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1 Trasnsmission Line

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19 views44 pages

1 Trasnsmission Line

Uploaded by

s.eleslam122
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

Current and Voltage

Relations on
Transmission Lines
by
Prof. Dr. Ali Yousef
10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 1
One-line (single line) diagram
Represent the interconnection of the power system components.
Advantage: Simplicity
 One phase represents all three phases of the balanced system.
 Equivalent circuit of the components are replaced by their
standard symbols
 The completion of the circuit through the neutral is omitted.
Symbols used in one line diagram
two-winding
current transformer
transformer

two-winding
voltage transformer
transformer

generator capacitor

bus circuit breaker

transmission line circuit breaker

delta connection fuse

wye connection surge arrestor

10/1/2018 staticDr.
Prof. load
Ali M. Yousef disconnect 2
Impedance diagram
1 2

G1 G3

T1 T2
G2 G4

Load A Load B

G1 G2 G3 G4

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 3


Per-Unit System
 In power systems there are so many different elements
such as Motors, Generators and Transformers with very
different sizes and nominal values.
 To be able to compare the performances of a big and a
small element, per unit system is used.
 Power system quantities such as voltage, current and
impedance are often expressed in per unit or percent of
specified values.
 Per unit quantities are calculated as:
Actual Value
Per Unit Value 
Base Value

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 4


Per Unit Values
S I
S pu  I pu  V
Z pu 
Z
S base Vpu 
I base Vbase Z base
Z Sbase 2
Zpu   2 Z Z  Z base Z pu 
Vbase
Z pu
Zbase Vbase Sbase

• The nominal apparent power (S) and nominal voltage


(V) are taken as the base values for power (Sbase) and
voltage (Vbase).
• The base values for the current (Ibase) and impedance
(Zbase) can be calculated based on the first two base
values. Sbase Vbase V 2base
Ibase  Zbase  
Vbase Ibase Sbase
Z actual
Z%   100%
10/1/2018 Z base
Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 5
Per Unit in 3 system
 Usually, the 3-phase 𝑆𝐵 or 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵 and line-to-line 𝑉𝐵 or 𝑘𝑉𝐵 are
selected
 𝐼𝐵 and 𝑍𝐵 dependent on 𝑆𝐵 and𝑉𝐵

S B  3VB I B VB  3I B Z B
V / 3 VB 
2
SB
IB  , ZB  B 
3VB IB SB

Change of Base
 The impedance of individual generators & transformer, are
generally in terms of percent/per unit based on their own ratings.
 Impedance of transmission line in ohmic value
 When pieces of equipment with various different ratings are
connected to a system, it is necessary to convert their
impedances to a per unit value
10/1/2018
expressed on the same base.
Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 6
Change of Base
old
Z pu be the per unit impedance on the power base Sold
B

& voltage base VBold Z  S Bold 


Z old
 old     Z 1
pu
ZB  V old 2
 B   

Z new
pu be the new per unit impedance on the new power base Snew
B

& new voltage base VBnew Z  S Bnew 


new
Z pu  new     Z
 
2
ZB  V new 
2
 B 
From (1) and (2), the relationship between the old and the
new per unit value
2
S new
 V old

Z new
pu Z old
pu
 B
old
 B
new

S B  V B 
10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 7
Representation of lines
Transmission lines are characterized by their distributed parameters:
distributed resistance, inductance, and capacitance. The distributed series
and shunt elements of the transmission line make it harder to model. Such
parameters may be approximated by many small discrete resistors,
capacitors, and inductors.

However, this approach is not very practical, since it would require to solve
for voltages and currents at all nodes along the line. We could also solve the
exact differential equations for a line but this is also not very practical for
large power systems with many lines.

The assumptions used in subsequent analyses are:


 The line is operating under sinusoidal, balanced, steady-state conditions.
 The line is transposed.

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 8


Representation of lines
Short length lines is shorter than 80 km (50 miles), and can be
modeled as a series resistance and inductance, since the
shunt capacitance can be neglected over short distances. The
inductive reactance at 60 Hz for – overhead lines – is typically
much larger than the resistance of the line.

