RESEARCH

OVERVIEW:
Man is inquisitive organism. Curious about himself, his fellowmen. And
the world in which he lives, he has inquired, and continues to inquire, into the whys
and wherefores of things. This inquisitiveness, which he inherent [likas] in his nature,
has enabled him to innovate, to invent, to search for—and arrive at—adequate
answers to his varied problems and needs. In his eternal quest for truth, knowledge,
and understanding, and his desire to fashion a better world, man has succeeded in
developing various tools and techniques with which to forge the pathways of
progress. One such tool is RESEARCH.

Research is key to progress. It is believed that there can be no progress without

research. Almost everything including technologies enjoyed today is a product of
research. In government, in education, in trade and commerce, and in all types
and kinds of industries, research is vital and essential to development.

The importance of research, therefore, cannot be taken for granted. Research is

viewed as the power that leads to discover answers to problems. And as one tries to
find solutions to problems, in the process, problems, again arise, thus making
research a continuous process

OBJECTIVES:

1. Be familiar with the meaning of research;

2. Identify the purpose of research and;
3. Recognize the characteristics of good research.
4. Identify the different types of research.
5. Be familiar with the different parts a thesis/dissertation/action research
6. Construct/made/formulate a simple research/thesis

CONTENTS:

1. The Meaning of Research

2. The Scientific Method in Doing Research
3. Purpose of Research
4. Characteristics of Good Research/Problem
5. Types and Classifications of Research
6. The Research Format/ Parts of Thesis/Dissertation
The Preliminaries
a. Title Page
b. Approval Sheet
c. Acknowledgment
d. Dedication
 e. Abstract
f. Table of Contents
g. List of Tables
h. List of Figures
i. Appendices

The Main Body

a. Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting
- Introduction/Background of the Study
- Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
- The Research Paradigm
- Statement of the Problem
- Hypothesis of the Problem
- Significance of the Study
- Scope and Delimitation
- Definition of Terms
b. Chapter II – Review of Related Literature and Studies
- Foreign Literature
- Local Literature
- Foreign Studies
- Local Studies
- Synthesis
c. Chapter III – Methodology
- Research Design
- Respondents/Participants
- Data Gathering Tool/Instrument
- Data Gathering Procedures
- Statistical Treatment of Data
d. Chapter IV – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
- Presentation
- Analysis
- Interpretation of Data
- The parts are determined by the specific question in the study
e. Chapter V – Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE
The Meaning of Research

RESEARCH comes from the two words, re and search, which implies that
research topics are not new or that such topics have not been discussed before. The
present study serves only as a venue of confirmation, revision or negation of the
previous findings. Such results are still new which add knowledge.

In a more concise language, research is defined as:

a. as defined by Mouly, it refers to the process of arriving at dependable solutions to

problems through the planned and systematic collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
b. Martinez [1988] ‘’a scientific process of critical selection of data, investigation
and analysis of such to gain new knowledge or to complement an existing one’’
c. Dempsey [1981] ‘’research must answer new questions and add new knowledge
to fund of already existing knowledge using the present and the past.’’
d. Kerlinger [1973] ‘’ research is a systematic, controlled, and empirical and critical
investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among
natural phenomena.
- Systematic when it follows steps or stages. Controlled in the sense that
every step of the investigation is planned. Fancy and guess work do not
have a place in any of its stages. The problem is thoroughly defined,
variables identified and selected, Instruments carefully chosen or
constructed. Empirical -when all the procedures employed and the data
gathered are perceived in the same manner by all the observers. [based on
observations and experiment].
e. Padua and Santos ‘’ as an activity associated with discovering scientific truths
through experiments and laboratory.
f. It is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth. [Leedy, 1974]
g. It is a search for an answer to unanswered questions;
h. To search again, to take another more careful look, to find more. [Selltiz, 1976]

All these point of view have one thing in common, they all state that: research is
a scholarly activity aimed at finding new truths about a specific discipline.

The Scientific Method in Doing Research

Research is a systematic activity that follows a scientific method of finding

answers to questions. Below are the different stages of research.

1. Identification of the research problem

a. Choosing a research problem
b. Reviewing the relevant literature
2. Clarification of the research problem
a. Deciding on the research procedure to use
 b. Stating the research hypothesis
3. Implementation of the research plan
a. Carrying out the research procedure/s
b. Collecting the data
4. Evaluation of the research plan through application of statistical methods to
the data
5. Interpretation and generalization of data

Purposes of Research

1. To discover new facts about known phenomenon.

2. To find answer to problems which are only partially solved by existing methods
and information;
3. To discover previously unrecognized substance and elements;
4. To provide basis for decision making in business, industry, education,
government and other undertakings;
5. To satisfy researcher’s curiosity;
6. To find answers to queries by means of scientific knowledge;
7. To acquire a deeper and better understanding about a phenomenon;
8. To verify and expand existing knowledge;
9. To improve the educational practices for raising quality of school products;
10. To make work, communication, and travel faster, easier and more comfortable.

Characteristics of a Good research/problem

1. It should be of great interest to you. You can be eloquent only in a subject matter
which you know very well and will not have difficulty in depending it.
2. It should be useful for the concerned people in a particular field. This is why,
you as a researcher, should select a topic within your field of endeavor so that you
can share the benefits of your research work with the other people in that
particular field of interest.
3. It should be novel or current issues. Your research topic should be something
new so that you can be sure that it really contributes to the formation of new
knowledge and not just mere repetition of what has been done already.
4. It should be within your experience or orientation as well as within your
capability.
5. It should be completed in the allotted time desired. Do not delay your research
work because timeliness and freshness of your data and findings will be crucial.
Finish your research work within the time frame you have set at the start.
6. It should not carry ethical or moral impediments. The ethics of research demand
that you do not intrude into the personal lives of your respondents, [unless
allowed to do so]. Generally, Ethical and moral considerations should be held
high. Your research will fail if your respondents will refuse to answer questions
related to ethical and moral issues.
 7. Research employs quantitative or statistical methods. Data are transferred into
numerical measures and are treated statistically to determine their significance
and usefulness.
8. Research is an accurate investigation. Every research must be done accurately so
that the findings will lead to the formulation of a scientific generalization.
9. Research is a patient and unhurried activity to ensure accuracy.. Research that
is done or conducted carelessly due to racing against time lead to shaky [weak]
conclusions and generalizations.
10. Research requires an effort-making capacity. No research can be conducted
without the exertion of much effort. It involves much work and time.
11. Research requires courage.

