PHYSICS

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 5

SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (b) remains the same

(ii) (c) 819°C

hv
(iii) (b)
c
(iv) (d) 0.04 T and zero

(v) (c) a NOR gate

(vi) (c) store rotational energy

(vii) (b) Q = nCp (Tf − Ti)

(viii) (b) W1 < W2

(ix) (c) forced vibrations

(x) (a) 0.8711 × 106 N/m2

Solution : (Rough work)

v1 T1
(ii) Vrms ∝ T. Therefore,
1 273
T
= . So, =
v2 2 4 T2
or T2 = 4 × 273 = 1092 K or 1092 − 273 = 819°C.
hv
(iii) Energy of a photon is E = mc2 = hv. So, momentum, p = mc = .
c
(iv) Field inside the core of toroid is
10000
B = μ0nI = 4π × 10−7 × × 10 = 4 × 10−2 = 0.04 T.
π
Magnetic field outside the toroid is always zero.
(v) The truth table for NOR gate is as follows.

Inputs Output
  Y
  
  
  
  

(viii) Force on the both the springs is same, So, k1x1 = k2x2. But k1 > k2, therefore x1 < x2.
1
Work done is W = kx2, that is W1 < W2.
2
(ix) Resonance occurs due to the vibration of air column forcibly by the tuning fork
F1 F2 m2g 2000 × 9.8 196 × 104
(x) P1 = = = = = = 87.11 × 104
A1 A2 A2 2.25 × 10−2 2.25
= 0.8711 × 106 n/m2

PHYSICS 1
Q. 2. (i) In Wheatstone network, when all the four resistances, P, Q, R and S are nearly
equal, the bridge is most sensitive.
1
(ii) The reactance of a capacitor is XC = , where f is the frequency of the AC
2πfC
supply and C is the capacitance of the capacitor. For very high frequency, f, XC is
very small. Hence, for very high frequency AC supply, a capacitor behaves like a
pure conductor.
(iii) (a) The mean free path increases on isobaric heating.
(b) The mean free path decrease on isothermal compression.

(iv) A CGS unit of magnetic induction of historical interest is the gauss, symbol G.
However, since 1 G = 10−4 T

(v) Since the net charge enclosed by the surface is zero, the net electric flux through
the surface is also zero.
(vi) Data : E = −13.6 eV
e2 e2
E=− ∴ = 13.6 eV
8πε0r 8πε0r
e2 e2
PE of the electron = − = −2 ×
4πε0r 8πε0r
= −2 × 13.6
= − 27.2 eV

(vii) T = 2π  =  2
L T2 L
∴
g T1 L1

= 2
T2
∴ (∵ T1 = 2s, L2 = 2L1)
2
∴ T2 = 22s will be the new period of the pendulum.

(viii) Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is given as,

KE = hv −ϕ0 = 6.2 − 4.2 = 2 eV = 2 × 1.6 × 10−19J = 3.2 × 10−19J

SECTION – B

Q. 3. Consider a point P at a distance a from a straight, infinitely long wire carrying a current
I in free space, Fig. (a). Because of the axial symmetry about the straight wire, the
magnetic induction has the same magnitude B at all points on a circle in a transverse
plane and centred on the wire. We, therefore, choose an Ampèrian loop a circle of radius
a centred on the wire with its plane perpendicular to the wire, as shown in Fig. (b).

Ampèrian
loop
I

P a Iout
a
P

(a) (b)

2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 →
B is everywhere tangential to the circular Ampèrian loop. Therefore, the angle θ
→ →
between B and a length element dl is zero at all points of the loop.
→ →
∴ ∮ B ·dl = ∮ B dl cos θ = B ∮ dl = B (2πa)
since cos θ = 1 and B has the same value around the path. ∮ dl gives the
circumference of the circular loop.
In the figure, the Ampèrian loop is traced in the anticlockwise sense, so that the
current I is taken as positive in accordance with the right hand rule.
By Ampère’s law,
→ →
∮ B ·dl = μ0 I
μ0 I
∴ B(2πa) = μ0 I ∴ B=
2πa
This is the required expression.

