • It combines an active lidar instrument with passive
Effects: infrared and visible imagers to probe the vertical
• They can reshape a galaxy structure by creating tidal structure and properties of thin clouds and aerosols
tails and bridges, promoting star formation, and over the globe.
disrupting smaller star systems. • The two satellites circled the planet in a Sun-
• It disrupts the orbits of stars, leading to long-term synchronous orbit from the North to the South
changes in galactic structure. poles.
• They have a say in how proximate galaxies do and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a particular kind of
don’t interact. polar orbit.
• It also affects the supermassive black holes at galaxy • Satellites in SSO, travelling over the polar regions,
centres, leading to events that change how these are synchronous with the Sun.
cosmic beasts interact with nearby stars. • This means they are synchronized to always be in the
same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun.
• This means the satellite always visits the same spot
Asteroid Bennu at the same local time – for example, passing the city
News Excerpt: of Paris at noon precisely every day.
Recently, OSIRIS-Rex (NASA’s mission) collected • They measured the altitude of clouds and layers of
around 250 grams of rocks and dust samples from airborne particles like dust, sea salt, ash, and soot
asteroid Bennu. while probing the “vertical structure” of the
About asteroid Bennu: atmosphere.
• It helped scientists to build more sophisticated
• Bennu is an asteroid orbiting the sun (with a period
of 436 days) such that it comes relatively close to models to understand complex atmospheric
the Earth once every six years or so. processes like cloud formation, atmospheric
convection, precipitation and particle transport.
• It is a carbonaceous asteroid that settled into its
present form and composition within 10 million
years after the solar system’s formation, surviving Bluewalker 3 Satellite
the last 4.5 billion years nearly intact. News Excerpt:
• The ‘leftover’ pieces of debris are expected to reveal Recently, scientists with the International Astronomical
the solar system’s ingredients. Union announced that one of the brightest objects
• Scientists believe that when rocks such as Bennu visible in the night sky is not a star or a planet but rather
crashed into the Earth, they delivered the the BlueWalker 3 prototype satellite.
compounds required for the formation of life. About the satellite:
59

• As Bennu could smash into the Earth between 2178

• It is part of a satellite constellation planned by its
and 2290, studying it could inform ways to prevent
owner, AST SpaceMobile, intended to deliver mobile
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this collision. The particles that form Bennu’s

or broadband services anywhere in the world.
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• Observations of the BlueWalker 3 showed it was one range Iron Dome and long-range Arrow-2 and
of the brightest objects in the night sky, outshining Arrow-3 missiles.
all but the brightest stars, the researchers said. • It has been developed and manufactured jointly by
• BlueWalker 3 actively transmits at radio frequencies Israel's state-owned Rafael Advanced Defense
close to bands reserved for radio astronomy, and Systems Ltd and the US Raytheon Co.
existing observatory protection from radio • Unlike the mobile Iron Dome, David's Sling is
interference may not be sufficient. stationary and can protect the entirety of Israel from
its permanent location.
Miura-1 Rocket
News Excerpt: Karman Line
Spanish company PLD Space launched its reusable About:
Miura-1 rocket recently from a site in southwest Spain. Karman Line is an imaginary line that demarcates the
About: Earth's atmosphere from space and is located at 100 km
• The rocket is the first step in the development of above sea level.
MIURA5, a 35-meter-high, two-stage mini-launch
vehicle designed to place satellites weighing less
than 500 kilograms (1,100 pounds) into orbit from
2025.

NASA's WISE Telescope

News Excerpt:
The infrared brightening of the collision of two giant
stars was observed by NASA's WISE space telescope.
WISE only looks at the star every 300 days and probably
missed the initial flash of light from the impact.
About:
• WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) was Features:
launched in 2009, repeatedly mapping the entire sky • The Karman Line was established to regulate
in infrared light. airspace by the Federation Aeronautique
• Its catalogue of three-quarters of a billion objects Internationale (FAI)
led to the discovery of the coolest and nearest • It marks, roughly, the altitude beyond which a
brown dwarfs - objects intermediate between stars traditional aircraft cannot fly.
and planets. • Any aircraft flying beyond it needs a propulsion
• This is an all-aluminium optical system that will system to pull away from the Earth's tug.
produce images of the sky with 2.75 arcsec • It also acts as a legal reference that separates
resolution in four infrared spectral bands. airspace that a country can claim to own from space
itself, which is governed like international waters.
• "Any individual who crosses the Karman Line
David’s Sling qualifies as an astronaut."
News Excerpt:
Israel's mid-range air defence missile system, David's Iran's Noor 3 satellite
Sling, was successfully deployed in operations for the Iran launches 3rd military satellite Noor to orbit.
first time in cross-border fighting with Gaza militants. About:
About: • The Noor 3 imaging satellite orbits at an altitude of
• It is designed to shoot down rockets fired from 450 kilometres (280 miles) above the Earth's surface.
60

100 km to 200 km (62 to 124 miles) away and is • It was launched by the three-stage Qased, or
Page

part of Israel's shield that already includes short- messenger carrier.

Supergiant Betelgeuse star Range of Operation: 4.5 km to 25 km

Altitude of Operation: 100 m up to 20 km
News Excerpt:
Length: 5870 mm
Scientists have established, why the red supergiant star
Diameter: 350 mm
Betelgeuse turned dim between 2018 and 2020,
Weight: 710 kg
dismissing theories that suggested that it might be
entering the last stage of its evolution i.e., Supernova or Guidance System: Command Guidance
the ultimate explosion. Target types: Helicopters, Fighter
aircraft, UAVs etc.
China's Shenzhou-17 Mission
News Excerpt:
China has launched its youngest-ever crew of astronauts
to the Tiangong space station, marking a significant
advancement in the country's space ambitions for the
future.
• It was launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch
Center on the edge of the Gobi Desert in
northwestern China atop a Long March 2-F
rocket.
About the mission:
• The Shenzhou-17 crew will take over from the
Cause of the dimming:
Shenzhou-16 crew which has completed all its
• Scientists observed that even when the star
tasks.
appeared dim, its photosphere brightened up. The
• Carrying three Taikonauts (Chinese astronauts, it
dimming was due to a burst of dust, in the form of
comes from the Chinese word 'taikong' meaning
silicon monoxide, coming from the star.
space or cosmos), it is the second manned
• The burst also might have been caused by the
spacecraft launched by China this year after
sudden cooling of the star's surface.
Shenzhou-16.
• The changes in the structure of the photosphere and
• The astronauts will live aboard the orbiting lab for
the silicon monoxide are consistent with both the
formation of a cold spot on the star’s surface and
the ejection of a cloud of dust.
• This fact was established by the MATISSE
telescope.
About the MATISSE Telescope:
• MATISSE (Multi AperTure mid-Infrared
SpectroScopic Experiment) is a new spectro-
interferometer, part of the second generation of
instruments for the Very Large Telescope
Interferometer (VLTI) of the European Southern
Observatory.
• It is capable of combining the light from up to
four of the other telescopes which allows it to
the next six months, performing a variety of scientific
increase the detail of data obtained greatly.
experiments in space medicine, space technology,
• The telescope observes infrared light only.
and other areas.
Tiangong space station:
• It orbits Earth at an altitude between 340 to 450
61