Types and Classifications of Research

When methodology or research design is used as basis for categorizing research,

research can take any of the following types [Catane, 2000]:

1. Descriptive Research. This type of research endeavors to describe

systematically, factually, accurately and objectively a situation, problem or
phenomenon. It seeks to describe ‘’what is’’. Example: when the researcher
wants to determine the impact of APECO Development project to the residents
of Casiguran in terms of Politics, Social, Cultural and Economic aspects.
2. Explanatory Research. In this type of inquiry, the researcher seeks to clarify how
and why a relationship exists between two or more aspects of a situation or
phenomenon. Question like …why job stress contributes to burnout or why low
morale can lead to low productivity among the employees are problems which
can be investigated systematically through the explanatory design.
3. Correlational/ Associational Research. In this type or research, the investigator
tries to prove the significance of relationship between two or more factors or
characteristics. Example: Academic Performance of pupils with and without
kinder education.
4. Exploratory Research. This kind of study is undertaken when the investigator is
after exploring areas where little is known about the research problem.
Feasibility and pilot studies fall under this type of research.
5. Experimental Research. In this kind of research, the researcher explore into the
cause of an effect by exposing one or more experimental groups to one more
treatments or conditions. Example: when a mathematics professor is after
determining the effectiveness of a learning module in raising the performance of
his studies, he is actually engaging in experimental research.
 6. Ex-post Facto/ Causal- Comparative Research.in this kind of research, when the
investigator delves [explore/examine] on analyzing the possible effect of a factor
which cannot be manipulated and controlled. Example: a biology student who is
interested in determining the incidence of lung cancer among heavy smokers is a
situation this type of research is appropriate to employ.
7. Historical Research. The researcher attempts to reconstruct the past objectively
and accurately or to explain an incident that happened in the past with the use
of data taken from the past.
8. Ethnographic Research. This type of research is done when the researcher is
concerned with explaining or describing a phenomenon holistically with the use
of multiple data collection technique. Example: If the researcher wants to
venture the culture of the Dumagats.
9. Action Research -

THE RESEARCH FORMAT/PARTS OF THE THESIS

The Preliminaries

a. Title page
The title page must be interesting and should reflect the thrust of the
research through the identification of the variables under study; a brief title is
preferable and must follow an inverted pyramid format.
b. Certification and Approval Sheet
This is a standard form obtainable from the school offering thesis writing
class.
c. Abstract
A condensation of the thesis giving the significant/salient point of the
research, information abstract is preferred containing the research problem,
objectives, methodology, findings, conclusions and recommendations. Length
must be 250-500 words defending on the length of the original document, the
rule of the thumb is 1/10 of the original manuscript /document.
d. Acknowledgment
An expression of the gratitude to those who in one way or the other
helped in making the research work a reality – ranging from those who are
directly instrumental in the pursuit of the study to those who are as source of
inspiration through personal acknowledgments.
e. Table of Contents
 A listing of contents of the research with the prescribed format
obtainable from the school offering thesis writing class.
f. List of Tables/ Figures
A listing of titles of figures and tables according to order of appearance in the
research document.

THE MAIN BODY

Parts of the Paper What it is What does it contain Sources for its Other
content Features
Chapter I: The This is the chapter that It contains other parts
Problem and Its sets background of the that will give the
Setting study reader important
information about the
study
Introduction/ Invites the reader to -Context of the New articles that are
Background of the continue reading, problem and its interesting and
Study arouses interest of the historical background; related to the topic
reader, justifies to the -Authoritative An issue or concern
reader the conduct of viewpoint on the which is related to the
the study, serves as problem topic
springboard for the -Researcher’s interest
statement of the in the problem;
problem -Purpose of the study
in relation to the
problem
Theoretical/ A concept or theory used The concept or theory Theories about the
conceptual as a framework for the is explained in the light topic
framework study is what provides of the problem worked Read from the books
the foundation for the on. Concept read from the
study books, journals,
It is where the whole newspapers and other
study is anchored. sources
The Research Is usually a diagram, or Drawings, objects, Computer graphics
Paradigm any object/s used to boxes, arrows, to
represent the idea in the showcase relationship
theory or concept and directions
It is visual representation
of the variables and how
they relate to one
another.
Statement the Is a series of logically Statements are in The title or the
Problem arranged statement that question form general statement of
asks what the study objective
hopes to answer in order
to arrive at the final
 answer or solution.
Hypothesis of the Are also known as Statement expressed in Statement of the
Problem intellectual proposition the declarative form. problem
that serve to explain This is called a NULL
observed facts or hypothesis
conditions;
Statement of the
researcher’s
expectations regarding
relationships between
and among variables
being studied,
Significance of the Identifies the importance
Specific people/group The title, the
Study of the study to specificwho will benefit from statement of the
groups or its importancethe findings of the problem the paradigm
to an organization study
Scope and It sets the parameter orWho will be involved The main objective of
Delimitation boundaries within which When will the study be the study
the study will be conducted Statement of the
conducted Where will the study problems
take place
Definition of Terms Is the glossary of Words that are Words are taken from Arranged
important words used in operationally defined the title, the alphabetic
the study statement of the ally
problem
Definition comes from
the dictionary, from
readings, books that
deals with the topic
under study; or how it
is used in the study
Chapter II: Review Justification of the study, Literature related to Books by experts on Must be
of Related Explanation of the the study that will the topics of study, ten years
Literature and concerns of the study, support the hypothesis researchers from back only.
Studies Additional information or other concern of the journals and other Internet
on the focus of the study. libraries. sources
study. Related Studies are must
Some studies or researchers conducted include
literature may also lead by foreign or local the author
to the theoretical or authors whose findings and not
conceptual concept may have bearing on just the
the present study or website.
will support the Cross
findings of the present referencin
study. g is
advised
Other
 materials
are used
to
support/
validate
the
findings in
Chapter 3
Chapter III: This chapter presents the The Research Topic or problem
Methodology research design used, design/method
the subjects or the Sample
respondents, sampling Instrument used
procedure, the Activities done to
instrument used, data gather data
gathering procedures Statistical used
and statistical treatment
used
Research Design Refers books on Descriptive Topic or problem
Research Method Experiment for
descriptive research

