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Elements and Compounds

notes for elements

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1 views

Elements and Compounds

notes for elements

Uploaded by

vasur18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elements and Compounds

1. The Periodic Table

● Structure:
● Elements ordered by increasing proton number.
● Groups (vertical) share similar properties.
● Periods (horizontal) indicate electron shell levels.

2. Metal, Non-Metal, and Metalloids

● Metals:
● Solids at room temperature, high melting/boiling points.
● Dense, good conductors of electricity and heat.
● Malleable, ductile, sonorous when struck.
● Non-Metals:
● Solids or gases, low melting/boiling points.
● Less dense, insulators, poor thermal conductors.
● Brittle in solid form, varied colors.
● Metalloids:
● Properties of both metals and non-metals.
● Example: Silicon (used in semiconductors).

3. Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table

● Main Group Elements:


● Group 1 to Group 8.
● Noble Gases (Group 8):
● Least reactive elements.
● Halogens (Group 7):
● Most reactive non-metals.
● Alkali Metals (Group 1):
● Most reactive metals.

4. Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table

● Elements in the same group have the same outer electrons.


● Metals in Groups 1-3 lose outer electrons easily.
● Alkali metals highly reactive, soft solids with low density.
5. Trends in Groups

● Group 1 (Alkali Metals):


● Highly reactive, low melting/boiling points.
● React vigorously with water.
● Group 7 (Halogens):
● Reactivity decreases down the group.
● Gases to solids, poisonous with strong smell.
● Group 8 (Noble Gases):
● Non-reactive, low melting/boiling points.
● Examples: Helium for balloons, neon lights.

6. The Transition Elements

● Less reactive, corrosion-resistant, high melting/boiling points.


● Colored compounds, multiple valency (e.g., Fe²⁺ & Fe³⁺).

7. Chemical Bonding in Elements & Compounds

● Bonding Types:
● Covalent (non-metal + non-metal), Ionic (metal + non-metal), Metallic
(metal + metal).

8. Ionic Groups

● Examples: SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺.


● Made of covalently bonded atoms, have a charge.

9. Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

● Ionic Compounds:
● Crystalline solids, high melting/boiling points.
● Insoluble in organic solvents, soluble in water.
● Conduct electricity when molten/dissolved.
● Covalent Compounds:
● Often liquids or gases at room temperature.
● Low melting/boiling points, not conductive.

10. Naming and Writing Formulae


● Compounds with metals named first, those with only two elements end in -ide.
● Ionic groups have names with -ate.
● Prefixes indicate the number of atoms in the molecule.

11. Metals, Alloys, and Crystals

● Metal Crystals:
● Packed metal ions with a sea of electrons.
● Malleable, ductile, good conductors.
● Alloys:
● Mixtures of molten metals, stronger than originals.
● Versatile in applications, can be brittle.
● Ionic Crystals:
● Alternating positive/negative ions, hard but brittle.
● High melting points, dissolve in water.
● Giant Covalent Crystals:
● Held by strong covalent bonds.
● Examples: Diamond (rigid, hard) and Graphite (conductive).
● Molecular Crystals:
● Non-metal covalently bonded, low melting points.
● Don't conduct electricity, weak intermolecular forces.

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