90
Q. 4. Data : r = 5 cm = 0.05 m, f = 90 rpm = rps = 1.5 rps, g = π2 m/s2
60
The centripetal force for the circular motion of the coin is provided by the friction
between the coin and the turntable. The coin is just about to slip off the turntable when
the limiting force of friction is equal to the centripetal force.
mv2
∴ μsmg =
r
The coefficient of static friction,
v2 (rω)2
μs = =
rg rg
ω2r (2πf)2 × r
= = (∵ ω = 2πf)
g g
4π2f 2r 4π2 × (1.5)2 × 0.05
= =
g π2
= 0.2 × 2.25 = 0.45

Q. 5. Turbulent flow or turbulence is a non-steady fluid flow in which streamlines and

flowtubes change continuously. It has two main causes. First, any obstruction or sharp
edge, such as in a tap, creates turbulence by imparting velocities perpendicular to the

flow. Second, if the speed with which a fluid moves relative to a solid body is increased
beyond a certain critical velocity the flow becomes unstable or one of extreme disorder.
In both cases, the fluid particles still move in general towards the main direction as
before. But now all sorts of secondary motions cause them to cross the main direction
continuously. The orderly streamlines break up into eddies or vortices and the result is
turbulence. In a turbulent flow, regions of fluid move in irregular, intersecting paths,
resulting in mixing and swirling.

PHYSICS 3
Q. 6. Here, e = e0 sin ωt and i = i0 sin (ωt − π/2), where i0 = e0/ωL.
ωt ωt − π/2 e = e0 sin ωt i = i0 sin (ωt − π/2)
 −π/2  −i0
π/2  e0 
π π/2  i0
π/2 π −e0 
2π π/2  −i0

e or i

Q. 7. Step-up transformer Step-down transformer

1. The output voltage is more than the 1. The output voltage is less than the
input voltage. input voltage.
2. The number of turns of the secondary 2. The number of turns of the secondary
coil is more than that of the primary coil is less than that of the primary
coil. coil.
3. The output current is less than the 3. The output current is more than the
input current. input current.
4. The primary coil is made of thicker 4. The secondary coil is made of thicker
copper wire than the secondary coil. copper wire than the primary coil.

Q. 8. Data : Distance between two successive nodes

λ
= = 3.75 × 10−2m, v = 1500 m/s
2
∴ λ = 7.5 × 10−2m
∴ v = nλ
∴ The frequency of the wave,
1500
n= = 20 kHz
7.5 × 10−2
→ → →
Q. 9. Since v × B points upward and that is also the direction of the magnetic force F m , q
must be positive.
Using the Pythagorean theorem to find R in terms of a and d,
a2 + d2 R–d R
(R − d)2 + a2 = R2 so that R =
2d
a
Then, from the cyclotron formula, the momentum of the charged
d

particle is p = | q |BR = | q |B   which is the required expression.

a2 + d2
2d

4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Q. 10. Data : l = 10 cm = 0.1 m, d = 0.2 mm, e = 0.2,
T = 2000 K, σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2.K4
∴ r = 0.1 mm = 10−4m,
log 5.67 = 0.7535
Surface area of the filament, A = 2πrl
+ log 6.284 = 0.7982
dQ
= σAeT4 = σ2πrleT4 + log 0.32 = 1.5051
dt
= (5.67 × 10−8) (2 × 3.142 × 10−4 × 0.1)(0.2)(2000)4 1.0568
= 5.67 × 6.284 × 0.02 × 16 = 11.4 watts Antilog (1.0568) = 1.140 × 10
This is the required power.
= 11.40
Q. 11. The shunt resistance required to convert a galvanometer into an ammeter is given by,

S=  G =
Ig 1 .G = G
I − Ig (I/Ig) − 1 p−1
where p = I/Ig.
This is the required shunt resistance to increase the range p times.

