1 Trasnsmission Line
1 Trasnsmission Line
Relations on
Transmission Lines
by
Prof. Dr. Ali Yousef
10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 1
One-line (single line) diagram
Represent the interconnection of the power system components.
Advantage: Simplicity
One phase represents all three phases of the balanced system.
Equivalent circuit of the components are replaced by their
standard symbols
The completion of the circuit through the neutral is omitted.
Symbols used in one line diagram
two-winding
current transformer
transformer
two-winding
voltage transformer
transformer
generator capacitor
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Prof. load
Ali M. Yousef disconnect 2
Impedance diagram
1 2
G1 G3
T1 T2
G2 G4
Load A Load B
G1 G2 G3 G4
S B 3VB I B VB 3I B Z B
V / 3 VB
2
SB
IB , ZB B
3VB IB SB
Change of Base
The impedance of individual generators & transformer, are
generally in terms of percent/per unit based on their own ratings.
Impedance of transmission line in ohmic value
When pieces of equipment with various different ratings are
connected to a system, it is necessary to convert their
impedances to a per unit value
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expressed on the same base.
Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 6
Change of Base
old
Z pu be the per unit impedance on the power base Sold
B
However, this approach is not very practical, since it would require to solve
for voltages and currents at all nodes along the line. We could also solve the
exact differential equations for a line but this is also not very practical for
large power systems with many lines.
𝑉𝑅,𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝑅,𝐹𝐿
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥100
𝑉𝑅,𝐹𝐿
Efficiency of T.L.
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑅
𝜂% = 𝑥100 = 𝑥100
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𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef
𝑃𝑆 11
The Medium Length line
Nominal π
𝑉𝑆
𝐵= |
𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑
(1)
(2)
(3)
Differentiate w.r.t x.
(4)
Substitute the values of dI/dx and dV/dx from (1) and (2) into (3) and (4) to get the
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following.
The Long Transmission Line: Solution of the Differential Equation
(6)
(7)
(9)
𝜔 𝐿𝐶 2π𝑓 𝐿𝐶 𝑙 𝑙
β= = λ= m 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = λ𝑓 = m/s
𝑙 𝑙 𝑓 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
for low-loss T.L, λ is approximately 30000 mi at 60Hz and the velocity
of propagation is nearly the speed of light in air.
At no load, 𝐼𝑅 = 0, the incident and reflected currents at the receiving
end are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase. The incident and
reflected voltage at the receiving end are equal in magnitude and in
phase.
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The Long Transmission Line: Hyperbolic Form of the Equations
Hyperbolic functions can be defined in exponential form by:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝜃 /2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 /2
tanh = 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝜃 / 𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃
Substituting the hyperbolic functions for the exponential terms in
(6) and (7) yields
At 𝑥 = 𝑙
Equivalent-π
Letting , , ,
The real power (𝑃𝑅 ) and reactive power(𝑄𝑅 ) at the receiving end is
Faraday’s Law
𝑑𝜱
𝒆𝒎𝒇 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜱
𝑬. 𝑑𝑙 = − = −𝑗𝜔𝜱
𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝑬. 𝑑𝑙 = − 𝑗𝜔𝑩𝑙Δ𝑥
𝑐
𝑑𝑱
𝜌 = −𝑗𝜔𝑩 = −jω𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝑯 (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑯. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼
𝑐
𝑑𝑯
= −𝑱 (3)
𝑑𝑡