kilometers, approximately the same orbital height

as the International Space Station (ISS).
Page

Fast Radio Bursts Features:

• Fully automatic with quick response time from
News Excerpt:
target detection to kill.
Astronomers have discovered a powerful radio wave
• Open system architecture ensures adaptability to
burst, named FRB 20220610A, that has travelled 8 billion
existing and futuristic Air Defence environments.
years to reach Earth.
• High immunity against active and passive jamming.
About: • Secured mode of communication between combat
Fast Radio Burst (FRB):
elements.
• FRBs are intense, millisecond-long bursts of radio
• Self-sufficient in electrical power with in-built power
waves with unknown origins.
sources.
• The first FRB was discovered in 2007.
• It is road and rail transportable with quick
• Fast radio bursts have tremendous energy at their
mobilization and deployment capabilities.
sources, but they lose energy as they travel billions
Demonstration of Akash Missile system:
of light-years to reach Earth. By the time they arrive,
• The demonstration was conducted by the IAF during
the signal strength becomes too weak.
• Possible causes of fast radio bursts include Astrashakti 2023 at Suryalanka Air Force Station on
magnetars, colliding neutron star binaries, and December 12, 2023. Astrashakti means the power
merging white dwarfs. of weapons.
• Its importance lies in the fact that it emits so much
energy in a few seconds which the sun will emit in 3 Methane’ Discovered on ‘Warm- Jupiter’
days. Hence it stores a large sum of mysteries that
Exoplanet
need to be deciphered.
• Scientists believe that fast radio bursts may be a News Excerpt:
unique method that can be used to “weigh” the Methane's short duration in a planetary atmosphere has
universe by measuring the matter between galaxies captured the scientific attention of many researchers.
that remains unaccounted for. Discovery of Methane:
• Astronomers have spotted water vapour in the
atmospheres of around a dozen planets thus far.
Akash Missile System Still, the detection of methane though commonly
News Excerpt: found in the atmospheres of solar system worlds like
India became the first country to demonstrate the Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune — using
capability of engaging four aerial targets simultaneously space-based spectroscopy has been far rarer.
at 25 km ranges by command guidance using a single • So, the scientists are now done with the James
firing unit. Webb Space Telescope.
About Akash Weapon System (AWS): • This was the first-time scientists had seen such an
• It is a Short-Range Surface Air Missile (SRSAM) obvious methane spectral feature with our eyes in
Defence System. a transiting exoplanet spectrum.
• The Akash Weapon System is indigenously designed Why is it an Important Discovery?
and developed by the Defence Research and • Methane is an essential gas in tracing atmospheric
Development Organization (DRDO) and composition.
produced by defence public sector units and other • It is essential to know the chemistry of Giant
industries. planets.
• AKASH Weapon System can simultaneously • It is also hypothesized to be, in combination with
engage Multiple Targets in Group Mode or oxygen, a possible signature of biology.
Autonomous Mode. About Warm -Jupiter Exoplanet
• It has built-in Electronic Counter-Counter Measures • The exoplanet exists with a temperature of about
(ECCM) features. 825 kelvins.
• AKASH Weapon Systems has been inducted and is • WASP-80 b is the exoplanet that scientists call a
62

operational with the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the ‘warm Jupiter’.
Indian Army (I.A.).
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• WASP-80 b goes around its red dwarf star once • The XPoSat payloads will observe the X-ray sources
every three days and is situated 163 light-years during the spacecraft's transit through the Earth's
away from us in the constellation Aquila. shadow, i.e., during the eclipse period.
• This planet cannot be seen directly with even the • The primary payload of XPoSat, POLIX (Polarimeter
most advanced telescope like Webb. Instead, Instrument in X-rays), is designed to measure
researchers study the combined light from the star polarimetry parameters - specifically the degree
and planet using the transit method (which has and angle of polarisation - in the medium X-ray
been used to discover most known exoplanets) and energy range of 8-30 keV photons originating from
the eclipse method. astronomical sources.
• Like all planets, WASP-80 b emits some of its light o The POLIX payload was developed by the
through thermal radiation. This light's wavelength Raman Research Institute (RRI),
category and intensity depend on the planet's Bengaluru, with support from various ISRO
temperature. centres.
• Transit Method: Scientists observed the system • The secondary payload is the XSPECT (X-ray
from our perspective when the planet moved in Spectroscopy and Timing), which will provide
front of its star, causing the starlight we see to dim spectroscopic information within the energy
a bit. It's like when someone passes before a lamp, range of 0.8-15 keV.
and the light dims. o The XSPECT payload was developed by the
• Eclipse Method: Scientists observed the system U.R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), ISRO.
from their perspective as the planet passed The objective of the satellite:
behind its star, causing another small dip in the • The mission objectives include the measurement of
total light they received. All objects emit some X-ray polarization in the energy band of 8-30
light, called thermal radiation, with the intensity keV emanating from X-ray sources.
and colour of the emitted light depending on how • Long-term spectral and temporal studies of cosmic
hot the object is. X-ray sources in the 0.8-15 keV energy band.
• The XPoSat payloads will observe the X-ray sources
during its transit through the Earth's shadow,
India set to launch its first X-Ray i.e., during the eclipse period.
Polarimeter Satellite: ISRO
News Excerpt: NASA’s “Atmospheric Waves
XPoSat will be launched by the Polar Satellite Launch
Experiment”
Vehicle (PSLV) from the Satish Dhawan Space Center
in Sriharikota. News Excerpt:
About the XPoSat: NASA's first-ever experimental endeavour, the
• It aims to investigate the polarisation of intense X- Atmospheric Waves Experiment, aims to investigate
ray sources in the energy band of 8-30 keV. the interaction between space weather and terrestrial
• It is India’s First dedicated polarimetry mission to weather.
study various dynamics of bright astronomical X- About Space Weather:
ray sources in extreme conditions. • The Sun and its activities, such as solar flares and
• According to ISRO, the forthcoming XPoSat mission emissions and the types of matter that predominate
will bring significant value by focusing on imaging, in the space surroundings, continue to impact the
time-domain investigations, and spectroscopy. environment around Earth and the other planets.
• The mission life is expected to be approximately • When the weather over Earth turns extreme, Space
five years. weather, too, can suffer extreme events.
• It is designated for observation from a Low Earth o These directly influence crucial Earthly
Orbit (non-sun synchronous orbit of ~650 km installations such as satellite-based
altitude, low inclination of approximately six communication systems, radio
degrees), carrying two scientific payloads. communication networks, and space-based
63