Sample and Tells who the Identified population, Topic or problem

sampling/responden respondents are and the respondents, paradigm
ts how they were chosen sampling procedure
adopted and the
locality
Data Gathering Tells the instrument used Narrative description of Topic or problem
Tool/Instrument the nature, origin and
parts of the research
instrument as well as
the measures,
interpretation scales
used
Description of the
process of validating
the research
instrument/tools
Data Gathering Tells the instrument How the questionnaire Topic
Procedures used; was formulated and Statement of the
How it was made and validated problem
validated Discusses how the Paradigm
And the different necessary data were
activities done to gather obtained
data
Statistical Tells how the data were The different statistics Statistic used on the
Treatment treated to be able to used data generated by
answer the statement of each problem stated
 the problem
Chapter IV: This chapter present the Tables, graphs are The data and the Avoid
Presentation, data gathered, provides used. results of the statistics sweeping
Analysis and the analysis and Table presentation is as applied on the statement
Interpretation of interpretation done, followed by the data: discussion s, or the
Data analysis and follows the order of interpreta
interpretation. the statement of the tions that
problem as presented are
in chapter 1. beyond
what the
data
presents

Chapter V: Summarizes the findings,

Summary of findings
Summary of present conclusions
are the numerical
Findings, drawn from the findingsfindings.
Conclusions and and gives
Conclusions are
Recommendations recommendations based general statements
on the conclusions that may be drawn
from the findings; or it
answers what the title
proposes to answer.
The Recommendations
should always be based
on the conclusions.
References Presents all the List of books, The list of books
references used by the periodicals, journals, arranged using
researcher internet references alphabetically using
the APA format.
Author’s last name,
year of publication,
Title, Place of
Publication, Publishing
Company
Appendices Present all the pertinent Letters of Request to
documents vital to the Heads of Offices, the
study sample questionnaire,
other notes or
references

PARTS OF THE RESEARCH REPORT/THESIS

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1. Background of the study

- A brief statement of the origin of the problem
- It is an account describing the circumstances which suggested the research
- It includes a reason/justification of the section or choice of study
- Cite the problematic situation which prompted you to conduct the study from
the macro to micro levels, [globally, regionally, nationally and locally, to
zero- in on the local setting of the study
- Support your discussion with legal bases relevant to your study
- Make your presentation emphatic and explosive. It should create an impact on
the reader. It should prod your reader to go on and find out what good is there
in your research study.

2. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
- Look for a core theory with which to anchor your study
- The core theory should relate to your dependent variables
- Have other supporting theories, the supporting theories should be related to
your independent variables.

3. Statement of the Problem

- The problem should be stated precisely, accurately and clearly

- It can be stated either in declarative or interrogative form
- It can be a series of questions
- The problem should be defined in terms of the data that can be obtained
- The problem must jibe with the paradigm, conceptual framework, hypothesis,
methodology and research instrument.

4. Hypothesis
- These are the tentative wise guess of the research in answer to the objective
formulated.
- Whether state explicitly or not, hypotheses are a part of research study, they
guide the investigation.
- They should be stated in clear and precise terms

5. Significance of the Study/ Importance of the study

- Name those who are to benefit from the study-people, institution and
agencies.
- Cite how they will benefit from the findings of the research.
 - Do not fail to include the researcher as beneficiaries and what are expected to
benefit.

6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

- Define the scope of your study, the parameter [boundaries] of the
investigation, the variables included and the respondent to be included
- What weaknesses and limitation of the study you anticipate?

7. Definition of Terms

- Key terms or phrases used in the study should be defined operationally or

how these are taken to mean in your study.
- Terms to be defined and should be arranged alphabetically.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

It is composed of discussion of facts and principle to which the present study is

related. [found in books, encyclopedias, professional journal, newspapers and other
publications].
It is classified into:
1. Local Literature- if printed in the Philippines
2. Foreign Literature- if printed in other land

Related Studies – are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the
present study is related. [Found in manuscripts, theses, dissertations]

-classified into:

1. Local Studies- if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines

2. Foreign Studies- if the inquiry was conducted in foreign land

Review of Related Literature and Studies help or guide the researcher in the following
ways:

1. They help or guide the researchers in searching for or selecting a better research
problem or topic.
2. They help the investigator understand his topic for research better.
3. They ensure that there will be no duplication of other studies.
4. They help and guide the researcher in locating more sources of related
information.
5. They help and guide the researcher in making his research design in
 a. Formulation of specific question to be research on
b. Formulation of hypothesis
c. Formulation of conceptual/theoretical framework
d. Selection and application of the methods of research
e. The selection and application of statistical procedures
f. The selection and or preparation and validation of research
g. The analysis, organization, presentation and interpretation of data
h. The formulation of the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations,
6. They help and guide the researcher in making comparison between his findings
with the findings of other researchers.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Research Design
- Decide what research design to use
- Your decision should be based on the purpose of your research—will you do
it to search a theory? To test a theory? Or to solve a problem?
- Make a justification why are you going to use it, why you think it is
appropriate, how you are going to do it.
- Cite authorities to support your choice of research design

2. The Respondent
- Describe your respondents; their characteristics and profile and how are going
to identify them
- Present a table depicting your total respondents, the population and sample
sizes, type, number, frequencies and percentages and so on.

