Control and coordinate

Nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
 Brain
 Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (CNS)
 Cranial nerves – [The nerves from the brain (12 pair)]
 Spinal nerves – [The nerves from spinal cord (31 pair)]
Parts of brain
Forebrain
 Cerebrum
 Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
 Largest part of the brain.
 It has two hemispheres called cerebral hemisphere.
Functions:-
 Thinking part of the brain.
 Control voluntary actions
 Separate site for hearing, smell, sight etc.
 Control taste, sensation of pain, touch.
Hypothalamus
  Pituitary gland
 Centre that determine feeling of fullness, thirst, hunger,
sleep, body temperature and sweating. (To remember:
Mostly the feelings when we are nervous. E.g. Exam hall)
Midbrain
 Connect Forebrain and Hind brain
 Control muscle movement
 Control involuntary actions. (In text book)
Hindbrain
 Cerebellum
 Medulla
 Pons
Cerebellum
 Second largest part of the brain. (To remember: Both the
largest parts are rhyming)
 Coordinate muscular movement.
 Maintain equilibrium (balance.
 Maintain posture while cycling, walking, jumping etc.
Pons
 It controls involuntary actions like respiration. (To
remember: Think about me).
Medulla
 Connects brain with spinal cord.
 Control involuntary actions like rate of breathing, rate of
heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting, coughing,
sneezing, peristalsis (e.g. Movement through esophagus),
salvation etc.
Questions
1. How is Brain protected?
Ans) Brain is protected by a bony box called Cranium (Skull)
and it contains a fluid called Cerebro spinal fluid which
absorbs shock and nutrients.
2. How is Spinal cord protected?
Ans) Spinal cord is protected by Vertebral column
(Backbone). It is also protected by a fluid called Cerebro
spinal fluid.
3. How does nervous tissue help in the movement of muscle?
Ans) Muscle cells have a special protein that changes both
their shape and arrangement of the cell in response to
electrical impulse this cause contraction and relaxation of
muscle. This process results in the movement of muscles.

4. What are the functions of nervous system?

Ans)
 Nervous system controls the functioning of different tissue
organs and different parts of the body.
 It makes animals aware of their surroundings.
 It controls intelligence, emotion, reasoning, memory etc.
 It protects us from harmful situations through reflex
actions.
5. Which plant movement depends on growth? What are the
features of this movement?
Ans) Tropic movement
 Growth depends on this movement.
 Direction of growth depends upon stimulus.
 Slow response
 E.g. Growth of stem towards sunlight.
6. Which plant movement is independent on growth? What
are the features of this movement?
Ans) Nastic Movement
 Growth is not dependent on this movement.
 Movement is not directional
 Fast response
 E.g. Opening of stomata, Touch me not plant reacts to
touch.

7. What happens during phototropism?

Ans) The growth of plant towards the direction of light is known
as phototropism. This happens due to the response of plant
toward light stimulus.
 Stem undergoes positive phototropism.
 Roots undergo negative phototropism.
8. What happens during hydrotropism?
Ans) The growth of plant towards the direction of water is
known as hydrotropism. This happens due to the response of
plant towards water stimulus.
 Stem undergoes negative hydrotropism.
 Root undergoes positive hydrotropism.
9. What happens during geotropism?
Ans) The growth of plant towards the direction of gravity is
known as geotropism. This happens due to the response of plan
towards gravity (stimulus).
 Roots undergo positive geotropism.
 Stem undergo negative geotropism.
10. What happens during chemotropism?
Ans) The growth of plant towards chemical and mineral
stimulus. E.g. Growth of pollen tube towards ovule, growth of
roots towards minerals.

