Analytic Functions

A complex variable is denoted by z and it assumes the form 𝑧 =

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, where 𝑥 the real is part and 𝑦 is the imaginary part. Both

𝑥 and 𝑦 are real quantities. Here 𝑖 = ξ−1.

Function of a Complex Variable

Consider the complex variables w and 𝑧. The mapping𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧),

if w assumes the form 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) gives, 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

where both 𝑢 and 𝑣 are the functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦. Here, 𝑤 =

𝑢൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is a function of the complex variable.

Geometric representation of a complex variable

To represent a complex variable in a graph, we require two axes,

one axis to represent the real part 𝑥 and the other to represent

the imaginary part 𝑦. That is, one plane is required to represent

the complex variable. Such plane is called an Argand Plane (or)

Argand diagram.

The point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) corresponds to the complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.

Polar form of a Complex Number

A complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 can be represented in the polar form

as follows: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ).

𝑦
Then 𝑟 = ට𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is the modulus of z and 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ቀ ቁ is the
𝑥

amplitude of z.

1
Note:

1. Consider 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , then 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦, hence ȁ𝑧ȁ = ξ𝑧𝑧ҧ.

2. If 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 , then

(i) ห𝑧1𝑧2 ห = ȁ𝑧1ȁ × ȁ𝑧2ȁ

(ii) 𝑎𝑚𝑝൫𝑧1𝑧2 ൯ = 𝑎𝑚𝑝൫𝑧1൯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑝(𝑧2)
(iii) 𝑎𝑚𝑝൫𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ൯ = 𝑎𝑚𝑝൫𝑧1൯ − 𝑎𝑚𝑝൫𝑧2 ൯
𝑧 ȁ𝑧1 ȁ
(iv) ฬ 1ฬ =
𝑧2 ȁ𝑧2 ȁ

(v) ห𝑧1 + 𝑧2ห ≤ ห𝑧1ห + ȁ𝑧2 ȁ

(vi) ห𝑧1 − 𝑧2ห ≤ ห𝑧1ห − ȁ𝑧2 ȁ

Neighbourhood of a point 𝒛𝟎

Neighbourhood of a point 𝑧0 is sufficiently small circular

region including the points on the boundary with centre 𝑧0,

That is ห𝑧 − 𝑧0 ห < 𝛿.

Limit of a function

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be a single valued function defined at all points in

some neighbourhood of point 𝑧0. Then the limit of 𝑓(𝑧)as

𝑧 → 𝑧0 is 𝑤0. That is lim 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑤0.

𝑧→𝑧0

Continuity

A function 𝑓 (𝑧) is said to be continuous at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if is

lim 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑓൫𝑧0൯.

𝑧→𝑧0

2
Differentiability at a point

A function f(z) is said to be differentiable at a point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if

𝑓൫𝑧0 +∆𝑧൯−𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim exists. The limit is called the
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧

derivative of f(z) at the point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 and is denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑧).

Analytic Functions

A single valued function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) of a complex variable 𝑧 is

said to be analytic at a point 𝑧0 if it has a unique derivative

at 𝑧0 and at every point in the neighborhood of 𝑧0 .

The function 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a region 𝑅 if it has a

derivative at every point of 𝑓(𝑧). Analytic functions are also

called as holomorphic functions or regular functions.

Singular point

A point at which the function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) fails to be analytic is

called a singular point or singularity of 𝑓(𝑧). The function

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) will cease to be analytic when 𝑓’(𝑧) = 0.

Cauchy-Riemann Equations

The Cauchy- Riemann equations abbreviated as C-R

equations give the necessary condition for 𝑓(𝑧) to be

analytic.

3
The necessary conditions for a complex function 𝑓(𝑧) =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑢൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) to be analytic in a region 𝑅 are = and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=− .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

That is 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 & 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

Sufficient conditions for analyticity

A single valued function 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) possessing continuous

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
partial derivatives , , , at each point of the region R
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

and satisfying the 𝐶𝑅 equations is analytic in the region𝑅.

Note:

From the above definition 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

Also𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 .

Problems:

1. Show that 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic, also find its derivative.

Solution:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 ൫𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦൯
𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

Here 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

4
Hence the given function is analytic.
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
= 𝑒𝑧

2. Show that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 is analytic in the entire z-plane.

Solution:

It is given that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3

𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑖(3𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑣𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦 𝑣𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2

Here 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

The given function is an analytic function.

3. Find the constants a, b, c if 𝑓 (𝑧) = ൫𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦൯ + 𝑖൫𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦൯ is

analytic.

Solution:

Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = ൫𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦൯ + 𝑖൫𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦൯

𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 1 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑏

5
 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑐

By the definition of the analytic function,

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .
𝑐 = 1, 𝑎 = −𝑏.

1 𝑦
4. Test whether the function 𝑓 (𝑧) = log൫𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ൯ + 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ቂ ቃ
2 𝑥

is analytic or not.

Solution:
1 𝑦
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = log൫𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ൯ + 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ቂ ቃ
2 𝑥

1 𝑦
𝑢= log൫𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ൯, 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ൤ ൨
2 𝑥
1 2𝑥 𝑥 −𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = = 𝑣𝑥 =
2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑥
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Here 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

Hence it is an analytic function.

5. Show that 𝑓 (𝑧) = sin 𝑧 is an analytic function.

Solution:

Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = sin 𝑧 = sin൫𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦൯

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos൫𝑖𝑦൯ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sin൫𝑖𝑦൯

𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦

6
 Here 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

Hence it is an analytic function.

Laplace Equation

The Laplace equation in two dimension is given as

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
2
+ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2 𝜕2
2
+ is called the Laplacian operator and is denoted
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

by ∇2 .

Properties of an analytic Function

Property 1:

The real and imaginary parts of an analytic

function 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 satisfy the Laplace equation.

Proof:

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be an analytic function.

The 𝐶. 𝑅. equations hold true for 𝑓(𝑧).

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= --------------(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=− -----------(2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Differentiating (1) partially with respect to ‘x’,

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣
2
= --------------(3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Differentiating (2)partially with respect to 𝑦

7
 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣
2
=− --------------(4)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Adding (3) and (4) gives,

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
2
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Hence 𝑢 satisfies Laplace equation.

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= --------------(5)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
=− -----------(6)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Differentiating (5) partially with respect to ‘y’,

𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢
2
= --------------(7)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Differentiating (6) partially with respect to ‘x’,

𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢
2
=− --------------(8)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Adding (7) and (8) gives,

𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
2
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Hence 𝑣 satisfies Laplace equation.