3. Data Gathering Tool/ The Instrument

- Decide on the type of research instruments that will best gather the data and
information needed in your study.
- Will you use the questionnaire, interview guide and observation
- From whom will you adapt your research instrument? Have they been
validated?
- Do they possess the basic characteristic of a good research instrument?
- How about measurement and scaling of these research instruments?
- Make sure the instructions are clear. Erroneous instruction will affect the
respondents’ responses and likewise your data

4. Data Gathering Procedure

 - Describe the step-by-step process in your data gathering what you actually
intend to do and the individuals who will act as research aid
- Take note of unusual events, occurrences or comments of respondents in the
course of data gathering
- Be extra observant of whatever that happens during the data gathering

5. Statistical treatment of data

- Describe the statistical tool are you going to use and for what purpose you are
going to use them.
- Indicate the different formulas and the legend for the symbols used.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. Presentation of Data – this is the process of organizing data into logical,

sequential and meaningful categories and classification to make them amenable to
study and interpretation. There are three ways of presenting data: textual, tabular
and graphical

The most common form of presenting results of study used by the researcher is the
tabular form. Tables provide a more precise description of the results and figures make it
easier to see trends or patterned in the data. The highest and the least figures or findings
of the study are normally highlighted in the textual presentation. Data from these tables
are integrated into the textual discussion.

2. Analysis of Data – tis is a more in depth activity of breaking down the whole
body of information, cross tabulating them with other data in order to arrive at a
generalization.

In analyzing data, you should focus only on salient/important data shown in the table.
In other words, you need not repeat in the discussion all those items shown in the table.
It is not however sufficient for the researcher to only describe the data but also to
cross-tabulate them in order to arrive at a meaningful interpretation.

3. Interpretation of Data- when interpreting data, both theoretical and conceptual

frameworks of the study are considered.it is in this part where the researcher
usually affirms or rejects the elements contained in the theoretical background.

It is also in this part where the researcher looks for theories or earlier studies, finding
of which substantiate the findings of the present research being discussed.
 When certain element of the theoretical background do not conform to the findings of
the present study, the researcher justifies why this is so by relating also to theories,
principles and related literature and studies attributed to the present study.
The researcher also discusses implications of the findings of the study to the discipline of
investigation and or allied disciplines.

CHAPTER V

THE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Summary:
The summary presents in brief and very concise terms the following:
1. Restatement of the main problem and sub-problems;
2. Types of research methodology employed, nature and size of sampling
groups of subjects or respondents and place of study;
3. Resume of the major findings which answers each sub-problem or
hypothesis;
4. Findings are each stated in a statement or two, pointing out whether the null
hypothesis have been rejected or confirmed and the sub-problems duly
answered.

Example: This study sought to find out the correlates of people’s participation in
self-help projects in the Pacific Town of Northern Samar
Specifically, it aimed to determine the profile of the respondents in terms
of personal characteristics and situational factors; identify the self help projects
participated by the respondents; evaluate their extent of participation in self- help
project; classify their ………..
The population of the study consisted of the members of the organizations
with self-help project in the Pacific Towns of Northern Samar namely……………………
One hundred fifty respondents composed of teachers, farmers, vendors etc………
Stratified and fishbowl [lottery sampling] techniques were used to determine the number
of respondents.
The study was a descriptive- correlational type of research. It adopted
frequency counts, percentages, mea, median, ranking and multiple regression analysis.
The study revealed the profile of the respondents as follow:………………

The Conclusions
Conclusions are broad statements or generalizations that are based on the
findings of the study. Broad generalizations not supported by data or findings should be
avoided. Conclusions are logical, that they flow from findings. This part does not contain
numbers/ percentages or statistical values.

Example: Based on the summary of the findings, the following conclusions were
drawn:
Conclusions
In terms of the physical variables on age and health status, it was found out that they were
mature of age and were physically healthy. As to the mental factors, it was disclosed that
they were college graduates who were much conscious of global issues and moderately
aware of developmental concept. On the spiritual factors, it was reported that a great
majority were Roman Catholics, with uncertain values and much favorable
attitudes……… etc.

The Recommendations:
After drawing the conclusions, the researcher enumerates here the
recommendations or suggestions offered by the study. Remember that the researcher
bases his recommendations on the findings and conclusions drawn from the study. They
should not be opinionated. Rather, they must be based on evidences. There is continuity
as well as consistency of findings, conclusions and recommendations. Suggestion for
further investigation in the same field may be made.
The recommendations are divided into two parts.
1. specific recommendations on the findings and conclusions of the study itself;
2. general recommendations

The specific recommendations are focused on the study’s finding and

conclusions. They envision how the findings can be used to further improve the pertinent
aspects that were subject of the investigation.
The general recommendations point out suggested measures which concerned
institutions and the betterment of society in general.

Example: The following recommendations were formulated and advanced in answer

to the problem and issues raised.

1. To address the issue on low income of women workers in the government, it is

imperative that the government rethink and revise its salary standardization
scheme.
2. Training programs for women should be designed to integrate knowledge, skill
and values development. These appropriate training should be designed and held
to incorporate such theme as global issues, awareness of development concept,
values and attitudes, and empowerment skills……..
FILIPINO VERSION

PANANALIKSIK [in general]

 Ang pananaliksik ay isang maingat, kritikal, disiplinadong inquiry sa
pamamagitan ng ibat- ibang teknik at paraan batay sa kalikasan at kalagayan
ng natukoy na suliranin tungo sa klaripikasyon at /o solusyon nito, Good
1963.
 Ang pananaliksik ay isang sistematikong paghahanap sa mga mahahalagang
impormasyon hinggil sa isang tiyak na paksa o suliranin, Aquino 1974.
 Ang pananaliksik ay isang proseso ng panangangalap ng mga datos o
impormasyon upang malutas ang isang partikular na suliranin sa isang
siyentipikong pamamaraan, [Manuel at Medel, 1976].
 Ang pananaliksik ay isang siyentipikong pag-aaral o imbestigasyon ng isang
bagay sa layuning masagot ang mga katanungan ng isang mananaliksik.

