Human nutrition

UNIT 7

4Y - Biology for I.G.C.S.E

Prof.: Gonzalo Ortiz

Name: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
EXERCISE 1
Explain what is meant by the term “balanced diet” for humans

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EXERCISE 2

Complete the table below listing the components of a balanced diet as well as their
function. Some boxes have been completed for you

Component/Source Why are they important?

Component:
Vitamins

Source:
Vitamin C: Oranges and lemons
Vitamin D: Eggs and cheese

Component:

Source:

Component:

Source:

Component:

Source:

Component:

Source:

Component:

Source:

Component:
 Source:

EXERCISE 3
Look at the information about diets for the following people

a) List the people in order from the one with the healthiest diet to the one with the
least healthy diet

Most healthy <-----------------------------> Least healthy

1. 2. 3.
b) Explain why you chose this order:

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EXERCISE 4
Complete the table summarizing the causes and results of deficiency diseases

Caused by lack of: _____________________________________

Symptoms
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Rickets ___________________________________________________________
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Caused by lack of: _____________________________________

Symptoms
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Scurvy ___________________________________________________________
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EXERCISE 5
Complete the table with the names of the organs that make up the digestive system,
separating them into organs belonging to the alimentary canal and organs that are
associated to the alimentary canal.

Alimentary canal organs Associated organs

EXERCISE 6
a) Make a labeled drawing of the alimentary canal
 b) List the body parts, in order, through which food passes from between the plate
and the toilet

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EXERCISE 7
Summarize the role of each section of the alimentary canal and other associated
organs. Summarising means you should not just copy everything down, but instead select
the important information (you can copy some sentences if you want to). You should
probably use bullet points.

Function

Mouth

Stomach

Small
Intestine

Large
Intestine

Gall bladder
 Páncreas

Liver

EXERCISE 8
Define the following terms relating to digestion:

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Ingestión> ________________________________________
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<Mechanical
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digestion
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Chemical ________________________________________
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digestion> ________________________________________
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<Absorption
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Assimilation> ________________________________________
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<Excretion
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EXERCISE 8
a) Identify the four different types of teeth and then describe how each is
involved in mastication

Incisor:
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Canine
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Premolar:
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Molar
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b) Identify the parts and structures of the tooth and describe their functions

Structure Function

Enamel

Gum

Jawbone

Nerves
 Blood Capillaries

Pulp cavity

Dentine

Cement

EXERCISE 9
a) Complete the sentences about physical/mechanical digestion

Mechanical digestion in the alimentary canal involves the physical

_______________________ of food, breaking it down into smaller
_______________________ to increase its surface area.

The process of chewing, also known as_______________________, is a

form of mechanical digestion that occurs in
the_______________________cavity.

In the stomach, food undergoes further mechanical digestion through the

churning action of the_______________________ muscles, creating
a semi-liquid mixture called_______________________.

Peristalsis is a type of_______________________digestion, where

coordinated muscle contractions move food along the digestive tract,
facilitating its passage through the_______________________and
intestines.

b) Complete the sentences about chemical digestion

Chemical digestion in the alimentary canal involves producing small,

_______________________ molecules that can be
_______________________. Chemical digestion involves the use of
_______________________ to catalyze the breakdown of larger molecules.
EXERCISE 10
Complete the table below summarizing some of the main enzymes involved in chemical digestion

Where enzyme is secreted in

Enzyme Where enzyme is created Molecule broken down Product
the alimentary canal

Salivary Amylase

Stomach

Lipids

Small Intestine Maltose

Amino Acids

Maltese
EXERCISE 11
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:

Starch:
Starch is first broken down in ________________________ by the enzyme
________________________, producing maltose. Maltose is then broken
down to________________________with the help of the enzyme
________________________, a break-down which takes place on the
membranes of the ________________________ lining of the small intestine.

Protein:
________________________and ________________________are
examples of protease enzymes, though they work in different parts of the
alimentary canal.________________________ works in the stomach,
but________________________works in the small intestine.

Stomach acid
________________________acid is found in gastric juice in the stomach.
It has two main functions: firstly, it kills________________________ by
denaturing the________________________present in the microorganisms.
Secondly, it lowers the ________________________, creating ideal
conditions for the enzyme________________________ to work.
EXERCISE 12
Bile is secreted by the liver. Outline the following uses of bile:

Neutralisation
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Emulsification

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EXERCISE 13
a) Define the term “Absorption” and indicate where does it takes place

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b) Explain the significance of villi and microvilli

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 c) Complete the parts and structures of the villus

d) Describe the roles of capillaries and lacteals in villi

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