Harmonic Function

A real function of two real variables x and y that possesses

continuous second order partial derivatives and that satisfies

Laplace equation is called a harmonic function. A harmonic

function is also known as a potential function.

Conjugate harmonic function

8
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are harmonic functions such that 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic,

then each is called the continuous harmonic function of the

other.

Property 2:

If 𝑤 = 𝑢൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ + 𝑖𝑣൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ is an analytic function the curves of the

family 𝑢൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ = 𝑎 and the curves of the family 𝑣൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ = 𝑏, cut

orthogonally where a and b are varying constants.

Proof:

Given 𝑓(𝑧) is an analytic function. Therefore by 𝐶𝑅 equations

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 are true.

Given 𝑢൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ = 𝑎 and 𝑣൫𝑥, 𝑦൯ = 𝑏.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑦 −
𝜕𝑥
= = 𝑚1 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝑑𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥
= = 𝑚2 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
Product of slopes at this point of intersection =𝑚1 𝑚2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
− −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
=൦ ൪൦ ൪ = −1.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Hence the two family of curves form an orthogonal system.

9
Property 3:

An analytic function with constant modulus is constant.

Proof:

Given that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic.

That is, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

ห𝑓 (𝑧)ห = ඥ𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑐
2
ห𝑓 (𝑧)ห = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑐 2 ……(1)

Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
2𝑢 + 2𝑣 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑢 +𝑣 = 0-------(2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Differentiating (1) partially with respect to y.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
2𝑢 + 2𝑣 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑢 +𝑣 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
−𝑢 +𝑣 = 0---------(3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
(2)*u+(3)*v → 𝑢2 + 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣2 − 𝑢𝑣 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑢2 + 𝑣2 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2) =0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
=0
𝜕𝑥
Similarly
𝜕𝑣
=0
𝜕𝑥

10
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 0 which implies that 𝑓 (𝑧)is a constant.

Property 4:

If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, show that 𝑓 (𝑧) is constant if real part of 𝑓 (𝑧) is

constant.

Proof:

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be an analytic function.

Then 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

Given 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

To prove: f(z) is a constant

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑐. Then = 0 and =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

By C-R equations
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 0 => =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=0→ =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖 = 0 + 𝑖0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 0
i.e, 𝑓(𝑧) is a constant.

Property 5:
തതതതതത are analytic in a region S, then 𝑓 (𝑧) is constant
If 𝑓(𝑧) and 𝑓(𝑧)

in that region.

11
Given that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic in S …………(1)

That is, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

തതതതതത = 𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣 is also analytic in S…………. (2)
Given 𝑓(𝑧)

That is, 𝑢𝑥 = −𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 .

Adding (1) and (2) it follows that 𝑢𝑥 = 0 and 𝑢𝑦 = 0

i.e, 𝑣𝑥 = 0 and 𝑣𝑦 = 0

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 = 0
i.e, 𝑓(𝑧) is a constant in S.

Problems

1.Prove that ∇2ȁ𝐼𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2 is analytic in the domain D.

Proof:

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic.

As 𝐼𝑚 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑣, then ȁ𝐼𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 𝑣 2

𝜕
(𝑣 2) = 2𝑣𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2
(𝑣 2) = 2[𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ]
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2
2
(𝑣 2) = 2[𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥2]
𝜕𝑥
Similarly

𝜕2
2
(𝑣 2) = 2[𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦2]
𝜕𝑦

12
 𝜕2 𝜕2
ቆ 2 + 2 ቇ ȁ𝐼𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2൫𝑣൫𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 ൯ + 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2൯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕2
ቆ 2 + 2 ቇ ȁ𝐼𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2൫𝑣(0) + 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2൯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕2
ቀ 2
+ ቁ ȁ𝐼𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

2.Prove that ∇2ȁ𝑅𝑒 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2 is analytic in the domain D.

Proof:

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic.

Real part of 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢

ȁ𝑅𝑒 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 𝑢2 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑦

𝜕 2
(𝑢 ) = 2𝑢𝑢𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2
2
(𝑢2 ) = 2[𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥 ]
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2
2
(𝑢2 ) = 2[𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥2 ]
𝜕𝑥
Similarly
𝜕2
2
(𝑢2 ) = 2[𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦2 ]
𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝜕2
ቆ 2 + 2 ቇ ȁ𝑅𝑒 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2൫𝑢൫𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 ൯ + 𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 ൯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕2
ቆ 2 + 2 ቇ ȁ𝑅𝑒 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2൫𝑢(0) + 𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 ൯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕2
ቀ 2
+ ቁ ȁ𝑅𝑒 𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 2ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

2 2
𝜕 𝜕
3.Prove that ቂ ȁ𝑓 (𝑧)ȁቃ + ൤ ȁ𝑓 (𝑧)ȁ൨ = ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2 where
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

13
 𝜕2 𝜕2
∇2 = 2
+ is the Laplacian operator.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Proof:

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

ȁ𝑓(𝑧)ȁ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

ȁ𝑓(𝑧)ȁ = ඥ𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
𝜕 1
ȁ𝑓 (𝑧)ȁ = [2𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑣𝑥 ]
𝜕𝑥 2ඥ𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
2 2
𝜕 [𝑢𝑢𝑥 +𝑣𝑣𝑥 ]
ቂ ȁ𝑓 (𝑧)ȁቃ = ൤ ൨
𝜕𝑥 ඥ𝑢2 +𝑣 2

Similarly
2 2
𝜕 [𝑢𝑢𝑦 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦 ]
ቈ ȁ𝑓(𝑧)ȁ቉ = ቈ ቉
𝜕𝑦 ඥ𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
2 2 2
𝜕 2 𝜕 ൣ𝑢𝑢𝑥 +𝑣𝑣𝑥 ൧ ቂ𝑢𝑢𝑦 +𝑣𝑣𝑦 ቃ
ቂ ห𝑓 (𝑧)หቃ + ൤ ห𝑓 (𝑧)ห൨ = ൤ ൨ +ቈ ቉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ඥ𝑢2 +𝑣 2 ඥ𝑢2 +𝑣 2

ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2)
=
(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2)
= ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2

4.Prove that ∇2(𝑢𝑝 ) = 𝑝൫𝑝 − 1൯𝑢𝑝−2ȁ𝑓′(𝑧)ȁ2

Proof:

Given that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic.