Q. 12.

Suppose a thin conducting disc of radius R is rotated anticlockwise, about its axis, in
→
a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of induction B (see the figure in the
→
above Note for reference). B points downwards. Let the constant angular speed of the
disc be ω.
Consider an infinitesimal element of radial thickness dr at a distance r from the
rotation axis. In one rotation, the area traced by the element is dA = 2πrdr. Therefore,
the time rate at which the element traces out the area is
dA
= frequency of rotation × dA = fdA
dt
ω
where f = is the frequency of rotation.
2π
dA ω
∴ = (2πr dr) = ωr dr
dt 2π
The total emf induced between the axle and the rim of the rotating disc is
dA R R R2
|e|=∫ B = ∫ B ωrdr = Bω ∫ rdr = Bω
dt 0 0 2
→
For anticlockwise rotation in B pointing down, the axle is at a higher potential.

Q. 13. (1) Retentivity : The residual magnetic flux density or magnetization in a magnetic
material when the magnetizing field intensity is reduced to zero is called retentivity
or remanence.
(2) Coercivity : The reversed magnetizing field strength required to reduce the remanent
magnetic flux density or magnetization in a magnetic material from its remanent
value to zero, i.e. to demagnetize the magnetic material completely, is called
coercivity.

PHYSICS 5
Q. 14. Data : q1 = 1 × 10−8C, q2 = −2 × 10−8C, q3 = 3 × 10−8C, q4 = 2 × 10−8C,
1/4πε0 = 9 × 109 N.m2/C2

The distance of the point of intersection O of the diagonals, from each charge is

2/2 = 1/2 m.
∴ r = 1/2 m
q1 q4
A D

O
1m

B 1m C
q2 q3

The potential at a distance r from a charge q is

1 q
V=
4πε0 r
As potential is a scalar quantity, the total electric potential at O is

V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
1
= (q1 + q2 + q3 + q4)
4πε0r
(9 × 109 N.m2/C2)
= [(1 − 2 + 3 + 2) × 10−8 C]
(1/2 m)

= 3602 = 509.0 V

SECTION – C

Q. 15. (1) In a refrigerator, QC is the heat absorbed by the working substance (refrigerant) at
a lower temperature TC, W is the work done on the working substance, and QH is
the heat rejected at a higher temperature TH. The absorption of heat is from the
contents of the refrigerator and rejection of heat is to the atmosphere. Here, QC is
positive and W and QH are negative. In one cycle, the total change in the internal
energy of the working substance is zero.
∴ QH + QC = W ∴ QH = W − QC
∴ − QH = QC − W
Now, QH < 0, W < 0 and QC > 0
∴ |QH| = |QC| + |W|

(2) Definition : The coefficient of performance (CoP), K, or quality factor, or Q value

of a refrigerator is defined as
|QC| |QC|
K= =
|W| |QC| − |QH|

6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Q. 16. Consider a magnetic dipole consisting of two point poles of pole strength m a distance
→
2l apart with its axis inclined at an angle θ to a uniform magnetic field of induction B .
→
The magnetic force on the positive ( or north ) pole is qmB , while that on the negative
→
( or south ) pole is −qmB . These two forces, equal in magnitude, opposite in direction
and separated by a finite distance, constitute a couple which tends to line up the
→
magnetic dipole moment with the field B .

qmB

– qmB

The torque of the couple in the clockwise sense in Fig. in magnitude, is

τ = (qmB)d
where d is the distance between the lines of action of the forces.

∵ qm = 
M
∴ τ = (qmB) 2l sin θ = MB sin θ
2l
Expressed as a vector product,
→ → →
τ =M ×B
The torque has a maximum magnitude, MB, when sin θ = 1, i.e., when the magnet is
perpendicular to the field. The torque vanishes when the magnet is parallel to the field,
where sin θ = 0.