Medium-length lines (80-240 km),


shunt capacitance should be taken
into account. However, it can be
modeled by two capacitors of a half
of the line capacitance each.

Long transmission lines ( > 240 km), are characterized by


their distributed parameters.Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef
10/1/2018 9
Consider the following nomenclature:
𝑧 = 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑕𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑍 = 𝑧𝑙 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑌 = 𝑦𝑙 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑕𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
The Short Transmission lines
𝐼𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑅 are the sending- and receiving end currents.
𝑉𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑅 are the sending- and receiving end phase voltages.
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 Z

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 10


Voltage regulation of a T.L. is the rise in voltage at the receiving
end, expressed in percent of full load voltage

𝑉𝑅,𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝑅,𝐹𝐿
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥100
𝑉𝑅,𝐹𝐿

Efficiency of T.L.
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑅
𝜂% = 𝑥100 = 𝑥100
10/1/2018
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef
𝑃𝑆 11
The Medium Length line
Nominal π

 These ABCD constants are sometimes called the generalized


circuit constants of the T.L.
 A and D are dimensionless and equal each other if the line is
the same when viewed from either end.
 The dimensions of B and C
10/1/2018 Prof. are
Dr. Ali M.ohms
Yousef and mhos or siemens.12
The Medium Length line
Nominal π

The constants apply to any linear, passive, and bilateral four


terminal network having two pairs of terminals.
𝑉𝑆
𝐴 = |𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑅

A is useful in computing regulation.

𝑉𝑆
𝐵= |
𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑

What is a nominal T equivalent of T.L.?


10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 13
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The Long Transmission Line: Solution of the Differential Equation

(1)

(2)

(3)
Differentiate w.r.t x.
(4)

Substitute the values of dI/dx and dV/dx from (1) and (2) into (3) and (4) to get the
10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 15
following.
The Long Transmission Line: Solution of the Differential Equation

Assume that the solution is


(5)

Substitute the value of (5) into

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 16


The Long Transmission Line: Solution of the Differential Equation
Subtitute the values found for 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 in (5) and letting 𝛾 = 𝑦𝑧

(6)

(7)

𝑍𝑐 = 1/ 𝑦𝑧 is the characteristic impedance of the line


𝛾 = 𝑦𝑧 is the propagation constant of the line
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
α is the attenuation constant and is measured in unit length.
β is the phase constant and is measured in radians per unit length.

𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are said to differ by N


"Nepers" when 𝑉1 𝑉2 = (𝑒 2 )𝑛

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 17


The Long Transmission Line: Interpretation of the Equation
(8)

It is called the reflected voltage. It


It is called the incident voltage. It
diminishes in magnitude and
increases in magnitude and advances
retarded in phase with increasing x.
in phase with increasing x.

(9)

incident current Reflected current


𝑒 ∝𝑥 changes the magnitudes of V and I as x changes.
|𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥 | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥 = 1. It causes a shift in phase of β
radians per unit length of line.
If a line is terminated in its 𝒁𝒄 . 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹 𝒁𝑪 𝑽𝑹 − 𝑰𝑹 𝒁𝑪 = 0
No reflected wave of V and I the line is called flat (infinite) line
Typical values of 𝑍𝑐 is 400 Ω for 1-ph line.
10/1/2018 Prof.𝑜Dr. Ali M. Yousef 18
its phase angle is from 0 to−15
The Long Transmission Line: Lossless line
 The characteristic impedance is sometimes called surge
impedance.
 zero series resistance and shunt conductance.
 The characteristic impedance 𝑍𝒄 = 𝑧/𝑦 = 𝐿/𝐶 is real
𝑗𝜔 𝐿𝐶
 The propagation constant 𝛾 = 𝑧𝑦 = = 𝑗𝛽 is imaginary
𝑙
 The attenuation constant 𝛼 = 0
 Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of a line is the power delivered by
a line to purely resistive load equal to its surge impedance.
𝑉𝐿
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐴
3 𝐿/𝐶
𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿 2
𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 3 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑊
3 𝐿/𝐶 𝐿/𝐶
 The permissible loading of T.L. may be expressed as a fraction
of its SIL.
10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 19
 SIL provides a comparison of load carrying capabilities of lines.
The Long Transmission Line: Lossless line
 A wavelength λ is the distance along a line between two points of a
wave which differ in phase by 2π rad.
Distance (mi) Phase (rad.)
λ 2π
1 mi β
 If β is the phase shift in rad/mi, the wavelength in mi is λ = 2π/β
 The velocity of propagation of wave = λ𝑓 = 2π𝑓/β
𝑗𝜔 𝐿𝐶
 For lossless line of length 𝑙, 𝛾 = 𝑧𝑦 = = 𝑗𝛽
𝑙