That is, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

𝑢𝑥𝑥+ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 and 𝑣𝑥𝑥+ 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 0

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
ȁ𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ȁ2 = 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2

14
𝜕 𝑝
𝑢 = 𝑝𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑝)
𝜕
( 𝑢 = ൫𝑝𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑥 ൯ = 𝑝[𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + (𝑝 − 1)𝑢𝑝−2 𝑢𝑥 2]
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
Similarly
𝜕2 𝑝)
𝜕
2
(𝑢 = ൫𝑝𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑦 ൯ = 𝑝[𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + (𝑝 − 1)𝑢𝑝−2 𝑢𝑦 2]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝜕2
ቈ 2 + 2 ቉ (𝑢𝑝 ) = 𝑝ൣ𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + ൫𝑝 − 1൯𝑢𝑝−2 𝑢𝑥 2 ൧ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑝[𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + (𝑝 − 1)𝑢𝑝−2 𝑢𝑦 2 ]

= 𝑝[𝑢𝑝−1 ][0] + 𝑝൫𝑝 − 1൯𝑢𝑝−2 [𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑢𝑦 2 ]

= 𝑝൫𝑝 − 1൯𝑢𝑝−2 ȁ𝑓′(𝑧)ȁ2.

𝜕2 𝜕2
5. If 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic, prove that ቀ 2
+ ቁ logห𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ห = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
We know that ቀ 2
+ 2
ቁ=4 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑧ҧ

𝜕2 𝜕2 ′( )
𝜕2
ቆ 2 + 2 ቇ logห𝑓 𝑧 ห = 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔ห𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ห
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑧ҧ
1 𝜕2 2
=4 𝑙𝑜𝑔ห𝑓 ′ (𝑧)ห
2 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑧ҧ
𝜕2
=2 𝑙𝑜𝑔ห𝑓 ′ (𝑧). 𝑓′(𝑧ҧ)ห
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑧ҧ
𝜕2
=2 {log𝑓 ′ (𝑧) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓 ′ (𝑧ҧ)}
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑧ҧ
𝜕 𝑓′′(𝑧ҧ )
=2 ൤ ൨ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝑓′(𝑧ҧ )

Milne Thomson Method:

Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) be the real part of analytic function
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
In this method we first find 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) as a function of z and then find
𝑓 (𝑧) by ordinary integration.
15
The imaginary part of 𝑓 (𝑧) gives 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦).

To find 𝒇(𝒛) when u(x,y) (real part) is given:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Since 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −𝑖
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥,𝑦)
=𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Replacing x by z and y by 0 we get
= 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)
Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶, where C is an arbitrary
(imaginary) of constant of integration.
Separating the real and imaginary parts of 𝑓 (𝑧), we can find
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦).

To find 𝒇(𝒛) when v (Imaginary part) is given:

Similarly as above,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Since 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= +𝑖
𝜕𝑦(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥,𝑦)
=𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Replacing x by z and y by 0, we get
= 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)
Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary
constant of integration.
Separating the real and imaginary parts of 𝑓 (𝑧), we can find
u(𝑥, 𝑦).

Problems (When u is given):

1. Find a function w such that w= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic if 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦.
Solution:

16
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Since 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
As f(z) is analytic, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and , 𝑢𝑦 = − 𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = −𝑖 = 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary
constant of integration.
Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ; 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
Now,
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 sin(0) = 0
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 cos (0) = 𝑒 𝑧
Hence
𝑓 (𝑧) = න[0 − 𝑖(𝑒 𝑧 )]𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

𝑓 (𝑧) = − න 𝑖 (𝑒 𝑧 )𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
𝑓 (𝑧) = −𝑖𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐

2. Find a function w such that w= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic if u=

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦
Solution:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Since 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
As f(z) is analytic, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and , 𝑢𝑦 = − 𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = −𝑖 = 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary
constant of integration.
Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 ; 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦
Now,
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 2𝑒 2𝑧 sin(0) = 0
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 2𝑒 2𝑧 cos (0) = 2𝑒 𝑧
Hence
𝑓 (𝑧) = න[0 − 𝑖 (2𝑒 2𝑧 )]𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

17
 𝑓(𝑧) = − න 𝑖(2𝑒 2𝑧 )𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
𝑒 2𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = −2𝑖 +𝑐
2
𝑓 (𝑧) = −𝑖𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝑐.

3. Find the analytic function W such that 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic,

if 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦].
Solution:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Since 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
As f(z) is analytic, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and , 𝑢𝑦 = − 𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = −𝑖 = 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary
constant of integration.
Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 [−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 −
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]
Now,
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 cos(0) + [𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0) − 0 sin(0)]𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑒 𝑧
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 [−𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0) − 0 cos(0) − sin(0)] =
𝑒 𝑧 [0] = 0
Hence
𝑓 (𝑧) = න[(𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑒 𝑧 )𝑑𝑧 − 0] + 𝑐
= ‫( 𝑧 𝑒 ׬‬1 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐

4. Find the analytic function w such that 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic,

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
if 𝑢 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Solution:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Since 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
As f(z) is analytic, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and , 𝑢𝑦 = − 𝑣𝑥

18
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) =
−𝑖 = 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary
constant of integration.

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Given u=
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)−(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)(2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑦+2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝑢𝑥 =
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)2
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)−(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑧)(2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑧)
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) =
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)2
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)−(2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑧)
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) =
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)2
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)−2(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑧)
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) =
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)2
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)−2(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) =
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)2
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)[(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)−2(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)]
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) =
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)2
[(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)−2(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)]
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) = (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧)

2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧−2−2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧 −2 −2
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) = = =
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧) (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑧) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑍

−1
𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) = = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑍

Hence 𝑢𝑥(𝑧,0) = -𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑧

(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 )(0) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)(2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑦 − 0)
𝑢𝑦 =
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)2

−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥[2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑦]
Also, 𝑢𝑦 = i.e., 𝑢𝑦(𝑧,0) = 0
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)2

𝑓 (𝑧) = නൣ𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐,

𝑓 (𝑧) = න[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 − 𝑖(0)]𝑑𝑧,

𝑓 (𝑧) = න[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧]𝑑𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑧 + 𝑐

Hence
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑧 + 𝑐

Problems (When v is given):

19
 1. Find the analytic function W such that 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic,
if the imaginary part is 𝑒 −𝑥 [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦].