Q. 17. Optical path through a medium is the effective path travelled by the light in vacuum to
generate the same phase difference.
2π ω
Consider a light wave of angular frequency ω = 2πν and wave number k == travelling
λ v
in vacuum in the + x-direction, where ν and λ = c/ν are the frequency and vacuum
wavelength of the light, c = speed of light in vacuum. Its phase at an instant
t is (kx − ωt). On travelling a distance ∆x in vacuum, its phase changes by
∆ ϕ = k∆x
In a medium of refractive index n, in which the speed of the light wave is v, n = c/v
the wavelength of the light is λ′ = v/ν
ω ωn
and the wave number is k′ = 2π = =
λ′ v c
Then, on travelling the same distance Δx in the medium its phase would change by
ωn
Δϕ′ = k′Δx = Δx
c
Optical path in a medium is also defined as the corresponding path in vacuum that the
light travels in the same time as it takes in the given medium.
So, optical path = n × dmedium.
For any medium other than vacuum, n > 1. So, for the same Δx, Δϕ′ > ∆ϕ. Therefore,
for the same phase change Δϕ′, the light would have to travel a longer distance nΔx in
vacuum.

PHYSICS 7
 Therefore, for a path length Δx in a medium of refractive index n, the product nΔx is
called the optical path length and nΔx − Δx = (n − 1) Δx is called the optical path
difference.

Q. 18. The internal resistance of a cell depends on :

(1) the nature of the electrolyte and its temperature :
The internal resistance is small if the electrolyte is freshly prepared or has greater
conductivity. Internal resistance decreases with increasing temperature.
(2) the separation between the electrodes :
The larger the separation between the electrodes of the cell, the higher is the internal
resistance.
(3) the nature of the electrodes and is inversely proportional to the area of the electrodes
in contact with the electrolyte.

Q. 19. Data : x = 5 cos 2πt + , t = 1.5 s

π
4
(i) The displacement at t = 1.5 s is

x = 5 cos 2π × + 
3 π
2 4

  = 5 cos 3π +  = 5 cos 2π + π + 

π π
4 4

  = 5 cos π + 
π log 5 = 0.6989
[∵ cos (2π + θ) = cos θ]
4
− log 1.414 = 0.1504
 = − 5 cos 
π
[∵ cos (π + θ) = − cos θ] 0.5485
4
  = −
5 5 Antilog (0.5485) = 3.536
2
=−
1.414
= − 3.536 m

(ii) The speed,

= − 5 sin 2πt +  × 2π
dx π
v=
dt 4
∴ At t = 1.5 s,

v = − 10π sin 2π × + 

3 π
2 4

= − 10π sin 3π + 

π
4
log 5 = 0.6989
= − 10π sin 2π + π + 
π
4 + log 1.414 = 0.1504

= − 10π sin π + 
π + log 3.142 = 0.4972
[∵ sin(2π + θ) = sin θ]
4
1.3465
= − 10π − sin 
π
[∵ sin(π + θ) = − sin θ] Antilog (1.3465) = 22.21
4
1
2
= 10π × = 52π

= 5(1.414)(3.142) = 22.21 m/s

8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Q. 20. Data : R = 5Ώ, L = 10 mH = 10 × 10−3 H, e0 = 50 V, f = 50 Hz
(i) Maximum current is obtained at resonance. log 4 = 0.6020
The condition for resonance is + 2log 3.142 = 0.9944
XL = XC + 2log 50 = 3.3979
1 1 4.9943
∴ ωL = ∴ 2πfL =
ωC 2πfC Antilog 4.9943 = 9.870 × 104
1 1
∴ C= = From Reciprocal table,
4π f L 4 × (3.142) × (50)2 × 10 × 10−3
2 2 2
1
= 0.1013 × 10−4
= 1.013 × 10−3 F = 1013 μF 9.870 × 104
C = 0.1013 × 10−4 × 102
(ii) At resonance, Z = R
= 0.1013 × 10−2F
∴ Maximum current, = 1.013 × 10−3F
e0 e0 50
i0 = = = = 10A
Z R 5

