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The study animal

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1 views

ch@7

The study animal

Uploaded by

Balemlay Animut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter seven

External flows
▪ An internal flow is surrounded by solid boundaries that
can restrict the development of its boundary layer, for
example, a pipe flow.
▪ An external flow, on the other hand, are flows over bodies
immersed in an unbounded fluid so that the flow boundary
layer can grow freely in one direction.

▪ Examples include the flow of air around airplane,


automobiles, and falling snowflakes, or the flow of water
around submarines and fish.
▪ One of the most important concepts in understanding the
external flows is the boundary layer development.
▪ Boundary layer is the layer of fluid closest to the
surface of a solid past which the fluid flows:

▪ it has a lower rate of flow than the bulk of the fluid


because of its adhesion to the solid.
▪ Boundary layer, in fluid mechanics, thin layer of a flowing
gas or liquid in contact with a surface such as that of an
airplane wing or of the inside of a pipe.
▪ The fluid in the boundary layer is subjected to shearing
forces.
When does this layer form?
▪ When there is relative motion between a fluid and a solid,
a boundary layer is formed.

▪ The fluid has some viscosity, and the friction between


solid and fluid takes place.
▪ Boundary layer can be defined as an imaginary layer of
fluid, that is formed when solid and fluid are in relative
motion, at a layer where velocity of fluid is equal to 99%
of free stream velocity.
▪ Free stream velocity (U). It is the fluid velocity if
there was no presence of solid.

▪ In short, it is the velocity in the absence of any solid


object or obstacle to its flow.
Fig. the development of the boundary layer for flow over a flat
plate, and the different flow regimes.

✓ As informed before, there is no physical form of the actual


boundary layer, so one has to use their imagination power to
the fullest.
✓ The layer of the fluid which is very close to the stationary
plate is “zero”. This is called a ‘No-slip condition’
The fluid generally 3 regions
1. Laminar boundary region
2. Turbulent boundary region and
3. Transient boundary region
1. Laminar boundary region

▪ This region always exists at the initial stage of the fluid


flow.
▪ The adjacent layer of the fluid in this region always slide
over each other.
▪ If Reynold’s number is less than 2000 its laminar flow.
▪ In the laminar region, the direction of the velocity of the
molecules is the same.
2. Turbulent boundary region
▪ This layer exists at the end of the fluid flow. The fluid
flows randomly in any direction which causes the
turbulence.

▪ Turbulence is not desired as it is very difficult to predict


the motion of the fluid in the future. The modeling of the
turbulent region is not easy.
▪ If Reynold’s number is greater than 4000 it is turbulent
flow.
▪ In turbulent region, the direction of the velocity of the
molecules is different.
3. Transient boundary region
▪ A single wave changes it’s path and initiates the
turbulence in the fluid flow. If Reynold’s number is
between 2000 and 4000, it is transient flow.
▪ As the name suggests, the transient region is just a
transition region between laminar and turbulent flow
▪ Boundary-Layer Thickness (δ): It is defined as the
distance from the boundary of the solid body measured in
the perpendicular direction to the point where the
velocity of the fluid is approximately equal to 0.99 times
the free stream velocity (U).

Fig 1. Boundary layer on a flat plate


▪ The boundary layer thickness for greater accuracy is
defined in terms of certain mathematical expressions
which are the measure of the boundary layer on the flow.
▪ The commonly adopted definition of the boundary layer
thickness are:
1. Displacement thickness (δ*)
2. Momentum thickness (θ)
▪ The displacement thickness can be defined as follows:
▪ “it is the distance, measured perpendicular to the
boundary , by which the main/ free stream is displaced on
account of formation of boundary layer.”
Or
▪ “it is an additional “wall thickness” that would have to be
added to compensate for the reduction in flow rate on
account of boundary layer formation”.
▪ Let fluid of density flow past a stationary plate with
velocity U as shown in the fig. consider an elementary
strip of thickness dy at a distance y from the plate.

Fig 2. Displacement thickness


=
▪ Momentum thickness is defined as the distance through which the
total loss of momentum per second be equal to if it were passing a
stationary plate.
▪ It may also defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the
boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be
displaced to compensate for reduction in momentum of the flowing
fluid on account of boundary layer formation.
▪ Refer to fig 2. mass of flow per second through the elementary strip =
ρudy
▪ Momentum /sec. of this fluid inside the boundary layer =ρudy * u
▪ Momentum /sec. of the same mass of fluid before entering boundary
layer = ρuUdy
solution

Examples 1.
solution
Example 2.
Solution
solution

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