Solution:
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Since 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
As f(z) is analytic, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and , 𝑢𝑦 = − 𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖 = 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary
constant of integration.
Given v= 𝑒 −𝑥 [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦] + [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦](−𝑒 −𝑥 ) ;
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)]
Now,
𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 −𝑧 cos(0) + [𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0) + 0](−𝑒 −𝑧 )
= 𝑒 −𝑧 − 𝑧𝑒 −𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑧 (1 − 𝑧)
𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 −𝑧 [−𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0) + (0 cos(0) + sin(0)] = 0
Hence
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑖 න 𝑒 −𝑧 (1 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑧

𝑒 −𝑧
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑖 ൤(1 − 𝑧) ൬ ൰ + (1)(𝑒 −𝑧 )൨ + 𝑐
−1

𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑖[(𝑧 − 1)(𝑒 −𝑧 ) + (𝑒 −𝑧 )] + 𝑐

𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑖[𝑒 −𝑧 (𝑧 − 1 + 1)] + 𝑐

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑖𝑧𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑐

2. Find the analytic function W such that 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic,

if the imaginary part is 𝑒 −2𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ].

Solution:
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Since 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is given and can be found out.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

20
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
As f(z) is analytic, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and , 𝑢𝑦 = − 𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖 = 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑓 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary
constant of integration.
Given 𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ].
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥𝑦 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 )] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ]𝑒 −2𝑥𝑦 (−2𝑦)
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥𝑦 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(−2𝑦)] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ]𝑒 −2𝑥𝑦 ](−2𝑥)
Now,
𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = [cos(𝑧 2 ) (2𝑧)] + 0 = 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑧 2)
𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = [0 + sin (𝑧 2)(−2𝑧)] = −2𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑧 2)

Hence
𝑓 (𝑧) = න[−2𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑧 2) + 𝑖2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑧 2 )]dz
= ‫[׬‬−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑧 2 ) + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑧 2 )]2zdz … … . (1)
Using substitution method, put 𝑧 2 = 𝑡

2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡
𝑧𝑑𝑧 =
2

(1) becomes

𝑓 (𝑧) = න[−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑑𝑡

𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑧 2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑧 2 ) + 𝑐

2
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑖𝑍 + 𝑐

21
 Problems to find f(z) when (u+v), (u-v) or (au+bv)
is given:

1.If f(z) = u+iv is an analytic function and given that

u-v=𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) find f(z) in z.
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑖𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑖(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 ) = 𝑖𝑢 − 𝑣
𝑓 (𝑧) + 𝑖𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑢 − 𝑣 ) + 𝑖(𝑢 + 𝑣)
𝑓 (𝑧)(1 + 𝑖) = (𝑢 − 𝑣 ) + 𝑖(𝑢 + 𝑣)
𝑭(𝒛) = 𝑼 + 𝒊𝑽, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹 (𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧)(1 + 𝑖), 𝑈 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 & 𝑉 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
Here F(z) is also analytic and hence 𝑈𝑥 = 𝑉𝑦 and 𝑈𝑦 = − 𝑉𝑥
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
𝐹′ (𝑧) = +𝑖 = −𝑖 = 𝑈𝑥 − 𝑖𝑈𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹 (𝑧) = ‫׬‬ൣ𝑈𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑈𝑦 (𝑧, 0)൧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐, where c is an
arbitrary constant of integration.
𝑈 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) )
𝜕𝑈
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑈
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑈𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 (1 − 0) = 𝑒 𝑧
𝑈𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 (0 − 1) = −𝑒 𝑧
𝑆𝑜 𝐹 (𝑧) = න[𝑈𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑈𝑦 (𝑧, 0)]𝑑𝑧

𝐹 (𝑧) = න[𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑧 ]𝑑𝑧

𝐹 (𝑧) = [𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑧 ] = 𝑒 𝑧 (1 + 𝑖) + 𝑐
As, 𝐹 (𝑧) = (1 + 𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑓 (𝑧)(1 + 𝑖) = 𝑒 𝑧 (1 + 𝑖) + 𝑐
𝒛 ′ ′
𝑒𝑧
𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒆 + 𝒄 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 =
(1 + 𝑖)

2.If f(z) = u+iv is an analytic function and 3u+2v = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 +

16𝑥𝑦 , find f(z) in z.
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 3𝑓 (𝑧) = 3𝑢 + 𝑖3𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑖𝑓 (𝑧) = −2𝑖(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 ) = −𝑖2𝑢 + 2𝑣
3𝑓 (𝑧) − 2𝑖𝑓 (𝑧) = 3𝑢 + 𝑖3𝑣 − 𝑖2𝑢 + 2𝑣 = 3𝑢 + 2𝑣 + 𝑖(3𝑣 − 2𝑢)
(3 − 2𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 3𝑢 + 2𝑣 + 𝑖(3𝑣 − 2𝑢)
𝑭(𝒛) = 𝑼 + 𝒊𝑽, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹 (𝑧) = (3 − 2𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧)
22
 𝑈 = 3𝑢 + 2𝑣 & 𝑉 = 3𝑣 − 2𝑢
𝑈 = 3𝑢 + 2𝑣 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑈
= −2𝑥 + 16𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑈
= 2𝑦 + 16𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑈
(𝑧, 0) = −2𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑈
(𝑧, 0) = 16𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝑆𝑜 𝐹 (𝑧) = න[𝑈𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑖𝑈𝑦 (𝑧, 0)]𝑑𝑧

𝐹 (𝑧) = න[−2𝑧 − 𝑖16𝑧]𝑑𝑧

𝑧2 𝑧2
𝐹 (𝑧) = ቂ−2 − 𝑖 16 ቃ = −𝑧 2 − 8𝑖𝑧 2+C
2 2
𝐹 (𝑧) = −𝑧 2 (1 + 8𝑖)+C
(3 − 2𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = −𝑧 2(1 + 8𝑖) + 𝐶
−𝑧 2 (1+8𝑖) 𝑪
𝑺𝒐, 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝟑−𝟐𝒊)
+ 𝑪′ , where 𝑪′ = .
(𝟑−𝟐𝒊)

MAPPING
A continuous real function y=f(x) can be represented
graphically by a curve in the Cartesian xy-plane. Similarly a
continuous real function z=f(x, y) can be represented
graphically by a surface in the three dimensional space. To
represent a function of the complex variable W=f(z) (or) u + iv
= f(x + iy), a four dimensional space is required (x, y, u and v)
which is not possible. So we make use of two complex planes of
the variables z and w, known as z-plane and w-plane.
To each point (x, y) in the z-plane the function w=f(z)
determines a point (u, v) in the w-plane if f(z) is a single-valued
function. If the point z moves over a region R in the z-plane and
the corresponding point w moves over a region R in the w-plane,
is called a mapping or transformation of elements (points, curves
or regions) in the z-plane onto elements in the w-plane.
The function w=f(z) is called the mapping or transformation
function. The corresponding points, curves or regions in the two
planes are called the image of each other. To visualize the nature
of a function f(z), we study the properties of the mapping defined
by w=f(z).