Q. 21. Consider a parallel-plate capacitor without a dielectric, of plate area A, plate separation
d and capacitance C0, charged to a potential difference V0 and then isolated.
Suppose the charges on its conducting plates are +Q and −Q, Fig. (a). The surface
density of free charge is
Q
σ= ... (1)
A
If A is very large and d is very small, the electric field in the region between the plates
is almost uniform, except near the edges. The magnitude of the electric field intensity
is
V0 σ Q
E0 = = = ... (2)
d ε0 ε0A
Without the dielectric, the capacitance of the parallel-plate capacitor is, by definition,
Q ε0A
C0 = = ... (3)
V0 d

+Q –Q +Q –Q

(a) (b)

Now, suppose a dielectric slab of permittivity ε and thickness t (t < d) is introduced

in the space between, and parallel to, the charged plates, Fig. (b). A polarization charge
−QP appears on the exterior surface of the dielectric nearer to the positive plate while
a polarization charge +Qp appears on its opposite face. Since the capacitor was isolated
after charging, the free charge Q on the plates is the same as earlier. Within the dielectric,

PHYSICS 9
 →
the induced field Ep due to the polarization charges is opposite to the applied field. The
→
net electric field within the dielectric E is less than the applied field. In magnitude,
E = E0 − Ep ... (4)
By definition, the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of the dielectric,
ε E
k= = 0 ... (5)
ε0 E
Between the plates, the field within the dielectric of thickness t is E = E0 /k, and that in
the region (d − t) is E0. Therefore, the new potential difference between the plates is

t = E0 d − t + 
E0 t
V = E0 (d − t) + ... (6)
k k

d − t + 
V0 t
∴ V= ... [from Eq. (2)]
d k
Let the capacitance with the dielectric be C. Since the free charge Q remains the same,
Q Q d
C= =
d − t + 
V V0 t
k
d
∴ C = C0 ... (7)
d − t + 
t
k

Also from Eqs. (2) and (6),

d − t + 
Q t
V=
ε0A k

 ∴C =
Q ε0A
= ... (8)
d − t + 
V t
k
Equations (7) and (8) give the capacitance of a capacitor with a dielectric.

Q. 22. Musical instruments have been classified in various ways. One ancient system that was
based on the primary vibrating medium distinguished three main types of instruments :
stringed, wind and percussion.
Examples :
(1) Stringed instruments (stretched strings) :
(a) Plucked : Tanpura, sitar, veena, guitar, harp
(b) Bowed : Violin
(c) Struck : Santoor, pianoforte
(2) Wind instruments :
(a) Free (air not confined) : Harmonica or mouth organ (without keyboard),
harmonium (with keyboard). (Both are reed instruments in which free brass
reeds are vibrated by air, blown or compressed.)
(b) Edge (air blown against an edge) : Flute
(c) Reedpipes : Saxophone and clarinet (single reed), shehnai and bassoon (double
reeds), bugle (without reed).
(3) Percussion instruments :
(a) Stretched skin heads : Tabla, mridangam, drums
(b) Metals (struck against each other or with a beater) : Cymbals, Xylophone

10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Q. 23. (1) The stopping potential is the value of the retarding potential difference that is just
sufficient to stop the most energetic photoelectrons emitted from reaching the
collector so that the photoelectric current in a photocell reduces to zero.
hc
(2) We have V0e = − ϕ0, where V0 is the stopping potential, e is the magnitude of the
λ
charge on the electron, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light in free space,

λ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation incident on a metal surface and

ϕ0 is the work function for the metal, h, c and e are constants. ϕ0 is constant for
1
a particular metal. Hence, it follows that as increases, V0 increases. The plot of V0
λ
1
versus is linear. This is because the energy associated with a quantum of radiation
λ
(photon) is directly proportional to the frequency of radiation and hence inversely
proportional to the wavelength of radiation.

