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BASIC COMPUER APPLICATION

CODE:GST04102
INTRODUCTION
Today we are living in the digital era. The era in which our computer
can answer almost any question. This era has forced every one to
know computer.
This chapter introduces you to computer and its basics.
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
When we think of a computer, we generally picture computer
hardware: the monitor, the keyboard, and the electronic circuitry
contained within the rectangular case.
There is more to a computer than this, however.
The missing element is software–the instructions that tell the
computer how to operate the hardware.
All computers must have these two components to function.
However, it is software that gives the computer one of its most
distinguishing characteristics—the ability to program a single machine
to perform many different functions
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?( Cont)

A computer is an electronic device which accept data, store it and


process it to generate the required output.
0R
A computer is an electronic device that fetch, process, store and
distribute data to different parts operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
These operations and instructions enable the computer to receive
data from a user (input), transform and manipulate the data according
to specified rules (process), produce results (output). Additionally,
data, instructions, and information are stored (storage) for future
retrieval and use.
Many computers are also capable of another task: communicating
Function of computer
All computers carry out five main functions which are :
 They take data as input ;
 They store data in the memory and use them as
required;
 They process the data and convert it into useful
information;
 They generate the output;
 They control all the above four functions;
Characteristics of computer
Some of the key characteristics of computers are as follows:
 Diligence
 Speed
 Storage capability
 Accuracy
 Versatility
 Power of remembering
 No IQ
 No feeling
 Artificial intelligence
Characteristics of computer( cont…..)
The following are short explanations for the above characteristics
Diligence: this means the computer does not get tired when used for a
longer period of time.
It performs a long and complex calculation with the same speed and
accuracy from the beginning to the end .
Speed: All computer process data at higher speed. Computer process
data at the rate of millions of instructions per second. Calculation which
human being can take one day to complete can be completed by the
computer in few seconds.
Storage capability: Computer can store and retrieve large volumes of
data and information.
Accuracy: Computer gives a higher degree of accuracy; the errors in
computers are due to human and inaccurate data. Computers can
accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10
decimal places.
Characteristics of computer( cont…..)

Versatility: By definition versatility is the property of having different


abilities. Computer is versatile in nature, it has ability to perform different
types of tasks. For example at one moment you can use computer to play
music and next moment you can use the same computer to print certain
document.
Power of remembering: computer has power to remember since any
information stored in computer can be recalled when needed for any
number of years.
No IQ: IQ is an abbreviation of Intelligent Quotient . Computer is a
machine has no intelligent to perform task. Each instructions has to be
given by the computer user.
Characteristics of computer( cont…..)
No Feeling: All computers cannot feel taste or experience . Therefore
they do not get tired even after a long hour of work.
Artificial intelligence: The fifth generation computer which recognize
voice is based in (AI)
DIFERRENT COMPUTER PARTS
Computer comprises different parts the picture bellow shows those
parts
1SYSTEM UNIT/COMPUTER CASING
This box is where all the main computer components are housed –
Motherboard, processor, memory, hard disks, power supply, and more.
Computer casings come in all shapes and sizes, with the common ones
being tower casings (as above), and small form factors that fit in a
backpack
2) MONITOR

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display


(LCD/LED)
DIFERRENT COMPUTER PARTS(CONT…)
2) MONITOR

Monitors are where the text, images, and videos are displayed.
Some monitors may even have built-in speakers, much like televisions.
The older designs of computer monitors run off a technology called cathode
ray tube (CRT). As you can guess, those bulky and power-hungry displays have
been totally taken over by the slim and lightweight liquid crystal display (LCD)
or LED (light-emitting diode) displays. As shown in pictures.
DIFERRENT COMPUTER PARTS(CONT…)
3.Keyboard.
The keyboard is one of the most common input devices Which
used to enter data into the computer by typing.
In addition to keys that represent letters, numbers, and special
characters, keyboards often contain function keys, to which the
user can assign personalized commands, and special-purpose
keys, such as the enter key. Some keyboards contain a numeric
keypad (a set of keys in the form of a calculator keypad) that is
used for entering numbers conveniently and easily. Keyboards
may also have Internet keys, CD/DVD controls, and multimedia
keys.
While most keyboards are connected to the computer by a
cable, there are wireless keyboards that transmit their input by
means of infrared signals
The most common keyboard layout in the world is QWERTY (as
above), but depending on where you are in the world, the
DIFERRENT COMPUTER PARTS(CONT…)
4. MOUSE
A pointing device that we use to move the cursor on the screen,
the mouse buttons are used to interact with various on-screen
elements. A standard mouse these days will usually come with at
least 3 buttons (left, center, right) and a scroll wheel. Although
there are some mouse designs with a lot more buttons, and more
meant for the purpose of gaming.
DIFERRENT COMPUTER PARTS(CONT…)
5: PRINTER
A printer prints text, images, and whatever you want onto a piece
of paper’
Printer Convert Softcopy file into Hardcopy.
Basic Categories of Printer
1.IMPACT PRINTERS
Uses pressure by physically striking the paper. Ex. Daisy wheel
printers, line printers, dot matrix printers &
band printers.
DIFERRENT COMPUTER PARTS(CONT…)
2. NON-IMPACT PRINTER
Does not apply pressure on the paper but instead produces character by using lasers, ink spray,
photography or heat.