LAYUNIN ng Pananaliksik

1. Ang pangunahing layunin ng pananaliksik ay ang preserbasyon at pagpapabuti ng

kalidad ng buhay. Wika nga ni Good at Scates, 1972, The purpose of research is
to serve man and the goal is the good life.
2. Ayon naman kina Calderon at Gonzales, 1993, ang mga tiyak na layunin ng
pananaliksik ay ang mga sumusunod:
a. Upang makadiskubre ng mga bagong kaalaman hinggil sa mga batid nang
phenomena.
b. Upang makakita ng mga sagot sa mga suliraning hindi pa ganap na natutuklas
ng mga umiiral na metodo at impormasyon.
c. Mapagbuti ang mga umiiral na teknik at makadebelop ng mga bagong
instrument o produkto.
d. Makatuksan ang mga hindi pa nakikilalang mga substances at elements.
e. Higit na maunawaan ang kalikasan ng mga dati nang kilalang substances at
elements.
f. Makalikha ng mga batayan ng pagpapasya sa kalakalan, industriya,
edukasyon, pamahalaaan at iba pang larangan.
g. Ma-‘satisfy’ ang kyoryosidad ng mananaliksik.
h. Mapalawak o ma-verify ang mga umiiral na kaalaman.

MGA KATANGIAN NG MABUTING PANANALIKSIK

1. Ang pananaliksik ay sistematiko- may sinusunod na preseso.

2. Ang pananalisik ay krontrolado- lahat ng mga baryabol na sinusuri ay kailangang
mapanaliting konstant. Ibig sabihin, hindi dapat baguhin.
 3. Ang pananaliksik ay empirical- kailangang maging katanggap-tanggap ang mga
pamamaraang ginagamit sa pananaliksik, maging ang mga datos na nakalap.
Halimbawa: kapag sinabi ng isang tao na mayroong limang tao sa loob ng isang
silid, magiging katanggap-tanggap ang datos na iyon kapag naobserbahan na at
na-verify ng ibang tao ang limang tao sa loob ng silid na iyon. Samakatuwid, ang
bilang ng tao ay isang empirical.
4. Ang pananaliksik ay mapanuri.
5. Ang pananaliksik ay obhetibo, lohikal at walang pagkiling.
6. Ang pananaliksik ay gumagamit ng mga kwantiteytib o istatistikal na metodo.
7. Ang pananaliksik ay isang orihinal na akda.
8. Ang pananaliksik ay isang akyureyt na imbestigasyon, obserbasyon at
deskripsyon.
9. Ang pananaliksik ay matiyaga at hindi minamadali.
10. Ang pananaliksik ay pinagsisikapan.
11. Ang pananaliksik ay nangangailangan ng tapang.
12. Ang pananaliksik ay maingat na pagtatala at pag-uulat.

MGA KATANGIAN NG MANANALIKSIK

1. Masipag
2. Matiyaga
3. Maingat
4. Sistematik
5. Kritikal o mapanuri

MGA PANANAGUTAN NG MANANALIKSIK

Katapatan ang pinakapangunahing pananagutan ng isang mannaliksik.

1. Kinikilala ng mananaliksik ang lahat ng pinagkukunan niya ng datos.
2. Bawat hiram na termino at ideya ay kanyang ginagawan ng karampatang tala.
3. Hindi siya nagnanakaw ng mga salita ng iba kundi sinisipi ito at binibigyan ng
karampatang pagkilala.
4. Hindi siya nagkukubli ng datos para lamang palakasin o pagtibayin ang kanyang
argumento o para ikiling ang kanyang pag-aaral sa isang partikular na pananaw.
[Atieza, et al, 1996].

PORMAT NG PANANALIKSIK

A. Mga Pahinang Preliminari o Front Matters

1. Fly leaf. Ang pinakaunang pahina. Walang nakasulat dito na kahit na ano. Sa
madaling sabi, blangko ito.
2. Pamagating Pahina. Ang tawag sa pahinang pagpapakilala sa pamagat
sinasaliksik. Nakasaad din dito kung kanino iniharap o ipinasa ang papel, kung
saang asignatura ito panagangailangan, kung sino ang gumawa at panahon
ng kumplesyon. Kung titingnan sa malayuan, kailangang magmukhang
 ‘inverted pyramid’ ang pagkakaayos ng mga impormasyong nasa pahinang
ito.
3. Dahon ng Pagpapatibay. Ang tawag sa pahinang kumukumpirma sa
pagkakapasa ng mananaliksik at pagkakatanggap ng guro.
4. Pasasalamat o Pagkilala. Tinutukoy dito ng mananaliksik ang mga
indibidwal , pangkat o tanggapan o institusyong maaaring nakatulong sa
pagsulat ng tesis.
5. Talaan ng Nilalaman. Nakaayos ang pagkakabalangkas ng mga bahagi at
nilalaman ng tesis at nakatala ang kaukulang bilang ng pahina kung saan
matatagpuan ang bawat isa.
6. Talaan ng mga Talahanayan at Grap. Nakatala ang pamagat ng bawat
talahanayan at/o grap na nsa loob ng tesis at ang bilang ng pahina kung san
matatagpuan ang bawat isa.

Hindi nilalagyan ng bilang ng pahina o ‘’pagination’’ ang mga pahinang

preliminary.