Q. 24. Data : ΔVmax = (6 − 2) × 10−3 = 4 × 10−3m3,

ΔPmax = (11 − 1) × 10−5 = 10 × 105 Pa,

n = 25 cycles
a ≡ semimajor axis =  max =   × 10−3m3
ΔV 4
2 2
= 2 × 10−3m3
and
b ≡ semiminor axis =  
ΔPmax
2

  =   × 105 Pa
10
2
= 5 × 105 Pa

The work done in one cycle, ∮ P dV

= πab = (3.142)(2 × 10−3)(5 × 105) = 3.142 × 103J
Hence, the work done in 25 cycles
= (25)(3.142 × 103J) = 7.855 × 104 J

Q. 25. According to the kinetic theory of gases, the pressure P exerted by a gas is
1 1M 2
P = ρ v2rms = v rms
3 3V
1
∴ PV = Mv2rms
3
where vrms is the rms speed of the gas molecules; M, V and ρ are the mass, volume and
density of the gas, respectively. If there are n moles of the gas and M0 is the molar mass,
1
M = nM0, so that PV = nM0v2rms ... (1)
3
The equation of state of an ideal gas is
PV = nRT ... (2)
where T is the absolute temperature of the gas and R is the molar gas constant.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
1
nM0v2rms = RT
3

PHYSICS 11
 ∴ M0v2rms = 3RT ... (3)
1 3
∴ M0v2rms = RT ... (4)
2 2
where the term on the left-hand side is the kinetic energy of one mole of the gas.
3
∴ Kinetic energy per mole of the gas = RT ... (5)
2
∴ Kinetic energy per unit mass of the gas
KE per mole
=
molor mass
3 RT
=
2 M0
Q. 26. Data : Initial area, Ai = πr2 and initial flux,
Nϕi = NBAi = NB (πr2)
Final flux, ϕf = 0, since the plane of the coil is parallel to the field lines,

∴ e = −N   = NB
0 − BAi πr2
Δt Δt
(3.142 × 10−2)
= (103)(5 × 10−5) = 0.1571 V
10−2

SECTION – D

Q. 27. (1) Let the mass of the uniform solid sphere of radius R be M. Let ICM and kd be its MI
about any diameter and the corresponding radius of gyration, respectively. Then,

∵ kd =  R, given
2 2
ICM = Mkd2 = MR2
5 5
Let I and kt be its MI about a parallel tangential axis and the corresponding radius
of gyration, respectively. Here, h = R = distance between the two axis.
∴ I = Mk2t
By the theorem of parallel axis,
I = ICM + Mh2
2 2 2 7
∴ Mk2t = MR2 + MR2 ∴ k2t = R + R2 = R2
5 5 5

∴ kt =  R
7
5
(2) Data : While travelling along the bridge, the vehicle moves along a vertical circle of
radius
r = 4.5 + 0.5 = 5 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
If m is the mass and v is the maximum speed of the vehicle, then at the highest
point,

∴ v = rg = 5 × 9.8 = 7 m/s

mv2
= mg
5
Q. 28. (1) For a liquid which does not wet the solid, the angle of contact is an
obtuse angle.
For example, mercury does not wet glass at all, so that the angle of
contact is an obtuse angle at the mercury-glass interface.

12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 The angle of contact for a given liquid solid pair is constant at a given temperature,
provided the liquid is pure and the surface of the solid is clean.
(2) Data : pmax = psyst = 120 mm of Hg,
ρ = 13600 kg/m3, g = 9.8 m/s2,
1 mbar = 100 Pa log 0.120 = 1.0792
p = hρg + log 1.36 = 0.1335
4 3 2
∴ psyst = (0.120 m)(1.36 × 10 kg/m ) (9.8 m/s ) + log 9.8 = 0.9912
4
= 1.6 × 10 Pa 0.2039
= 16 kPa Antilog 0.2039 = 1.599 ≃ 1.6
= 160 mbar
= 0.16 bar

