Types of Speech

Context
There is never a day that you do not
communicate. It could be a group
discussion, Facebook status update, dinner
conversation with someone you are
interested in, or small talk with a family
member.
Speech Context
▪ Context when referring to speech communication is the
surroundings, circumstances, environment, background or
setting that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an
event.
▪ According to DeVito (2005), “Context refers to the setting in
which the communication takes place. Context helps to
establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is
said.”
Types of Speech Context
▪ 1. Intrapersonal – It is focused on one person, where
the speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver
of the message.
Examples:
There is a voice within you that tells you, “It’s okay, you
can still do it! You can make it!” when you are losing
your drive to finish the task that you are doing.
Types of Speech Context
▪ 2. Interpersonal – This refers to the type of
communication that takes place between and among
people and creates a personal relationship between
and among them. Normally, it includes two
individuals, and it can vary from casual and very
personal to formal and impersonal.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
Dyad Communication – communication
that happens between two people.
Small Group– This applies to interactions
involving at least three but not more than
twelve people engaged in face-to-face
interactions to achieve the desired goal.
3. Public– This type refers to a communication that
enables you to send or deliver a message before a
crowd. "In public communication, unlike interpersonal
and small groups, the channels are more exaggerated.
The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive
because the audience is larger” Examples:
▪ • Delivering a graduation speech to your fellow
graduates.
4. Mass Communication – This refers to
communication through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other
types of media.
Verbal and Non-verbal Behavior in a Speech
Context
Different speech context whether it is
intrapersonal, interpersonal, public or mass
communication requires different approaches.
Though there might be some occasional
similarities, you should at least know how to
behave and respond to various speech contexts
appropriately.
▪When talking to your self
You might be familiar with the feeling of quietly
talking to yourself in your mind, and it's normal
— and good for you. By performing this, it makes
you think and reflect on the things you have done
or are planning to do. But here are some
important reminders that you need to keep in
mind:
▪ 1. Use self-talk to your advantage: Cheering yourself
up before an important event or talking to yourself
while completing a task are two perfect opportunities
for self-talk .
▪ 2. Don’t overdo it. While it is normal to talk to
yourself constantly, it is better not to overuse yourself
of doing so. The most common reason why people end
up talking to themselves is because they feel like they
do not have someone else to talk to. To address this,
you need to be more sociable, it would give you more
people to talk to other than yourself.
▪When talking to one person or a
small group of people
1. Listen carefully - You have to listen carefully and
understand what the other person is saying. Asking
clarifying questions lets the other person know that
you are indeed listening attentively. More so, take
active part. You also need to be heard and
understood when it is your time to speak.
2.Check your tone and body language. The
vocabulary of the body is more revealing than the actual
words you speak. So, watch your tone and body
language while you are talking. Is your tone tough? Do
you smile and encourage the person you are talking to?
Your body language talks more about your emotions
and thoughts than your actual words.
3. When talking to the public
Speaking in front of the crowd requires many
preparations; from analyzing your target audience, to
planning and drafting your speech up to the rehearsing
part. The key therefore is to come prepared. Be yourself
while you are on stage and speak in the way that you
will be easily understood by your audience.
Types of Speeches
MODULE 6
 SPEECH

Speeches are more formal than talking or usual conversations.

They are primarily delivered to leave a remarkable message.
 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
a. informative or expository speech
• is mainly performed for the purpose of educating
the audience on new or relevant piece of
information on a particular topic.
example: lecture of a teacher
 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
b. persuasive speech
• is given solely for the purpose of convincing the
audience to agree with the speaker’s opinion on a
particular topic.
example: speech of a lawyer
 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
c. entertainment speech
• aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the
audience through witty and humorous lines.
example: speech of a comedian
 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
a. manuscript speech
• is the word-for-word iteration of a written message
using visual aids.
example: news anchor with a teleprompter
 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
b. memorized speech
• is the rote recitation of a written message that the
speaker has committed to memory.
example: actor’s dialogue
 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
c. extemporaneous speech
• is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed
speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
example: a campaign speech before a voting public
 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
d. impromptu speech
• is the presentation of a short message without advance
preparation and is for people knowledgeable about the
subject.
example: a doctor’s response to the question of a patient
(Assignment: Look for a quotation about love, life, happiness,
contentment and hardships and write it in a ¼ sheet of
paper)
Types of Speech Style
 1. INTIMATE

• is used for very close relationships.

example: couple
• note: Language used in this style
may not be shared in public.
 2. CASUAL
• is an informal communication between
groups and peers who have something to
share and have shared background
information but do not have close relations.
example: classmates
• note: Jargon, slang, and vernacular
language are used
 3. CONSULTATIVE

• is used in semi-formal and standard

communication.
example: teacher and student
• note: Professional or mutually acceptable
language is a must in this style.
 4. FORMAL
• is a one-way straightforward speech.
example: State of the Nation Address
• note: What the speaker says is
something that has been prepared
beforehand.
 5. FROZEN