𝜔 𝐿𝐶 2π𝑓 𝐿𝐶 𝑙 𝑙
β= = λ= m 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = λ𝑓 = m/s
𝑙 𝑙 𝑓 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
 for low-loss T.L, λ is approximately 30000 mi at 60Hz and the velocity
of propagation is nearly the speed of light in air.
 At no load, 𝐼𝑅 = 0, the incident and reflected currents at the receiving
end are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase. The incident and
reflected voltage at the receiving end are equal in magnitude and in
phase.
10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 20
The Long Transmission Line: Hyperbolic Form of the Equations
 Hyperbolic functions can be defined in exponential form by:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝜃 /2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 /2
tanh = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕Ɵ/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝜃 / 𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃
 Substituting the hyperbolic functions for the exponential terms in
(6) and (7) yields

 At 𝑥 = 𝑙

 The generalized circuit constants of a long T.L.

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 21


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• The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Transmission Line
 At 𝑥 = 𝑙

Equivalent-π

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 37


• The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Transmission Line

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 38


Power Flow through a Transmission Line
Solving for the receiving end current of a T.L.

Letting , , ,

The complex power 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅∗ at the receiving end is

The real power (𝑃𝑅 ) and reactive power(𝑄𝑅 ) at the receiving end is

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 39


Power Flow through a Transmission Line
Solving for the receiving end current of a T.L.

Power diagram with origin shift


Distance from n to k is fixed with fixed values
of 𝑉𝑠 and 𝑉𝑅 and move in a circle.
Maximum power delivered is at 𝛽 − 𝛿 = 0

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 40


Reactive Compensation of Transmission lines
Hadi Sadat, Power System Analysis, Mc Grow Hill, 1999, pp. 165 -171.

The objective of reactive compensation is to control voltage and


improve power factor and power transfer capabilities.
It is achieved by modifying the effective line parameters especially
L or C.
Series Compensation
Series compensation aims to directly control the overall series line
impedance of the transmission line. A controlled capacitor is series-
connected in the transmission line.

k is called the compensation factor

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 41


Shunt Compensation with reactors
 Used to compensate for reactive power loss of T.L.
 limit voltage rise on open circuit or light load
 Connected either directly to H.V. bus or to tertiary winding
of transformers
 In very long lines, at least some reactors are required to be
connected to lines so as to minimize losses and voltage
drops
 assist in limiting switching surges
 The shunt compensation factor is 𝐵𝐿 /𝐵𝐶

10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 42


Is it correct for ohm’s law is DC and AC circuits?!
10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 43
Skin effect
Ohm’s Law (microscopic
𝑬=𝜌𝑱 (1)

Faraday’s Law
𝑑𝜱
𝒆𝒎𝒇 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜱
𝑬. 𝑑𝑙 = − = −𝑗𝜔𝜱
𝑐 𝑑𝑡

𝑬. 𝑑𝑙 = − 𝑗𝜔𝑩𝑙Δ𝑥
𝑐
𝑑𝑱
𝜌 = −𝑗𝜔𝑩 = −jω𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝑯 (2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑯. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼
𝑐
𝑑𝑯
= −𝑱 (3)
𝑑𝑡

Is it correct for ohm’s law is DC and AC circuits?!


10/1/2018 Prof. Dr. Ali M. Yousef 44

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