• With these two payloads, the XPoSat mission can aircraft orbits or stations.
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simultaneously study temporal, spectral, and

polarisation features of the bright X-ray sources.
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o They also impact the seamless functioning of However, the upper atmosphere is thinner, so atoms are
power grids, navigation systems, and Global less likely to collide. Instead, they release their energy by
Positioning Systems (GPS). emitting photons. The result is colorful airglow.
About Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGW):
• Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGW) are one such
NASA spacecraft ‘Psyche’
vertical wave.
• The waves are often produced by abrupt News Excerpt:
disturbances or extreme weather events that cause Recently, NASA picked up a laser signal fired from its
stable air to be displaced vertically. Psyche spacecraft, which is currently over 16 million km
• Natural phenomena like thunderstorms, away.
hurricanes, tornadoes, regional orography, and About Psyche Spacecraft Mission
others have the potential to send out a variety of
Launch Services Program is responsible for the launch
periodic waves, including Atmospheric Gravity
Waves (AGWs), in the lower levels of the vehicle's insight and approval and manages the Psyche
atmosphere. mission's launch service.
The objective of NASA’s AWE experiment: • The Psyche mission is a journey to a unique metal-
rich asteroid orbiting the Sun between Mars and
• It will map the Earth's atmosphere's vivid airglows
with precision. Jupiter. About 2.5 years after launch, the
• It is an Advanced Mesospheric Temperature spacecraft will fly by Mars for a gravity boost.
• Trajectory: The Psyche spacecraft was targeted to
Mapper (ATMT), an instrument that will scan or
launch in summer 2022 and travel to the asteroid
map the mesopause (a region between the
using solar-electric (low-thrust) propulsion,
mesosphere and thermosphere).
o By utilizing the four identical telescopes arriving in 2026, following a Mars flyby and
gravity-assist in 2023.
that make up an imaging radiometer,
• Scientists believe this asteroid is the nickel-iron
researchers intend to measure the
core of an early planet, studying which could
wavelength-specific brightness of the light.
provide unique insights into the impenetrable
• This information can be converted into a
iron core of our own planet.
temperature map, revealing the airglow
NASA’s Deep Space Optical Communication
movement and, ultimately, giving clues on their
role in the upper atmosphere and Space weather. (DSOC) experiment
Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper • The Psyche mission will test a sophisticated new
(AMTM) laser communication technology that encodes
• It is a remote sensing instrument developed at Utah data in photons at near-infrared wavelengths
State University to map temperature structures in (rather than radio waves) to communicate
the hydroxyl airglow emission at ~87 km. between a probe in deep space and Earth.
• These maps can then be used to quantify wave field • Using light instead of radio allows the spacecraft
characteristics and to observe general climatology to communicate more data in a given amount of
trends. time.
• DSOC will allow data rates at least 10 times higher
Airglow than state-of-the-art radio telecommunications
• Airglow is the light of excited atoms high in Earth’s systems of comparable size and power, enabling
atmosphere. higher resolution images, larger volumes of science
• It’s usually too faint for the eye alone to see. But data, and even streaming video.
under very dark skies, photographers can capture it. • The Psyche spacecraft is the first to carry a DSOC
• The phenomenon typically occurs when molecules transceiver and will be testing high-bandwidth
(mostly nitrogen and oxygen) are energized by
optical communications to Earth during the first
ultraviolet (U.V.) radiation from sunlight.
two years of the spacecraft’s journey to the main
• To release that energy, atoms in the lower
atmosphere bump into each other and lose energy asteroid belt.
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in the collision.
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• As the pendulum swings, it appears to change its
Gravitational Lensing
direction of swing due to the rotation of the Earth
News Excerpt: beneath it.
Recently, Astronomers for the first time have discovered • The concept behind the Foucault pendulum is based
one of the biggest black holes inside a galaxy, hundreds on the principle of conservation of angular
of millions of light years from Earth, through momentum.
• As the Earth rotates, the plane of oscillation of the
gravitational lensing throwing the field open for
pendulum remains fixed in space while the Earth
detecting more black holes and investigating their
moves beneath it.
origins. • This causes the apparent change in direction of the
About Gravitational Lensing: pendulum's swing, creating a slow rotation over
• Gravitational lensing is a phenomenon in which time.
the light from a distant celestial body is bent and • By observing the pendulum's movement, one
can determine the rotation rate and direction of
distorted by the gravitational field of an intervening
the Earth.
object, such as a galaxy cluster, that lies between
the distant object and the observer.
• This distortion of light can create magnified, Carbon molecule in Orion Nebula
stretched, or multiple images of the distant object, News Excerpt:
allowing astronomers to study the object in greater The CH3+ molecule, which is also known as methyl
detail that would otherwise be too far away or too cation, has been detected in space for the first time by
faint to be seen. the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
• According to Einstein’s general relativity, light James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
bends when it passes near a massive object in a • It is the world's premier space science observatory
phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European
• This effect is only visible in rare cases and only the Space Agency) and the CSA (Canadian Space
best telescopes including the NASA/ESA Hubble Agency).
Space Telescope can observe the results of • Webb will solve mysteries in our solar system,
gravitational lensing. look beyond to distant worlds around other stars,
• This observation used one of the most powerful and probe the mysterious structures and origins of
our universe and our place in it.
astronomical cameras in the world, the Hyper
Suprime-Cam (HSC) mounted on the 8.2m • Recently, it has gazed at the Crab Nebula, a
supernova remnant located 6,500 light-years away
diameter Subaru Telescope on the summit of
in the constellation Taurus.
Mauna Kea in Hawaii collaborating with scientific
community of Japan, Taiwan and Princeton
About
University. Scientists found the fingerprints of the CH3+ molecule
in light coming from a swirling disk of dust and gas
around a young star. The disk is in the Orion Nebula,
Foucault pendulum 1,350 light years from Earth.
News Excerpt; • Organic molecules are carbon based. They contain
Foucault pendulum The pendulum, created by the carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms but can
featured in Parliament's National Council of Science also bond to other elements, such as oxygen,
Constitutional Gallery Museum (NCSM) in Kolkata, is nitrogen or phosphorus.
area. the tallest of its kind in India, • Everything that makes us and all life on Earth is
About standing 22 metres tall and carbon based. CH3+ is a very simple organic
weighing 36 kilogrammes. molecule, just one carbon atom and 3 hydrogen
• The Foucault
atoms. But it reacts with other molecules to form
pendulum is a
more complex ones. Its presence in space tells us
simple and elegant scientific device used to
that basic building blocks for life are out there.
demonstrate the rotation of the Earth.
• The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the
65