• is the most formal communicative style that is

usually used during solemn ceremonies and
events.
example: pledges
• note: It does not require any feedback from the
audience.
 Speech Act
(Locutionary Act, Illocutionary
Act, Perlocutionary Act)
Three Types of
Speech Act
According to J. L. Austin (1962), a
philosopher of language and the
developer of the Speech Act Theory,
there are three types of acts in every
utterances, given the right
circumstances or context.
• A speech act is an utterance that a
speaker makes to achieve an
intended effect.
• Speech acts are performed when a
person offers an apology, greeting,
request, complaint, invitation
compliment, or refusal.
• Speech act is an act of
communication
1. Locutionary act is the actual act of
uttering.
“Please do the dishes.”
2. Illocutionary act is the social function
of what is said.
By uttering the locution “Please
do the dishes,” the speaker requests
the addressee to wash the dishes.
3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act
of what is said. This effect is based on
the particular context in which the
speech act was mentioned.
The aim of Perlocutionary Speech Act
is to change feelings, thoughts, or
actions
“Please do the dishes” would
lead to the addressee washing the
dishes.
 Searle’s Classifications of
Speech Act
As a response to Austin’s Speech
Act Theory, John Searle (1976),
a professor from the University of
California, Berkeley, classified
illocutionary acts into five distinct
categories.
Assertive – a type of illocutionary
act in which the speaker
expresses belief about the truth of
a proposition. Some examples of
an assertive act are suggesting,
putting forward, swearing,
boasting, and concluding.
Example: No one makes better
pancakes than I do.
Directive – a type of illocutionary
act in which the speaker tries to
make the addressee perform an
action. Some examples of a
directive act are asking, ordering,
requesting, inviting, advising, and
begging.
Example: Please close the door.
Commissive – a type of illocutionary
act which commits the speaker to
doing something in the future.
Examples of a commissive act are
promising, planning, vowing, and
betting.
Example: From now on, I will
participate in our group activity.
Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in
which the speaker expresses his/her
feelings or emotional reactions. Some
examples of an expressive act are
thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and
deploring.
Example: I am so sorry for not helping
out in our group projects and letting
you do all the work.
Declaration – a type of illocutionary act
which brings a change in the external
situation. Simply put, declarations
bring into existence or cause the state
of affairs which they refer to. Some
examples of declarations are blessing,
firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a
sentence, and excommunicating.
Example: You are fired!
By saying that someone is fired,
an employer causes or brings
about the person’s
unemployment, thus changing
his external situation.
Always keep in mind that
speech acts include
concrete life interactions that
require the appropriate use
of language within a given
culture.
Communicative
Strategy
1. Nomination

Basically, when you employ this strategy,

you try to open a topic with the people you
are talking to. When beginning a topic in a
conversation, especially if it does not arise
from a previous topic, you may start off
with news inquiries and news
announcements as they promise extended
talk.
Most importantly, keep the
conversational environment open for
opinions until the prior topic shuts
down easily and initiates a smooth
end. This could efficiently signal the
beginning of a new topic in the
conversation
2. Restriction

Restriction in communication refers to any

limitation you may have as a speaker.
Example: When communicating in the
classroom, you are typically given
specific instructions that you must follow.
It limits what you can say. breakdown.
For example, in your class, you might be
asked by your teacher to brainstorm on
peer pressure or deliver a speech on digital
natives. In these cases, you cannot decide
to talk about something else.
On the other hand, conversing with your
friends during ordinary days can be far
more casual than these examples. Just the
same, remember to always be on point and
avoid sideswiping from the topic during the
conversation to avoid communication
3.Turn- Taking

Sometimes people are given unequal

opportunities to talk because others take
much time during the conversation.
Turn-taking pertains to the process by which
people decide who takes the
conversational floor. There is a code of
behavior behind establishing and
sustaining a productive conversation, but
the primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak.
Remember to keep your words relevant and
reasonably short enough to express your
views or feelings. Try to be polite even if you
are trying to take the floor from another
speaker.
Do not hog the conversation and talk
incessantly without letting the other party air
out their own ideas. To acknowledge others,
you may employ visual signals like a nod, a
look, or a step back, and you could
accompany these signals with spoken cues
such as “What do you think?” or “You
wanted to say something?”
4. Topic Control

Topic control covers how procedural

formality or informality affects the
development of topic in conversations. For
example, in meetings, you may only have a
turn to speak after the chairperson directs
you to do so.
Contrast this with a casual conversation
with friends over lunch or coffee where
you may take the conversational floor
anytime. Remember that regardless of
the formality of the context, topic control
is achieved cooperatively.
This only means that when a topic is
initiated, it should be collectively developed
by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts. You can make yourself actively
involved in the conversation without overly
dominating it by using minimal responses
like “Yes,” “Okay,” “Go on”; asking tag
questions to clarify information briefly like
“You are excited, aren’t you?”, “It was
unexpected, wasn’t it?”; and even by
laughing!
5. Topic Shifting
Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves
moving from one topic to another. In other
words, it is where one part of a conversation
ends and where another begins. When
shifting from one topic to another, you have
to be very intuitive. Make sure that the
previous topic was nurtured enough to
generate adequate views. You may also use
effective conversational transitions to
indicate a shift like “By the way,” “In addition
to what you said,” “Which reminds me of,”
6. Repair
Repair refers to how speakers address the
problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a
conversation.
For example, if everybody in the conversation seems
to talk at the same time, give way and appreciate
other’s initiative to set the conversation back to its
topic. Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any
social interaction. If there is a problem in
understanding the conversation, speakers will
always try to address and correct it. Although this
is the case, always seek to initiate the repair.
7. Termination

Termination refers to the conversation participants’

close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator
takes responsibility to signal the end of the
discussion as well. Although not all topics may
have clear ends, try to signal the end of the topic
through concluding cues. You can do this by
sharing what you learned from the conversation.
Aside from this, soliciting agreement from the
other participants usually completes the
discussion of the topic meaningfully.