23
CONFORMAL MAPPING
Consider the transformation w=f(z), where f(z) is a single
valued function of z. Under this transformation, a point Z 0 and
any two curves C1 and C2 passing through z0 in the z-plane will
be mapped onto a point w0 and two curves 𝐶1′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2′ in the w-
plane.
If the angle between C1 and C2 at z0 is same as the angle
between 𝐶1′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2′ at w0 both in magnitude and sense, then the
transformation w=f(z), is said to be conformal at the point z0.

Definition :
A transformation that preserves angle between every pair
of curves through a point both in magnitude and in sense is said
to be conformal at that point.
A transformation that preserves angle between every pair
of curves through a point in magnitude but altered in sense is
said to be isogonal at that point.

Simple Transformations:
Some of the simple transformations are as
➢ Translation
➢ Magnification
➢ Magnification and Rotation
➢ Magnification, Rotation and Translation
➢ Inversion and Reflection

Translation

The transformation W=C+Z, where C is a Complex constant

represents a translation.
Let Z = x + iy, W=u + iv and C=a + ib

Then, W=C+Z implies

u + iv = (x + iy) + (a + ib)

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

24
U= x + a and v = y + b are the transformed equations.

Hence the image of any point (x, y) in the z-plane is the

point (x+ a, y + b) in the w-plane. This transformation
transforms a circle into an equal circle. Also the corresponding
regions in the z-plane and w-plane will have the same size,
shape and orientation.

Problems:

1. Find the map of the circle ȁ𝑧ȁ = 1, by the transformation

W = z+(5+2i)

Solution:

Hence the given transformation is translation,

The transformation W=C+Z, where C is a Complex constant
represents a translation.
Let
Z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, W= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, and C = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

Then
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎; 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 𝑏 are the transformed equations

Here we have W = z+(5+2i)

𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (5 + 2𝑖)
So

25
 𝑈 = 𝑥 + 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝑦 + 2
(i.e) 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 2 ----------------(1)

As the translation is on the unit circle,

ȁ𝑧ȁ = 1, 𝑧𝑧 ′ = 1

(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 = 𝑖𝑦) = 1, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
sub eqn (1) we have
(𝑢 − 5)2 + (𝑣 − 2)2 = 1 which is a circle equation with centre
(5, 2) and radius one unit.
Hence, ȁ𝑧ȁ = 1 maps onto a circle with centre (5,2) and
radius one unit.

Z - PLANE W - PLANE

2. Find the image of the region x=0; y=0; x=1; y=2 under
the transformation W = Z + (2 - i)

Solution
Hence the given transformation is translation,
The transformation W=C+Z, where C is a Complex constant
represents a translation.
Let
Z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, W= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, and C = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

26
Then
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎; 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 𝑏
are the transformed equations

Here we have W = z+(2-i)

𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (2 − 𝑖)
So
𝑈 = 𝑥 + 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝑦 − 1

(i.e) 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1

As the translation is for the region x=0; y=0; x=1; y=2,

𝑥 =𝑢−2 𝑦=
𝑣+1
𝑥 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑢 = 2 y=0 gives v
= -1
𝑥 = 1 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑢 = 3 y=2 gives
v=1

27
Magnification

The transformation W=CZ, where C is a real constant

represents a magnification.
Let
Z = x + iy, W=u + iv and C=a + ib

Then, u + iv = c(x + iy)

U= Cx and v =Cy
are the transformed equations.

Hence the image of any point (x, y) in the z-plane is

the point (cx, cy) in the w-plane. This transformation also
transforms a circle into an equal circle. The corresponding
regions in the z-plane and w-plane will have the same
shape and orientation but the size is magnified c times.

1. Find the image of the circle ȁ𝑧ȁ = 𝑘, by the transformation

W = 5Z.

Solution

The transformation W=CZ, where C is a real constant

represents a magnification. Hence the given transformation
is magnification.
Let
Z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and W= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣,

Then W = Cz
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, = 𝐶(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )

28
 𝑢 = 𝐶𝑥; 𝑣 = 𝐶𝑦
𝑢 𝑣
So 𝑥 = ; 𝑦 = are the transformed equations
𝑐 𝑐

Here we have W = 5Z

𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = 5(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
So,
𝑈 = 5𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 5𝑦
𝑢 𝑣
(i.e) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
5 5

As the magnification is on the circle,

ȁ𝑧ȁ = 𝑘, 𝑧𝑧 ′ = 𝑘

(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 = 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑘, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑘

2
𝑢 2 𝑣
ቀ ቁ +ቀ ቁ =𝑘
5 5

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 25k

which is a circle equation with centre origin and radius,

r=5k.

Hence ȁ𝑧ȁ = 𝑘 maps onto a circle with centre (0,0) and

radius r = 5k units.

29
2. Find the image of the triangular region in the z-plane
bounded by the lines x=0; y=0 and x+y = 1under the
transformation W = 2z
Solution

The transformation W=2Z, where 2 is a real constant

represents a magnification. Hence the given transformation
is magnification
Let
Z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and W= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣,

Then W = 2z
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, = 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )
𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑣 = 2𝑦
𝑢 𝑣
So 𝑥 = ; 𝑦 = are the transformed equations
2 2
Hence the images of the lines,
𝑥 = 0 → 𝑢 = 0; 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑣 = 0 and
𝑥+𝑦 = 1→ 𝑢+𝑣 =2
can be represented as,

30
3. Find the image of the circle ȁ𝑧ȁ =λ under the
transformation W = 5Z.

The transformation W=5Z, where 5 is a real constant

represents a magnification. Hence the given transformation
is magnification.
Let
Z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and W= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣,

Then W = 5z
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, = 5(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )
𝑢 = 5𝑥; 𝑣 = 5𝑦
𝑢 𝑣
So 𝑥 = ; 𝑦 = are the transformed equations
5 5

Here we have W = 5Z

𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = 5(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
So,
𝑈 = 5𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 5𝑦
𝑢 𝑣
(i.e) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
5 5

As the magnification is on the circle,

31
 ȁ𝑧ȁ = λ, 𝑧𝑧 ′ = λ

(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 = 𝑖𝑦) = λ, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = λ

2
𝑢 2 𝑣
ቀ ቁ +ቀ ቁ =λ
5 5

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 25λ

which is a circle equation with centre origin and radius,

r=5λ.

Hence ȁ𝑧ȁ = λ maps onto a circle with centre (0,0) and

radius r = 5λ units.