• It consists of a long, heavy pendulum suspended

largest space telescope, made to conduct infrared
from a fixed point, which is free to swing back and
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astronomy.
forth in any direction.

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o Its high-resolution and high-sensitivity them. So, the greater the distance between the bodies,
instruments allow it to view objects too old, the lower the gravitational force between them.
distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Gravitational waves and electromagnetic
Telescope. waves -
• Almost 95 per cent of the universe is known to
Low frequency Gravitational Waves consist of dark matter and dark energy, which don’t
emit any light or any other electromagnetic waves.
News Excerpt:
• Gravitational waves essentially give us the ability to
Scientists have found evidence to suggest that the ‘see’ what remains ‘invisible’ to us in the universe.
universe is filled with low-frequency gravitational waves. • The acceleration of electric charges creates
About electromagnetic waves, propagating in space and
These are ripples in the fabric of space-time that are time.
created by huge objects moving around, colliding, and • However, gravitational waves, created by the
merging with each other, and predicted by Albert acceleration of mass, are waves of the spacetime
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity more than 100 ‘fabric’ itself.
years ago. What is space Time
• Gravitational waves were first detected in 2015 In his Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein proposed that
using an experiment, involving Laser Interferometer space and time don’t exist as independent entities,
Gravitational Observatory (LIGO) detectors. But combining the three dimensions (height, width and
those waves were of high frequency, believed to be depth) of space and one dimension of time into a single
produced by the merger of two relatively small black four-dimensional continuum, known as spacetime.
holes that took place about 1.3 billion years ago.
How were low-frequency gravitational waves
Dark Stars
detected?
Researchers used six large radio telescopes around the About
world, including the one in Pune, to study objects called “Dark Stars” are theoretical objects powered by particles
pulsars — distant rapidly-rotating neutron stars that self-annihilation of dark matter—the invisible stuff that
emit pulses of radiation, observed from the Earth as is thought to make up about 85 per cent of the matter in
bright flashes of light. These bursts take place at the universe.
extremely precise intervals, and therefore scientists use Inconclusive
pulsars as cosmic clocks. The researchers can’t yet prove that the objects are dark
• There are much more massive black holes that are stars—only that their characteristics are consistent with
constantly merging, black holes that are millions or being either dark stars or galaxies populated by regular
billions of times larger than our Sun usually at the fusion-powered stars.
centre of the galaxies. • In Contradiction to their name, dark stars could
• They can produce detectable gravitational waves typically have glowed a billion times more
from times much before their merger. In fact, the luminous than the sun and grown to a million
merger process can take millions of years, providing times its mass.
a steady supply of gravitational waves. And there are • Dark stars have never been definitively
many such events happening all the time. So, there observed, but cosmological simulations suggest
is a sort of gravitational wave background that that they should have formed soon after the big
exists all the time. bang from clouds of pure hydrogen and helium
What are gravitational waves? that collapsed at the centers of protogalaxies
In his theory of gravitation, Isaac Newton postulated that rich in dark matter.
the force that makes an apple fall to Earth is also the one • Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that
that keeps the moon in its orbit around the Earth. does not interact with electromagnetic forces;
Essentially, every celestial body exerts an attractive force scientists only know it exists because of its
66

on every other. This force, he proposed, was proportional gravitational effects, and they don’t know what
to the masses of the two bodies and inversely it’s made of.
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proportional to the square of the distance between