KABANATA 1: ANG SULIRANIN AT KALIGIRAN NITO

Ang kabanatang ito ay nahahati sa sumusunod na bahagi:

a. Ang Panimula o Introduksyon ay isang maikling talataang kinapapalooban ng

pangkalahatang pagtalakay ng paksa ng pananaliksik.
b. Layunin ng Pag-aaral, inilalahad ang pangkalahatang layunin o dahilan kung
bakit isinasagawa ang pag-aaral. Tinutukoy rin dito ang mga ispesipik na suliranin
na nasa anyong patanong.
c. Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral, inilalahad ang signipikans ng pagsasagawa ng
pananaliksik ng paksa ng pag-aaral. Tinutukoy rito ang maaaring maging
kapakinabangan o halaga ng pag-aaral sa ibat-ibang indibidwal, pangkat,
tanggapan, institusyon, propesyon, disiplina o larangan.
d. Saklaw at Delimitasyon, tinutukoy ang simula at hangganan ng pananaliksik.
Dito itinatakda ang ‘’parameter’’ ng pananaliksik dahil tinutukoy rito kung anu-
ano ang baryabol na sakop at hindi sakop ng pag-aaral.
e. Depinisyon ng mga Terminolohiya, itinatala naman dito ang mga katawagang
makailang ginamit sa pananaliksik at ang bawat isa’y binigyan ng kahulugan. Ang
pagpapakahulugan ay maaaring konseptwal [ ibinibigay ang istandard na
depinisyon ng mga katawagan] o operasyunal [ kung paano iyon ginamit sa iyong
sinasaliksik/tesis].

KABANATA II: MGA KAUGNAY NA PAG-AARAL AT LITERATURA

 Sa kabanatang ito, tinutukoy ang mga pag-aaral at mga babasahin o

literaturang kaugnay ng paksa ng pananaliksik.
  Kailangan ding matukoy ng mananaliksik kung sinu-sino ang mga may akda
ng naunang pag-aaral o literatura, disenyo ng pananaliksik na ginamit, mga
layunin at resulta ng pag-aaral.
 Mahalaga ang kabanatang ito dahil ipinaalam dito ng mananaliksik ang
kasalukuyang estado ng kaalaman kaugnay sa kanyang paksa.
 Hangga’t maaari rin, tiyaking ang mga material na gagamitin ay nagtataglay
ng mga sumusunod na katangian: a. obhetibo o walang pagkiling, b.
nauugnay o relevant sa pag-aaral; at c. sapat ang dami o hindi napakaunti o
napakarami.

KABANATA III: DISENYO AT PARAAN NG PANANALIKSIK [O PAMAMARAN]

Ang kabanatang ito ay nahahati sa mga sumusunod na bahagi:

a. Disenyo ng Pananaliksik, nililinaw kung anong uri ng pananaliksik ang

kasalukuyang pag-aaral. Dito ay ating gagamitin ang pamarang historikal.
b. Sa bahaging ito tinutukoy ang mg Respondente ng pananaliksik, kung ilan sila at
paano at bakit sila ang napili.
c. Instrumento ng Pananaliksik, inilalarawan ang pamaraang ginamit ng
pananaliksik sa pangangalap ng mga datos at impormasyon.
d. Paraan ng Panganagalap ng mga Datos/ Data Gathering Procedure, Iniisa- isa
rito ang mga hakbang na kanyang ginawa at kung maaari, kung paano at bakit
niya ginawa ang bawat hakbang. Sa bahaging ito maaari ring mabangkit ang
interview, pagka ‘’conduct’’ ng sarbey at pagpapasagot ng sarbey kwestyoneyr sa
mga respondente bilang pinakakaraniwan at pinakamadaling paraan.
e. Tritment ng mga datos, inilalarawan kung anong istatistikal na paraan ang
ginamit. Ang pananaliksik historikal ay isang pananaliksik kwanliteytib.

KABANATA IV: PRESENTASYON, ANALISIS AT INTERPRETASYON NG MGA DATOS

Sa kabanatang ito, inilalahad ang mga datos na nakalap ng mananaliksik sa

pamamagitan ng tektwal at tabular na presentasyon. Sa teksto, inilalahad ng
mananaliksik ang kanyang analisis at pagsusuri.

 Sa pananaliksik, ang presentasyon ay tumutukoy sa proseso ng pag-oorganisa

ng mga datos sa lohikal, sikwensyal at makhulugang katergorya at
klasipikasyon ayon sa isinasagawang pag-aaral at interpretasyon [Calderon at
Gonzales 1993].
  Ang tekstwal na presentasyon ay gumagamit ng mga patalatang pahayag
upang ilarawan ang mga datos. Ang layunin nito ay upang maipokus ang
atensyon sa ilang mahahalagang datos [at upang magsilbing ‘supplement’ ng
presentasyong tabular at grapikal.]
 Dahil ito’y patalata, kinakailangang taglay nito ang mga sumusunod na
katangian. KAISAHAN, KOHIRENS at EMPASIS.
 Ang KAISAHAN ay nangangahulugang pagkakaroon ng isang ideya sa loob ng
talata.
 Ang KOHIRENS ay tumutukoy sa pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng mga bahagi sa loob
ng isang talataan.
 Ang EMPASIS naman ay tumutukoy sa pagbibigay ng angkop at sapat nadiin
sa datos na nanganagilangan niyon.
 Bukod sa tatlong nabanggit, nais naming idagdag ang mga sumusunod na
katangiang dapat taglayin ng isang tekstwal na presentasyon: MALINAW,
TUWIRAN, MAIKLI, WASTO ANG GRAMAR AT LOHIKAL.

