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Lectures 17 and 18

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6 views

Lectures 17 and 18

it is about the computer connection with controler

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tanveer1111110
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MTS 336 Instrumentation and

Measurements

Dr. Basharat Ullah

Week 11

Department of Mechatronics
College of Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering
Mid Exam Solution
Mechanical Sensors
❑ Displacement, position, or location sensors.

❑ Strain sensors used to measure flow, pressure, weight, and acceleration.

❑ Motion sensors are designed to measure the rate of change of position,


location, or displacement.
Mechanical Sensors
❑ Potentiometric Sensors: The simplest type of displacement sensor involves the
action of displacement in moving the wiper of a potentiometer.
❑ This device then converts linear or angular motion into a changing resistance
that may be converted directly to voltage and/or current signals.
Mechanical Sensors
❑ Example:

❑ Solution:
Mechanical Sensors
❑ Capacitive and Inductive Sensors: A second class of sensors for displacement
measurement involves changes in capacitance or inductance.
❑ Capacitive: There are three ways to change the capacity: variation of the
distance between the plates (d), variation of the shared area of the plates (A),
and variation of the dielectric constant (K).
Capacitive Sensors
Example:

Solution: Area of cylinder,


Capacitance,
Questions?
Lecture 18
Mechanical Sensors
❑ Inductive: If a permeable core is inserted into an inductor as shown in Figure,
the net inductance is increased.
❑ Every new position of the core produces a different inductance.
❑ In this fashion, the inductor and movable core assembly may be used as a
displacement sensor.
Variable-Reluctance Sensors
❑ A moving core is used to vary the
magnetic flux coupling between two or
more coils, rather than changing an
individual inductance.
❑ The most common and extensively used
sensor in industrial environment is called a
linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT).
❑ When the core is centrally located in the
assembly, the voltage induced in each
primary is equal, and net voltage will be 0.
❑ A carefully manufactured LVDT can
provide an output linear within ±0.25%.
LVDT
Example:

Solution:

Transfer function uncertainty,


Strain Sensors
❑ Strain: Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to an applied force.
More specifically, strain is defined as the fractional change in length.
❑ The effect of applied force is referred to as a stress.
❑ When a force is applied to a structure, the components of the structure change
slightly in their dimensions and are said to be strained.
❑ Devices that are used to measure these small changes in dimensions are called
strain gauges.
❑ Tensile Stress-Strain: A force applied to a sample of material so as to elongate or
pull apart the sample.
Strain Sensors
❑ Compressional Stress-Strain: The only differences between compressional and
tensile stress are the direction of the applied force and the polarity of the change
in length.

❑ Shear Stress-Strain: A pair of forces acting on opposite sides of a body with the
same magnitude and opposite direction. The strain in this case is defined as the
fractional change in dimension of the sheared member.
Stress-Strain Curve
❑ If a specific sample is exposed to a range of
applied stress and the resulting strain is measured,
we get response shown in the figure.
❑ The relationship between stress and strain is
linear over some range of stress.
❑ If the stress is kept within the linear region, the
material is essentially elastic in that if the stress is
removed, the deformation is also gone.
❑ But if the elastic limit is exceeded, permanent
deformation results.
❑ The material may begin to “neck” at some
location and finally break.
Stress-Strain Curve
❑ Within the linear region, the linearity and slope are constant.
❑ In tensile and compressional stress, this constant is called modulus of elasticity
or Young’s modulus the modulus of elasticity, or Young’s modulus, as given by.

❑ In an exactly similar fashion, the shear modulus is defined for shear stress-strain
as
Stress-Strain Curve
Example:

Solution:
Strain Gauge Principles
❑ Let the resistance of a metal sample is given by,

Rearranging V and by putting in R, we get;

The change in resistance is;


This shows that, the strain converts directly into a resistance change.
Strain Gauge Principles
Example:

Solution:

❑ The change in resistance is very small for typical strain values.


❑ For this reason, resistance change measurement methods used with strain
gauges must be highly sophisticated.
Metal Strain Gauges
❑ A metal strain gauge (SG) is composed of thin metal deposited in a pattern on a
backing or carrier material.
❑ An SG specification always indicates the correct relation through statement of a
gauge factor (GF), which is defined as

❑ For metal gauges, GF is always close to 2. For some special alloys and carbon
gauges, the GF may be as large as 10.
❑ A high gauge factor is desirable because it indicates a larger change in resistance
for a given strain and is easier to measure.
Metal Strain Gauges
Questions?

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