Q. 29. By the de Broglie equation, the wavelength associated with an electron having momentum
p = mv is
h h
λ= = ... (1)
p mv
In a hydrogen atom in its ground state, the de Broglie wavelength associated with the
electron is the same as the circumference of the first Bohr orbit. Therefore, the electron
orbit in a hydrogen atom in its ground state corresponds to one complete electron wave
joined on itself.
Thus, a stable orbit can be interpreted as one which can accommodate an integral
number of de Broglie wavelength so that the associated matter wave will be in phase
with itself and constructive interference will allow a standing wave along the orbit.
Therefore, for a stationary Bohr orbit of circumference 2πr,
2πr = nλ
where n is a positive integer.
nh
∴ 2πr = ... [From Eq. (1)]
mv

∴ Angular momentum, L = mvr = n  

h
2π
which is just the Bohr condition of angular momentum quantization for stable or allowed
orbits.
Nucleus

n=1 Matter wave associated

with the electron

n=2

n=3

PHYSICS 13
Q. 30. (1) Definition : The limit of resolution of a microscope is the least separation between
two closely-spaced points on an object which are just resolved when viewed through
the microscope.
Definition : The resolving power of a microscope is defined to be the reciprocal
of its limit of resolution.
In actual practice, the objects O and O′ viewed through a microscope are illuminated
by the same source rather than self-luminous. If the refractive index of the medium
between the object and objective is n, the wavelength of light in this material is
λ
∴ λn =
n
where λ is the wavelength of light in air.
Then, the path difference at the first dark ring is λn. Thus, from Eq. (1),
λ
2 y sin α = λn =
n
λ λ
∴ y= =
2n sin α 2 NA
The product n sin α is characteristic of a given objective and is called numerical
aperture (NA). The resolving power of the microscope is
1 2 NA
R= =
y λ
(2) Data : d = 2 × 10−3 m, D = 1 m,
y9 − y′2 = 2.208 mm = 2.208 × 10−3 m (on the same side of the central bright)
nλD
yn = ... (bright fringe)
d
(2m − 1)λD
y′m = ... (dark fringe)
2d
Given : n = 9, m = 2 log 4 = 0.6020
9λD 3λD 15λD
∴ y9 − y′2 = − = + log 2.208 = 0.3439
d 2d 2D
0.9459
2d(y9 − y′2 )
∴ The wavelength of light, λ = −
15D log 15 = 1.1760
1.7699
= 2 × 2 × 10 × 2.208 × 10−3
−3

15 × 1 Antilog 1.7699 = 5.887 × 10−1

λ = 0.5887 × 10−6 = 5.887 × 10−7 ≃ 5.888 × 10−7 = 0.5887
= 5.888 × 10−7 m = 5888 Å

Q. 31. Principle : In the breakdown region of a Zener diode, for widely changing Zener current,
the voltage across the Zener diode remains almost constant.

Unregulat- Regulated
ed voltage Zener voltage
diode
(Reverse
current)

RS : Current-limiting resistance, RL : Load resistance

IZ : Current through the diode, IL : Load current

14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Electric circuit : The circuit for regulating or stabilizing the voltage across a load
resistance RL against change in load current and supply voltage is shown in Fig. The
Zener diode is connected parallel to load RL such that the current through the Zener
diode is from the n to p region. The series resistance Rs limits the current through the
diode below the maximum rated Zener current.
From the circuit, I = IZ + IL
and V = IRs + VZ = (IZ + IL) Rs + VZ
Working : When the input unregulated dc voltage V across the Zener diode is greater
than the Zener voltage VZ in magnitude, the diode works in the Zener breakdown
region. The voltage across the diode and load RL is then VZ. The corresponding current
in the diode is IZ.
As the load current (I) or supply voltage (V) changes, the diode current (IZ) adjusts
itself at constant VZ. The excess voltage V – VZ appears across the series resistance Rs.
For constant supply voltage, the supply current I and the voltage drop across Rs
remain constant. If the diode is within its regulating range, an increase in load current
is accompanied by a decrease in IZ at constant VZ.
Since the voltage across RL remains constant at VZ, the Zener diode acts as a voltage
stabilizer or voltage regulator.
_______

PHYSICS 15