VOYAGER 2 Mission Tellurium

News Excerpt: News Excerpt:
Recently, NASA detected a signal from its Voyager 2 Physicists have found evidence that Tellurium is
spacecraft on August 1, after losing communication for produced in Neutron Star Mergers. The discovery of
over a week. tellurium bolsters the theory that these neutron star
About Voyager 2 Mission mergers are responsible for forming most of the
• Voyager 2 launched on Aug. 20, 1977, about two heavy elements in the universe.
weeks before the Sept. 5 launch of Voyager 1. About Tellurium:
• NASA's Voyager 2 is the second spacecraft to enter • Tellurium is present in the Earth’s crust only in
interstellar space. On Dec. 10, 2018, the spacecraft about 0.001 parts per million.
joined its twin—Voyager 1—as the only human- • It is obtained commercially from the anode muds
made objects to enter the space between the stars. produced during the electrolytic refining of copper.
• Voyager 1 and 2 were designed to take advantage These contain up to about 8% tellurium.
of a rare planetary alignment to study the outer • This element is a poor conductor of heat and only
solar system up close. a fair conductor of electricity.
• Voyager 2 targeted Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and • Tellurium burns in air or oxygen with a blue-green
Neptune. flame, forming the dioxide (TeO 2).
Reason for sending the Voyager spacecraft Uses of Tellurium:
into space • It is used in alloys, mostly with copper and
• In 1972, NASA cancelled its plans of exploring the stainless steel, to improve their machinability.
five outer planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and • When added to lead, it becomes more resistant to
Neptune) with four highly complex spacecraft — acids and its strength and hardness are improved.
the proposal, estimated to cost $ 1 billion, was • It has been used to vulcanize rubber, tint glass,
scrapped due to budgetary constraints. In place of and ceramics, in solar cells, and rewritable CDs
this voyager mission was sent. and DVDs.
Features Of Voyager spacecraft Mission • It is used as a catalyst in oil refining.
• Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are identical spacecraft. • It can be doped with silver, gold, copper, or tin
Each of them is equipped with instruments to carry in semiconductor applications.
out 10 different experiments. • Tellurium found historical applications in the
• The instruments include television cameras — to treatment of microbial infections before the
take images of planets and other celestial bodies — discovery of antibiotics.
infrared and ultraviolet sensors, About Neutron Star Mergers:
magnetometers, plasma detectors, and cosmic- • When two neutron stars orbit each other, they
ray and charged-particle sensors. gradually spiral inward due to strong
• Both spacecraft feature a large antenna, 3.7 metres gravitational forces.
• When these two meet, their merger leads to the
in diameter, which is used to receive commands
formation of either a more massive neutron star
from Earth and radio their findings back to the or a black hole.
planet. • The James Webb Space Telescope has detected
• Unlike other Spacecrafts which are powered by some of these heavy elements being created in a
solar energy. Voyagers are Nuclear-powered star merger for the first time.
Spacecrafts.
• Each Voyager spacecraft is adorned with a golden Dinkinesh asteroid
phonograph record — a 12-inch disc, intended to
News Excerpt:
be a sort of time capsule from Earth to any
NASA's Lucy spacecraft has captured its first images of
extraterrestrial life that might intercept the probes
the main belt asteroid Dinkinesh, marking the beginning
in the distant future.
of a 12-year voyage.
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About Dinkinesh asteroid:

Page

• It was discovered in 1999 by the LINEAR survey.

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• Dinkinesh is a slow rotator with a moderately large • However, the treaty didn’t talk about the naming
light-curve amplitude. of sites on the Moon.
• It is an S-type asteroid, which means it is Who names the landing sites on the Moon?
composed mainly of silicates and some metal. • International Astronomical Union (IAU) (1919):
• It will be Lucy mission’s 1st fly-by target on o The Union headquartered in Paris, has 92
November 1, 2023, during its cruise to the Trojan member countries of which India too is a
Clouds. part.
• The observations were made by Lucy’s high- o IAU determines some other rules for Space
resolution camera, the Lucy Long Range activities which similarly applies to the naming
Reconnaissance Imager (L’LORRI instrument). process.
Lucy Mission: o Process of naming a place on the moon:
• Launched by NASA from the Cape Canaveral Space • Upon successful review by vote of the
Force Station in Florida in 2021. expert members in planetary science, of
• 12-year mission that will take close the Working Group, Approved names are
observations of nine of Jupiter’s Trojans and two immediately entered into the Gazetteer
main belt asteroids along with that. of Planetary Nomenclature, and posted
• First spacecraft sent to study the Trojan asteroids, on its web.
which orbit the Sun in the same path that the planet • Any objections can be raised by mailing
Jupiter takes. to the IAU General Secretary within 3
months from the time the name was
implemented/used.
Naming sites on the Moon: Outer Space Other Indian names on the Moon
treaty Sarabhai crater Jawahar Sthal Tiranga Point
PM Modi announced the name ‘Shiv Shakti’ to the point It is a small, After the This point
where the Chandrayaan-3 lander touched down on the circular, bowl- Chandrayaan-1 represents,
lunar surface. shaped crater mission in 2008, where the
Debate on naming the place on the Moon: on the Mare a spot where the Chandrayaan-
• The Moon does not come under any single Serenitatis, in probe crashed, 2 mission
jurisdiction. the northeast was named crashed, which
• In 1966, the United Nations Office for Outer Space quadrant of the “Jawahar Sthal” was the
Affairs came out with the Outer Space Treaty. Moon. It is the after the first second
• Setting some common principles for space landing site of Indian PM, attempt by
exploration, the Treaty said: “Outer space, including Apollo 17 and Jawaharlal India to reach
the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject Luna 21 Nehru. the Moon.
to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by missions.
means of use or occupation, or by any other means”.
• This meant countries had to cooperate in their Space
exploration activities and could not stake a claim to
the Moon. It can plant a flag in some places.
68
Page