11. What happens during thingmotropism?

 Ans) The growth of plant movement in response to touch.
E.g. Growth of tendrils of plants on the support.
12. How does touch me not plant react to touch?
Ans) It responds to touch by changing the shape of cell due to
the change of concentration of water. Resulting in shrinkage
or swelling of the cell.
13. Explain different types of plant hormones.
Ans)
Growth hormones
Auxin
 Help in cell division and plant movement.
 Won’t work in the presence of sunlight.
Gibberilin
 Help in growth of the stem.
 Help in germination, flowering, fruit development.
Cytokinin
 Help in the cell division of seeds and fruits.
 Control the opening of stomata.
Growth Inhibitors
Ethylene
 Ripening of fruits
 Help in flowering
Abscisic acid (ABA)
  Witting of leaves.
 Suppresses the growth of plant.
14. How does Auxin help the tendril to cling around the
support?
Ans) Auxin helps in the growth of plant thus it is found in the
tip of root or stem. When the tendril come in contact with the
cell, Auxin will be produced less in that specific part and
more on the other side which is not in contact with the support
which allow the tendril to circle around the support.
15. Why is chemical important?
Ans) There are limitations for the use of electrical impulse in
all cases since the impulse will not be reaching to all cell, it
will be reached only to cells connected by nervous tissues.
Secondly when an impulse is transmitted from one cell to
another,(The second cell) the cell will take some time to reset
the mechanism before it can transmit to another cell.
This is why multicellular organism use hormones which help
to diffuse around the original cell and the cell near to it use
special molecules to recognize the information and transmit it.
16. Why is Iodised salt advisable?
Ans) Iodised salt contains Iodine which helps in the release of
Thyroxin by Thyroid gland. It helps in metabolism of
carbohydrate , fat, protein. If we lack Iodine then it lead a
disease called Goitre (swollen neck) due to the less secretion
of thyroxin.
17. Differentiate between endocrine gland exocrine gland?
Write examples?
Ans) Endocrine gland - These glands produce hormone to
bloodstream.
E.g. Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland.
Exocrine gland – These glands produce other enzymes other
than hormones.
E.g. Salivary gland, Tear gland.
18. What is the use of insulin and glucagon produced by
Pancreas?
Ans) Insulin regulates sugar level in blood when we are
consuming food and Glucagon help to regulate sugar level
during fasting. Both these hormones are released by pancreas;
if insulin is produced less then it will lead to a situation called
diabetes, where we have to take insulin injection to regulate
blood sugar level. Glucagon is the hormone which triggers
liver to release glycogen to maintain sugar level.
19. Explain feedback mechanism with the help of an
example.
 Ans) The hormones secreted by each gland is precised.
Timing and the amount of hormone is determined by a
mechanism called feedback mechanism.
E.g. Pancreas produces insulin if the blood sugar level is
increased. This hormone is released according to the sugar level
with a precised amount. If the blood sugar level is decreased
pancreas produce glucagon, which trigger liver to produce
glycogen which is converted to glucose and released to blood
stream to regulate blood sugar level.
20. How does our body respond to the release of
adrenaline in blood?
Ans) When adrenaline is released through the bloodstream to
target organs such as heart, muscle etc. As a result heart beats
faster, which result in the supply of more oxygen to our
muscles. The blood to the digestive system and skin is
reduced due to the contraction of muscles around the arteries
in the target organ. They divert the blood to our skeletal
system. The breathing rate as a result of contraction of
diaphragm and rib muscles. This is how the animal body
changed to deal a situation.
21. Differences between hormonal system and nervous
system?
Ans) Hormonal system
 Hormones are present.
  Sensory receptors are absent.
 It is a slow process.
 Reaches all parts of the body by diffusion.
Nervous system
 Hormones are absent.
 Sensory receptors are present.
 Fast response.
 It reaches to the parts connected to nervous tissues.

Hormones in Animals
Hormone Gland Function
Growth Pituitary Helps in the growth. E.g.
Height.
Insulin Pancreas Helps to regulate high
sugar level.
Glucagon Pancreas Helps in regulating low
sugar level.
Adrenaline Adrenal Triggers fight- flight
response.
Thyroxin Thyroid Help to regulate the
metabolism of
carbohydrate, protein
and fat.
Testosterone Testes Development of male
sex organs.
Thymus (Not necessary) Thymosin Helps to fight against
Not given in textbook infection.
Estrogen Ovaries Development of female
sex organs regulate
menstrual cycle.