Laser printer
Dot matrix printer Inkjet printer
6.SCANNER
is an input device where you scan a piece of paper/document and
convert it into a digital image – Which can then be sent to other
people via email or fax.

The following are some of other parts computer.


Speaker
Projector
Motherboard
CPU
Hard disc drive
RAM
Graphic cards
Fans and heatsink.
LECTURE 2:COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
AND CHARACTERISTICS

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFT WARE



HARDWARE

The term hardware refers to the tangible parts of a computer system,
that is, the physical equipment of the computer.

A keyboard, disk drive, and monitor are examples of computer
hardware. (Software is discussed later.)

Understanding the various physical components of a computer system
will help you understand how the system works as a whole. As
described above, the general model of a computer consists of an
input system, storage system, process system, and output system.
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFT WARE(cont..)

These hardware includes:


CPU (or Processor) and Primary memory (or
Main Memory)
Input devices, eg. the keyboard and mouse
Output devices, eg. monitor, printer etc
Storage devices, eg. hard disk, flash disk etc
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFT
WARE(cont..)
INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEM
An input system comprises one or more devices that the user
employs to enter data or instructions into the memory of the
computer so that the CPU can subsequently process them.
Data, as discussed above, are unorganized facts that can
become useful output by being transformed into information.
OR
Data Is a raw material which can be processed to generate
usefully information
INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEM(cont..)

 Instructions may be input as programs (instructions that direct the performance


of the computer), commands (instructions direct a program), and user
responses (instructions from the user created by replying to a question posed
by the computer).
 Input Devices Translate data from form that humans understand to one that
the computer can work with.
Examples of Input Devices

1. Keyboard (QWERTY keyboard, ATMs keyboard)


2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Pre-storage Devise (Disk, CD’s, … etc.)
5. Optical mark recognition (Light Pin , Bar code scanners)
6. Microphone
7. Joystick .
8.Camera
9.Graphics Tablet
10.Speech Recognition Devices
11.Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs).
12Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices.
Other input devices
 Trackball

 Track point

 Touch pad

 Touch Screen
INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEM(cont..)
Scanning devices
 Optical scanners
 Card readers
 Bar code readers
 Character and mark recognition devices
Image Capturing Devices
 Digital Cameras

 Digital Video Cameras


Keyboard
Keyboard. The keyboard is one of the most common
input devices. In addition to keys that represent letters, numbers,
and special characters, keyboards often contain function keys, to which
the user can assign personalized commands, and special-purpose keys,
such as the enter key. Some keyboards contain a numeric keypad (a set
of keys in the form of a calculator keypad) that is used for entering
numbers conveniently and easily. Keyboards may also have Internet
keys, CD/DVD controls, and multimedia keys. While most keyboards
are connected to the computer by a cable, there are wireless
keyboards that transmit their input by means of infrared signals
Different types of keyboards:

 Traditional keyboard
 Flexible keyboards
 Wireless keyboards
 PDA keyboards
Touchpad. This input device is a small rectangular surface that
operates by means of pressure and motion, and allows the user to
perform all of the functions of a mouse by touch. Moving the
fingertip across the touch pad moves the cursor across the screen.
Tapping the touch pad acts as clicks and double-clicks. Touchpads
are most commonly found on laptop computers.
Pointing Stick. Like the touchpad, this pressure-sensitive input
device fills the role of the mouse in some laptops. It is shaped like a
pencil eraser and fits between keys in the keyboard. Moving the
pointing stick moves the cursor. This device is mostly found on
laptop older computers.
Output Devices

 Output devices are all devices which are used for outputting information
from computer.
 OR
 Pieces of equipment that translate the processed information from the CPU
into a form that humans can understand.
 OR
 Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our requests
and instructions.
 Examples of Output Devices
 Monitor
 Plotter
 Printer
 Speaker
 Projector
 Headphone
 Film Recorder
 Microphone
software
 Software: is instructions that tell the computer what to do