DISEASES
Diseases in News Details
H1N2 About H1N2:
News Excerpt: The UK • The virus is called influenza A(H1N2) v.
Health Security • It is similar to a strain of flu circulating in pigs.
Agency reported the • A(H1N2) v is a subtype of the influenza A virus.
country's first human • Influenza A viruses circulate in seven species, including humans, birds, and pigs,
case of the H1N2 but normally stay within their species.
virus, also known as Influenza A Virus:
the pig virus. • The primary subtypes of influenza A virus are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2.
• The influenza A virus causes influenza (the flu), a highly contagious respiratory
infection.
• Influenza B and, in rare cases, influenza C can also cause the flu.
• It is spread by droplets from an infected person's nose or throat, generally by
coughing and sneezing.
• Influenza A infections are most common in winter.
• The proteins on the surface of the influenza A virus are called hemagglutinin
(H) and neuraminidase (N).
• Some influenza A subtypes can infect animals, including:
• Birds (causing avian flu)
• Pigs (causing swine flu)
POMPE DISEASE About Pompe disease:
News Excerpt: • A rare inherited disorder that affects one child per million, caused by a deficiency
India’s first patient of the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA).
diagnosed with the • It results in the accumulation of glycogen in cells, particularly in muscles.
rare Pompe disease • Some common side effects and symptoms include progressive muscle weakness,
died recently after difficulty in mobility, respiratory issues, heart problems, and difficulty swallowing.
spending nearly six • There are two forms of Pompe disease:
years in a semi- o Early onset (infantile form) is caused by the complete or near complete
comatose state. deficiency of GAA.
According to the • Late onset (juvenile/adult) results from partial deficiency of GAA and can begin
Central government, an as early as the first decade of childhood or well into adulthood.
estimated 70 million
people in India suffer
from 450 rare diseases.
H9N2 FLU About the H9N2 Virus (Avian influenza virus):
• H9N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus that causes both human and bird flu.
News Excerpt: • In 1966, the H9N2 subtype was isolated for the first time in Wisconsin, United
The Union Health States.
Ministry is closely • H9N2 viruses are present in wild birds all over the world and are endemic in many
monitoring the areas of poultry.
reported outbreak of • There is a risk of occasional infection and small clusters of human infections due
H9N2 cases and to exposure to diseased birds or contaminated settings, according to the World
clusters of respiratory Health Organisation (WHO).
illness in children in • In 1998, Hong Kong reported the first incidence worldwide.
northern China. • Symptoms: Mild, flu-like symptoms or eye inflammation to severe, acute
respiratory disease or death.
In India:
• The virus was picked up in February 2019 during a community-based surveillance
study in 93 villages of Korku tribes in the Melghat district of Maharashtra.
• Vaccine by India: Bhopal-based ICAR-National Institute of High-Security
69

Animal Diseases (NIHSAD) has developed the "Inactivated low pathogenic

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avian influenza (H9N2) vaccine for chickens".

• It is the first indigenous vaccine for the H9N2 virus for animals.
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• The Indonesian government has built an effective vaccination strategy against
H5N1 and H9N2 strains.
WHITE LUNG About White Lung Syndrome:
SYNDROME • When we see the X-ray or CT scans of the lungs, they appear black. This indicates
News Excerpt: that air is present in the lungs.
There is an outbreak of • Whenever there is an inflammation or collection of fluid in the lungs, which restricts
respiratory illness- the air sacs, the lungs show up white. The white patches are because of a bacterial
‘White Lung Syndrome’ or viral infection.
in children from China • It includes some respiratory illnesses like acute respiratory distress syndrome, silica-
to the US and some related conditions, and pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.
parts of Europe. • Causes: Combination of bacterial, viral, and environmental factors.
• Symptoms: cough, fever, runny nose, phlegm pileup in sinuses, difficulty breathing,
and fatigue.
Other Chronic Respiratory related diseases:
• Silicosis- caused by inhaling silica dust.
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)- occurs when fluid builds up in the
air sacs in the lungs.
• Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis (PAM)- caused by deposits of calcium in the
air sacs of the lungs.
Elephant About Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV):
Endotheliotropic • EEHV is a double-stranded DNA virus that is classified in the family Herpesviridae.
HerpesVirus • It causes acute, fatal hemorrhagic disease in wild and captive juvenile Asian and
African elephants.
News Excerpt: • If severe, EEHV can result in death within 24 hours of infection.
A new study has • EEHV consists of eight genotypes that include EEHV1 through EEHV6, each
assessed the circulation varying in their lethality.
of the Elephant
Endotheliotropic
HerpesVirus subtypes
(EEHV) responsible for
the recent rise of the
disease in Asian
Elephants.
LATHYRISM About Lathyrism:
News Excerpt: • Lathyrism is one of the oldest known neurotoxic disorders, with symmetrical
Scientists are working spastic leg weakness with no sensory deficit, resulting from excessive consumption
to aid research on of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) an environmentally tolerant legume that has seed
improved varieties of with high protein content.
grass pea. o It is an irreversible Neurological Disease that leads to paralysis of the lower
limbs.
Common causes are:
• Ingestion of beta-aminopropionitrile.
• Consumption of peas of species Lathyrus sativus which has a neurotoxin called
beta oxalyl amino alanine (BOAA).
NOROVIRUS About:
News Excerpt: • Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis
Norovirus cases rise in (inflammation of the stomach and intestines) leading to symptoms like nausea,
the UK, with more than vomiting, diarrhea, fever, headaches, and body aches.
1,500 infected. • The primary route is oral-faecal. It is transmitted through contaminated food, water,
70

and surfaces and can be contracted multiple times as the virus has different strains.
Page

• The virus is resistant to many disinfectants and can survive in heat up to 60°C.
Therefore, merely steaming food or chlorinating water does not kill the virus.
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• The basic precaution is washing hands frequently with soap and maintaining
hydration.
Noma About:
News Excerpt: • It is also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis, which is a severe
The World Health gangrenous disease of the mouth and face.
Organization (WHO) o The name of the disease comes from the Greek word “nomē”, meaning “to
added one of the devour”, as noma eats away facial tissue and bones if not treated early.
world’s most under- • It mainly affects children aged 2-6 years old and is found most commonly among
recognized health those living in poor communities.
challenges, NOMA, to • Noma is associated with extreme poverty, malnutrition, poor access to sanitation,
its official list of weakened immune systems, infections, and oral hygiene with a mortality rate
neglected tropical of approximately 90%.
diseases (NTD). • The disease is also called the ‘face of poverty’, as effective drugs and adequate
surgical treatment remains inaccessible for many due to extreme poverty.
JN.1 variant of COVID About the JN.1 variant of COVID:
News Excerpt: o This variant is considered to be the Omicron subvariant BA.2.86 or Pirola.
A new coronavirus o Pirola and JN.1 are considered to be Variants of Interest.
variant named JN.1 has o Variants of Interest: These variants are less effectively neutralized in labs by
been detected. antibodies from infection or vaccination and have the potential to spread.
o JN.1 contains only one additional mutation on the spike protein as compared with
Pirola, Pirola contains more than 30 mutations on the spike protein.
o Mutations in the spike protein increase its infectivity and ability to evade immune
responses.
• Symptoms associated with JN.1 include - fever, runny nose, sore throat,
headache, and mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and
diarrhoea.
Mpox About Mpox:
• Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) virus is part of the same family of viruses
News Excerpt: as the variola virus, which causes smallpox.
Recently, the World • Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that belongs
Health Organization to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family.
confirmed the sexual • Symptoms: painful rash, enlarged lymph nodes, and fever.
transmission of Mpox • The natural reservoir of the virus is unknown - various small mammals such as
in Congo. This is the squirrels and monkeys are susceptible.
first definitive proof • Person-to-person transmission of mpox can occur through direct contact with
of sexual transmission infectious skin or other lesions.
of monkeypox in Africa. • M Pox was first discovered in 1958 as there were two outbreaks of disease similar
After COVID-19, to smallpox in colonies of monkeys and hence was named monkeypox.
Monkey Pox (earlier M • It was found that it is a viral zoonotic disease with less clinical severity than
Pox) no longer smallpox.
constitutes a Global
• Early symptoms of Monkeypox include enlargement of the lymph gland through
Health Emergency as
which it can be distinguished from smallpox.
announced by the
• It mainly occurs in communities where there is often a high background
World Health
prevalence of malnutrition, parasitic infections, and other significant heath-
Organisation after a
compromising conditions, any of which could impact the prognosis of a patient
recommendation from
with MPox.
the emergency
• Its symptoms include fever, malaise, and headache more severe than chickenpox
committee
infection.
noticed decrease in
71