Magnification and Rotation

The transformation W=CZ, where C is a complex
constant represents both magnification and rotation.
Let
Z = r𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , W = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖∅ and C = 𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝛼

Then, 𝑅𝑒 𝑖∅ = 𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝛼 r𝑒 𝑖𝜃
= 𝜌𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝛼+𝑖𝜃
= 𝜌𝑟𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝜃)

32
 Hence R = 𝜌𝑟 and 𝑒 𝑖∅ = 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝜃) , ∅ = 𝛼+𝜃 are the
transformed equations.

Hence the image of any point (r, 𝜃) in the z-plane is

mapped onto the point (𝜌r, 𝛼 + 𝜃 ) in the w-plane. This
means the magnitude of the vector representing z is
magnified by 𝜌 = ȁ𝑐ȁ and it’s direction is rotated through the
angle 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑚𝑝(𝑐). Hence this transformation consists of
magnification and rotation. This transformation also
transforms a circle onto an equal circle. Also the
corresponding regions in the z-plane and w-plane will have
the same size, shape and orientation.

1. Find the image of the region y > 1 under the transformation

W = (1-i)Z

Solution

Hence the given transformation is magnification and

rotation,

The transformation W=CZ, where C is a Complex constant

represents a magnification and rotation.
Let
Z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and W= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣,

Then W = Cz
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, = (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) )
𝑢 = (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦); 𝑣 = (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦)
Here we have W = (1-i)Z

33
 𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = (1 − i)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑥)

So,
𝑈 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝑦 − 𝑥

𝑢−𝑣 𝑢+𝑣
(i.e) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
2 2

As the magnification and rotation is on y > 1,

𝑢+𝑣
>1
2

𝑢 + 𝑣 > 2 , is the transformed equation

Hence, the region y > 1 in the Z – plane is mapped onto

𝑢 + 𝑣 > 2 in the w-plane

2. Find the image of the circle ȁ𝑧 − 3 − 4𝑖ȁ = 1 by the

transformation W=(1+i)Z

Solution

34
Hence the given transformation is magnification and
rotation,

The transformation W=CZ, where C is a Complex constant

represents a magnification and rotation.
Let
Z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and W= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣,

Then W = Cz
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, = (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) )
𝑢 = (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦); 𝑣 = (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦)

Here we have W = (1+i)Z

𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = (1 + i)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

𝑈 + 𝑖𝑉 = (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑦 + 𝑥)

So,
𝑈 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑢+𝑣 𝑣−𝑢
(i.e) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
2 2

Consider ȁ𝑧 − 3 − 4𝑖ȁ = 1
ȁ𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 3 − 4𝑖ȁ = 1

ඥ(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 1

(i.e) (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 1

𝑢+𝑣 𝑣−𝑢
( − 3)2 + ( − 4)2
2 2

((𝑢 + 𝑣 ) − 6)2 + ((𝑣 − 𝑢) − 8)2 = 4

2𝑢2 + 2𝑣 2 + 4𝑢 − 28𝑣 + 100 = 4

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 2𝑢 − 14𝑣 + 50 = 2

35
 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 2𝑢 − 14𝑣 + 49 + 1 = 2

(𝑢2 + 2𝑢 + 1) + (𝑣 2 − 14𝑣 + 49) = 2

(𝑢 + 1)2 + (𝑣 − 7)2 = 2, which is a circle equation with centre

(-1,7) and r=1.414 unit.

3. Find the image of the region bounded by the lines x =y =0

𝜋
and x + y = 1 in the z-plane by the mapping, 𝑊 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑖 4
Solution
𝜋
Given 𝑊 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑖 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑆𝑖𝑛 )
4 4
1 1
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)( + 𝑖 )
ξ2 ξ2
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑢= ,v= ,
ξ2 ξ2
𝑢+𝑣 𝑣−𝑢
Hence 𝑥 = , y=
ξ2 ξ2
If x =0, 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 0, v = −𝑢
If y =0, 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 0, v = 𝑢
1
x + y =1 gives v =
ξ2

36
Inversion and Reflection
The transformation W = 1/z represents inversion with
respect to the unit circle ȁ𝑧ȁ = 1 followed by reflection in the
real axis.

Note: The transformation W=1/Z, is conformal at all points

of the z-plane except at z = 0.

If 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then

1 1
𝑈 + 𝑖𝑣 = , 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑢 −𝑣 2 2
1
𝑥= , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

Problems

37
1. Find the image of ȁ𝑧 − 2𝑖ȁ = 2 under the transformation W
= 1/Z.

Solution
Given ȁ𝑧 − 2𝑖ȁ = 2

ȁ𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 2𝑖ȁ = 2 (i.e) ȁ𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 2)ȁ = 2

ඥ𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 2 (i.e) 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4

Hence 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑦

As the transformation is W = 1/Z, We have as

𝑢 −𝑣 2 2
1
𝑥= , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

So sub in above equation,

𝑢 2 −𝑣 2 −𝑣
ቀ 2 ቁ + ቀ ቁ = 4 ቀ ቁ
𝑢 + 𝑣2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

Hence the equation reduces as,

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = −4𝑣(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2), (i.e) −4𝑣 = 1

−1
So, 𝑣 = is the image obtained.
4

38
2. Show that under the transformation w = 1/z, the image
of the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1 is the lemniscate 𝑝2 = cos (2∅)
Solution
The transformation W=1/Z, is conformal at all points of the
z-plane except at z = 0.

If 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then

1 1
𝑈 + 𝑖𝑣 = , 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

39
 𝑢 −𝑣 2 2
1
𝑥= , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

As, 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑢 2 −𝑣 2
ቀ ቁ −ቀ ቁ =1
𝑢2 +𝑣 2 𝑢2 +𝑣 2

𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 = (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2)2 (1)

Equating 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 in polar form,

𝑊 = 𝑝(𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛∅), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 =

𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛∅

From (1), 𝑝2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ∅) = 𝑝4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2∅ + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ∅)

(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ∅) = 𝑝2

3. Show that the transformation w = 1/z transforms circles

and straight lines in the z-plane into circles or straight
lines in the w-plane.
Solution

As the transformation is W=1/Z,

If 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then

1 1
𝑈 + 𝑖𝑣 = , 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑢 −𝑣 2 2
1
𝑥= , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

Consider the equation , 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑑 =

0 … … … . . (1)

If a≠0, Equation (1) represents circle and if a = 0 Equation

(1) represents straight line.

40
Sub x and y in equation (1),

𝑎 𝑏𝑢 𝑐𝑣
+ − +𝑑 = 0
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢 − 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑑 (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2) = 0………(2)

If d≠0, Equation (1) represents circle and if d = 0 Equation

(1) represents straight line.