KABANATA V: LAGOM, KONGKLUSYON AT REKOMENDASYON

Nahahati ang kabanatang ito sa tatlo:

a. Lagom, binubuod ang mga datos at impormasyonng nakalap ng mananaliksik

na komprehensibong tinalakay sa Kabanata IV.
 Simulan ang lagom sa isang maikling pahayag tungkol sa pangunahing layunin
ng pag-aaral, mga respondente, saklaw, delimitasyon at panahon at panahon
ng pag-aaral, pamamaraan at instrumenting ginamit sa pangangalap ng mga
datos at impormasyon at ang disenyo ng pananaliksik. Hindi na kailangan ng
anumang eksplanasyon o pagpapalawig.
 Ilahad ang mga lagom sa paraan tekstwal sa pamamagitan ng pagbubuod ng
mga importanteng datos.
 Huwag gumawa ng mga deduction, inference at interpretasyon sa lagom
dahil mauulit lamang ang mga iyon sa kongklusyon.
 Ang mga importanteng tuklas at haylayt ng mga datos ang dapat banggitin sa
lagom, lalung-lalo na iyong mga pinagbatayan ng mga kongklusyon.
 Ang mga datos ay hindi dapat ipaliwanag pang muli.
 Gawaing maiikli at tuwiran ang mga pahayag sa lagom.
 Huwag magdaragdag ng mga bagong datos o impomasyon sa lagom.

b. Ang Kongklusyon ay mga inferences, abstraction, implikasyon,

interpretasyon, pangkalahatang pahayag, at/o paglalahad batay sa mgadatos
at impormasyong nakalap ng mananaliksik.
 Lahat ng kongklusyon ay dapat ibatay sa lohika ng mga datos at
impormasyong nakalap.
 Dapat masagot ng tumpak at maayos ang mga katanungang tinukoy sa
Layunin ng Pag-aaral. Mawawalan ng kabuluhan ang pananaliksik kung ang
 mga katanungang iyon ay hindi malalapatan ng mga kasagutan sa
kongklusyon.
 Huwag bumuo ng kongklusyon batay sa mga implayd o inderektang epekto
ng mga datos o impormasyong nakalap.
 Gawing maikli at tuwiran ang mga kongklusyon, ngunit tandaang kailangang
maihayag ang mga kailangang impormasyong resulta ng pag-aaral na
hinihingi ng mga tiyak o ispisipik na tanong sa Layunin ng Pag-aaral.
 Maging tiyak sa paglalahad ng mga kongklusyon. Hindi dapat ipahiwatig ng
mga mananaliksik na sila’y may pagdududa o alinlangan sa ‘validity o
reliability’ ng kanilang pananaliksik. Iwasan ang mga salitang nagpapahayag
ng walang katiyakan tulad ng siguro, marahil, baka at iba pa.
 Ilimita ang mga kongklusyon sa paksa, saklaw at panahon ng pag-aaral.
 Ang mga kongklusyon ay hindi dapat repetisyon lamang ng mga pahayag sa
ibang bahgi ng iyong tesis.

c. Ang Rekomendasyon ay mga mungkahing solusyon para sa mga suliraning

natukoy o natuklasan sa pananaliksik.
 Ang maga rekomendasyon ay dapat naglalayong lutasin ang mga suliraning
natuklasan sa imbestigasyon.
 Huwag magrekomenda ng mga solusyon sa anumang suliraning hindi naman
natuklasan o natalakay sap ag-aaral.
 Bagama’t ang mga rekomendasyon ay maaaring maging ideyal, kailangang
ang bawat isa’y maging praktikal, naisasagawa, nakakamit, makatotohanan
at makatarungan.
 Dapat maging valid at lohikal ang bawat rekomendasyon.
 Dapat ipatungkol ang bawat rekomendasyon sa indibidwal, pangkat,
tanggapan o institusyong nasa posisyonng magpatupad ng bawat isa.
 Kung may mga mabubuting bagay na natuklasan, kailangang irekomenda ang
pagpapanaliti, pagpapatuloy at/o pagpapabuti ng mga iyon at/o mga
hakbang o paraan kaugnay niyon.
 Maaaring irekomenda sa ibang mga mananaliksik ang pagpapatuloy o
pagpapalawak ng isinagawang pag-aaral at/o paggamit ng ibang saklaw,
panahon, lokaliti at populasyon upang ma-verify, ma-amplify o
mapasinungalingan ang mga natuklasa sap ag-aaral.

MGA PANGHULING PAHINA

a. Ang Listahan ng Sanggunian ay isang kumpletong tala ng lahat ng mga

hanguan o sorses na ginamit ng mananaliksik sa pagsulat ng tesis.
b. Ang Apendik at tinatawag na Dahong -Dagdag. Maaaring ilagay o ipaloob
dito ang mga liham, pormylaryo ng ebalwasyon, transkripsyon ng interbyu,
sampol ng sarbey-kwestyoneyr, bio-data ng mananaliksik, mga larawan
kliping at kung anu-ano pa.
Mga Hanguan ng Paksa
1. Sarili
2. Dyaryo at Magasin
3. Radyo/TV at Cable TV
4. Mga Autoridad, kaibigan, Guro
5. Internet
6. Aklatan
Mga Konsiderasyon sa Pagpili ng Paksa
1. Kasapatan ng Datos
2. Limitasyon ng Panahon
3. Kakayahang Pinansiyal
4. Kabuluhan ng Paksa
5. Interes ng Mananaliksik

Mga Hanguan ng Impormasyon o Datos

Ayon kina Mosura, et al [1999], ang mga hanguang primarya [primary sources] ay:

a. Mga indibidwal o awtoridad.

b. Mga grupo o organisasyon tulad ng pamilya, asosasyon, union, fraternity,
katutubo o mga minorya, bisnes, samahan, simbahan at gobyerno
c. Mga kinagawiang kaugalian tulad ng relihiyon at pag-aasawa, sistemang legal at
ekonomik at iba pa.
d. Mga pampiblikong kasulatan o dokumento tulad ng konstitusyon, batas
kasulatan, treaty o kontrata at ang lahat ng orihinal na tala, katitikan sa korte,
sulat, journal at talaarawan o dayari.

Ang mga hanguang sekondarya [secondary sources] naman ay:

a. Mga aklat tulad ng diksyunaryo, ensayklopidya, taunang -ulat o yearbook,

almanac at atlas.
b. Mga nalathalang artikulo sa journal, magasin, pahayagan at newsletter,
c. Mga tisis, disertasyon at pag-aaral ng pisibiliti. Nailathala man ang mga ito o
hindi.
d. Mga monograp, manwal, polyeto, manuskrito at iba pa.