reported cases and • Laboratory confirmation of mpox is done by testing skin lesion material by PCR.
a robust response from Transmission
Page

• Human-to-human transmission

Guillain-Barré About:
Syndrome In GBS, the body’s immune system — which normally protects it from infections and
News Excerpt other foreign bodies mistakenly attacks its own peripheral nerve cells.
The Peruvian It’s also called:
government recently • Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
declared a state of • Landry’s Ascending Paralysis
national emergency
Causes of GBS
due to a spike in the
• Approximately 50% of cases occur shortly after a microbial infection (viral or
number of cases of a
rare neurological bacterial), like flu or food poisoning. It may be triggered by:
disorder called o Infection with campylobacter: A type of bacteria often found in undercooked
Guillain-Barré poultry.
Syndrome. Autoimmune trigger: In this, the patient’s defense system of antibodies and white
blood cells are called into action against the body, damaging myelin (nerve
covering or insulation), leading to numbness and weakness.
• Risk factors: GBS can affect all age groups, It's slightly more common in males
than females.
72

• Vaccinations: The chances of developing the condition of GBS after having a

vaccination are extremely small.
Page

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CC_COMPILATION_ SCIENCE & TECH. & DISEASES
Treatments of GBS:
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
• IVIG is a treatment made from donated blood that contains healthy antibodies.
• It is given directly into a vein.
• These are given to help stop the harmful antibodies damaging the nerves.
Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
• A plasma exchange, also called plasmapheresis, is sometimes used instead of IVIG.
• This involves being attached to a machine that removes blood from vein and filters
out the harmful antibodies that are attacking your nerves before returning the
blood to body.
India’s stand:
• India is far behind in GBS research as compared to other countries like USA, as
there might be a low case report of the GBS in Indian population.
Conjunctivitis About Conjunctivitis Infection
Infection • Conjunctivitis, also known as ‘pink eye’, is an inflammation of a thin transparent
News Excerpt: membrane covering the eyeball called conjunctiva.
Recently, In July
• Pink eye is most often caused by a viral infection. It also can be caused by a
Bengaluru hospitals
bacterial infection, an allergic reaction or — in babies — an incompletely opened
saw a spurt in
tear duct.
conjunctivitis cases.
Symptoms:
• Redness in one or both eyes, Itchiness in one or both eyes, A gritty feeling in one
or both eyes, A discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust during the night
that may prevent your eye or eyes from opening in the morning, Tearing,
Sensitivity to light, called photophobia.
Issues and Concerns
• Corneal scarring: It is rare and often preventable. But if left untreated, there can
be permanent tissue damage.
• Secondary Infection: It occurs when a different infection, known as a primary
infection, has made a person more susceptible to disease. It occurs either after or
because of another infection.
Middle East Respiratory About
Syndrome (MERS) • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV).
News Excerpt:
• MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and
United Arab Emirates
people and linked to human infections in dromedary camels.
reports new MERS
coronavirus case. • It was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since its detection, 27 countries
reported MERS cases from North American, European, African, and Asian
continents.
• Typical MERS symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath,
pneumonia, and gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, have been
reported. Approximately 35% of MERS cases reported to WHO have died.
• Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from
the common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus
disease-2019 (COVID-19).
Havana Syndrome About Havana Syndrome:
News Excerpt: The • A set of mental health symptoms said to be experienced by US intelligence and
Central government has embassy officials in various countries.
73

told the Karnataka High • It traces its roots to Cuba in late 2016, a year after the US opened its embassy in
Court that it will look into Havana.
Page

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CC_COMPILATION_ SCIENCE & TECH. & DISEASES
the matter of the ‘Havana • Symptoms: Headache, nausea, Insomnia, depression, impaired balance,
Syndrome’ in India. concentration and memory loss
Causes of Havana Syndrome
• Initially, the suspicion was on Cuban intelligence or a section within the Cuban
establishment. It was speculated to be a “sonic attack”.
• However, further study by US scientists and medical examination of the victims
began to suggest subjection to high-powered microwaves.
• Greater exposure to high-powered microwaves causes damage to the nervous
system.
• The use of microwaves as a counter-intelligence tactic has been experimented with
since the Cold War by both Russia and the US.
Havana Syndrome in India:
• A US intelligence officer travelling with the CIA director in India reported these
symptoms in 2021.
• However, sources in the Indian security establishment denied any such weapon
being in the possession of an Indian agency.
Leptospirosis Symptoms of leptospirosis
About: • The severity of a leptospirosis infection ranges from a mild flu-like illness to being
Leptospirosis has life-threatening.
emerged as an • The infection can affect many organs, reflecting the systemic nature of the disease.
important infectious This is also why the signs and symptoms of leptospirosis are often mistaken for
disease in the world other diseases.
today. • In milder cases, patients could experience a sudden onset of fever, chills, and
headache – or no symptoms at all. But in severe cases, the disease can be
characterised by the dysfunction of multiple organs, including the liver, kidneys,
lungs, and the brain.
• Animals exhibit a variety of clinical symptoms and indications. In cattle and pigs,
the disease can potentially cause reproductive failure, stillbirths, and weak calves
or piglets. Dogs experience a range of symptoms, including fever, jaundice,
vomiting, diarrhoea, renal failure, and even death.
Polycystic Ovary About:
Syndrome (PCOS) It is a common diagnosis in women presenting with infertility. PCOS is a syndrome,
News Excerpt: not a disease. It is a lifelong condition that continues far beyond childbearing years.
Polycystic Ovarian An estimated one in five (20%) Indian women suffer from PCOS.
Syndrome (PCOS) is a
commonly seen
hormonal disorder in
reproductive women.
Middle East About
Respiratory • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by
Syndrome (MERS) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). MERS-CoV is a
Context zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and people and linked
United Arab Emirates to human infections in dromedary camels.
reports new MERS • It was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since its detection, 27 countries
coronavirus case reported MERS cases from North American, European, African, and Asian
continents.
• Typical MERS symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath,
pneumonia, and gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, have been
reported. Approximately 35% of MERS cases reported to WHO have died.
• Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from
the common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus
74