The various cases are,

Case(i): When a≠0 and d≠0

Equation (1) and (2) represents circle in the z-plane
and w-plane not passing through origin. Hence W = 1/Z
transforms circles not passing through origin into circles not
passing through origin.

Case (ii) When a≠0 and d=0

Equation (1) represents circle in the z-plane passing
through origin and Equation (2) represents straight line in
w-plane not passing through origin.
Hence W = 1/Z transforms circles passing through
origin into straight line not passing through origin.

Case (iii) When a=0 and d≠0

Equation (1) represents straight line in the z-plane not
passing through origin and Equation (2) represents circles
in w-plane passing through origin.
Hence W = 1/Z transforms straight line not passing
through origin into circles passing through origin.
Case (iv) When a=0 and d=0
Equation (1) represents straight line in the z-plane
passing through origin and Equation (2) represents straight
lines in w-plane passing through origin.
Hence W = 1/Z transforms straight line passing
through origin into straight lines passing through origin.

4. Find the image of the following region under

W=1/z

41
 (i) The half plane X>C when C >0
(ii) Infinite Strip ¼<y<1/2

Solution
As the transformation is W=1/Z,

If 𝑊 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then

1 1
𝑈 + 𝑖𝑣 = , 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑢 −𝑣 2 2
1
𝑥= , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

(i) The half plane X>C when C >0

𝑢
(i.e) >𝐶
𝑢2 +𝑣 2
𝑢 > 𝐶(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2)
𝑢
(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2) <
𝑐
𝑢
(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2) − < 0
𝑐
𝑢
ቀ𝑢 − ቁ + 𝑣 2 < 0
2
𝑐
1 2 1 2
ቀ𝑢 − ቁ + 𝑣 2 < ቀ ቁ , is the interior of the circle
2𝑐 2𝑐
1
with centre ( , 0)
2𝑐

(iii) Infinite Strip ¼<y<1/2

𝟏
𝒚>
𝟒
−𝑣 𝟏
>
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝟒
−4𝑣 > 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 < −4𝑣

𝑢2 + (𝑣 2 + 4𝑣 ) < 0

𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 2)2 < −4

42
 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 2)2 < (2)2 is the interior of the circle with
centre (0,-2)

Similarly for
𝟏
𝒚<
𝟐

−𝑣 𝟏
<
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝟐
−2𝑣 < 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 > −2𝑣

𝑢2 + (𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 ) > 0

𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 > −4

𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 > (2)2 is the exterior of the circle with

centre (0,-1)

Practice Problems:

1.Find the image of the circle ȁ𝑧ȁ = 𝑘, by the transformation

W = (1-i)Z.
2. Find the region into which the half plane y > 0 is mapped
by the transformation W = (1+i)Z
3. Find the image of the circle ȁ𝑧 − 1ȁ = 1 under the mapping
W = 1/Z.
5. Find the image of the following region under W=1/z

(i) The half plane y>C when C <0 (ii) Infinite Strip 0 <
y < 1/2

BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION [ MOBIUS (or) LINEAR

FRACTIONAL TRANSFORMATION]

43
 The Bilinear transformation is also called as Mobius
transformation or Linear Fractional transformation, which can be
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
defined as w = where a, b, c, d are complex constants and
𝑐𝑧+𝑑
ad-bc ≠ 0

Fixed Point (or) Invariant point

A fixed point of mapping w = f(z) is the point Z where image
is the same point. Hence the fixed or invariant point can be
obtained by substituting w =z and hence solving it.

Cross Ratio:
If Z1 , Z2 , Z3 and Z4 are four complex numbers, then
(𝑧1 −𝑧2 )(𝑧3 −𝑧4 )
is called cross ratio.
(𝑧1 − 𝑧4 )(𝑧3 −𝑧2 )

Properties of Bilinear Transformation

1. The Bilinear transformation always transforms circles into
circles with lines as the limiting cases.
2. The Bilinear transformation preserves Cross ratio of the
four points.
3. If two values of z are equal, then the bilinear transformation
is called parabolic.
4. A bilinear transformation has atmost two fixed points.
5. Under Bilinear transformation, no two points in the z –
plane go to the same point in the w-plane.

Problems:
2𝑧−5
1. Find the fixed points for 𝑤 =
𝑧+4
Solution
2𝑧−5
As 𝑤 =
𝑧+4
2𝑧−5
By substituting w = z, 𝑍 =
𝑧+4
(i.e) 𝑧 (𝑧 + 4) = 2𝑧 − 5
Hence 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5 = 0 gives 𝑍 = −1 ± 2𝑖 as the fixed points.

6𝑧−9
2. Find the fixed points for 𝑤 =
𝑧
Solution
6𝑧−9
As 𝑤 =
𝑧

44
 6𝑧−9
By substituting w = z, z =
𝑧
(i.e) 𝑧 (𝑧) = 6𝑧 − 9
Hence 𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 9 = 0 gives 𝑧 = 3,3 as the fixed points.

𝑧−1
3. Find the invariant points for 𝑍 =
𝑧+1
Solution
𝑧−1
As 𝑧 =
𝑧+1
𝑧−1
By substituting w = z, 𝑧 =
𝑧+1
(i.e) z(𝑧 + 1) = 𝑧 − 1
Hence 𝑧 2 + 1 = 0 gives 𝑧 = ±𝑖 as the invariant points.

Theorem 1
The cross ratio remains invariant under bilinear
transformation.

RESULT
If w1, w2, w3, w4 are the images of z1, z 2, z3, z4 respectively
under bilinear
transformation, then
(𝑤 − 𝑤1)(𝑤2 − 𝑤3 ) (𝑧 − 𝑧1)(𝑧2 − 𝑧3 )
=
(𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )(𝑤3 − 𝑤) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2)(𝑧3 − 𝑧)

Problems on Bilinear Transformation

1. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps the points (-
1,0,1) in the
z-plane onto the points (0, i, 3i) in the W-plane.
Solution

The Bilinear transformation can be given as,

(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2 −𝑧3 )

= ,
(𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )(𝑤3 −𝑤) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧3 −𝑧)

where z1=-1; z2=0; z3=1 and w1=0; w2=i; w3=3i

(𝑤 − 0)(𝑖 − 3𝑖) (𝑧 + 1)(0 − 1)

=
(0 − 𝑖)(3𝑖 − 𝑤) (−1 − 0)(1 − 𝑧)

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 𝑤(−2𝑖) (𝑧 + 1)(−1)
=
(− 𝑖)(3𝑖 − 𝑤) (−1)(1 − 𝑧)