Types of software
 Application software
 System software
Application Software - helps end-users perform general purpose
tasks
System Software - enables application software to interact with
the computer
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 System Software is the software that controls everything that happens in a
computer, e.g. Operating System.
 Background software, manages the computer’s internal resources
 They Perform common computer hardware functions
1.Eg: Get input from keyboard
2.Provide a user interface
Command-based user interface (ms-dos)
Graphical-user interface (windows)
3.Provide a degree of hardware independence
Application program interface
4.Manage system memory
5.Convert logical view to physical view
SYSTEM SOFTWARE(CONT…)
 Most important part of system software is operating system
Examples of operating systems:
 Windows (XP, Vista, Seven, Eight and Ten), DOS, Apple, UNIX
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
6.Manage processing tasks
 Allocate computer resources
 Multitasking (run more than once application at a time)
 Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system)

7.Provide networking capability


Eg. Enable connection to the Internet

8.Control access to system resources


Eg.Authentication
9.Manage files
Eg.Access to files
Features of system software
 It is less interactive
 It is difficult to manipulate
 It is close to the system
 It is generally written in low level language
 Smaller in size
 It is difficult to design
 It is difficult to understand
Differences between hardware and
software
Hardware Software
It is a physical component of a Is a set of instruction that makes
computer system hardware to function
It has permanent shape and It can be modified and reused as
structure which cannot be it has no permanent shape and
modified structure
It can not be affected by It can be affected by computer
computer virus virus
It can not be transferred from It can be transferred from one
one place to another place to another electronically
electronically
Duplicate copy of hardware can A user can create copies of
not be created software as many as he wishes
Role of the Operating System
Application software
 Application software: this is the software that developed to perform a
specific task for the user. It is usually designed for end user. These are
often called productivity program or end user program because they
enable the user to complete task such as creating document,
spreadsheet, databases and publications.
 There are several examples of application software some of these are
as follows:-
Application software
 Word processors– example: Microsoft word
 Spreadsheets-- example: Microsoft Excel
 Database managers-- example: Microsoft Access
 Graphics-- example: Photoshop
 Payroll software
 Student record software
 Microsoft power point
 Inventory management software
 Microsoft office suit Software
Features of application software
 It is easy to design
 It is slow in speed
 It is close to the user
 It is more interactive
 It is easy to manipulate and use
 it is slow in speed
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
 All computers are divided into the following components
 Input unit
 Central processing unit(CPU)
 Output unit
 Motherboard
Consider the diagram below which show function
units( components) of computer
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
Input unit
Input unit is a component of computer which is
responsible for entering data into the computer. This unit
contains devices which we use to enter data into the
computer these devices are usually known as input devices
Output unit
Output unit is among the unit component of the
computer , this unit is responsible for outputting
information from computer ,this unit contains the devices
which are known as output devices
Input unit
Central processing unit(CPU)
 CPU Is the computer unit which is responsible for performing all operations in
the computer. It is also known as the brain of the computer.
 CPU stores data , intermediate results and instructions . It also control the
operations of all parts of the computer’
PARTS OF CPU
CPU is divided into three parts which are:
 Memory unity
 Control unit
 Arithmetic logic unit
a)Memory or storage unit
 This is the part of CPU which used for storage purpose. It is used
for storing
Data and instructions before and after processing. It also supplies
information to other unit of computer when it is needed. It is also
known as Random Access Memory(RAM)
 its a primary storage or random access memory (RAM).
 it temporarily holds data and programs for use during processing
(volatile)
b)Control unit
Control unit is a part of CPU which control operations of all parts of computer.
Cu is based on controlling other parts of computer only, it does not carry any
data processing
FUNCTIONNS OF CU
 Getting instructions from memory, interpreting them and directing the
operation of the computer
 Managing and coordinating all the units of computer
 Controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other unit of
computer

c)Arithmetic logic unit


ALU is the part of CPU where all calculations and comparisons are carried out.
CPU performs arithmetic functions like additions ,subtractions and division, also
it performs logical operations such as greater than, AND, OR, and NAND.
ALU is divided into two units these are
 Arithmetic Unit(AU)->This performs all arithmetic operations in computer eg:
Addition, subtraction , multiplication and division
 Logic Unit(LU)-> this performs all logic operations eg: NAND, NOT,
Motherboard
 The motherboard is the computer’s main circuit board. This is a thin plate that
holds the CPU, memory, connectors , expansions , cards and connectors.
 Functions of Motherboard
Data, Information and Knowledge
 Data: is the name given to basic facts such as names and numbers.
 Information: is data that has been converted into a more useful or intelligible
form.
 Knowledge: arrangement of information and classifying information of the
same type or the same topic.

Data Information
Computer
Knowledge

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