disease-2019 (COVID-19).
Page

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DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | PATNA: 7463950774 | BHOPAL: 7509975361 | INDORE: 7314977441
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CC_COMPILATION_ SCIENCE & TECH. & DISEASES
Inflammatory Bowel About
Disease (IBD) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), IBD is a term that describes disorders involving long-
Context standing (chronic) inflammation of tissues in your digestive tract.
A recent study Types of IBD include
published in • Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It’s a chronic condition that have no known
the Lancet journal cure. It is usually characterized by diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain,
discovered that fatigue, loss of appetite and weight loss. For some it is a mild disease for others it
Inflammatory Bowel can lead to life threatening complications.
Disease (IBD) is now as • The lancet study was conducted in rural Telangana. It points to urbanisation of
prevalent in rural India rural areas as a leading cause of this shift.
as it is in urban areas. • The changing environments and dietary habits, the availability of processed food
has increased. With globalisation, IBD made its entry into the developing world
• It’s suggested that the government increases awareness of lifestyle diseases in
rural areas and emphasise the importance of diet and exercise for the rural
population. Constant monitoring is recommended, along with regulations on
ultra-processed food, like those in European countries.
Migraine Disease About
Context • A migraine is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing
Researches on sensation, usually on one side of the head. It's often accompanied by nausea,
exploring new migraine vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound.
treatments. • Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so bad that it
interferes with daily activities.
• Around 15% of world population suffers from migraine.
Origins
• Migraine attacks are thought to originate in the meninges, layers of membrane
that protect the brain.
• When sensitized, neurons send signals to the brain which trigger headache,
photophobia, etc.
• These neurons are also close to blood vessels, which is why headaches can feel
like they pulse along with your heartbeat.
• It primarily affects the brain, but also involves the whole body such as the immune,
digestive, and cardiovascular system. That is why taking pain killers doesn’t work
in migraine.
Triggers and Symptoms
• Bright lights, loud sounds, strong smells, lack of sleep, dehydration, caffeine,
alcohol, hormone fluctuations and stress.
• Mood changes, food cravings, visual phenomena (seeing various shapes, bright
spots, or flashes of light), pins and needles sensations in an arm or leg, weakness,
or numbness in the face or one side of the body.
Treatments
• CGRP monoclonal antibodies and triptans provide relief but they don’t work for
everyone.
• Research is going on in Neuromodulation devices (e-TNS), oxytocin nasal sprays
and dietary supplementation such as grape seed extracts, chicken broth, etc.
Duchenne Muscular About- DMD is a rare genetic disease that affects only male children, with
Dystrophy approximately 80,000 patients in India.
Context- ‘disease- • Modification is done by, using a food additive — a beta-glucan produced by N-
modifying’ treatment 163 strain of a yeast Aureobasidium pullulans.
for Duchenne’s • Research showed no adverse reaction in the participants and it potentially
Muscular Dystrophy delayed progress of disease without side effects to the liver and kidneys.
(DMD) developed by Static info- Muscles need lubricant. Dystrophin, an enzyme secreted in the muscles,
75

Indo-Japanese helps in wear and tear and regeneration of muscles. Because of the genetic disorder,
researchers. muscles cannot produce dystrophin.
Page

Thalassaemia Disease: About

News Excerpt: The • Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder.
drug regulator in the • In the case of thalassaemia, too, people who inherit a pair of genes from both
United Kingdom has parents’ experience symptoms like severe anaemia.
also approved the gene • Low haemoglobin levels caused by thalassaemia lead to exhaustion, dyspnea,
therapy Casgevy for and erratic heartbeats.
patients with • People with the condition need blood transfusions throughout their life.
Thalassemia. • Additionally, the transfusions cause the body to accumulate too much iron, thus
necessitating additional treatment.
• As per the National Health Mission (2016) report, with roughly 1-1.5 lakh
children suffering from thalassaemia major, India likewise has the highest
number of such cases worldwide.
Measles About:
• Measles is caused by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype.
News Excerpt: • It is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae
Global measles cases family.
surge, WHO reports • Humans are the only natural hosts of the measles virus.
discrepancies; India • It spreads easily when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes.
refutes, cites • Measles infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body.
vaccination program • Symptoms include a high fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash all over the body.
success. Report of the WHO and the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
• Measles cases increased by 18% globally in 2022, with deaths rising by 43%
compared to 2021.
• Globally, 22 million children did not receive their first measles shot in 2022 and
half of them live in 10 countries including India, where an estimated 1.1 million
infants did not get the first dose of the vaccine.
Measles in India:
• India is the capital of the recent outbreak of measles in the world. There were 172
confirmed measles outbreaks from October 2021 to September 2022, with a total
no. of cases of 12,589.
The Measles-Rubella (MR) 2020 program:
• It had the goal to eliminate measles by 2020, but due to the COVID-19 outbreak,
it was revised to 2023.
• MR campaign targets around 41 crore children in the age group of 9 months to
15 years (covering ⅓ of the total population of the country) followed by 2 doses
in routine immunization at 9-12 months and 16-24 months. The rubella
component is now under routine immunization as an MR vaccine.
76
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