2𝑤 (1 + 𝑧)
=
(3𝑖 − 𝑤) (1 − 𝑧)
2𝑤 (1 − 𝑧) = (1 + 𝑧)(3𝑖 − 𝑤)
2𝑤 − 2𝑤𝑧 = 3𝑖 − 𝑤 + 3𝑖𝑧 − 𝑤𝑧
2𝑤 + 𝑤 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑤𝑧 + 3𝑖𝑧 − 𝑤𝑧
3𝑤 = 3𝑖 + 𝑤𝑧 + 3𝑖𝑧
𝑤(3 − 𝑧) = 3𝑖(1 + 𝑧)
3𝑖(1+𝑧)
𝑤= is the required Bilinear transformation in the
3−𝑧
form
𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏
𝑤=
𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑

2. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps the points

z1=0; z2=1; z3=∞ into the points w1=i;w2=1; w3=-i.
Solution

The Bilinear transformation can be given as,

(𝑊−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2 −𝑧3 )

= ,
(𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )(𝑤3 −𝑤) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧3 −𝑧)
𝑧
(𝑤 − 𝑖)(1 + 𝑖) (𝑧 + 0)𝑧3 ( 2 − 1)
𝑧3
= 𝑧
(𝑖 − 1)(−𝑖 − 𝑤) ( 0 − 1)𝑧3 (1 − )
𝑧3

(𝑤 − 𝑖)(1 + 𝑖) (𝑧)(0 − 1)
=
−( 𝑖 − 1)(𝑖 + 𝑤) (−1)(1 − 0)

(𝑤−𝑖)(1+𝑖)
= 𝑧
−( 𝑖−1)(𝑖+𝑤)
(𝑤 − 𝑖)(1 + 𝑖) = − 𝑧 ( 𝑖 − 1)(𝑖 + 𝑤)
𝑤𝑖 + 1 + 𝑤 − 𝑖 = −𝑧(−1 + 𝑖𝑤 − 𝑖 − 𝑤)

𝑤𝑖 + 1 + 𝑤 − 𝑖 = 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑤𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑤𝑧

𝑤𝑖 + 𝑤 + 𝑖𝑤𝑧 − 𝑤𝑧 = 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖

𝑤(𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑧) = 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖

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 𝑧+𝑖𝑧−1+𝑖 (1+𝑖)𝑧−1+𝑖
𝑤= = (𝑖−1)𝑧+𝑖+1
which is of the standard form
𝑖+1+𝑖𝑧−𝑧
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
𝑤=
𝑐𝑧+𝑑

3. Find the Mobius transformation which maps the points z =

0,1,∞ into the points W = -5, -1, 3 respectively. What are
the invariant points?
Solution

The Bilinear transformation can be given as ,

(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2 −𝑧3 )
=
(𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )(𝑤3 −𝑤) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧3 −𝑧)
𝑧2
(𝑤 + 5)(−1 − 3) (𝑧 − 0)𝑧3 ( − 1) (𝑧 − 0)(0 − 1)
𝑧3
= 𝑧 =
(−5 + 1)(3 − 𝑤) ( 0 − 1)𝑧3(1 − ) ( 0 − 1)(1 − 0)
𝑧3

(𝑤 + 5)(−4)
= −𝑧
( −4)(3 − 𝑤)

(𝑊+5)
= −𝑧 i.e., 𝑤 + 5 = −𝑧(3 − 𝑤)
(3−𝑤)

𝑤 − 𝑤𝑧 = −3𝑧 − 5 i.e., 𝑤(1 − 𝑧) = −3𝑧 − 5

3𝑧+5
Hence 𝑤 = is the required Bilinear transformation in
𝑧−1
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
the form 𝑤 =
𝑐𝑧+𝑑

To find Fixed Points

3𝑧+5
As 𝑤 =
𝑧−1
3𝑧+5
By substituting w = z, 𝑧 =
𝑧−1
(i.e) 𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) = 3𝑧 + 5
Hence 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 − 5 = 0 gives 𝑧 = −1, 5 as the invariant points.

4. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps the points

z1=1; z2=i; z3=-1 onto the points w1=0; w2=1; w3=∞.
Show that the transformation maps the interior of the unit
circle of the z-plane onto the upper half of the w-plane.

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 Solution

The Bilinear transformation can be given as ,

(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2 −𝑧3 )

=
(𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )(𝑤3 −𝑤) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧3 −𝑧)

𝑤
(𝑤 − 𝑤1 )𝑤3 ( 2 − 1) (𝑧 − 𝑧1 )(𝑧2 − 𝑧3)
𝑤3
𝑤 =
(𝑤1 − 𝑤2 )𝑤3 (1 − ) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2)(𝑧3 − 𝑧)
𝑤3
(𝑤 − 0)(0 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)(𝑖 + 1)
=
( 0 − 1)(1 − 0) (1 − 𝑖)(−1 − 𝑧)

−(𝑧 − 1)(1 + 𝑖)
𝑤=
(1 − 𝑖)(1 + 𝑧)
−𝑖(𝑧−1)
𝑤= (After multiplying and dividing by
(1+𝑧)
conjugate)
Hence 𝑤(1 + 𝑧) = −𝑖(𝑧 − 1)
So, 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑧 = −𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖
𝑤𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 − 𝑤
𝑧(𝑤 + 𝑖) = 𝑖 − 𝑤
𝑖−𝑤
𝑧=
𝑖+𝑤
As
𝑖−𝑤
ȁ𝑧ȁ < 1, ฬ ฬ<1
𝑖+𝑤
(i.e) ȁ𝑖 − 𝑤ȁ < ȁ𝑖 + 𝑤ȁ when W = u+iv
ȁ𝑖 − (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)ȁ < ȁ𝑖 + (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)ȁ
ȁ−𝑢 + 𝑖(1 − 𝑣)ȁ < ȁ𝑢 + 𝑖(1 + 𝑣)ȁ
As
ȁ𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦ȁ = ඥ𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
ඥ𝑢2 + (𝑣 − 1)2 < ඥ𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2
-4v < 0 (or) v > 0

Practice Problems:
1. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps the points z1=-
2; z2=0; z3=2 into the points w1=0; w2=i; w3=-i.

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2. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps the points
z1=i; z2=-1; z3=-1 into the points w1=0; w2=1; w3=∞ of w
- plane

3. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps the points

z1=1; z2=i; z3=-1 into the points w 1=i; w2=0; w3=-i. Hence
find the image
of ȁ𝑧ȁ < 1

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