Isa pa ring mahalagang pinagkukunan ng mga impormasyo ay ang ‘hanguang

elektroniko’ o mas kilala sa tawag na INTERNET.

INTERBYU: KAHULUGAN, LAUNIN AT KAHALAGAHAN

Ang interbyu ay isang uri ng pasalitang diskurso ng dalawang tao o ng isang

pangkat at isang indibidwal- ang una’y interbyuwer at ang ikalawa’y interbyuwi. Ang
interbyu ay maaaring itinatakda- ang petsa, araw, oras at lugar- maaaring naming hindi,
depende sa abeylabiliti ng dalawang panig.
Ang layunin ng interbyu ay makakuha ng mga mapanghahawakang
mahahalagang impormasyon mula sa interbyuwi hinggil sa isang tiyak na paksa.
Sa pananaliksik, ang interbyu ay isang napakamakabuluhang paraan ng pagkuha
ng mga impormasyon na magagamit sa pagsulat ng pananaliksik. Isa rin itong mabisang
paraan ng pagbe verify ng mga datos o impormasyon nakalap sa mga nakasulat na
hanguan at isang pagkakataon upang maapdeyt ang mga impormasyon o datos tungkol
sa mga makabagong debelopment hinggil sa isang larangan o tiyak na paksa na
maaaring hindi pa nalalathata. Ang mga nakalap na datos sa interbyu ay maaari ring
magsilbing suporta sa mga impormasyong first-hand mula sa ibat-ibang hanguan o
sorses.

Pagpili ng Interbyuwi

1. May malawak na kaalaman

2. Relayabol
3. Abeylabol

Mga Hakbangin sa Pormal na Interbyu

Sina Arrogante, et al. [1983] ay nagbigay ng ilang tagubilin na dapat tandan bago
mag interbyu, sa takdang oras, sa oras ng pag-uusap at pagkatapos ng pag-uusap .

a. Bago mag-interbyu
1. Tiyakin muna ang layunin ng interbyu.
2. Pumili ng interbyuwing nagtataglay ng mga katangiang natalakay.
3. Itakda ang interbyu. Alamin ang abeylabiliti at preperd na lugar at oras ng
interbyuwi.
4. Hangga’t maaari, kumuha ng pahintulot upang mag-interbyu sa interbyuwi o
iba pang kinauukulan sa pamamagitan ng sulat.
5. Hangga’t maari, alamain ang lahat ng nahihinggil sa katauhan ng
iinterbyuhin.
6. Pag-aralan muna ang paksang tatalakayin sa interbyu.
7. Tiyakin ang mga sasaklawing kasangang-paksa at ang panahong gugugulin sa
interbyu.
8. Maghanda ng balangkas o mga gabay na tanong.
9. Magdala ng mga kakailanganing kagamitan tulad ng teyp rekorder, bidyo,
kamera, bolpen, papel at iba pa.
10. Magbihis ng presentable.

b. Sa Takdang Oras
1. Dumating ng mas maaga sa itinakdang oras sa napagkasunduang lugar.
2. Magalang na magpakilala at ipaalala ang pakay.
3. Maging masigla at magtiwala sa sarili.
 c. Sa Oras ng Pag-uusap
1. Maging tuwiran at matalino sa pagtatanong. Iwasan ang mga tanong na
sinasagot lamang ng oo at hindi.
2. Magpakita ng kawilihan sa interbyu.
3. Hawag gambalain o putulin ang pagsasalita ng interbyuwi.
4. Huwag labis na pakahon sa mga inihandang gabay na tanong, subalit umiwas
din sa paglihis sa paksa ng interbyu.
5. Makinig ng mabuti.
6. Itala ang mga kakailanganing mahahalagang kaalaman sa di-kapansin-pansing
paraan.
7. Huwag makipagtalo sa interbyuwi.
8. Maging mgalang sa kabuuan ng interbyu.

d. Pagkatapos ng Pag-uusap
1. Huwag pabigla-bigla sa pagtatapos ng interbyu.
2. Iayos pagkadaka ang mga datos o impormasyong naitala.
3. Kung nakateyp ang interbyu, itranskrayb agad iyon.
4. Sakaling may alinlangan hinggil sa kawastuhan ng tuwirang sinabi ng
interbyuwi, makipagkita o makipag-ugnayan agad sa kanya nang sa gayo’y
maliwanagan at nang maiwasang mamiss-quote ang interbyuwi.
5. Hangga’t maaari, bigyan ang interbyuwi ng kopya ng transkrip ng interbyu o
ng awtput ng interbyu.

NARITO ANG PORMAT NG PANANALIKSIK

Mga Pahinang Preliminari

Pamagating Pahina
Dahon ng Pagpapatibay
Pasasalamat o Pagkilala
Talaan ng Nilalaman
Talaan ng mga Talahanayan

KABANATA I: ANG SULIRANIN AT KALIGIRAN NITO

Panimula o Introduksyon
Layunin ng Pag-aaral
Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral
Saklaw at Delimitasyon
Depinisyon ng mga Terminolohiya

KABANATA II: MGA KAUGNAY NA PAG-AARAL AT LITERATURA

KABANATA III: DISENYO AT PAMARAAN NG PANANALIKSIK
Disenyo ng Pananaliksik
Respondente
Instrument ng Pananaliksik
Tritment ng mga Datos

KABANATA IV: PRESENTASYON, ANALISIS AT INTERPRETASYON NG MGA DATOS

Presentasyon ng mga Datos
Analisis
Interpretasyon ng mga Datos

KABANATA V: LAGOM, KONGKLUSYON AT REKOMENDASYON

Lagom
Kongklusyon
Rekomendasyon

Listahan ng mga Sanggunian

Apendiks